Russian conquest of Central Asia
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| - | "'''The Great Game'''" was a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the nineteenth century between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] over [[Afghanistan]] and neighbouring territories in [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[Southern Asia]]. Russia was fearful of British commercial and military inroads into [[Central Asia]], and Britain was fearful of Russia adding "the jewel in the crown", India, to the vast empire that Russia was building in Asia. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and the constant threat of war between the two empires. | + | The [[Territorial evolution of Russia|conquest]] of [[Central Asia]] by the [[Russian Empire]] took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. The land that became [[Russian Turkestan]] and later [[Soviet Central Asia]] is now divided between [[Kazakhstan]] in the north, [[Uzbekistan]] across the center, [[Kyrgyzstan]] in the east, [[Tajikistan]] in the southeast and [[Turkmenistan]] in the southwest. The area was called [[Turkestan]] because most of its inhabitants spoke [[Turkic languages]] with the exception of Tajikistan, which speaks an Iranian language. |
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| + | == Outline == | ||
| + | In the eighteenth century the [[Russian Empire]] gained increasing control over the [[Kazakh Steppe]]. The Russian conquest of Central Asia took place over several decades. In 1839 Russia failed to conquer the [[Khanate of Khiva]] south of the [[Aral Sea]]. In 1847–53 the Russians built a line of forts from the north side of the [[Aral Sea]] eastward up the [[Syr Darya]] river. In 1847–64 they crossed the eastern Kazakh Steppe and built a line of forts along the northern border of [[Kyrgyzstan]]. In 1864–68 they moved south from Kyrgyzstan, captured [[Tashkent]] and [[Samarkand]] and dominated the Khanates of [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]] and [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bokhara]]. They now held a triangle whose southern point was {{convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} south of Siberia and {{convert|1920|km|abbr=on}} southeast of their supply bases on the [[Volga River]]. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by crossing the [[Caspian Sea]]. In 1873 the Russians conquered [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]], and in 1881 they took western [[Turkmenistan]]. In 1884 they took the Merv oasis and eastern Turkmenistan. In 1885 further expansion south toward Afghanistan was blocked by the British. In 1893–95 the Russians occupied the high [[Pamir Mountains]] in the southeast. | ||
| - | * [[Durand Line]] | ||
| - | * [[Russian conquest of Central Asia]] (a longer history including the Great Game) | ||
| - | * [[The New Great Game]] | ||
| - | * [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]] | ||
| - | * [[Treaty of Kars]] | ||
| - | * [[Diplomacy of the American Civil War]] | ||
| - | * [[Afghanistan–Tajikistan border]] | ||
| - | * [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border]] | ||
| - | * [[Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border]] | ||
| - | * [[China–Tajikistan border]] | ||
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The conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. The land that became Russian Turkestan and later Soviet Central Asia is now divided between Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan across the center, Kyrgyzstan in the east, Tajikistan in the southeast and Turkmenistan in the southwest. The area was called Turkestan because most of its inhabitants spoke Turkic languages with the exception of Tajikistan, which speaks an Iranian language.
Outline
In the eighteenth century the Russian Empire gained increasing control over the Kazakh Steppe. The Russian conquest of Central Asia took place over several decades. In 1839 Russia failed to conquer the Khanate of Khiva south of the Aral Sea. In 1847–53 the Russians built a line of forts from the north side of the Aral Sea eastward up the Syr Darya river. In 1847–64 they crossed the eastern Kazakh Steppe and built a line of forts along the northern border of Kyrgyzstan. In 1864–68 they moved south from Kyrgyzstan, captured Tashkent and Samarkand and dominated the Khanates of Kokand and Bokhara. They now held a triangle whose southern point was Template:Convert south of Siberia and Template:Convert southeast of their supply bases on the Volga River. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by crossing the Caspian Sea. In 1873 the Russians conquered Khiva, and in 1881 they took western Turkmenistan. In 1884 they took the Merv oasis and eastern Turkmenistan. In 1885 further expansion south toward Afghanistan was blocked by the British. In 1893–95 the Russians occupied the high Pamir Mountains in the southeast.
