Sylva Sylvarum  

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{{Template}} Sylva Sylvarum () is a book on on natural history by Bacon.

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S Y L V A

SYLVARUM,


O R,


A Natural Hiftory ,

TEN CENTURIES

Whcrcunto is newly added.

The Hi flop !J\(jtHral and Experimental o^" L I E E

and DEATH, or of the Prolongation of LI FE.


Publiflicdafrer the Authors Death.

Sjy William Raw ley, T>ocIoy in T)iVinity ,

One of His Majcrtics Chaplains.


Whcrcunto is added <tArticlei ofEnfdry, touch- ing Mct.thindMiKertlf. And the Nett Atlantis. As alfo the LIFE ot tlic Righc Honorable franas 'Bti.on, never added to this Book before.


"Written by th c Right Honorable

F R A N C I S

Lord Vcmlam, Vifcounc St. <iAlban.


The J\(jntb and Lajl Edition, With an JlphakticalTahle of thcTrincipalThims

Contained in the Ten Cettturies.


LONDON,

Printed by J. R. for lyUlUm Lee, and arc to be fold by Qctrfe &p»l>ridg,

Francis Tjton, Thomas :itlltAms, John Mttrtin, Thomas p-ere, %xndoiph Tayhr^

Henry "Broom, EdwardTromas, ThomusPMjJ'enger, 'lS(jvil Sjmntans, Robty.

CU-vel, miltam Crcolf, inAJanusMagnes; and other Booifeilcrs in

London ind ejlmtnjfer. 1670


mj^


T^j^ Swi'T Siiiv' TM?/r H\^&r H\*i^^


T O T H E


i



MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY

PRINCE CHARLES.

By the Grace of G o d ;, K I N G of Great "Britain, France^ and Ireland,

■' -r \ '

Defender of the Faith, drc, : ;>' :

(.Mty it plc/tje Tour Moji Ex cedent Mtjifty.^ ' . - --

He whole Body of the NkWaj Hiftory, either defigned or vvrit- ten, hy the late Lord Vifcount S. Alban, was dedicated to Your Majefty, in his Book De Ventis, about Four years pafl, when YourMajefty vvas Prince : So as there needed no new Dedica- tion of this Work, butonely in all humble- nefs, to let Your Majefty know, it is Yours. It is truci if that Lord had lived. Your Ma- jefty, ere long had been invoked to the Pro- tection of -anodier Hiftory, whereof, not Natures Kingdom, as in this ; but thefe of

A ? Your


Ihe EpiJJle T>cdicatoyy.


Your Mcijcfties, (during the time and Reign of King Henry the Eighth; had been the (ub- )ci\y which fince, it died under theDefig- nation meerly : There is nothing left, but YourMajefties Princely goodnefs, gi'acioufly to accept of the undertakers Heart and In- tentions ,- who was willing to have parted for a while with his darling Philofophy, that he might have attended Your Royal Com- ma ndment in that other Work. Thus much I have been bold, inalllowlinefi toreprefent unto Your Majefty, as one that was trufbed with his Lordships Writings, even to the laft. And as this Work affefteth the Stamp of Your Majefties Royal Protection, to make it more currant to the World ; fo under the proteilion of this Work, I prefome in all humblenefi to approach YourMajefties pre- fence, and to offer it up into Your Sacred HandsJ

Tour tSMajeflies mojl Loyal ^

and!De voted Servant

W. Rawleit;



T O T H E



READER.

AVing load the Honor to he continually ivith my Lord, in compiling of this ff^orJ{j^ and to he employed thereiny I ha'^e thought it not amip^ [ivith his Lord/hips good leave and liking) fi^ ^^^^ hetterfatisfamon of thofe that JIu/I read it ^ to mak^ kriowi [omewhat of his Lordfhips inten^ tionSj touching the ordering and publijhing ofthejame. I haye heard his Lordfloip often fay , That if hcfliould have fcrved the olory of his own !J\Qtme, he had heen better not to /;.r.^p//6////7^^//;/.f Natural Hiftory ; for it may feem an indtgcfled heap of Tarticulars , and camtot have that htflrc nhich ^ooJ^ cajl into Methods, have : ^ut that he refohcd to prefer the good of (t^Aden , and that tphich mioht heHfecure it, before any thing that might have relation to hinfclf. (t/f?id, he knew )vel/, that there tvas no other toay open to unloofe Mens mindes, being bound ; and [as it ^^ere) i5A4aleficiate, by the charms of deceiving ^AQ)tions and 'Theories 5 and thereby made impotent for feneration oflf^or^s : 'But onely ?jo where to dep.irtfrom the Senfe and clear experience , hut to keep clofe to it, e'j^ecially in the beginning. Befides, //;/V Natural Y{\^0}:y V[ns aT)eht of his, being defigned and fet down for a third Tart of the In ft auration . / ha^c alfo heard his Lord/hip difcowfe, Thatz5\<[en {no doubt) willthinl^inany of the Experiments contained in this ColleHion, to be P^iil-

^ ^ _^


To the Reader.


gar and Trivia! , mean and fordid, curiomand jruitlef^', and therefore he vpifheth, that they muld hsve perpetually be- i fore their eyes, yi>hat is now in doin<y j and the difference l?etv;cen this Natural Hiftory, andothers^ Forthofc Natural \ Hifl:ories7y/>/V/; are extant y beinz ?athered for deli^ht^ aiid ufe, are full of pleafant Defcriptions and TiFlures ; and ; a0eB andfeek^after Admiration, parities, and Secrets, ^ut \ contrariippifeythefcofe, ipphich his Lord(l)ipintendeth^ is to "write j fucb a Natural Hiftory, as may befimdanmitalto the' ereHing and building of a true Thilofophy : For the illurni'] nation of the ^Underfla^jding ; the extracting of (Axioms, and the producing of many noble ^orJ{s and E feels, For he j hopeth by this means, to acquit himfelf of phat^ for tphichhe\ tal^thhimfelfinafortbomid 5 and that iSy the adva?jcement ! 0/ Learning and Sciences. For laying, inthisprefe?it Worh^^ I CoHeBedthe materials for the building » andi/i his Novum i P r ganujii (ofyohich his Lordfh if is yet to pidyiiflo a Second • f^art) fet cloi»n the Itillruments and DireFlions for the VVork^ ] Men fhall no'ro be toanting to themf elves, if they 1 raife not knonpledge to thatperfeUion, lohereof the ^^^ture qFi Adortal Men is capable, ajind in this behalf I have heard \ his Lordjhip f^eaJ^comp/ainingfy, That his Lordfhip {ypho ! thinl^eth, that he deferyieth to be an ^rchiteU in this 'Build- ! ing)fl,)ould be forced to be a FForh^miy and a Laborer ; and to dig the (^Iciy, and burn the^rich^ ; and more then that,} (^according to the hard condition of the Ifraelites, at the lap-^ terend) to gather the Stray^ and Stubble, overall the Fields, $0 burn the BricJ^ 'withal. For he J^i omth, that except he do it, nothing Kvill be done j Men are fo fet to dejfifc the means vf their omigood^ Jndasfor the bafenefl of many of the hxperime.nts , as long as they be ^ods FForks , they are\ honorable enough : And for the vu/gartiejl of them, true ii^ixioms mtijl be dratnn from plain experience , and not from . doubtful 5 and his JL ordfhips courfe is to mah^ FFondersplaii^y

and


To the Reader.


