Science and Gender  

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"For example, the metaphor of the earth as nurturing mother, which was central to Renaissance imagery, became replaced as the Scientific Revolution mechanized and rationalized the world view. The view of nature as disorder provided a rationale for the need to control and master it. As both Haraway (1979) and Merchant (1980) have developed, under the effects of the ideology and technology of developing capitalism, beginning in the mid-fifteenth century, a new representation emerged of the body, society, nature, and the cosmos as machines that are manipulable and require control and domination. Ideas of order and predictability, of natural laws acting on inert atoms and bodies, superceded ancient philosophies of vitalism and animism, skepticism, change, and uncertainty."--Science and Gender (1984) by Ruth Bleier


"The interdependence between patriarchal social orders, sexuality, and science is profound, based in the ideology, structure, and practice of all three cultural institutions. As other feminist writers have documented (Jordanova, 1980; Merchant, 1980; Smith-Rosenberg and Rosenberg, 1973), the biological and medical sciences have been "suffused" (Jordanova) with sexual metaphor and imagery from the seventeenth century and, conversely, science and medicine have constructed women's sexuality and temperament and provided naturalistic explanations for the sexual division of labor that maintains women's subordinate position in society. In part, through the scientific and medical constructions of women's sexuality, stereotypic notions of the nature of women as passive, all-enduring creatures became universal assumptions."--Science and Gender (1984) by Ruth Bleier


"That control and domination of nature by scientific man has historically been expressed in sexual imagery, viewing as natural (as an extension of nature) the control of women and women's sexuality by men. Jordanova (1980) described the science and medicine of eighteenth and nineteenth century Britain and France as activities "associated with sexual metaphors which were clearly expressed in designating nature as a woman to be unveiled, unclothed and penetrated by masculine science" (p. 45)." --Science and Gender (1984) by Ruth Bleier


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Science and Gender (1984) is a book by Ruth Bleier.

"Bleier (neurophysiology, U. of Wisconsin-Madison) dissects the theme of women's biological inferiority contending that science has been engaged in elaborate mythologizing to explain the subordinate position of women in Western civilizations since Aristotle. Exploring the scientific and ideological ..."

