Procuring (prostitution)

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Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a prostitute or sex worker in the arrangement of a sex act with a customer. A procurer, colloquially called a pimp (if male) or a madam (if female), is an agent for prostitutes who collects part of their earnings. The procurer may receive this money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for providing, and possibly monopolizing, a location where the prostitute may engage clients. Like prostitution, the legality of certain actions of a madam or a pimp vary from one region to the next.

Examples of procuring include:

trafficking a prostitute into a country for the purpose of soliciting sex
operating a prostitution business
transporting a prostitute to the location of their arrangement
deriving financial gain from the prostitution of another

 {{Template}}
-'''Procuring''' or '''pandering''' is the facilitation or provision of a [[prostitute]] or [[sex worker]] in the arrangement of a [[sex act]] with a customer.<ref>Garner, B. & Black, H. (2004). [[Black's Law Dictionary]]. Belmont: Thomson/West.</ref> A '''procurer''', colloquially called a '''pimp''' (if male) or a '''madam''' (if female), is an [[Agent (law)|agent]] for [[prostitution|prostitutes]] who collects part of their [[income|earnings]]. The procurer may receive this money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for providing, and possibly monopolizing, a location where the prostitute may engage clients. Like prostitution, the legality of certain actions of a madam or a pimp vary from one region to the next.
+'''Procuring''' or '''pandering''' is the facilitation or provision of a [[prostitute]] or [[sex worker]] in the arrangement of a [[sex act]] with a customer. A '''procurer''', colloquially called a '''pimp''' (if male) or a '''madam''' (if female), is an [[Agent (law)|agent]] for [[prostitution|prostitutes]] who collects part of their [[income|earnings]]. The procurer may receive this money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for providing, and possibly monopolizing, a location where the prostitute may engage clients. Like prostitution, the legality of certain actions of a madam or a pimp vary from one region to the next.
 Examples of procuring include:
 *transporting a prostitute to the location of their arrangement
 *deriving financial gain from the prostitution of another
-== Overview ==
-Procuring can often take abusive forms. Pimps may punish clients for physical abuse or failure to pay, and enforce exclusive rights to 'turf' where their prostitutes may advertise and operate with less competition.<ref name="Figueroa">{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/13/local/me-figueroa13|title=L.A. seeks to thwart sex trade on Figueroa|last=Zahniser|first=David|date=13 May 2008|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref> In the many places where prostitution is outlawed, sex workers have decreased incentive to report abuse for fear of [[self-incrimination]], and increased motivation to seek any physical protection from clients and law enforcement that a pimp might provide.
-The pimp–prostitute relationship can be abusive and possessive, with the pimp/madam using techniques such as psychological intimidation, manipulation, starvation, rape and/or gang rape, beating, confinement, threats of violence toward the victim’s family, forced drug use and the shame from these acts.<ref name="55facts">{{cite web|url=http://facts.randomhistory.com/human-trafficking-facts.html|title=55 Little Known Facts About... Human Trafficking|publisher=Random History|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="SoMonstrous">{{cite book|last=Skinner|first=E. Benjamin|title=A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day Slavery|publisher=Free Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9007-4|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_crime_so_monstrous.html?id=-47aorGBguMC}}</ref> Empirical and in situ research published in the 2010s has, however, suggested that these assumptions about abusive relationships represent stereotyped oppression narratives that may be only represent a small percentage of the relationships between pimps and sexworkers.<ref name="marcus">Marcus, Anthony, et al. "Conflict and Agency among Sex Workers and Pimps: A Closer Look at Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science May 2014 vol. 653 no. 1 225-246. doi: 10.1177/0002716214521993.</ref> Pimps can be arrested and charged with pandering and are legally known as procurers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pandering |title=Pandering |publisher=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2013-06-17}}</ref> This combined with the tendency to identify pimping with African American masculinity may provide some of the explanation for why 62% of all "confirmed" human traffickers in the United States are African American men. In fact, it has recently been argued that some of the extreme examples of violence cited in the article below come primarily from such stereotyping supported by Hollywood screenwriters, selective and decontextualized trial transcripts, and studies that have only interviewed parties to sex commerce in institutions of rescue, prosecution, and punishment, rather than engaging rigorous study in situ.<ref name="horning">Horning, A. (2013). Peeling the onion: domestically trafficked minors and other sex work involved youth. Dialectical anthropology, 37(2), 299-307.</ref><ref name="Human Trafficking Reconsidered">Marcus, Anthony, Amber Horning, & Ric Curtis. 2014. “Child Sex Trafficking: Toward an Agent Centered Approach” in Rhacel Salazar Parreñas and Kimberly Hoang Human Trafficking Reconsidered: Rethinking the Problem, Envisioning New Solutions, New York: Open Society Institute.</ref>
-== Legal status and debates about legality ==
-In most places where prostitution is illegal, so is procuring, whether the relationship between the procurer and prostitute is formal or informal. Where prostitution is decriminalized or regulated, procuring may or may not be legal. If it is legal, however, it is only forms that do not involve threats or other forms of non-consensual acts towards the prostitute or other persons that are permitted. In jurisdictions where procuring is allowed, the regulations of if differ widely from place to place.