a 7ici not flam things F bonders • mid that expericfjce liJ^A .- - - ^

"Wi^c mufi be broken and grinded ^ and ?iot liihole^ OT'cm it'\'

growth J and for V^e , his Lord/h/p hih often In his \

i5MoHthy the tm kjfides o/Experiment^, Experi- |

mcntaFriidifera, and Experimcnta Lucifcrao

Experiments of Ufe, and Experiments of

Light : ^nd he reporteth/mifcif, yjpheth^r he ivere not

a ftrange Mau^ thatfhould thinly, that Light hath no Vfe,

becaufc it hath no Matter, Further his Lord/hip thought

oood a/fo, to add unto many of the Experiments them-

felves , fomc glofi of the CaufeS;, that in the fucceedino

vpork^of Interpreting Nature, a?jd Framing Axi-

cms, all things may be in more readinefi. ^nd for the

(fatifes herein by him a/Iigned ; his Lordfliip perfwadcth

him fef they arc far more certain, thanthofe that are ren^

dred by Qthers j ?iot for any excellency of his own tpit, f as

his LordJJiip is "WOfit to fay ) but in rejfeU of his continual

. convcffation tvi th Natui'c W Experience. He did

'confider liketvife , That by this (^Addition of CauCeSy

i5\4cns mindes (n?hich nuikefo much hajle to finde out the

caufes of things j ) t»ould not thinly themfelves utterly loft

in a ya(l Wood of Experience , butjlay upon tbefe

Caufes Cfuch as they are ) a little y till true KxiUms

may be more fully difcoyered. I have heard his Lor df hip

fay a If 0, 1 hat one great re afon, tvhy helvould not putthefe

Particulars into any exact Method y [though he, thatlook^

eth attentively into them , fl?all finde, that they hay>e a fe-

cret order] tvas, 'Becaufe he conceilped that other ?nen would

flow thinly that they could do the like; and fo go on with a

further (^ olleBion , which, if the Method had been exact,

^nany would halee de/paired to attain by Imitation, ajs

for hisLordfhips lo^ve of Order, lean refer any Man to

\hi4 LordlJ)ips Latin "Book^ , De Augmcntis Scien-

itiaruni; which^ if my judgment be any thing, is written in

J 2? the


The Epiftle it the fame I that Ihould have been prefixed to this Book, if his Loiddiip had lifcd-


To the Reader.


the exaBell order, that I k^ato any witing to be, I tp'tll conclude^ toith a ufual Speech of his Lordpjips. That this ^e?r^o/^/?« Natural Hiftory, isthe\Noi\iy /wGod made it, and not as Men have made it j for that it hath nothing, if Imagination^


W RAWLEY.


The Table.


A 1 A B L E

OF THE

8 X T S % I M E :j\(^r s.



Century L


OT StrMinlng or PercoUtloH, Outward and ttnPtird, Ixp:riment8, Of iMotitn upon Prrjftre, Exp. 5 of Separtitions of Bodies LtjHtd hytfelgbt. Exp. 3 OF Infxfons i« IVa'.tr And t/fir. Exp. 7 Of the j^ppeie of Continuation in Litjulds, Exp. I of Artificial Sprinj^s. Exp. I of the yenemotis ^ality of Mans Flefh. Exp. i OfTHTnlng Air into ivater, Exp. I Of helping or Altering the Shape of the Body. Exp. I o'^ condenfing of Air to yield Weighty or N»nrifhmtntt Exp. I , of Flame and Air commixed. £xp. I Of the fecret tmture of Flamr, E\p. i O"" ¥Lme in the midff-and on the sides, Exp. 1 of Motion of (jravity. Exp, 1

of C»ittr:iclion of Bodies in Bulk. Exp, I » -"

of m^k^ittg yines morefruiifttl. Exp, I ■ ^v

of the feveral operations of Turging Medicines. E)cp. 9' • '

Of Meats and Drir{( moj} Nourifhing. Exp. I J ..•;^..

of Mediciaet applied i» O'der, E;tp,l OfCurehyCuftome. Exp, I Of Cure hj Ex-cefs. £xp. i Of Cure by Motion of Confent. E P. I Of Cure of Difeafes ontrary to Predifpofltion. Of '-preparation before andafter Purging. Exp. I of Stanching Blood. Exp. I ■'

O^ change uf Aliments and Medicines. Exp, i O^ Diets. Exp. I

Of- Produflion of Cold. E(p.7 •■*

O- turning Atr into irarer. Ex 3. 7 O* Itiduratio/i of Bodies. Exp. 6 Of Preying cf t/4ir upon Water . Exp, I O'^ the force of Vtion. I xp. 1

C*^ i>ig Feathers and H fs of divers colours, Txp. I O'^ >fourifhnie/;t of young Creatures in the Egge tr tfomh, Exp^l of Sympathy and Antipathy. Ex •. 5 0~ the Spirits or Pneumaticals in Bidies. Ex:), i O' the fower of He^t. Exp. i Of Impe/fibility of Annihilation. Exp.i


Century 11.


O'^ ClUIck. Exp. 14 0 the Nullity and Entity of Sounds, Exp. 4 Of Fradu^ion, Confervation^ and Delation of Sounds, Exp. 14 Uf itagn.tude. Exility, and Damps of Sounds. Exp. 25 Of L>udnef,, Uid Softnefs, of Sound, Eip. 3

B i


page I pag.2

pag. 5 pjg.6

ibid.

ibia.

Ibii paf;S

P»F.9

ibid, pag. 10

ibid.

ibid,

ibid. pag.12 pag.i5 pa,"; 1 7

Ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

P»g-i9

pag. 19(5

pag. 20

pjg. 22

pig. 1 24

ibid.

ibid.

P»g-M ibid.

P'g-^^ pag.27 pig.28


p*g-


29


p=»g


32


p"g


34


p»g'


37


pag. 41



<'f


Of C'-jmmurilcation of Sounds. Exp. 3

Of Eijuality and faeatiality of Sounds, Exp. 9

Of more Treble and Bife Touts. l-X^.^.