Author index

Author Index Ahmed, L. , 34, 46 Alper, J., 7, 14 Applestine. M . , 90, 112 Aristotle, IX, 3 Arnold, A., 91, 112 Atkinson, J., 140, 160 Bacon, F., 204-205 Baker, C., 65, 78 Baker, S., 98, 99, 100- 101, 110 Barker-Benfield, G., 169, 190 Barash, D., 6, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24-25, 31-33, 35-36, 38-39, 46, 47, 48, 51, 76, IOI, 109, 143, 160 Barraclough, C., 174, 190 Barry, K., 181, 190 Bart, P., 171. 172, 191 Barthes, R., 12 Beach, F., 119-120, 136, 174, 190 Beckwith, J., 7, 14, 104, 105, 109 Belchetz, P., 87, 112 Benbow, C ., 103-106, 110 Bennett, E. , 44, 47 Billig, M. , 51, 76, I 94, 207 Binet, A., 51, 194 Bleier, R., 65, 76, 86, 91, 94, 110 Bongiovanni, A., 88, 113 Bonner, J., 34-35, 38, 47, 66, 67, 77 Brandt, E., 97, 112 Briscoe, R., 92, 113 Brophy, J., 104, 110 Brown, J. K., 148, 160 Brown, J. L., 45, 47, 66, 77 Brunker, L., 53, 54, 79 Bullough, V. , 169, 190 Burt, J., 173 Byne, W., 86, 91 , 110 Carneiro, R., 151-152, 160 Carpenter, C., 118 Carsons, R., 205 Carter, C., 91, 111 209 Casserly, P. , I 04 Chamberlain, T., 3, 14 Chipman, S .• 105, 110 Christian, 8 . , 142-143, 160 Cobb, J. , 104 Collier, J., 141, 147, 149, 160 Colson, S., 90, 112 Combahee River Collective, 12, 14 Conner, R., 95, 110 Cotman, C., 63, 65, 77 Cowden, C., 205 Cravens, H., 3, 14 Crompton, R. , 124. 136 Darwin, C., 16, 117 Davis, A., 186 Dawkins. R., 18, 47 DeBeauvoir, S., 72, 77 Deere, C., 143, 160 del Castillo, C., 87, 113 Delefes, P., 104, 110 DeVoogd, T., 91, 110, 111 Devore, I., 7, 21, 130, 137 Diamond, M., 44, 47 Dierschke, D., 86, 87, 112 Dohler, K., 88, 110 Donnerstein, E., 186, 191 Domer, G., 174, 175, 190 Draper, P. , 147, 160 Durkin, J., 104, 105, 109 Eaton, G., 29, 47 Edwards, D., 95, 110 Ehrenreich, 8 ., 168, 190 Ehrhardt, A., 98- 103, 110, 112, 175 Eisenstein, Z. , 11, 14, 52, 163, 190, 198, 207 Ellis, H., 181, 182 Engel, M., 104, 112 Engels, F., 149, 160 English,D., 168,190 Epstein, R., 98, 99, I JO 210 Author Index Ernest. J. , I 04, I I 0 Etienne. M .. 142. 149, 160 Etreby, M., 90, 110 Fagan. B., 124, 134-135. 136. 150, 152, 160 Fausto-Sterling, A .• 94, 97, IOI , 111,206, 207 Feder. H., 106. 113. 174. 190 Fee, E .. 5, 14. 49. 50. 77,200, 203-204, 205, 206, 207 Fennema. E., 93, 105, 111, 113 Field, P., 91 , I 13 Flannery, K. , 150, 15 I, 15 5, 160 Flitcraft, A., 188-189, 192 Floody, 0 ., 96, I 11 Foucault, M .. 176-180, 182, 190, 193- 194 Fox. R. , 116. 136 Frazier, W .• 188-189, 192 Freud, S., 170-173, 181, 190 Fried, B. , 94. IO I • I I I Galef. 8., 107, II I Geertz, C., 56, 77, 142, I 60 Gerall, A., 85. 112 Goddard, H., 5 I Goldberg, S., 82, 111 Goldberger, M., 65, 77. 78 Goldfoot, D. , 69, 77, 87, 111 Goldman, A., 88. II 3 Goldman. P., 65, 77 Good, T., 104, 110 Goodall, J., 127, 136 Gordon, J., 91, 111 Gorski, R., 91 - 92, 111, 174 Gould, R .. 129, 136 Gould, S ., 51, 77, 194,207 Goy, R., 85, 86, 87, 96. 110. 111. 113 Grady, K., 174, 190 Graf, L . 90, 110 Gray, M., 104, 105, 113 Greenough, W., 91, 111 Groeningen, W. P. van, 64, 78 Gtinzel. P. , 90, 110 Gurney, M., 91. Ill Gutierrez, R .. 87, I I 3 Hamburger, V., 65, 77 Hamilton, W., 10, 14 Haraway, D .. I, 14, 115, 117- 119, 136, 196,204,205,206,207 Hardyck, C. , 93, 111 Harlan, R., 91, Ill Harris. G .. 