Radical feminism
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| + | "To call a man an [[animal]] is to flatter him; he's a machine, a walking [[dildo]]." --"[[SCUM Manifesto]]" | ||
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| + | "[[The personal is political]]" | ||
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| - | '''Radical feminism''' is a "current" within [[feminism]] that focuses on [[patriarchy]] as a [[systems theory|system of power]] that organizes society into a complex of [[interpersonal relationship|relationship]]s producing a "male supremacy" that oppresses women. | ||
| - | In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged simultaneously within liberal feminist and working class feminist discussions, first in the [[United States]], then in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Those involved had gradually come to believe that not only the [[middle class]] [[nuclear family]] oppressed women, but also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], the [[New Left]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] political parties, all of which they considered to be male-dominated and male-oriented. Often Marxist feminists found that their own parties effectively silenced them, and that the methods used were patriarchal. Women in countercultural groups related that the gender relations present in such groups were very much those of mainstream culture. | + | '''Radical feminism''' is a perspective within [[feminism]] that calls for a radical reordering of society in which [[androcentrism|male supremacy]] is eliminated in all social and economic contexts. |
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| + | Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a patriarchy in which men dominate and oppress women, and seek to abolish the patriarchy in order to liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions. This includes opposing the [[sexual objectification]] of women, raising public awareness about such issues as [[rape]] and [[violence against women]], and challenging the very notion of [[gender role]]s. [[Shulamith Firestone]] wrote in ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male ''privilege'' but of the sex ''distinction'' itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally." | ||
| + | |||
| + | Early radical feminism, arising within [[second-wave feminism]] in the 1960s, typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon" prior to or deeper than other sources of [[oppression]], "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others. Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from [[cultural feminism]] to more [[syncretism|syncretic]] politics that placed issues of [[social class|class]], [[economics]], etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to [[legal system]]s (as in [[liberal feminism]]) or [[class conflict]] (as in [[anarchist feminism]], [[socialist feminism]], and [[Marxist feminism]]). [[Gail Dines]], an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes." | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| + | * [[D. A. Clarke]] | ||
| + | * [[Feminist views on transgender and transsexual people]] | ||
| + | * [[Florence Rush]] | ||
| + | * [[Identity politics]] | ||
| + | * [[Gloria Steinem]] | ||
| + | * [[New York Radical Women]] | ||
| + | * [[Nikki Craft]] | ||
| + | * [[Kate Millett]] | ||
| + | * [[Rosetta Reitz]] | ||
| + | * [[Shulamith Firestone]] | ||
| + | * ''[[The Gender War]]'' (2005) Evin Rubar | ||
| + | * [[Valerie Solanas]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Radical feminists | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Wim Hora Adema]] | ||
| + | *[[Chude Pam Allen]] | ||
| + | *[[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] | ||
| + | *[[Kathleen Barry]] | ||
| + | *[[Rosalyn Baxandall]] | ||
| + | *[[Linda Bellos]] | ||
| + | *[[Julie Bindel]] | ||
| + | *[[Judith C. Brown|Judith Brown]] | ||
| + | *[[Susan Brownmiller]] | ||
| + | *[[Phyllis Chesler]] | ||
| + | *[[D. A. Clarke]] | ||
| + | *[[Nikki Craft]] | ||
| + | *[[Mary Daly]] | ||
| + | *[[Christine Delphy]] | ||
| + | *[[Gail Dines]] | ||
| + | *[[Andrea Dworkin]] | ||
| + | *[[Melissa Farley]] | ||
| + | *[[Shulamith Firestone]] | ||
| + | *[[Marilyn Frye]] | ||
| + | *[[Carol Giardina]] | ||
| + | *[[Germaine Greer]] | ||
| + | *[[Carol Hanisch]] | ||
| + | *[[Merle Hoffman]] | ||
| + | *[[bell hooks]] | ||
| + | *[[Sheila Jeffreys]] | ||
| + | *[[Robert W. Jensen|Robert Jensen]] | ||
| + | *[[Lierre Keith]] | ||
| + | *[[Anne Koedt]] | ||
| + | *[[Marjorie Kramer]] | ||
| + | *[[Audre Lorde]] | ||
| + | *[[Catharine MacKinnon]] | ||
| + | *[[Sheila Michaels]] | ||
| + | *[[Kate Millett]] | ||
| + | *[[Robin Morgan]] | ||
| + | *[[Irene Peslikis]] | ||
| + | *[[Janice Raymond]] | ||
| + | *[[Kathie Sarachild]] | ||