Of proportion of Tr^kil Mi^a^e. \^^. 4 / i'

of Exteriour^ Ir.teriour Sounds, Exp. 4

Of Articulation of Sounds. Exp. 9. ' ■ ' •

"p •>v/r • ^^ Vf, \ — tVJ . , > r -

Century IIL

OF the Lines in which Sounds. n^evtl Y^p's ^\ .', .) Of the Litjiingor Pen[hlng of Sounds. Exp.S Of thi P^Jj'jj^e in Interception of Souifis, I ^p. 5 ^ Of thf Medium of Sounds. Exp. 4 ['

Of the Figures of Bodies yielding Spttndsm Expi J Of Ali.xtnre of Sounds. 1 xp. 5. C^ Melioration of Sounds, Exp. 7 of Imitation of Sounds. Exp. 6 of mfiexion of Sounds. Exp. I 3

Of Confent and Difent hetweeu Atidihlei, and yifihlfs, Exp. 2J Of Symf.txhj and Atfti^.xthj of Sanndsi Exp. J , . "^ > • Ofi hindring or Helfing of NfAr»»^..^.i^..Jsp^ 4 Of the Spiritual and Fine Nature of Sounds. Exp. 4, Of Orient Colours inliifjolutions of Metals. Exp. I Of prolongation of L'fe. Exp. 1 ;. -"I

of ihcfippetite of Union in Bodies. Exp. 1 ' 1

Of th' tikj Operations of Heat „nd Time. Exp. i, ^,'|jj 4^ Of the Difering operations of Fire and Time. Et^mi. of Motions by Imitation. Exp. In .",3 ./'■.■"*■•:»'. • ' of Jnfe^lioHi "Difeafes. Exp. i * : '[..>.

of the Incorporations of PovfderSy and Liquors. E<p, i],;! of;E!ftrcife of the iody, and the Eenefits or Evils thereof, ^Ti. 1 of. Meats fomc Glutting^ or not Glutting. Exp, i


',\!'b5^\ h ; •'. . (.1


Century I'V.


ibid. ibid,

P^§-45 pag. 4o

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

pa:'. Si

line!, ibid.'

poo. 83

ibid. of-


C A^B %f^


,0f PejldeHtial Tears. Exp. i

Q'f Bfidtmlcal Difeajes. Exp. i ^

'*0f Prcfirvatlon of liquors in Wells or faults, Exp. I Of Stntting. Exp. I i

Of (iveet Smells. Exp. 4 . .- • , ;.; A .^6\..•.•

0f theGoodfiffsaKd Chiieeof inters. Exp..?; .,. ,; 9f temperate Heats under the x^quinodiat. Exo. T Of the CohrAtion of Black and T^prne-; Moors, ^xp. I , of Motion after the inTtant ef ttenth. £xp. i


'•.;V'-.\^Vt'i i«i. I.


ibid.

, ibid.


Century V.


OV Accelerstlng or'Haf{eninf!^9r-i*ttrd GermiHatio-^. £.Np.i2 0^ Retarding or futting back Germination, ixp, 9 C CMeliorating^ or making better. Fruits 4^niFia»Hs. E:i^,^S- O Comyound Frrits, and Flowers. £xp. 55 ;

of S^mf.thj and Antipathy of Plants. £xp. 19 of making Herbs and Fruits Medlcinable. £xp. 1


pag. 89 pag. 92

pag. 93 pag. .100

pig.IOI

P4g. 104


Century VI.


O'


F Citriojicies about Frstlts a^td Pl^tftr. Miy'.-Xf _ pag. lo^

Oj^ the Degexer.itingof Plants \ and of their Tranfmutatioad/it into attfther. £xp.i^

 ; ; • •■--•• ^-^ pig, no

qf the Trocerity ard Lownefs of Plants ; and of Artificial dwarfing t}jem. Exp. 5. pag.t ; 8 OftheR:uiiments of Plants ; and of the Excrefctnctsof P'Ufifii tifftifer.Plants. £xp. 56

•• ■', ■ ' ibiJ.

of Producing perftH Plains without Seed. -Exp.!! . . - . P'g.Uy

Of-Forr^in I'lantr. £xp. ; P^g- X18

of the Seafons of ftveral Plants. Exp,6 pag. 1 19

I Of the Lifting of -pLints. £xp. 5 Pd- I -Q

of fever al F I figures of Plants. £xp. ? " pa^. I2t

ef fome Principal dffcrences in Plants, fx'p.4 ibid.

of all Manner of Compofts and Helps for 0round. Ex^,6 pag. 122


Century VII.


C\^ the A^Ktties and Differences between Plants y and Stdies Inanimate. £xp.6.

■ . . . . . P3g.ii5

,0/ A ff nines and niferences betiveen Plants, and Living CreatHres; And of the Cotfintrs

axd P.irticlpUs of BAh. £xp. 3 pjg. 125.

Of T>Unts E.vperitMCfits 'Promifcuaus. £xp. Cj • ■' pag. 1 27

^Of Healinf of no: »ls. £ip. I , p3g.l39

^f F.it J-ffufed in Flefh. Exp. 1 ibid.

Of Ripening Drinks fpeedlly. fxp.l ."ibid.

of Pitofvj and riumage. fxD. I. . ' -ibid.

pf th* ^^ii\ncfs of Motion in Birds. £xp.I j , -•» ■ ' Jbld.

Of the Clenrnefs of tktSea., theNorthwind bUmng. tr.o,\ ibid.

Of the A fferent heats of Fire and bojling wa!(r, £xp. i ', ?^Z-i'

0'^ the QjtallficuioH of heat bj Moifinre. £xp. i ibid.

Vft-tivning. £x\ I ibid.

\i)f the Hiccauchs. £xp. t ibid.

,. Of


-/-


Thi T A B L Ei


of Steinia^. fxp. i ibid*

0[ the! cnderncfs of the Teeth, fxp. I P*g-I4^

C the ToHguc, Exp. I iDidl

of the MoHihoHt of Tjfle. £xp. i ibid.

Of fome fr9jrMoftii{i of Penitent i.,l Setifons. JExp. 1 ibid,

O'^fpecial Simples for Medidnes, Exp. i ibid.