85, 111. 174, 191 Haven, E., 104, 111 Hein, H., 196, 201-202, 207 Heraclitus, 201 Herschberger, R., 28, 47 Hewes, G ., 133. 136 Hilliard. J., 90, 112 Hillman. J., 3, 14 Hirsch, H., 44, 47, 64. 77 Hirsch, J., 51, 77,194,207 Hitler, A .• 11 Hohmann, J., 90. 112 Holcombe. W., 50 Holloway. R., 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 77 Hooks. 8 ., 186, 191 Howell, N .. 23, 47 Hrdy. S., 30, 47 Hubbard, R .• 24, 42-43 , 47 Hubel, D .. 64, 77, 79 Hull. G., 12, 14 Hunt,J.,49 Hussain, A., 176, 191 Issac, G., 53. 56, 77, 122. 124, 133, 136 Jacklin, C .• 94, 97, 104, I I 2 Jackson, 8 .• 104, 110 Jacobson. C., 91, 111 Jacobson, M., 63, 64, 65, 77 Janzen, D., 32 Jaynes, J., 56, 77 Jcffcoate, T., 172, 191 Johnson, J. , 59. 79 Johnson. V .. 172 Jones, G ., 152, 155, 160 Jordanova. L., 164, 165. 191 Josie, 28, 118 Kaas, J., 61, 78 Kalil , K., 65, 77 Karsch, F., 86, 87. 112 Author Index 211 Kautz, R. , 152, 155, 160 Keller, E .• 204- 205, 207 Kessler, S., 80, 112 Kihlstrom, J., 84, 112 Kinsey, A., 172 Knobil , E., 86, 87, I 12 Koedt, A., 167, 191 Kolata, G., 30. 47, 104, 112 Konishi , M., 91 , I I I Krell, L., 174, 190 Kruger, L. . 65, 78 Kuhn, T .• I, 14 Kulin, H., 86. 112 Kunnes, R., 173, 191 Lancaster, C .• 115- 116, 137, 143 Lancaster, J. , 29. 30, 34, 47 Lappe, M .. 43, 47 Larrea, F., 87. I 13 Leacock. E .• 142, 143. 146, 148, 149, 160 Leakey, M .• 133. 136 Leakey, R., 53, 78, 122, 124, 133, 136, 137 Leavitt, J. , 168. 191 Leavitt, R. , 29, 47 Lee. R., 21 , 129, 130, 133, 137,144,148, 161 Leibowitz. L .• 29. 47 Leinhardt, G., 104, I 12 Leon de Leal , M .• 143, 160 Leventhal, A .• 44, 47. 64, 77 Levine, S. , 85, 95,110, Ill , 174, 191 Lewin, R. , 43, 47, 53, 78, 122, 124, 133, 137 Lewis, V. , 102, 112 Lewontin, R. , 23, 47 Locke, V., 163 Lorde, A., 193, 207 Lovejoy, C .• 123, 137, 143, 161 Lowe, M ., 7, 14 Lund, R., 63, 65, 78 Luria, Z. , 97, 113 Maccoby, E., 94, 97, 112 Macl(innon, C., 152, 161, 164, 186, 188, 191 . 196, 207 MacLusky, N., 87, 112 Malamuth, N., 186, 191 Malis, L .• 65, 78 Marks, E., 207 Marino, J., 88, 113 Marshack, A., 56, 57, 78 Marshall, G. , 87, 112 Martin, M., 129, 137 Masius. W., 174, 190 Masters, W. , 172 McBrair, M. , 87, 111 McClintock, 8 ., 205 McGlone, J. , 93, 112 McKenna, W., 80, 112 Medina, M. , 87, 113 Merchant, C .• I, 14, 164, 191 Merzenick, M., 61 , 78 Meyer-Bahlburg, H., 99, 110, 174, 191 Midgley, M. , 18, 47 Mill, J., 163 Millar, S., 141, 161 Miller, L .• 7, 14 Millett, K., 51, 74, 76, 78 Mishler, E., 69, 78 Mitchell, G., 97, 112 Money, J. , 98- 103, 110, 112, 114, 175 Moore, C. , 97, 112 Morelli, G .• 97. 112 Morris, J., 80, 112 Mountcastle, V., 59, 61 , 78 Mullins, R., 174, 191 Murdock, G. , 150, 161 Murray, M., 65, 77, 78 Naftolin, F. , 87, I 12 Napier, J .• 53, 78 Nash, J., 153, 161 Neff, D., 87, 111 Neumann, F. , 90, 110 Nottebohm, F., 91 , 110,112 O'Brien, M. , 156, 157, 161, 166, 191 , 198-199, 200,206,207 Oppenheim, R., 65 , 77 Ortner, S., 72-73, 78, 149, 161 , 165, 191 Osler, M., 4, 14, 194, 207 Overpeck, J. , 90, 112 212 Author Index Padgug , R. , 165, 191 Parke, R., 36, 47, 97, 113 Parlee, M ., 69-70, 78 Parsons. J., 94, 113 Pearson, R., 153, 161 Penardi, R., 90, 11 2 Perez-Palacios. G., 87, 113 Petersen, A., 94, 114 Pfaff, D., 96, 111 Phoenix, C .