Sokal affair
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| + | "There are many [[natural scientist]]s, and especially [[physicist]]s, who continue to reject the notion that the disciplines concerned with social and [[cultural criticism]] can have anything to contribute, except perhaps peripherally, to their research. Still less are they receptive to the idea that the very foundations of their worldview must be revised or rebuilt in the light of such criticism."--"[[Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity]]" (1996) by Alan D. Sokal | ||
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| + | The '''Sokal affair''' was a [[List of scholarly publishing hoaxes|scholarly publishing hoax]] perpetrated by [[physics]] professor [[Alan Sokal]] in 1996 when Sokal submitted an article to ''[[Social Text]]'', an academic journal of [[postmodern]] [[cultural studies]]. | ||
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| + | The submission was an experiment to test the journal's [[Rigour#Intellectual rigour|intellectual rigor]] and, specifically, to investigate whether "a leading North American journal of cultural studies – whose editorial collective includes such luminaries as [[Fredric Jameson]] and [[Andrew Ross (sociologist)|Andrew Ross]] – [would] publish an article liberally salted with nonsense if (a) it sounded good and (b) it flattered the editors' ideological preconceptions". | ||
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| + | The article, "[[Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity]]" proposed that [[quantum gravity]] as a social and linguistic construct. On the day of its publication in May 1996, Sokal revealed in ''[[Lingua Franca (magazine)|Lingua Franca]]'' that the article was a hoax. | ||
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| + | The hoax sparked a debate about the scholarly merit of [[humanism|humanistic]] commentary about the physical sciences; the influence of [[postmodern philosophy]] on social disciplines in general; academic ethics, including whether Sokal was wrong to deceive the editors and readers of ''Social Text''; and whether ''Social Text'' had exercised appropriate intellectual rigor. | ||
| + | ==Background== | ||
| + | In an interview on the U.S. radio program ''[[All Things Considered]]'', Sokal said he was inspired to submit the bogus article after reading ''[[Higher Superstition]]'' (1994), in which authors [[Paul R. Gross]] and [[Norman Levitt]] claim that some humanities journals would publish anything as long as it had "the proper leftist thought" and quoted (or was written by) well-known leftist thinkers. | ||
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| + | Gross and Levitt had been vocal defenders of the [[scientific realist]] camp of the "[[science wars]]", opposing postmodernist academics who questioned [[Objectivity (science)|scientific objectivity]]. They asserted that [[anti-intellectual]] sentiment in [[liberal arts]] departments (and especially in English departments) caused the rise of [[deconstruction]]ist thought, which eventually led to a deconstructionist critique of science. They saw the critique as a "repertoire of rationalizations" for avoiding the study of science. | ||
| + | ===Content of the article=== | ||
| + | "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" proposed that [[quantum gravity]] has [[Progressivism|progressive]] political implications, and that the "[[morphogenetic field (Rupert Sheldrake)|morphogenetic field]]" could be a cutting-edge theory of quantum gravity (a morphogenetic field is a concept adapted by [[Rupert Sheldrake]] in a way that Sokal characterized in the affair's aftermath as "a bizarre [[New Age]] idea"). Sokal wrote that the concept of "an external world whose properties are independent of any individual human being" was "dogma imposed by the long post-Enlightenment hegemony over the Western intellectual outlook". | ||
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| + | After referring skeptically to the "so-called scientific method", the article declared that "it is becoming increasingly apparent that physical 'reality{{'"}} is fundamentally "a social and linguistic construct". It went on to state that because scientific research is "inherently theory-laden and self-referential", it "cannot assert a privileged epistemological status with respect to counterhegemonic narratives emanating from dissident or marginalized communities" and that therefore a "liberatory science" and an "emancipatory mathematics", spurning "the elite caste canon of 'high science{{'"}}, needed to be established for a "postmodern science [that] provide[s] powerful intellectual support for the progressive political project". | ||
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| + | Moreover, the article's footnotes conflate academic terms with sociopolitical rhetoric, e.g.: | ||
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| + | :Just as [[liberal feminist]]s are frequently content with a minimal agenda of legal and social equality for women and "[[pro-choice]]", so liberal (and even some [[socialist]]) mathematicians are often content to work within the hegemonic [[Zermelo–Fraenkel framework]] (which, reflecting its nineteenth-century liberal origins, already incorporates the axiom of equality) supplemented only by the [[axiom of choice]]. | ||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Academese]] | ||
| + | * [[Bogdanov affair]], in which actual scientific papers were accused of being publishing hoaxes | ||
| + | * [[Grievance studies affair]] | ||
| + | * [[Chip Morningstar]], a software developer known for his early hoax involving postmodern deconstruction at the 2nd International Conference on Cyberspace in 1991 | ||
| + | * [[Dr. Fox effect]], an actor gave a lecture to a group of experts with almost no content but was praised | ||
| + | * [[List of scholarly publishing hoaxes]] | ||
| + | * [[List of scholarly publishing stings]] | ||
| + | * [[Paper generator]] | ||
| + | * [[Postmodernism Generator]], a program that produces imitations of postmodernist writing | ||
| + | * The [[Ern Malley hoax|Ern Malley affair]], Australia's most infamous literary hoax | ||
| + | * [[Fictitious entry]] | ||
| + | * [[Not even wrong]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Politics and the English Language]]'' (1946), by [[George Orwell]], criticizing the use of verbose language in contemporary political British writing. | ||
| + | * [[Physics envy]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Fashionable Nonsense]]'' | ||
| + | *Valerie Greenberg, ''[[Transgressive Readings]]'' (1990) | ||
| + | *[[Stanley Aronowitz]], ''[[Science as Power]]'' (1988) | ||
| - | * [[Alan Sokal]] (born 1955), U.S. physicist and mathematician, famous for the [[Sokal Affair]]. | ||
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Current revision
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"There are many natural scientists, and especially physicists, who continue to reject the notion that the disciplines concerned with social and cultural criticism can have anything to contribute, except perhaps peripherally, to their research. Still less are they receptive to the idea that the very foundations of their worldview must be revised or rebuilt in the light of such criticism."--"Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" (1996) by Alan D. Sokal |
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The Sokal affair was a scholarly publishing hoax perpetrated by physics professor Alan Sokal in 1996 when Sokal submitted an article to Social Text, an academic journal of postmodern cultural studies.
