Jesuits
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| + | "The plan in the beginning was to conquer the hostile elements with iron and blood. The order of the [[Jesuits]] received the commission to watch over the mind in the sense of ancient Dominican theology. Just at that time the triumphant course of science had begun with the appearance of [[Copernicus]], [[Galileo]], [[Cardanus]], [[Telesius]], [[Tommaso Campanella |Campanella]], and [[Giordano Bruno]]. Banishment, funeral pyres, and racks took care that the investigating thought should not lift its head too high. Poetry also submitted to the autocratic church. [[Torquato Tasso]], the son of the Renaissance ended in a convent, holding dialogue with spiritual apparitions. No longer antique writers but Augustine and Thomas Aquinas dominated his thoughts."--''[[The History of Painting: From the Fourth to the Early Nineteenth Century]]'' (1893/94) by Richard Muther | ||
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| # a member of the [[Society of Jesus]] | # a member of the [[Society of Jesus]] | ||
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| - | The '''[[Society]] of [[Jesus]]''' is an [[order]] of [[Roman Catholic clergy]], the [[Jesuit]]s, having a [[tradition]] of [[education]], [[theological]] [[scholarship]], and [[missionary work]]. Their members are called ''Jesuits'', ''Soldiers of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]]'', and ''Foot soldiers of the Pope'', because the founder, [[Saint]] [[Ignatius of Loyola]], was a [[knight]] before becoming a [[Holy Orders|priest]]. | ||
| - | ===Foundation=== | ||
| - | On August 15, 1534, [[Ignatius of Loyola]] (born Íñigo López de Loyola), a [[Spaniard]] of [[Basque people|Basque]] origin, and six other students at the [[University of Paris]] – [[Francis Xavier|Francisco Xavier]] from [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], [[Alfonso Salmeron]], [[Diego Laynez|Diego Laínez]], [[Nicholas Bobadilla|Nicolás Bobadilla]] from Spain, [[Peter Faber]] from [[Savoy]], and [[Simão Rodrigues]] from [[Portugal]] – met in [[Montmartre]] outside [[Paris]], in a crypt beneath the church of [[Saint Denis]], now [[Saint Pierre de Montmartre]]. | ||
| - | This group bound themselves by a vow of poverty and chastity, to "enter upon hospital and [[missionary]] work in [[Jerusalem]], or to go without questioning wherever the pope might direct". | + | The '''Society of Jesus''' is a [[religious order (Catholic)|religious order]] of the [[Catholic Church]] headquartered in [[Rome]]. It was founded by [[Ignatius of Loyola]] and six companions with the approval of [[Pope Paul III]] in 1540. The society is engaged in [[evangelization]] and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, [[research]], and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and promote [[Ecumenism|ecumenical dialogue]]. |
| - | They called themselves the Company of [[Jesus]], and also ''Amigos En El Señor'' or "Friends in the Lord," because they felt "they were placed together by Christ." The name had echoes of the military (as in an infantry "[[Company (military unit)|company]]"), as well as of discipleship (the "companions" of Jesus). The word "company" comes ultimately from Latin, ''cum'' + ''pane'' = "with bread," or a group that shares meals. | ||
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| - | In 1537, they traveled to [[Italy]] to seek papal approval for their [[Order (religious)|order]]. [[Pope Paul III]] gave them a commendation, and permitted them to be ordained [[priest]]s. These initial steps led to the founding of what would be called the Society of Jesus later in 1540. The term ''societas'' in Latin is derived from ''socius'', a partner or comrade. | ||
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| - | They were ordained at [[Venice]] by the [[bishop of Arbe]] (June 24). They devoted themselves to preaching and charitable work in Italy, as the renewed [[Italian War of 1535-1538]] between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], Venice, the pope and the [[Ottoman Empire]] rendered any journey to Jerusalem impossible. | ||
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| - | They presented the project to the Pope. After months of dispute, a congregation of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s reported favorably upon the Constitution presented, and Paul III confirmed the order through the [[Papal bull|bull]] ''[[Regimini militantis ecclesiae]]'' ("To the Government of the Church Militant"), on September 27, 1540, but limited the number of its members to sixty. This is the founding document of the Jesuits as an official Catholic religious order. | ||
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| - | This limitation was removed through the bull ''[[Injunctum nobis]]'' (March 14, 1543). Ignatius was chosen as the first superior-general. He sent his companions as missionaries around Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. | ||
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| - | Ignatius lays out his original vision for the company in "The Formula of the Institute", which is, in the words of Jesuit historian John O'Malley, | ||
| - | "the fundamental charter of the order, of which all subsequent documents were elaborations and to which they had to conform." In the Formula's opening statement, one detects the echo of Ignatius' military background within his spirituality: "Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God beneath the banner of the cross in our Society, which we desire to be designated by the name of Jesus, and to serve the Lord alone and the Church his Spouse, under the Roman pontiff, the vicar of Christ on earth, should, after a vow of perpetual chastity, poverty, and obedience, keep the following in mind." | ||
