Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View  

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-The '''Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures''' was a series of [[social psychology]] [[experimental psychology|experiments]] conducted by [[Yale University]] psychologist [[Stanley Milgram]]. They measured the willingness of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to [[Obedience (human behavior)|obey]] an [[authority|authority figure]] who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal [[conscience]]; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress. Milgram first described his [[research]] in 1963 in an article published in the ''[[Journal of Abnormal Psychology|Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology]]'' and later discussed his findings in greater depth in his 1974 book, ''[[Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View]].''+'''''Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View''''' is a 1974 book by [[Social psychology|social psychologist]] [[Stanley Milgram]] concerning a series of experiments on obedience to authority figures he conducted in the early 1960s. This book provides an in-depth look into his methods, theories and conclusions.
-The experiments began in July 1961, in the basement of Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University, three months after the start of the trial of German [[Nazi]] [[war criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] in [[Jerusalem]]. Milgram devised his psychological study to answer the popular question at that particular time: "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in [[the Holocaust]] were [[Superior orders|just following orders]]? Could we call them all accomplices?" The experiments have been repeated many times in the following years with consistent results within differing societies, although not with the same percentages around the globe.+==Background==
-==See also==+Between 1961 and 1964, Stanley Milgram carried out a series of experiments at [[Yale University]] in which human subjects were instructed to administer what they thought were progressively more painful electric shocks to another human being to determine to what extent people would obey orders even when they knew them to be painful and immoral. The experiments came under [[Milgram experiment#Ethics|heavy criticism]] at the time but were ultimately vindicated by the scientific community.
-* [[Asch conformity experiments]]+
-* [[Banality of evil]]+
-* [[Hofling hospital experiment]]+
-* [[Human experimentation in the United States]]+
-* [[Ley de Obediencia Debida]]+
-* [[Little Eichmanns]]+
-* [[Moral disengagement]]+
-* [[My Lai Massacre]]+
-*[[Professor of religion of the Milgram experiment]]+
-* [[Respondeat superior]]+
-* [[Social influence]]+
-* [[Stanford prison experiment]]+
-* [[Strip search prank call scam]]+
-* [[Superior Orders]]+
-* [[The Third Wave]]+
 +Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority are considered among the most important psychological studies of this century. Perhaps because of the enduring significance of the findings—the surprising ease with which ordinary persons can be commanded to act destructively against an innocent individual by a legitimate authority—it continues to claim the attention of psychologists and other [[Social science|social scientists]], as well as the general public.
 +
 +In 1963, Milgram published ''The [[Milgram experiment|Behavioral Study of Obedience]]'' in the ''[[Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology]]'', which included a detailed experiment record and experiment of the controversial electric shock experiment. There were two stunning findings. The first was the extraordinary strength of the obedience and the second was the tension such experiment brought to participants. Never the less, all participants reached an electric shock of 300 or more.
 +
 +==Contents==
 +#The Dilemma of Obedience
 +#Methodology of Inquiry
 +#Expected Behavior
 +#Closeness of the Victim
 +#Individuals Confront Authority
 +#Further Variations and Control
 +#Individuals Confront Authority II
 +#Role Permutations
 +#Group Effects
 +#Why Obedience?—An Analysis
 +#The Process of Obedience: Applying the Analysis to the Experiment
 +#Strain and Disobedience
 +#An Alternative Theory: Is Aggression the Key?
 +#Problems of Method
 +#Epilogue
 +#*Appendix I: Problems of Ethics in Research
 +#*Appendix II: Patterns Among Individuals
 +
 +==Editions==
 +# Milgram, S. (1974), ''Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View'', London: Tavistock Publications.
 +# Milgram, S. (2005), ''Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View'', Pinter & Martin Ltd.; New edition, paperback: 240 pages ISBN 0-9530964-7-5 ISBN 978-0953096473
 +# Milgram, S. (2009), ''Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View'', Harper Perennial Modern Classics; Reprint edition, paperback: 256 pages ISBN 0-06-176521-X ISBN 978-0061765216
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Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View is a 1974 book by social psychologist Stanley Milgram concerning a series of experiments on obedience to authority figures he conducted in the early 1960s. This book provides an in-depth look into his methods, theories and conclusions.

Background

Between 1961 and 1964, Stanley Milgram carried out a series of experiments at Yale University in which human subjects were instructed to administer what they thought were progressively more painful electric shocks to another human being to determine to what extent people would obey orders even when they knew them to be painful and immoral. The experiments came under heavy criticism at the time but were ultimately vindicated by the scientific community.

Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority are considered among the most important psychological studies of this century. Perhaps because of the enduring significance of the findings—the surprising ease with which ordinary persons can be commanded to act destructively against an innocent individual by a legitimate authority—it continues to claim the attention of psychologists and other social scientists, as well as the general public.

In 1963, Milgram published The Behavioral Study of Obedience in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, which included a detailed experiment record and experiment of the controversial electric shock experiment. There were two stunning findings. The first was the extraordinary strength of the obedience and the second was the tension such experiment brought to participants. Never the less, all participants reached an electric shock of 300 or more.

Contents

  1. The Dilemma of Obedience
  2. Methodology of Inquiry
  3. Expected Behavior
  4. Closeness of the Victim
  5. Individuals Confront Authority
  6. Further Variations and Control
  7. Individuals Confront Authority II
  8. Role Permutations
  9. Group Effects
  10. Why Obedience?—An Analysis
  11. The Process of Obedience: Applying the Analysis to the Experiment
  12. Strain and Disobedience
  13. An Alternative Theory: Is Aggression the Key?
  14. Problems of Method
  15. Epilogue
    • Appendix I: Problems of Ethics in Research
    • Appendix II: Patterns Among Individuals

Editions

  1. Milgram, S. (1974), Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, London: Tavistock Publications.
  2. Milgram, S. (2005), Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, Pinter & Martin Ltd.; New edition, paperback: 240 pages ISBN 0-9530964-7-5 ISBN 978-0953096473
  3. Milgram, S. (2009), Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, Harper Perennial Modern Classics; Reprint edition, paperback: 256 pages ISBN 0-06-176521-X ISBN 978-0061765216


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