-[[legality of prostitution|Procuring and brothels are legal]] in the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[New Zealand]], most of [[Prostitution in Australia|Australia]] and [[Prostitution in Nevada|Nevada]] among others.
-In [[Canada]], there is currently a legal battle regarding prostitution laws (see ''[[Bedford v. Canada]]''). In 2010, in [[Ontario]], Superior Court Judge Susan Himel overturned the national laws banning brothels and procuring, arguing that they violated the constitution guaranteeing "the right to life, liberty and security".<ref name=BBC>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11432138 Canadian judge overturns brothel ban in Ontario], BBC 29 September 2010</ref> In 2012, Ontario Appeal Court reaffirmed the unconstitutionality of the laws.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/03/26/ontario-appeal-court-sex-trade-laws-monday.html Ontario Appeal Court strikes down ban on brothels], CBC News, Mar 26, 2012</ref> The case has been appealed by the Canadian government, and was under trial at the [[Supreme Court of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canada-s-top-court-to-hear-prostitution-challenge-today-1.1323766 |title=Canada's top court to hear prostitution challenge today &#124; CTV News |publisher=Ctvnews.ca |date=2013-06-13 |accessdate=2013-11-05}}</ref>  On December 20, the law was struck down.  The current law will continue to be enforced for one year, by which time the government must have a new law in place.<ref>{{cite web|last=Blanchfield |first=Mike |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1042861/supreme-court-strikes-down-canadas-anti-prostitution-laws/ |title=Supreme Court strikes down Canada’s anti-prostitution laws as Charter breach |publisher=Globalnews.ca |date=2013-12-20 |accessdate=2014-04-29}}</ref>
-The [[United Nations]] 1949 [[Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others]] requires state signatories to ban pimping and brothels, and to abolish regulation of individual prostitutes. It states:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/trafficpersons.pdf |title=Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others
- |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2014-04-29}}</ref>
-<blockquote>''"Whereas prostitution and the accompanying evil of the traffic in persons for the purpose of prostitution are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person and endanger the welfare of the individual, the family and the community"''</blockquote>
-The convention reads:
-Article 1
-The Parties to the present Convention agree to punish any person who, to gratify the passions of another:
-(1) Procures, entices or leads away, for purposes of prostitution, another person, even with the consent of that person;
-(2) Exploits the prostitution of another person, even with the consent of that person.
-Article 2
-The Parties to the present Convention further agree to punish any person who:
-(1) Keeps or manages, or knowingly finances or takes part in the financing of a brothel;
-(2) Knowingly lets or rents a building or other place or any part thereof for the purpose of the prostitution of others.