Of ^enus. E

. r of Attrufliou tj fimilitude of fuhflance. ixp. I of certain Drini(s t» THrkej, £xp. I of Sn-cat. £xp. (5 O*" the Glovporm. £xp. r Of the imprejfion< upon the B odj'^ front fevtr at Pajftons tf thttJUlnd, £xp. of DrHikennejs. £.p.4 of the Hurt, or He/p of vine t.,{eH moderateij. £xp. i OF Catterpitler.. £xp. 1 Of the Flies Cantharides, Exp. I 0 Lijfttsede, E\p. 2 Of carting the Skjjt and Shell infomt Creatures. Exp. i of the Poftures of the Body. Exp. 3 Ofl'eflilential year . Evp. i Of fume Prognofiickj of ht*rd fvlnters. Eur. i of I eitusn Aiedicines that condenfe and relieve the Spirits. Exp. I OF i'Hintings of the Hody. Exp. i Of the ufe of S^ihing and yinolnting. £xp. 1 Of Ch^molletting uf •■Jpaper. £xp. i of C little- fnl^. J x,\ I Of £ irth increafi-ig in weight. Exp. I Of Sleep. EaP.3 Of Teeth ahdFlardfuhflances in theSadies of LivingCreatures. Exp. Il of the Gener^t-ion^ /tnd Bearing of living Creatures in the womb. Exp. J of Ifecies yifthle. E<p. z of impulfion and Percujsion. Exp. 3 of Titilacion. E\|}. 1 Of fcarcity of Raininty£gypt. Exp. i Of ClarificatioM. Exp. i of Plants syithout leaves. Exp. I Qi^ the materials of Glafs. Exp. i Qf Prohibit ton of PutrtfiEiion, and the long Ctnfervatien »f Bidies. Exp, I 0'^ Ahundanceof Nitre in certaiKSe.'^ores. txp. I of B dies horn up bj lyattr. Exp. I 0Fi4elconfumtagltileornothir^g.Exp.l of c he tip Fnel. £xp. I Of G'thering of wind for Frefljnefs. Sxp. t of Trills of .ilires. Exp. I Of Evcreafing Mil^in Milch-Beafls^ Exp. I 0^ Sand of the Nature of Glafs. Exp. I of the C/rotptb of C.o'TaI, Exp. i O^the Gathering of Manns. £x'\ i P»?- M7 ibid. ibid. pag.148 ibid. ibid. pag.149 I ibid. P^§-M2 P»g-i53 ibid. pjg.i6i Pag.154 ibid. . ibid. pag.155 ibid. ibid. ibiJ. pag.156 ibi(^. ibid. ibid. ibid. P>g-i57 pig. 159 pag. 100 Ibid, pjg.ifii ibid, pag. 162 i )id. ibid. ibid. p3g.i6: ibid. ib:d. pat;. 164 'ibid. ibid. ibi<i, ibid. pag. \6s "ibiH. of -1 TJ^ T Abx^I*. •f CorreRing of mnts. £xp. i Of Bttnmen one ef the MAterials of rvUi-fire. £xp.,I Of P/aifier nrowiiigai b/ird as Mari/e. Exp. I Of the Cure of fome ulcers and Hurts. Ek^'. \ . . Of the Healthfnlntfs or Vnhealthfulnefs tffhrStuthern wlni. Ex{-» t Of tftundsmude with Brafs or with /row, Exp. i Of Mntifcatlen by Cold. Exp. l Of tr eight, £xp. i of fufer-I^Atation of Bodies. £xp. r of the ^ lying of unequnl todies In the j4ir. £xp. I Ofyyater that It maybe the M:dlum of Sounds. JIxp. t ' Of the Flight of the Sfirlts upon odious objeEls. Exp. i of the fuper-K' flexion of Sccho's , £xp, i of the force of Im^glnatioH Imitating that tf the Senft. Exp. t Of Prtfervation of Bodies, Exp. i of the Growth or Afuttipljing of {JMetalls. Evp. i of the dro'Vnlngthemore hafe Metallln the more prethmi Exp. I Of Fixation of Bodies. Exp. I of the rejllefs Nature of things in themfelvesy And their deftre to change. ibid. ibid* ibid. pag. 166 ibid. ibidi ibid. ibid. ibid. pag. 167 ibid. ibid ivd, pag. 168 ibid. ibid. ibid. pag. 169 Exp. I ibid. Century IX. Op Perception la Btdles infeajibie, tending to natural Dhinatlcn a/s. Exp. 30 Of the Caufes of Appetite in the Stomach. Exp. t of ftfeetntfi 0' odour from the R^ii.bow, Exp. l Of fweet Smels. Hxp. I Of the CorforcAl fubflAnce of Smels. Exp. I Of Petide and Fragrant Odours. Exp. i Of I hi Ceufei of'^'Htrtfa^tor. Exp. I Of todies HMperfeBly t»lxt. Exp. i Of C'nccHion and CruditJ- Exp. I of Alterations which maj be called Majors, E\p. I Of Bidles L'^uefble, andnot Ltqnefible. Exp. i O' B'dies Fragile and Tough. Exp. I Of 'ht twt {Inds of Pneumatlcalls in Sidles. Exp. I Or'tincretionanddifJolHtionof Bsdies. Exp. i 0' Bjiies hard t^nd f,ft. £xp. I Of l.t^dies duEiile axd tenflle. Exp. I of fever: I pafslon< of Matter ^ and charaHers of Bodies, £xb. i of irtiu'-titlon by fimpathj. ^xp, I C Hour J and Sugar. £xp, I 0^ the finer fort of baft Metal'. £xp. i pftrrtAin Cemct and Qnarries. JExp. I 0.^ :hf Alterirg rf ctlours in Hairs and Feathers, ixp. l Of '.he i'.fftrt'Ctof Living Crtdrurej^ Male and Female, tip, i Of rht Con>p.ir.,flve Magmtudetf LivlngCreatures. E%p i Of Producing Fruit withont Qoaror Stone. Exo, 1 of the Melioration of Tobr.cco. £xp. T 0 (evtral Heat! wording the fame Sffetls. *xp. I of Spelling and UlLitatioMin Boiling. Mxf. I 0 fheDitlciratioH of Fruits. £n. i Uf Flefh Edible, and not Edible,' «xp. I C^the S-tlamander, fxp. I Of the cjttrary operations of Tlmty MftH Fruits aud H^ittrt. txp- I OF blows and bruifei, £xn, I OftheO'ris Ret:, fxp. i and fn^tlt tri- pag. 1 76 iliJ. P»g- 177 ibid. ibid; pSg. I78 f>§-i79 ibid. ibid. pag. 180 ibid. paj.iSi ibid. ibid. ibid, pag. i8t ibid, pag. 183 ibid. ibid. ibid. pjg.184 ibid. ibid. pag.iSs ibid. ibid. pae„i86 'ibid. ibid. piS.187 ibid. ibid. Of The T A^tt. ^f tht eomprejfitnof LitjMors. Evp. I ibid, ^f the n'ork.'Kgof water Mf9it Air COHttgHOtu. tip; I ibid. ^f the nature of Air. Exp. i pa?. 1^8 ^f the ijes Atii Sight. Exp. 7 jbid. Of the colonr »f the Sea^ or o:her water. Exp. I psg. i 89 Ofshell.Fijh. Evp. I S ibid. Of the Right fide and the Left. Exp. i pag. 190 Of F'iclitHs. Exp. I ibid. of Cj lobes appearing fitt at diflance. Eip. I ibid. of Shadows. Exp. 1 «' ibid. Of the Rjiv/ing and hreakjng of t%t Se4'. Evp. I ibid. O the Du/cor^tion of Salt-water. Exp. J ibid of the return of faltnefs ia pits bj the Sea-(hore, Exp. t par. 191 OfAttran^ioHbyfmilitudeofffib^tiiee.Ex^.i ' ibid. of tAttratlitn. Exp. I ibid. Of Heat under earth. Exp. I ibi«?. of T lying in the tAftr. I xp. t ibi-J. Of the Scarlet Dy. Fxp. I ibid. of Malifitiating. Exp. I pag. I*' Of r^f /f;/f of Lisjttors or Touders^ bj mcMus »f jtdmf. Exp. t ibid. of the itfimnces of the Moon. Exp. i ibid. of l-'tnegar. Exp. i pag. 194 of Creatures that fltep all winter. Exp.t ibid. Of the Generating of Creatures by CepHUti»Hy etnihypHtrtfailion. Exp.i ibid. Century X, OF the Tranfmiffion and Itfiux of Immateriate Virtues and the Porte of ImaginatloH'i whereof there he Experiments Monitory, three inall. Exp. 1 1 pag. 197 of £ rtiiJfiDn of spirits in l^apour.