Relief
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| - | # the removal of [[stress]] or [[discomfort]] | + | |
| - | # the feeling [[associate]]d with the removal of stress or dicomfort | + | '''Relief''' is a sculptural technique. The term ''[[Relief (disambiguation)|relief]]'' is from the Latin verb ''levo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is thus to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background [[Plane (geometry)|plane]]. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. The technique thus involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise with little artistic effect if the lowered background is left plain, as is often the case. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, especially in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster [[stucco]], ceramics or [[papier-mache]] the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental [[bronze]] reliefs are made by [[casting]]. |
| - | # something that [[relieve]]s | + | |
| - | # the person who takes over a [[shift]] for another | + | |
| - | #:''Officer Schmidt can finally go home because his '''''relief''''' has arrived.'' | + | |
| - | # [[aid]] or [[assistance]] offered in time of need | + | ==Notable reliefs== |
| - | # a type of [[artwork]] in which shapes or figures [[protrude]] from a flat background | + | Notable examples of monumental reliefs include: |
| - | # the difference made noticeable by a variation in light or color | + | * Ancient Egypt: Most [[Egyptian temple]]s, e.g. the [[Temple of Karnak]] |
| + | * Assyria: A famous collection is in the [[British Museum]], [[Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III]] | ||
| + | * [[Ancient Persia]]: [[Persepolis]], and rock-face reliefs at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] and [[Naqsh-e Rajab]] | ||
| + | * Ancient Greece: The [[Parthenon Marbles]], [[Bassae Frieze]], [[Great Altar of Pergamon]], [[Ludovisi Throne]] | ||
| + | * [[Mesopotamia]]: [[Ishtar Gate]] of [[Babylon]] | ||
| + | * Ancient Rome: [[Ara Pacis]], [[Trajan's Column]], [[Column of Marcus Aurelius]], [[triumphal arch]]es, [[Portonaccio sarcophagus]] | ||
| + | * Medieval Europe: Many cathedrals and other churches, such as [[Chartres Cathedral]] and [[Bourges Cathedral]] | ||
| + | * India: [[Sanchi]], base of the [[Lion Capital of Asoka]], the rock-cut [[Elephanta Caves]] and [[Ellora Caves]], [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temples]], [[Mahabalipuram]] with the ''[[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Descent of the Ganges]]'', and many South Indian temples,Unakoti group of sculptures(bas relief) at Kailashahar, Unakoti District, Tripura, India | ||
| + | * South-East Asia: [[Borobodur]] in [[Java]], [[Angkor Wat]] in Cambodia, | ||
| + | * Glyphs, [[Mayan stelae]] and other reliefs of the [[Maya art|Maya]] and [[Aztec]] civilizations | ||
| + | * United States: [[Stone Mountain]], [[Robert Gould Shaw]] Memorial, Boston, [[Mount Rushmore National Memorial]], | ||
| + | * UK: Base panels of [[Nelson's Column]], [[Frieze of Parnassus]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Smaller-scale reliefs: | ||
| + | *Ivory: [[Nimrud ivories]] from much of the Near East, [[Late Antique]] [[Consular diptych]]s, the Byzantine [[Harbaville Triptych]] and [[Veroli Casket]], the [[Anglo-Saxon art|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Franks Casket]], [[Cloisters Cross]]. | ||
| + | *Silver: [[Warren Cup]], [[Gundestrup cauldron]], [[Mildenhall Treasure]], [[Berthouville Treasure]], [[Missorium of Theodosius I]], [[Lomellini Ewer and Basin]]. | ||
| + | *Gold: [[Berlin Gold Hat]], [[Bimaran casket]], [[Panagyurishte Treasure]] | ||
| + | *Glass: [[Portland Vase]], [[Lycurgus Cup]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Repoussé and chasing]] | ||
| + | *[[Relief printing]] - a different concept. | ||
| + | *[[Pargetting]] - English exterior plaster reliefs | ||
| + | |||
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Revision as of 14:18, 11 April 2012
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Relief is a sculptural technique. The term relief is from the Latin verb levo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is thus to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. The technique thus involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise with little artistic effect if the lowered background is left plain, as is often the case. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, especially in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mache the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting.
Notable reliefs
Notable examples of monumental reliefs include:
- Ancient Egypt: Most Egyptian temples, e.g. the Temple of Karnak
- Assyria: A famous collection is in the British Museum, Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
- Ancient Persia: Persepolis, and rock-face reliefs at Naqsh-e Rustam and Naqsh-e Rajab
- Ancient Greece: The Parthenon Marbles, Bassae Frieze, Great Altar of Pergamon, Ludovisi Throne
- Mesopotamia: Ishtar Gate of Babylon
- Ancient Rome: Ara Pacis, Trajan's Column, Column of Marcus Aurelius, triumphal arches, Portonaccio sarcophagus
- Medieval Europe: Many cathedrals and other churches, such as Chartres Cathedral and Bourges Cathedral
- India: Sanchi, base of the Lion Capital of Asoka, the rock-cut Elephanta Caves and Ellora Caves, Khajuraho temples, Mahabalipuram with the Descent of the Ganges, and many South Indian temples,Unakoti group of sculptures(bas relief) at Kailashahar, Unakoti District, Tripura, India
- South-East Asia: Borobodur in Java, Angkor Wat in Cambodia,
- Glyphs, Mayan stelae and other reliefs of the Maya and Aztec civilizations
- United States: Stone Mountain, Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, Boston, Mount Rushmore National Memorial,
- UK: Base panels of Nelson's Column, Frieze of Parnassus
Smaller-scale reliefs:
- Ivory: Nimrud ivories from much of the Near East, Late Antique Consular diptychs, the Byzantine Harbaville Triptych and Veroli Casket, the Anglo-Saxon Franks Casket, Cloisters Cross.
- Silver: Warren Cup, Gundestrup cauldron, Mildenhall Treasure, Berthouville Treasure, Missorium of Theodosius I, Lomellini Ewer and Basin.
- Gold: Berlin Gold Hat, Bimaran casket, Panagyurishte Treasure
- Glass: Portland Vase, Lycurgus Cup
See also
- Repoussé and chasing
- Relief printing - a different concept.
- Pargetting - English exterior plaster reliefs
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