| + | *[[Alix Kates Shulman]] | ||
| + | *[[Valerie Solanas]] | ||
| + | *[[John Stoltenberg]] | ||
| + | *[[Michele Wallace]] | ||
| + | *[[Marilyn Salzman Webb]] | ||
| + | *[[Ellen Willis]] | ||
| + | *[[Harriet Wistrich]] | ||
| + | *[[Laura X]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Groups | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]] | ||
| + | *[[Coalition Against Trafficking in Women]] | ||
| + | *[[Deep Green Resistance]] | ||
| + | *[[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] | ||
| + | *[[Michigan Womyn's Music Festival]] | ||
| + | *[[Mountain Moving Coffeehouse]] | ||
| + | *[[New York Radical Feminists]] | ||
| *[[New York Radical Women]] | *[[New York Radical Women]] | ||
| - | *[[The Gender War]] | + | *[[Redstockings]] |
| + | *[[Stop Porn Culture]] | ||
| + | *[[The Feminists]] | ||
| + | *[[The Furies Collective]] | ||
| + | *[[Women Against Pornography]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Key issues | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Abolition of gender (disambiguation)|Abolition of gender]] | ||
| + | *[[Child sexual abuse]] | ||
| + | *[[False consciousness]] | ||
| + | *[[Feminism]] | ||
| + | **[[Lesbian feminism]] | ||
| + | **[[Second-wave feminism|Second wave]] | ||
| + | **[[Separatist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Gender role]] | ||
| + | *[[Male privilege]] | ||
| + | *[[Patriarchy]] | ||
| + | *[[Political lesbianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pornography]] | ||
| + | **[[Feminist views on pornography]] | ||
| + | *[[Prostitution]] | ||
| + | **[[Feminist views on prostitution]] | ||
| + | *[[Reproductive rights]] | ||
| + | *[[Sexism]] | ||
| + | **[[Misogyny]] | ||
| + | **[[Internalized sexism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social construction of gender]] | ||
| + | *[[Violence against women]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Media | ||
| + | |||
| + | *''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' ({{smaller|1970)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Sexual Politics]]'' {{smaller|(1970)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Sisterhood Is Powerful]]'' {{smaller|(1970)}} | ||
| + | *''[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]'' {{smaller|(1970)}} | ||
| + | *''[[The Female Eunuch]]'' {{smaller|(1970)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Lesbian Nation]]'' {{smaller|(1973)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Woman Hating]]'' {{smaller|(1974)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Against Our Will|Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape]]'' {{smaller|(1974)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Pornography: Men Possessing Women]]'' {{smaller|(1981)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Ain't I a Woman? (book)|Ain't I a Woman?]]'' {{smaller|(1981)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Against Sadomasochism]]'' {{smaller|(1982)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center]]'' {{smaller|(1984)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Sisterhood Is Global]]'' {{smaller|(1984)}} | ||
| + | *''[[The Spinster and Her Enemies]]'' {{smaller|(1985)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Intercourse (book)|Intercourse]]'' {{smaller|(1987)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Feminism Unmodified]]'' {{smaller|(1987)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Toward a Feminist Theory of the State]]'' {{smaller|(1989)}} | ||
| + | *''[[The Straight Mind and Other Essays]]'' {{smaller|(1992)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Only Words (book)|Only Words]]'' {{smaller|(1993)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation]]'' {{smaller|(2000)}} | ||
| + | *''[[Sisterhood Is Forever]]'' {{smaller|(2003)}} | ||
| + | *''[[The Industrial Vagina]]'' {{smaller|(2008)}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Other | ||
| + | |||
| + | *''[[off our backs]]'' {{smaller|(1970–2008)}} | ||
| + | *''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' {{smaller|(1967)}} | ||
| + | *''[[She's Beautiful When She's Angry]]'' {{smaller|(2014)}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Actions and ideas | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Consciousness raising]] | ||
| + | *[[Herstory]] | ||
| + | *[[Miss America protest]] {{smaller|(1968)}} | ||
| + | *[[Womyn's land]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
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"To call a man an animal is to flatter him; he's a machine, a walking dildo." --"SCUM Manifesto" |
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Related e |
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Featured: |
Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts.
Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a patriarchy in which men dominate and oppress women, and seek to abolish the patriarchy in order to liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions. This includes opposing the sexual objectification of women, raising public awareness about such issues as rape and violence against women, and challenging the very notion of gender roles. Shulamith Firestone wrote in The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male privilege but of the sex distinction itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally."
Early radical feminism, arising within second-wave feminism in the 1960s, typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon" prior to or deeper than other sources of oppression, "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others. Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from cultural feminism to more syncretic politics that placed issues of class, economics, etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression.
Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to legal systems (as in liberal feminism) or class conflict (as in anarchist feminism, socialist feminism, and Marxist feminism). Gail Dines, an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."
[edit]
See also
- D. A. Clarke
- Feminist views on transgender and transsexual people
- Florence Rush
- Identity politics
- Gloria Steinem
- New York Radical Women
- Nikki Craft
- Kate Millett
- Rosetta Reitz
- Shulamith Firestone
- The Gender War (2005) Evin Rubar
- Valerie Solanas
Radical feminists
- Wim Hora Adema
- Chude Pam Allen
- Ti-Grace Atkinson
- Kathleen Barry
- Rosalyn Baxandall
- Linda Bellos
- Julie Bindel
- Judith Brown
- Susan Brownmiller
- Phyllis Chesler
- D. A. Clarke
- Nikki Craft
- Mary Daly
- Christine Delphy
- Gail Dines
- Andrea Dworkin
- Melissa Farley
- Shulamith Firestone
- Marilyn Frye
- Carol Giardina
- Germaine Greer
- Carol Hanisch
- Merle Hoffman
- bell hooks
- Sheila Jeffreys
- Robert Jensen
- Lierre Keith
- Anne Koedt
- Marjorie Kramer
- Audre Lorde
- Catharine MacKinnon
- Sheila Michaels
- Kate Millett
- Robin Morgan
- Irene Peslikis
- Janice Raymond
- Kathie Sarachild
- Alix Kates Shulman
- Valerie Solanas
- John Stoltenberg
- Michele Wallace
- Marilyn Salzman Webb
- Ellen Willis
- Harriet Wistrich
- Laura X
Groups
- Chicago Women's Liberation Union
- Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
- Deep Green Resistance
- Lesbian Organization of Toronto
- Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
- Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
- New York Radical Feminists
- New York Radical Women
- Redstockings
- Stop Porn Culture
- The Feminists
- The Furies Collective
- Women Against Pornography
Key issues
- Abolition of gender
- Child sexual abuse
- False consciousness
- Feminism
- Gender role
- Male privilege
- Patriarchy
- Political lesbianism
- Pornography
- Prostitution
- Reproductive rights
- Sexism
- Social construction of gender
- Violence against women
Media
- The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (Template:Smaller
- Sexual Politics Template:Smaller
- Sisterhood Is Powerful Template:Smaller
- The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm Template:Smaller
- The Female Eunuch Template:Smaller
- Lesbian Nation Template:Smaller
- Woman Hating Template:Smaller
- Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape Template:Smaller
- Pornography: Men Possessing Women Template:Smaller
- Ain't I a Woman? Template:Smaller
- Against Sadomasochism Template:Smaller
- Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center Template:Smaller
- Sisterhood Is Global Template:Smaller
- The Spinster and Her Enemies Template:Smaller
- Intercourse Template:Smaller
- Feminism Unmodified Template:Smaller
- Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Template:Smaller
- The Straight Mind and Other Essays Template:Smaller
- Only Words Template:Smaller
- Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation Template:Smaller
- Sisterhood Is Forever Template:Smaller
- The Industrial Vagina Template:Smaller
Other
- off our backs Template:Smaller
- SCUM Manifesto Template:Smaller
- She's Beautiful When She's Angry Template:Smaller
Actions and ideas
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Radical feminism" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