^ or Exhalation., odour likj. i xp. 26 pag. 101' Of Emiffiot of jpiritual Species which tfiEl the Senfes, Exp. i pag. 1C4 4 of Emijfion of Immateriate yertues. from the Minds^ and the Spirits of Men, by AfeJi. OHS., Itnagmation, or other Imprejfioas . Exp. 11 ibid; Of the fecretvertue of Sympathy, and Anlipmhy. Exp. ?{) p»o_206 Of feeret Vert nes and Properties. Erp. ' pj". 214 of the General Sympathy of mens Spirits, Exp. i pag. jj j- d THE LIFE O F TH E RIGHT HONOURABLE Ifrancis bacon Baron of V e r u l a m, Vifcount St. Alba n. B Y WILLIAM RAWLEr, D.D. His LordftipsfirftandlaftGhaplain, and oflatchis Afajeftics Chaplain in Ordinary. /- o A" r> o A\ Pr'nteJ by .T. G. 5c.B G\ tor n',lliam Ue, and arc to be fold at the fieri, ofthc Tarks-Hcid in f/^r; /Fr^-.'f, over againft f m^r.z:««f, 1670.° i i i i vV I 5. ' ! J ja V Hu^^^Ohi VI o ^J. ■ . -Yi h a . /: 1 a I "^^Hl m «^ 3t<* !l^ THE LIFE O F THE Right Honourable FRANCIS BACON Baron of Verulam, Vircount St. Atban. ^^t-1^.^■«»RANCIS BACON the giory ^ of his ^ P ^ Age <a«^ Nation; n^ A dorner,^»iOrna- '♦'»^*4'^«^ * York-Place, rwri;^ Strand, On the iitb, Day 0/ January j in the Yezr of our Lord,\^6o His Yii\iti was that famous CoiinccUor to Queen Elizabeth} Thefeconi Prop of the Kingdom in his Tim^ Sir Nicholas Bacon, Knight, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Eng- land j a Lord of known Trudence, Sufficiency ^ Moderation, and Integrity, His Mother yvas Ann> one of the Daugh- lets of Sir Anthony Cookj unto whom the Erudition, of King Edward the Sixth; hU been committed : A choyee Lady, and Eminent j or Piety, Vertue, and Learning; Being exquifiiely skilled, for a Wom.^n, in the Greek, and Latine^, Tongues. Ihefe beingthe Parents, joh may 'eaffly imagine, "^ 1 what The Life ot the Right Honorable -V>hat the I flue , -Tpas like to be j Ha<vin^ had "H hatfoel^er ^i tate or Btctding could put into him. Hisfirli and childif/j years Tiere not fpithout fome Mark of Fminency- Jit "fohich time be was indued with tb.it Tregnancy^ and Towardimefs^ ofmt ; Js they liere Prefagcs , of that Deep, fiK^Univcrfal Apprchenfion, which yeas manifejiin him afterward ' Andcaufei him to be taken notice of^ , b)fe^c- r^i/Perfonsso/" Worth^w^ 'Place j ^nd rfpecial/y^bythe Queen j ft>ko (as I hay>e been informed) deligl ted much ^then^ to Confer yoith him ; ^nd to prove bim-^ith Queftions ^ un- to whom, hedelireredHimfelf mchthapGnv ay, and Matu- rity, ii^oli>e his years ; Xbdt Her Majcfty would often term him J the young Lord Keeper, "^eing asked by the Queen how old he was ? He anfweredmthmucb dijcretion, being then but a Boy; That he was two years younger than her Majefties happy Reign j '9i'ith which anfa>erthe Queen y^as much taken. At the ofdinary y£atiy ofRipeneJs^ for the univcrfity . or rather ^fomething earlier i hewas fenthy his Father, fj Tri- nity €olledge,?« Cambridge j To be educated, and bred u-^. der the Xuition of DoCtox John Whice-Gifc, ?/;<?» Maftcr o/fi^^ C^tilledgfe J ^fierwardsthe reno'n>ned Arch Bifhop cf Canterbory j a TreUteof the fird M^gnkudeofSanAity Learnings Patience^ And Htmilfty ; TJnder whom, Hs ^i^as ob- fer'Ved^ to hai>e been morci than an Ordinary Proficient^ in theje'i/sral Arts and Sciences. IVhilft he T^'.?j commorant, in the Vniverfity, about \6yearsof age, (rfi7;/VLordfliip hatb been pUdfci to impart untd fny felf ; ) be fir ft fell into the DiflikCj of the Philofophy of Ariftotlc; Not for the Worth lefTenefs of the Author, to yehom ke would e^er afcribe allH'i^ Attributes,- But for the V nfmizfulniiSi oft he \\3iy. Being a Philofophy, ( as his Lordfliip ufedtofay) only fhongifor Difputations ^ and (Contentions -, But Barren of the produdlion o/Works for the Benefit of the Life c/Man. In which Mind h^ continued to his Vying Day. After he bad paljed, f^^ Circle o/?/;^ Liberal Arts'j His Father thought fit ^ to frame ^ and mould him for the Arcs of Scare J and^ for that end jfent him o<ver into France^ ip/V^ Sir Francis Lord Bacon. ^ sir Aniyas Pauler, then Employed Ambaffadoiir Lieger, | into France ; By "Si^bom^ he wast after awhile ^ held fit to be en- trufiedi'^ith /ow^ MeflTagCj or ^d\eiu(ement^ to the Queen j'ichicb baring performed Tvith ^rcat /Approbation^ he returned back into France again ■ witjj intentiffu to continue ^ for fonne years, there. In his abjence, in France, his Father, the Lord Keeper* died j Haying collcBsd^ {as I haDe heard, of Knowing PctCons) a confiderable f urn of Money, which be bad feparated, "With Intention, to baDemade a competent Purciiafe o/Land > for the Lilpelybood of this hii youngeft Son; ( who yp its onely unpro^vided for ; and though /;? was theyoungefi inyearsi yctbeTras aoitbe lowefli in /'/.f Fathers affeiiion '^) But the faid PuichzCe, being unaccomplifjjcd, at his fathers Deaths there came no greater (bare tobim-> than bis fngle Part, and Portion, of the Money , di<-vidable among ft /-T^^ Brethren J '^By which means, heli'ved, in fome ftreits, and Neceffities, in his younger years. For as for that pleajant Sc!ce,i?