-Various UN  commissions however have differing positions on the issue. For example, in 2012, a UNAIDS commission convened by Ban Ki-moon and backed by [[UNDP]] and [[UNAIDS]], recommended the decriminalization of brothels and procuring.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/4128420.html Decriminalisation integral to the fight against HIV], Michael Kirby & Michael Wong, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 13 JULY 2012</ref><ref>[http://cnsnews.com/news/article/un-commission-calls-legalizing-prostitution-worldwide U.N. Commission Calls for Legalizing Prostitution Worldwide], Amanda Swysgood, CNS News, July 23, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/2/aids-used-as-reason-to-legalize-prostitutes/ AIDS used as reason to legalize prostitutes], Cheryl Wetzstein, [[The Washington Times]], August 2, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.hivlawcommission.org/resources/report/FinalReport-Risks,Rights&Health-EN.pdf Risks, Rights & Health], GLOBAL COMMISSION ON HIV AND THE LAW, UNDP, HIV/AIDS Group, , July 2012, page 43 ("Recommendation"): "Repeal laws that prohibit consenting adults to buy or sell sex, as well as laws that otherwise prohibit commercial sex, such as laws against “immoral” earnings, “living of the earnings” of prostitution and brothel-keeping."</ref>
-== Etymology ==
-=== ''Pimping'' ===
-The word ''pimp'' first appeared in English in 1607 in a [[Thomas Middleton]] play entitled ''[[Your Five Gallants]].'' It is believed to have stemmed from the French infinitive ''pimper'' meaning to dress up elegantly and from the present participle ''pimpant'' meaning alluring in seductive dress. ''Pimp'' used as a verb, meaning to act as a pimp, first appeared in 1636 in Massinger's book, ''The Bashful Lover''.<ref name="slate"/> In the 18th and 19th centuries, the term was commonly used to refer to [[informant|informers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsoniansource.org/display/primarysource/viewdetails.aspx?PrimarySourceId=1004 |title=Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov 7, 1765, transcription |publisher=Smithsonian Source |date= |accessdate=2013-06-17}}</ref> A pimp can also mean "a despicable person".<ref>"Webster's College Dictionary", Random House, 2001</ref> The term can also be applied to a person who is considered a [[:wikt:ladies' man|ladies' man]].<ref name="slate">
-[[Jesse Sheidlower]]: [http://www.slate.com/id/2184211/ A History of Pimping. What the word meant and what it means now.] [[Slate.com]], 11 February 2008</ref>
-The verb "pimping" came up in the early 17th century.<ref name="slate"/> Rapper [[Nelly]] tried to redefine the word "pimp" by saying that it is an [[acronym]] for "positive, intellectual, motivated person." He created a [[college scholarship]] with the name "P.I.M.P. Juice Scholarship". Dawn Turner Trice of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' argues that there is "something truly unsettling, to say the least, about attaching such a vile word to a scholarship" and expresses concern about the glamorization of the term.<ref>Trice, Dawn Turner. [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-04-27/news/0504270140_1_rap-word-frat "Scholarship is soured by unsavory name"], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 27 April 2005.</ref>
-In the first years of the 21st century, a new meaning of the word has emerged in the form of a transitive verb ''pimp'', which means "to decorate" or "to [[wiktionary : gussy up|gussy up]]" (compare ''[[primping|primp]]'', especially in Scottish usage). This new definition was made popular by ''[[Pimp My Ride]]'', an [[MTV]] television show.<ref name="slate"/> Although this new definition paid homage to [[hip-hop]] culture and its connection to street culture, it has now entered common, even mainstream commercial, use.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.readthehook.com/stories/2007/09/20/NEWS-PimpMyFeetVerb-F.rtf.aspx | title= Feet pimping | date=20 September 2007 | accessdate=26 September 2007 |publisher=[[The Hook (newspaper)|The Hook weekly]]}}</ref>
-In medical contexts, the verb means "to ask (a student) a question for the purpose of testing his knowledge".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brancati|first=Frederick L.|title=The Art of Pimping|journal=JAMA|date=7 July 1989|volume=262|issue=1|page=89|url=http://www.neonatology.org/pearls/pimping.html|doi=10.1001/jama.1989.03430010101039}}</ref>
-=== ''Pandering'' ===
-The word "pander", meaning to "pimp" is derived from [[Pandarus]], a licentious figure who facilitates the affair between the protagonists in ''[[Troilus and Criseyde]]'', a poem by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Epistemology of a Fundamental Human Behavior, Its Meaning, and Consequences  |last=Classen |first=Albrecht |year=2010 |isbn=978-3110245479 |page=462}}</ref> Pandarus appears with a similar role in [[Shakespeare]]'s interpretation of the story, ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]''.