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| - | According to the Formula, the Jesuits were founded "chiefly for this purpose: to strive especially for the defense and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine." In fulfilling this mission, the first Jesuits concentrated on a few key activities. First, they founded schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were rigorously trained in both classical studies and theology, and their schools reflected this. Second, they sent out missionaries across the globe to evangelize those peoples who had not yet heard the [[Gospel]], founding missions in widely diverse regions, such as modern-day Paraguay, Japan, Ontario, and Ethiopia. Finally, they aimed to stop [[Protestantism]] from spreading and to preserve communion with Rome and the successor of Peter. The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the drift toward [[Protestantism]] in [[Poland]]-[[Lithuania]] and southern [[Germany]]. | ||
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| - | Ignatius wrote the Jesuit ''Constitutions'', adopted in 1554, which created a tightly centralized organization and stressed total abnegation and obedience to the Pope and their religious superiors (''perinde ac cadaver'', "[well-disciplined] like a corpse" as Ignatius put it). | ||
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| - | His main principle became the unofficial Jesuit motto: ''[[Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ("For the greater glory of God"). This phrase is designed to reflect the idea that any work that is not evil can be meritorious for the spiritual life if it is performed with this intention, even things considered normally indifferent. | ||
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| - | The Society of Jesus is classified among institutes as a [[mendicant]] order of [[clerks regular]], that is, a body of priests organized for [[apostolic]] work, following a [[religious order|religious]] [[governance|rule]], and relying on [[alms]], or donations, for support. | ||
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| - | The term "Jesuit" (of fifteenth-century origin, meaning ''one who used too frequently or appropriated the name of [[Jesus]]''), was first applied to the Society in reproach (1544–52). It was never used by its founder, though members and friends of the Society in time appropriated the name in its positive meaning. | ||
| ==From the Enlightenment to the French Revolution== | ==From the Enlightenment to the French Revolution== | ||
| Some philosophers of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], including [[Voltaire]], attacked the [[Catholic Church]], its leadership and priests claiming moral corruption of many of its [[clergy]]. These assaults in part led to the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits), and played a major part in the wholesale attacks on the very existence of the Church during the [[French Revolution]]. With the reaction against the excesses of the Revolution, especially after 1815, the Catholic church began to play a more welcome role in official European life once more, and nation by nation the Jesuits made their way back. | Some philosophers of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], including [[Voltaire]], attacked the [[Catholic Church]], its leadership and priests claiming moral corruption of many of its [[clergy]]. These assaults in part led to the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits), and played a major part in the wholesale attacks on the very existence of the Church during the [[French Revolution]]. With the reaction against the excesses of the Revolution, especially after 1815, the Catholic church began to play a more welcome role in official European life once more, and nation by nation the Jesuits made their way back. | ||
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"The plan in the beginning was to conquer the hostile elements with iron and blood. The order of the Jesuits received the commission to watch over the mind in the sense of ancient Dominican theology. Just at that time the triumphant course of science had begun with the appearance of Copernicus, Galileo, Cardanus, Telesius, Campanella, and Giordano Bruno. Banishment, funeral pyres, and racks took care that the investigating thought should not lift its head too high. Poetry also submitted to the autocratic church. Torquato Tasso, the son of the Renaissance ended in a convent, holding dialogue with spiritual apparitions. No longer antique writers but Augustine and Thomas Aquinas dominated his thoughts."--The History of Painting: From the Fourth to the Early Nineteenth Century (1893/94) by Richard Muther A Jesuit:
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The Society of Jesus is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.
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From the Enlightenment to the French Revolution
Some philosophers of the Enlightenment, including Voltaire, attacked the Catholic Church, its leadership and priests claiming moral corruption of many of its clergy. These assaults in part led to the Suppression of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and played a major part in the wholesale attacks on the very existence of the Church during the French Revolution. With the reaction against the excesses of the Revolution, especially after 1815, the Catholic church began to play a more welcome role in official European life once more, and nation by nation the Jesuits made their way back.
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See also
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