«i^ Manner o/Gorhambury, became not toit^ till many years after, by the Death, o//?/j Dearcft Brother, Mr. Anthony Bacon i a Gentleman, equaltohim, in Height of Wit j Though infer iour to bim^ in the Endowments 0/ Lear- ning and Knowledge -, T^nto whom be was, mo(l nearly con- ]oynedin ajfeEiion-, Theytyto being the/ole M3.\e-i(iuc ofafe- cond Venter. Being returned from Travail , be applied himjelf, to the ^udy oj the Common-Law ; y^hich he took upon him to be hii Trofefion. In yobich, be obtained to great Excellency , Though he made that, { as bimfelf [aid ) but as an accejjfary, and not as his Principal fludy. He yirote fey>eralTt2£t3.teSj upon that Subje^. therein, though jome great Maftcrs, o///;tf Law did out-go himin Bulk, ^«^ Particularities of \ Cafes i )et, inth^ Science,eftbe Grounds, and Myftcries, of the Law, he yeas exceeded, by none. In this way, he was af- ter awhile, jworn^ of the Queens Counlel Learned, Ex- traordinary J agrace, {if I err e not) fcarce known before. He jeatedhimfelf for the commodity of his ftudies, and^Tra- ^ije; amofigfl tbs Honourable Society, o/Greycs-Inn Ofvfhich Houle - be 'H'as a Member -, rthere he Ere^ed, that The Life ot the Right Honorable that Elegant Pilcj or Scrudture, commonly known by the Name oftheLord Bacons Lodgings j -vhich hi Inhabited by Turns ^ the mofi part of his Lifey { jome few years onsly excepted^) unto his Dying Day. In ypbicb Houiche carried himfelf, with Such SxoeetnejSi Comity^ and Generofity .^ That he "^as much re<vered^andbeloy>6dj i^f/;^ Readers and Gentlemen of the Houlc. Notsotthjlanding^ that he prof ejfed the L(W for his Li^vely- hoodj and Suh0ence j yet his Heart and Ajfedion ttas more carried aft -sr the ^^3l\xs and Places o/£ftare • for -wbicbj if the Majcfty Royal then, had been pleafed^ he ■)»as moUfit. In his younger yeirs^ hcfiudieithe Ser^i/ice, 'and Fortunes, ( as they call them^ ) of that Noble, but unfortunate Earl, //;tf Eail of Eflex j unto whom he was, in a port ^ a Private and free Counleller, and game him Safe and Honour able .A dijiceitidy intbe end^ the Earl inclined too much, to the 'vident and preci- tate Connfell of others^ his Mherents^ and FolloyperS' ychich was hk Fate^Mflf Ruine. His Birth and other Capacities qualified him, aboye o- thers c//;f> jProfcffionj tohaipc ordinary accejfes at Court- and toccmefreqnently into the Queens Eye i wboft^ouldcf- ten grace him with private and frei Communication ; Not one ly about Matters of his Profeffion, or Bufinels in Law • ButalfOj about the arduous Affairs ofE^ztc ; From yphompje received ^ from time to time, great Sat is f Mi on . Ne- rverthelefs thou'J} [be cheered him viuch , with the Bounty of her Countenance ; yet flje nelper cheered him with the fiounty of her Wand -.Having ne<ver conferred upon him, a- «)) Ordinary Place or Means c/H(7«o»r or Profit, Sa've onely one dry Keverfion of the Regifiers Office, in the Star- Chambcr ; worth about 1600 1. per Annum ; For tpbicb be waited in ExpeEiation, either fully or near twenty years i Of which his Lordfhip wouldfay, in Queen Elizabeths Time; That it was like another mans Ground, buttalling upon hisHoufc; which might mend his Profpe^fl, but it did not fill his flarn. ( Neyertbelefs in the time o/King James , it fell unto him. Which might be imputed ; not fo much to her Majeftics averfenefs and Difaffc-(5tion , towards him; as F RAN CI is Lord B A c b N, as the Arts and VoYicy of aGrc^ Statefman-, tben-^ fpho la- boured bf all induflrious J andfecret Cleans, to fupprefs^ and keep him down ; /<?/?, if be had riJerPj he might have oif cur- ed his Qlory; .;f t':. • Butthouzh- he flood long at a fiay^ intheDayes of his Mi- ftrefs Queen Elizabeth J Yet^ aftey the change, and Coming in of his New Mider^ King JameS) he made a great pro- grejs I by whom be yeas much comforted j in Places of Truft> Honour, and Revenue> 1 ha^e feen^ a Letter of bis Lord- fhips, ro King lames, "whereiahe makes ^cknoibledgement -^ That he was that Maftcr to him, that had raifcd and ad- vanced him nine times ; Thrice in Dignity , and Six times in OfTicc, Hts Offices ( as I conceire ) ip^r^ Counlcl learned extraordinary, to his Majefty, as he bad been ^ to Queen Elizabeth j Kings Solliciter General j His Maje ities Atturney General 3 Counfellor of Eftate , being yet but Atturney j Lord Keeper cfthe Great Seal of England, L<j/?/y, Lord Chancellor '.'•whichf^o lafl T laces ^though they betbejaffie, in yiuthority and Power -^ yetthsy differ tn Pa- tentjHcight, and^2.\o\\x:ofthe Prince. Since ivhofe time ^ none of bis Succeflbrs, until this prelent Hononrable Lord- did ever bear the Title of Lord Chancellor. His Digni. tics li^erefirfl Knight, then 5aron o/Verularaj Lajlly^ Vifcount 5aint Alban : Be^des other goodGiks and Boun- tics of the Hind, "fohich his MajeUy ga<ve him ^ Both out of theBxo^d-Sczitwdoutofthe ^^leniation- Office, To the T>a- luc^ in both of eighteen hundred pounds per annum .• •9phicb ^ith hisMannour o/Gorhambury^ and other Lands and 'Poflclfions, near thereunto adjoyning^ amounting to a third part more^ he retained to his T>ying Day- To'O'iirds his Rifing yearSi not before^ he entered intoa mar- riedEflate^ and took to Wife ^ ^lice, (?»