-== Business of procuring ==
-[[File:The White Slave statue.jpg|thumb|left|''The White Slave'' statue by [[Abastenia St. Leger Eberle]], location unknown]]
-{{criminal law}}
-Pimping is sometimes operated like a business.<ref name="reallyreallypimping">{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/really_really_pimpin_in_da_south/|title=Really Really Pimpin' in Da South|author=|date=|work=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> The pimp may have a [[bottom girl]] who serves as office manager, keeping the pimp apprised of law-enforcement activity and collecting money from the prostitutes.<ref name="pipkins">[http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200214306.pdf U.S. v. Pipkins], 378 F.3d 1281, (11th Cir. 2004).</ref> Pimps recognize a [[hierarchy]] among themselves. The least respected, or newer pimps, are the "popcorn pimps" and "wannabes". A pimp who uses violence and intimidation to control his prostitutes is called a "Jonas pimp", while those who use psychological trickery to deceive younger prostitutes into becoming hooked into the system are called "finesse pimps". An important part of the business is obtaining and maintaining a selection of prostitutes. Losing one's prostitute to another pimp is known as being "peeled". Informing a pimp that one of his prostitutes has switched pimps is a professional courtesy, and any attempt to respond to this courtesy with violence will quickly get the violent pimp labeled a "Gorilla" or "Godzilla". Prostitutes who move between pimps often are labeled as a "Choosey Susie". In addition, a prostitute may "bounce" from pimp to pimp without paying the "pimp moving" tax.<ref>
-Western Michigan University, [http://www.wmich.edu/destinys-end/pimping%20game.htm ''The Pimping Game'']. {{wayback|url=http://www.wmich.edu/destinys-end/pimping%20game.htm |date=20101113021452 }}</ref>
-A large percentage of pimps in the United States are also documented gang members, which causes concerns for police agencies in jurisdictions where prostitution is a significant problem. Pimping rivals narcotic sales as a major source of funding for many gangs, this is particularly true with African American gangs. Gangs need money to survive, and money equates to power and respect. While selling drugs may be lucrative for a gang, this activity often carries significant risk as stiff legal penalties and harsh [[mandatory sentencing|mandatory minimum sentencing]] laws exist. However, with pimping, gang members still make money while the prostitutes themselves bear the majority of the risk. Pimping has several benefits to the gang that the pimp belongs to. These benefits include it helps the gang recruit new members because the gang has women available for sex and the money brought in by prostitution allows gang members to buy cars, clothes and weapons, all of which help to recruit younger members into the gang by increasing the reputation of the gang in the local gang subculture. The presence of gangs (and weapons and drugs) is a virtual guarantee when prostitutes are present, which is why many law enforcement agencies advocate taking an aggressive stance against prostitutes. Many vice units work to ascertain if the prostitute they have arrested has a pimp, and if so they pressure them to provide information about their pimp and the gang involved. This information can then be used to go after the more serious and violent offenders.<ref name="Prostitution & Gangs">{{cite news|last=O'Deane|first=Matthew|title=Prostitution & Gangs. Techniques for going after violent offenders|url=http://www.lawofficer.com/article/prostitution-gangs|date=24 September 2010}}</ref>
-The pimp business has an internal structure – built around violence – for dealing with rule breakers. For example, pimps have been known to employ a "[[pimp stick]]", which is two coat hangers wrapped together, in order to subdue unruly prostitutes.<ref name="pipkins"/> A variation is a "pimp cane", used for similar purposes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Another punishment for disobedient prostitutes is to "trunk" them, where the pimp locks the prostitute in the trunk of a car. Although prostitutes are supposedly free to move between pimps, this movement sometimes leads to violence. For example, a prostitute could be punished for merely looking at another pimp; this is considered "reckless eyeballing".<ref name="pipkins"/> Violence is also used on customers, for example if the customer attempts to evade payment or becomes unruly with a prostitute.