The submission was an experiment to test the journal's intellectual rigor and, specifically, to investigate whether "a leading North American journal of cultural studies – whose editorial collective includes such luminaries as Fredric Jameson and Andrew Ross – [would] publish an article liberally salted with nonsense if (a) it sounded good and (b) it flattered the editors' ideological preconceptions".
The article, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" proposed that quantum gravity as a social and linguistic construct. On the day of its publication in May 1996, Sokal revealed in Lingua Franca that the article was a hoax.
The hoax sparked a debate about the scholarly merit of humanistic commentary about the physical sciences; the influence of postmodern philosophy on social disciplines in general; academic ethics, including whether Sokal was wrong to deceive the editors and readers of Social Text; and whether Social Text had exercised appropriate intellectual rigor.
Background
In an interview on the U.S. radio program All Things Considered, Sokal said he was inspired to submit the bogus article after reading Higher Superstition (1994), in which authors Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt claim that some humanities journals would publish anything as long as it had "the proper leftist thought" and quoted (or was written by) well-known leftist thinkers.
Gross and Levitt had been vocal defenders of the scientific realist camp of the "science wars", opposing postmodernist academics who questioned scientific objectivity. They asserted that anti-intellectual sentiment in liberal arts departments (and especially in English departments) caused the rise of deconstructionist thought, which eventually led to a deconstructionist critique of science. They saw the critique as a "repertoire of rationalizations" for avoiding the study of science.
Content of the article
"Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" proposed that quantum gravity has progressive political implications, and that the "morphogenetic field" could be a cutting-edge theory of quantum gravity (a morphogenetic field is a concept adapted by Rupert Sheldrake in a way that Sokal characterized in the affair's aftermath as "a bizarre New Age idea"). Sokal wrote that the concept of "an external world whose properties are independent of any individual human being" was "dogma imposed by the long post-Enlightenment hegemony over the Western intellectual outlook".
After referring skeptically to the "so-called scientific method", the article declared that "it is becoming increasingly apparent that physical 'realityTemplate:'" is fundamentally "a social and linguistic construct". It went on to state that because scientific research is "inherently theory-laden and self-referential", it "cannot assert a privileged epistemological status with respect to counterhegemonic narratives emanating from dissident or marginalized communities" and that therefore a "liberatory science" and an "emancipatory mathematics", spurning "the elite caste canon of 'high scienceTemplate:'", needed to be established for a "postmodern science [that] provide[s] powerful intellectual support for the progressive political project".
Moreover, the article's footnotes conflate academic terms with sociopolitical rhetoric, e.g.:
- Just as liberal feminists are frequently content with a minimal agenda of legal and social equality for women and "pro-choice", so liberal (and even some socialist) mathematicians are often content to work within the hegemonic Zermelo–Fraenkel framework (which, reflecting its nineteenth-century liberal origins, already incorporates the axiom of equality) supplemented only by the axiom of choice.
See also
- Academese
- Bogdanov affair, in which actual scientific papers were accused of being publishing hoaxes
- Grievance studies affair
- Chip Morningstar, a software developer known for his early hoax involving postmodern deconstruction at the 2nd International Conference on Cyberspace in 1991
- Dr. Fox effect, an actor gave a lecture to a group of experts with almost no content but was praised
- List of scholarly publishing hoaxes
- List of scholarly publishing stings
- Paper generator
- Postmodernism Generator, a program that produces imitations of postmodernist writing
- The Ern Malley affair, Australia's most infamous literary hoax
- Fictitious entry
- Not even wrong
- Politics and the English Language (1946), by George Orwell, criticizing the use of verbose language in contemporary political British writing.
- Physics envy
- Fashionable Nonsense
- Valerie Greenberg, Transgressive Readings (1990)
- Stanley Aronowitz, Science as Power (1988)
