Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
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| "There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites (and even before them, as proto-proto-Modernists, the German [[Nazarene movement|Nazarene]]s). The Pre-Raphaelites actually foretold Manet (with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins). They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, holding that its realism wasn't truthful enough. It seemed to belong to this want of truth that color wasn't allowed to speak out clearly and frankly, that it was being swathed more and more in neutral shading and shadows."--[[Clement Greenberg]] | "There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites (and even before them, as proto-proto-Modernists, the German [[Nazarene movement|Nazarene]]s). The Pre-Raphaelites actually foretold Manet (with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins). They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, holding that its realism wasn't truthful enough. It seemed to belong to this want of truth that color wasn't allowed to speak out clearly and frankly, that it was being swathed more and more in neutral shading and shadows."--[[Clement Greenberg]] | ||
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| - | "[[Movements in art and literature]] do not spring up suddenly and spontaneously. They have progenitors from whom they descend in the natural course of generation. [[Pre-Raphaelitism]] is the grandson of [[German Romanticism|German]], and a son of [[French Romanticism|French, Romanticism]]. But in its wanderings through the world [[Romanticism]] has suffered such alteration through the influence of the changing opinions of the times, and the special characteristics of various nations, that the [[English Romanticism|English]] offspring bears scarcely any family resemblance to its German ancestor. | ||
| - | "--''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]'' (1892) by Max Nordau | ||
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| [[Image:The Remorse of Nero by Waterhouse.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[The Remorse of the Emperor Nero after the Murder of his Mother]]'' (1878) by John William Waterhouse]] | [[Image:The Remorse of Nero by Waterhouse.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[The Remorse of the Emperor Nero after the Murder of his Mother]]'' (1878) by John William Waterhouse]] | ||
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"There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites (and even before them, as proto-proto-Modernists, the German Nazarenes). The Pre-Raphaelites actually foretold Manet (with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins). They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, holding that its realism wasn't truthful enough. It seemed to belong to this want of truth that color wasn't allowed to speak out clearly and frankly, that it was being swathed more and more in neutral shading and shadows."--Clement Greenberg |
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The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt.
The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on academic teaching of art. Hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite". In particular they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts. They called him "Sir Sloshua", believing that his broad technique was a sloppy and formulaic form of academic Mannerism. In contrast they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art.
The Pre-Raphaelites have been considered the first avant-garde movement in art, though they have also been denied that status, because they continued to accept both the concepts of history painting and of mimesis, or imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. However, the Pre-Raphaelites undoubtedly defined themselves as a reform movement, created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The Germ, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal.
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List of artists
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
- James Collinson (painter)
- William Holman Hunt (painter)
- John Everett Millais (painter)
- Dante Gabriel Rossetti (painter, poet)
- William Michael Rossetti (critic)
- Frederic George Stephens (critic)
- Thomas Woolner (sculptor, poet)
Associated artists and figures
- John Brett (painter)
- Ford Madox Brown (painter, designer)
- Richard Burchett (painter, educator)
- Edward Burne-Jones (painter, designer)
- Charles Allston Collins (painter)
- Frank Cadogan Cowper (painter)
- Henry Holiday (painter, stained-glass artist, illustrator)
- Walter Howell Deverell (painter)
- Arthur Hughes (painter, book illustrator)
- Robert Braithwaite Martineau (painter)
- Jane Morris (artist's model)
- Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford (painter and artist's model)
- May Morris (embroiderer and designer)
- William Morris (designer, writer)
- Christina Rossetti (poet)
- John Ruskin (critic)
- Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys (painter)
- Thomas Seddon (painter)
- Frederic Shields (painter)
- Elizabeth Siddal (painter, poet and artist's model)
- Simeon Solomon (painter)
- Marie Spartali Stillman (painter)
- Algernon Charles Swinburne (poet)
- Henry Wallis (painter)
- William Lindsay Windus (painter)
Loosely associated artists
- Charles Edward Hallé (painter)
- Sophie Gengembre Anderson (painter)
- Wyke Bayliss (painter)
- George Price Boyce (painter)
- Joanna Mary Boyce (painter)
- Sir Frederick William Burton (painter)
- Julia Margaret Cameron (photographer)
- James Campbell (painter)
- John Collier (painter)
- William Davis (painter)
- Evelyn De Morgan (painter)
- Frank Bernard Dicksee (painter)
- John William Godward (painter)
- Thomas Cooper Gotch (painter)
- Edward Robert Hughes (painter)
- John Lee (painter)
- Edmund Leighton (painter)
- Charles William Mitchell (painter)
- Frederic, Lord Leighton (painter)
- Joseph Noel Paton (painter)
- Alfred Parsons (painter, garden architect)
- John William Waterhouse (painter)
- Daniel Alexander Williamson (painter)
Models
- Fanny Cornforth
- Effie Gray (Ruskin/Millais)
- Annie Miller
- Jane Morris
- Elizabeth Siddall (Rossetti)
- Marie Spartali Stillman
- Alexa Wilding
- Maria Zambaco
See also
- List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings
- British art
- Early Renaissance painting
- English school of painting
- Middle Ages in history
- Arts and Crafts Movement
References
- Boime, Albert (2008): Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848-1871 (Chapter 4: the Pre-Raphaelites and the 1848 Revolution, pp.225-364)
- Péteri, Éva (2003): Victorian Approaches to Religion as Reflected in the Art of the Pre-Raphaelites