-=== Use of tattoos ===
-Many pimps tattoo prostitutes as a mark of "ownership".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/us/27runaways.html?pagewanted=all|title=RUNNING IN THE SHADOWS; For Runaways on the Street, Sex Buys Survival|last=Urbina|first=Ian|date=27 October 2009|work=The New York Times|page=1|accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref><ref>Waters, Julie, [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=humtrafconf2 "The Intersection of Law, Theology, and Human Trafficking in the Narrative of Joseph: Linking the Past to the Present"] (2010). Second Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking, 2010. Paper 8.</ref>  The tattoo will often be the pimp's street or even his likeness. The mark might be as discreet as ankle tattoo, or blatant as a neck tattoo, or large scale font across the prostitute's lower back, thigh, chest, or buttocks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rowe|first=Claudia|title=No way out: Teen girls sell bodies in Seattle|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/No-way-out-Teen-girls-sell-bodies-in-Seattle-1277746.php|newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|date=June 26, 2008}}</ref>
-=== Internet effect ===
-Since the Internet became widely available, it has become the preferred medium for prostitution. Prostitutes increasingly use websites to solicit sexual encounters. In turn, pimps have used these sites to broker their women.<ref>{{cite news|last=Poulsen|first=Kevin|title=Pimps Go Online to Lure Kids Into Prostitution|url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/02/pimping/|newspaper=Wired|date=February 25, 2009}}</ref>
-The use of the Internet for prostitution as well as other changes in the sex industry have resulted in the [[disintermediation]] of prostitution, allowing prostitutes to deal with clients directly. This has rendered pimps largely superfluous, at least in the United States. In 2011, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' reported that of 11 pimps working out of New York's midtown Manhattan in 1999, all were out of work within four years.<ref name="Wired 2011">{{cite news|last=Venkatesh|first=Sudhir|title=Features Inside the Mad Science of 7 Renegade Researchers Start Prison Economics: How Fish and Coffee Become Cash Play Q&A: Photog's Descent Into the Underworld 19.02 How Tech Tools Transformed New York's Sex Trade|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/01/ff_sextrade/all/1|accessdate=26 February 2011|newspaper=Wired|date=31 January 2011}}</ref>
-== Loverboy ==
-'''Loverboy''' is slang for young men who lure underage girls into prostitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stoploverboys.nu/en/ |title=StopLoverboysNU |publisher=StopLoverboys.nu |date= |accessdate=2013-06-17}}</ref> This is a significant problem in many countries, including the [[Netherlands]],<ref name="skynews">{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/15682402|title=Dutch Girls Groomed By 'Loverboy' Pimps |last=Rossi|first=Alex|date=13 August 2010|publisher=Sky News|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="tswi-loverboys">{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/radioshow/loverboys |title=Loverboys &#124; Radio Netherlands Worldwide |publisher=Rnw.nl |date=23 September 2011 |accessdate=2013-06-17}}</ref> and estimates place the number of victims at 1,500 per year.<ref name="spiegel-Krahe">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,705104,00.html|title=Schoolgirls Controlled by Loverboys|last=Krahe|first=Dialika|date=September 8, 2010|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref>
-Although loverboys use kidnapping, gang rape, and other coercive and intimidating methods on victims, Dutch politician Jamila Yahyaoui reports {{as of|2009|lc=on}} only five cases resulted in convictions in one year in the Netherlands.<ref name="Guardian-Crisafis">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/18/loverboy-child-prostitution-netherlands|title='Loverboys' child prostitution scandal back in Dutch spotlight|last=Crisafis|first=Angelique|date=18 August 2009 |publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref>
-Often, a more used tactic is to use [[social media]] and direct communication/seduction after which they are forced to engage in sexual intercourse with other people (customers), for example by threatening to expose nude photos taken of the girls, or by using drugs as an incentive (after ensuring they were addicted to them).