(? o/f^^ Daughters and Co heirs q/'Senedid Ziarnham, Efquiic^ and Alder - man 0/ London, ■vpithwhomhe received^ afufficientl^ am. pUy andliberal Portion, in Marriage. Children he had ^none .• "^btcb^tijough they be the means to perpetuate our I Names, after our ~D athsi yet he bad oth^r {{hics.to Psrpe- ' tuafe bis Hame . The [flues of his Brain . in -Ttfbidj be t^as c- Ver The Life of the Right [honorable rver happy J and admired ; ^s Jupiter vas^ m the produ^ion o/Pallas. Neither did the yeant o/ChiWren ., dara^l from ' his good ujage of bis Con(on ^ during the I lacr marriage ;' iphom he projecutedy with much Conjugal Love, and Re- J (peSi \ ftithm.wy 1{icbGiks, <i«^ Endowments j Befides'.' a Robe of Honourj which he in<'vejledher ycithal- which fbe\ yoore untill her Dying Day • being twenty years and morct af- ter his Veath. The Li(} files ')t2.x.s of his Life, being with drawn from Q\- vil affaires, and from an Adtive Life, he employed wholly in Contemplation and Studies, xf thing , *v hereof his Loi d{h']p would often Jpeaky ditriNg his yi£ti\c Life j as if he a^cBedtodyinthe shadow, and not tn the Lighzi which alfo may be found m fe<veral Pajjages of his Works. In which time-he comt'ofed^ the greateU part of his fiooks, and Writings; "'Both in Englifh<f«^Latine; Which 1 mil enu- merate, (as near as 1 can) in thejuji order^ wherein they were Ti>ritten. The Hiftory of the i^efgn of King Henry i/;^ .Se- venth j Abcedarium Naturae ,• or 3i Mctaphyfical piece- which is lofi ; Hiftoria Ventorum j Hiftoria Vit^ & Mor- tis j Hiftoria Dcnfi & Ran, not yet printed ; fliftoria Gra- vis &: Levisi which is alfolofl .^ A Difcourfeo/^i War with Spain; A Dialogue, fo»c/?i«^u» Holy War. The l^^hXcof the New Atlantis, a i^refare toaDigeft o/r/;^ Lawes 0/ England. T/;(? Beginning, o/r/;^ Hiftory o/?/;<f Reign of King Henry the Eighth. De Augmentis ^dentiarura, Or the 'Advancement o/'Learning, put into Latin> with federal Enrichments and Enlargements. Counlels Civil, and Moral. Or his Book o/^EOTaycSj likewije Enriched ^»(!^ Enlarged. The Converfion of certain /"falms, into Englifh Verfc. 7/?<? Tranflation /«ro Latin ; of the Hi- doxy of King^ Henry the Seventh. Of the Counfcls Qvi\ dw^Moral. Of the Dialogue 0/ the Holy War. Of the .fable o/?i^^. New r\tlantis^, For the '^Bcnefit of other 1>^2l- ftions. His Re^ifng ef his Book, 'De >apicntia Vete- I rum- Inquifitio ^«? MagnetCj TopicaInqui(itionis,<i^ I Lucefic Lumine; Boththeje notyet frinted^ Laftly, Jyi- va 5ylvarum, or the Natural Hiftory. Tbeje were the ' Fruits,' Francis Lord Bacon. Fruics and Pi o6u£tions J ofhulaji fi^e years. His Lord- diipaljodefivned upon the Motion and Jn<vitation qfhifhtc Majefty j To have yoritten the (^^eign o/King Henry the Eighth j But that \(/ oik Peri/hed in the Defignacion meer" /y J God not lending him Life ^to proceed further upon it ^then only in one ..^orningi Work'- Tfhereof there 15 Extant^ An, I:x iinguc Lconcm, already Printed^in his Lorddiips A/if- cellany Works. Ti^crc u a Commemoration duei ^s ypell^ to his Abilities^ and Vermes^ as to the Courfe of his Life. Jhoje Abilities nhich (cmmonlygofngk in other SMen, though of prime ^ and Ol'jer'veable^ ""fares, mre all conjoynedy and met in Him. Thoje are-, Sharpnefs ofWitj Memory, judgment, and I Elocution. For the Former Three ^ hit Books do abun- dintlyjpeakthem'^ il>hi{kjypithwbatSu^ckncy he wrote let the World judge -^ ^But "^uth what Celerity he "^rote them Icanbejitefiijie. 'But for the Fourth 3 his Elocution • lwi(l onlyfet doxpn^what I heard Sir Walter Ra-wlsighy once f peak of him J by'(i;ay of Comparijon ; ( whofe Judgment may Ttell be trufled-^ ) That the Earl oi" Salifbury', was an excellent Speaker, but no good Pen-man jThat the Earl oiNortb- amtton J (the Lord Henry HoycardJ was an excellent Pen-maui but no good speaker j But that Sir Francis fidfowjwas Eminent in both. J lf::<^e been enduced to think j That if there yceret a '^Beam of Knowledge deri^ved from God upon any M;in, /» f/j^y^ Modern Times ^ it was upon Him. For though he ytoj a great Header 0/ Books ; yet he ha.i not hu Knoyfled^e from Books » But from fome Grounds, and Notions from within Himfelf. Which notwitb- ftanding J be Rented witb^reat Caution and Circum- fpedion. His Book, of Jnftauration Magna, ( yt^bichj in his o^'» Account ^ was the cbiefefl of his Works,) wot no Slight Imagination, arVzucy^of his brain -^ but a setled> and Conco&cd Notion , The Produd:ion 0/ many years ^ Labour, and Travel. I my Self^ haye feen^ at the lesl) TwetXe Coppies, of the Inftauration j Reyifed, year by year ione after another -^ Jndetsryyear alt ered^and amended A 'B /»' 8 The Life ot the Right Honorable in the Frame thereof'^ Tillj atlaji^ it canetovijut Model, in xp/mhif^pas ccmmittedto the Preis; <'*5 wrt«> Living Crea- iurcSjdo lick their young ones, ti// th.y king tbtm , to their ftrength o/Lirtjbs, In the Compofing of his Books, he d'd rather drinje at ^ Mafcttline and clear Ex^Ki^^'ion^thdn at any Finenefs, or Af- fectation o/Phra(css and frould often aski if the Meaning were eXprejJedph\n\y enough .• (U being one that accounted words ?(j /'£?