• 85. 96, 111 , 113, 174, 190 Pilbeam, D., 30, 37, 47, 53, 55, 57, 59, 78 Plant, T. , 87, 112 Ploem, J. , 88, 113 Pollak, E., 174, 19 1 Proctor, R., 11. 14 Provenzano, F., 97, 113 Pruner, F. , 49 Pubols, B .• 59, 79 Quadagno, D., 92, 113 Quadagno, J .• 92, 11 3 Quinn, N., 140, 160 Raisman , G., 65 , 78, 91, 113 Rakic, P., 65, 77 Ramey. E .. 84, 113 Rapp. R., 154, 161 Reh. T., 65, 77 Reilly, J., 90, 112 Reiter, E .• 86, 112 Resko, J .. 87, 88 , 11 1, 11 3 Rich. A., 162, 175-176. 182, 191 Rogers, S ., 140, 161 Rohde, W., 174, 190 Rohrlich, R., 153-154, 16 1 Rosaldo, M., 141, 147, 149, 160 Rose, J., 65, 78 Rosenberg, C .. 50, 78, 164, 169, 191 Rousseau. J. . 163 Rowell , T., 29, 30, 47 , 11 9 Rozenzweig, M ., 44, 47 Rubin, J., 97, 113 Sachs. B., 174, 191 Sacks, K., 138, 145, 146. 149, 154, 16 1 Sade, Marquis de, 18 I. 182 Safa, H., 143, 149, 161 Salzman. F. , 94, 97, 113 Sanday, P., 149, 161 Sarich, V .• 127, 137 Sawyer, C., 90, 112 Scaramuzzi, R .. 90, 112 Schade, J., 64, 78 Schafer, A., 104, 105, 113 Schaller, G., 29. 47 Scheper-Hughes, N., 143, 161 Scott, P., 12, 14 Scully, D., 171 , 172, 191 Seewald, A., 104, 112 Shapiro, B., 88, 113 Sherman, J., 93 , 94, 105, 111 , 113 Shields, S., 5, 14, 50. 78 Shryne , J., 91, 111 Siggelkow, I., 9 1. 110 Silver. R .. 106, 11 3 Silverstein , A. , 84, 11 3 Simons, E .. 53, 78 Siskind, J. , 144, 149, 161 Slocum, S., 121 , 123, 131-133. 137 Smith, B., 12, 14 Smith-Rosenberg, C., 50, 78, 164, 169, 171-172, 191 Snowdon, C., 36, 48 Sodersten , P. , 174, 19 1 Southam, A., 91, 111 Spinelli, D., 64, 77 Stahl , F. , 174, 190 Stanley, J., 103-106, I 10 Star, S., 93, 11 3 Stark. E., 188-1 89. 192 Steerman, C., 9 1, 111 Stadelman, H., 88, 11 3 Sturrock, J .. 12, 14 Suomi , S. , 36, 47, 48, 97, 11 3 Tabet, P. , 125 - 126, 137. 143, 148-149, 161 Tanaka. J. , 123, 130, 13 1. 137 Tanner, N. , 119, 12 1, 123, 124, 127, 131- 133, 137 Taylor, H., 163 Teleki , G ., 123, 127- 129, 137 Terasawa, E., 86, 110 Author Index 2/3 Terman. L .• 51 Thomas, J .• 51, 78 Tobach, E., 107-108, 113 Tobias, P., 56, 59, 78 Toran-Allerand, C., 88, 113 Trivers, R., 7, 9, Trune, D., 64, 78 Tzeng, 0 ., 93, 111 Valdts del Castillo, E., 87, 113 Van Den Berge, P., 19, 20, 24-25, 35- 36, 48 ~ Van Leeuwenhoek, A., 3 Verrall, R., 10, 14 Voght, M., 169, 190 Voorhies, B., 129, 137 Wagner, R., 141, 161 Walker, L., 65, 78 Walker, P., 103, 114 Wallen, K .• 87, 11 I Wang, W., 93, 111 Washburn, S., 53, 66-67, 78, 79, 115- 116, 119, 130. 137. 143, 161 Webster, D., 64, 79 Webster, M., 64, 79 Welker, W., 59, 79 Whalen, R. , 174, 190 White, H., 194, 207 Whitehead, H., 72-73, 78, 149, 161 Wiesel, T .• 64, 77, 79 Wildt, L., 87, 112 Willey, G., 155, 161 Willson, J., 173, 192 Wilson, A., 127, 137 Wilson. E. 0 .• X, 5, 8, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 33, 48, 71, 79, 120- 121. 137 Winick, M., 44, 48 Wittig, M., 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 114 Wittig, M. A., 94, I 14 Woolf, V., 15, 48, 162, 192 Wuttke, W .• 88, 110 Yerkes, R., 28, 48, 51, 118 Young, W., 85, 113, 174, 190 Zelena, J., 65, 79 Zihlman, A., 53, 54, 79, 119, 121, 123, 124, 127, 131-133, 137, 144, 161 Zuckerman, S., 119

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