-Because of their young age, the girls' fear and emotional dependence, and vagueness about what exactly happened, often loverboys and their associates may only be charged with having sex with a minor and thus receive short sentences.<ref name="spiegel-Krahe"/> The socialist party [[ROOD]] wants police to remove obstacles to girls reporting abuse and not to lose contact, while some municipalities are educating front-line workers to identify victims better.<ref name="Dutch-police">{{cite web|url=http://www.expatica.com/nl/family/Partners/Victims-of-_loverboys_-not-taken-seriously-by-Dutch-police_14254.html|title=Victims of 'loverboys' not taken seriously by Dutch police|last=van der Horst|first=Loretta|date=29 June 2009|publisher=Radio Netherlands|accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref>
-== Pornography and procuring ==
-Attempts have been made in the U.S. to charge pornographic film producers with pandering under state law. The case of ''California v. Freeman'' in 1989 is one of the most prominent examples where a producer/director of pornographic films was charged with pandering under the argument that paying porn actors to perform sex on camera was a form of prostitution covered by a state anti-pandering statute. The State Supreme Court rejected this argument, finding that the California pandering statute was not intended to cover the hiring of actors who would be engaging in sexually explicit but non-obscene performances. It also stated that only in cases where the producer paid the actors for the purpose of sexually gratifying themselves or other actors, could the producer be charged with pandering under state law. This case effectively legalized pornography in the State of California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=488&invol=1311 |title=California v. Freeman |publisher=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com |date=1989-02-01 |accessdate=2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstamendment.com/content_outside_ca.php3 |title=First Amendment Lawyer - Creating Adult Content Outside California |publisher=Firstamendment.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rame.net/faq/part11.html#xtocid21960 |title=faq: part 11: legal issues |publisher=rame.net |date= |accessdate=2013-11-05}}</ref> In 2008, the New Hampshire Supreme Court would issue a similar ruling (New Hampshire v. Theriault) which declared that producing pornography was not a form of prostitution under state law.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/offer-to-tape-sex-nullifies-conviction |title=Offer to tape sex nullifies conviction: 'It's not prostitution but speech, court says' |first=Annmarie |last=Timmins |work=[[Concord Monitor]] |date=December 5, 2008 |accessdate=October 26, 2015}}</ref>
-<gallery widths="200px" heights="154px" perrow="4" caption="Procuring in art">
-File:The Procuress.jpg|''[[The Procuress (Dirck van Baburen)|The Procuress]]'' by [[Dirck van Baburen]], 1622
-File:Jan G. van Bronckhorst The procuress.jpg|''The procuress'' by [[Jan Gerritsz van Bronckhorst|Jan G. van Bronckhorst]], 1636–1638
-File:Bijlert At the procuress.jpg|''At the procuress'', by [[Jan van Bijlert]], second quarter of 17th century
-File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 012.jpg|''In Salon of Rue des Moulins'', ([[La Fleur blanche]]), by [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], 1894
-</gallery>
 == Other notable pimps ==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
-{{refimprove section|date=April 2015<!-- any living persons listed below are [[WP:BLP]] violations. All persons, living or dead, listed here should be supported.-->}}
 *[[Polly Adler]]
 *[[Sydney Biddle Barrows]]
 *[[Heidi Fleiss]]
 *[[Dennis Hof]]
-*[[Snoop Dogg]]<ref name="Most Lovable Pimp">{{cite web|author=Toure|title=America's Most Lovable Pimp|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/12676363/cover_story_americas_most_lovable_pimp/print| work= [[Rolling Stone]] |date= December 14, 2006| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621111652/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/12676363/cover_story_americas_most_lovable_pimp/print| archivedate=June 21, 2008}}</ref>
+*[[Snoop Dogg]]
 *[[Xaviera Hollander]]
 *[[Enriqueta Martí]]

Procuring (prostitution)

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