/>;<? fubfcivenc, or Miniftenal, toMatcer ; and not the principal. Awrf if his Scilc "^ere Police, ff "Vpai be-, caufe he could do no other'Veife. Neither w.is bs given^ to any Light Conceits ; Or Defcanting n^o» Words ; "But did ey>erjpiirPoJelyiandinduf}riouJlyy a^oidthem ; For he held /«cj;ThingSj to be /-tf^DigrclsionSjOr Diverfions,/ro;?jr6ff Scopcintended -^ and to derogate, fromthe^t\^i ^«</ Dig- nity o/t/;^ Stile. He "Voas no i^lodder upon Books;Thoughhe read much and that tiHth great judgement and RejeBion of Impertinences ^ incident to many l^athoTs ; For he "^ould eDer interlace a Moderate Relaxation of His Minde "Svhh his Studies . Ax Walking, Or Taking f^^ Air abroad in his Co^c\\ j or fome other befitting Recreation j andyet^ he would\oo{c no Time, In as much ^cu «/)o»feFirft,^»^ Immediate Return, he would fall to Rca.ding again, andjofuffer no /Woment of Time to Slip from him wthout fome prefent Jmpfove- ment. Bis Mealcs "^pere Refedions of the Eare as tpell as of tbeStom^ck: Like the ^o£tes Attics; or Convivia Deip- no-Sophiftarum ; Wherein a Man might be refreJJjed inhis Mind and undcrftanding, no lefs then inhisBody. And 1 hanje kno'^nfome, of no mean Parts'^ tbatha^e profeffed to make ufe of their Note-Books , "^hen they haye rifen from his Tabic. Inivhicb Converfations , and otherwi/ey he ^pas no Dajhing Man^ as fome men are • "'But eruer a Coun- |tenancer,<2«^Fofl:erer, of another Mans Pans. Neither ypas < ^«o»^,f^i?ritj«/f^ appropriate ^/;^S|)eech, wholyto Himfelf;] or aeligbt to oKt-lpie others j *lB«f lealpe a tibertyj to the\ \ Co- AffefTours, to take their Turns. Wherein ht ypould draw \ 4 Man' Francis Lord Bacon. <f Man on, and allure him, to /peak upon jucb a jub]e6i as therein he "^as -peculiarly Skilful, and ■n>ould delight to fpeah ^ndj for Himfelf^ he contemned no JMans Obfervations but would light hisToxch. ateyerymans Candle. His Opinions dwi Aficrtions were^ forthe mofl party Bin- ding, an^ not contradicted by any -, Rather like Oracles, than Dilcourles . Which may be imputed, either to the yeell -Weigh- ing of his '^c^Menct, by the Skales 0/ Truth, and Jieafon j Orelfe to the Reverence and £ftimation> Ti>herein he was commonly had^ that no Man would conteft with him : So that there was no ^r2,ViTazntmoT\^ or ^ to and Qon { as they term it) at bis Table : Or if there chanced to be any it was carried with much Submifiion and Moderation. Ibalpe often obfer'-ved J and /o ha^e other S^en of great account y That if he had occafion to repeat another Mans Words after himy he hadanufe and faculty to drefs them in better Veftmencs,4»^ Apparel than they hai before: So that the Amhom jhjuld find his own ^peech much amended -^ and ya the [ubiliace of it fii II rcigimcd : ^sifitbad been^i- tural/tf him to ufe good Forms j As Ovid fpake of his Fa- culty ()/Veififying. Et quod tentabam fcribere, Verlus erat, When his Office called him, as be was of the Kings Coun- (cl Learned, rocW|^<;<«»y Offenders, either in Criminals, or Capitals ; Hewasnei:>erofan\niuk'wg^or Domineering 'Silicic o-^er them ; But alwayes tender Hearted^ and carry- ing bimfelfdeeently towards the Parties ,• ( Though it was his Duty J to charge them home' ) ^utyet^asone^ that looked up- on the Exam^ld with the Eye o/Severity, But upon the Pet- fon, tfiththe Eye 0/ Titty, ^wiCompaflion. And in Civil Bufinefs, a^ he was Counlellor o/Eftate, he had the befl w^^o/advifing; Not engaging /;»Mafl:er; in <3»y Precipi- tate or grievous Qonrjes > but in Moderate and Fair Proceedings : The King, whom hi ferved^ gi^^*^g '•'^wi this Tcftimony; That he ey>er dealt ^ in '^ufinejfe^ Suaribus ^ 2 S^odisj lO The Life ot the Right Honorable yhodis ; Which was the way that was moft according CO his own heart. Neither yt>asHe in hii time lefje gracious with the Subjcd than mth hit 5ovcraign. He was ei^er acceptable to the Houfe oFCommons, when he ypi^a Member thereof, ^eing the Kings Atturney, andchofento aplace in Parhament; he ypas allomd and difpenfed -^itb to ft in the Houlcj -^hichyoat not permitted to other Atcurncys . Andcu he ^easa good Servant to hU Mafter ; 'Bein^neyer-, in n'meteen years pryice ( as he himfelf averred ^ ) rebuked hy theKmg for any Thing r elating to hit Majcdy • So he -^di 4^oc<^ Mailer to his Servants , And reieardei their long2i- ccndance with good Places, freely Tphen they fell into bis Poycer. Which ^j'Ht the Canfe that fo manyjomg Gentle- men of Blood and Quality , fought to liU themfehes in hif Retinur. And if he-^pere ahujed by any of them in'their Pkces , It \Mi onelythe Errour. of the Goodnefs,o//;w Na- ttrre; bu^ the Badges of their Indifcretions, and Intempe- rances. ^hi9 Lord was Religious ; For though the World be apt toftifpcBy and prejudice^ Great Wits, and Politicks to hay>e fomewhat of the ki\\z\^ -^ Tethewas conlperfant with God AS appearethjy [eyer^l fajjages, throughout the whole Cur- rent of his Writings. Otherwije be /hould ha<zie croffed his own Principles J which were , That a little /"hilofb- phy, maketh Men apt to forget Godj As attributing too much tofecond Caufes; But Depth of Philofbphy, bringeth Men back to God again. ISJo'iP I am fure there it no Man that ypill deny hira^ or account other'SfiJe of him, but to hare him been a deep Philiijlbphek'. Jndnot onlyfo^ '^w^ ^^ was able torendera Reafon of the Hope which wasinhim, Whichtbat'^nimoof his ^ of the Confeffion of theFmhj doth abundantly teUifis. He repaired frequent- Jyt when his Health Tfould permit him, to the Service of the /church, ro6<?^r5ermons, To the Adminiftration of the Sacrament of f/^^BIelTedBGdy and Bloud o/Chriftj And \died in the true Faith epabli/bed in the Church 0/ Eng- land". ' ■■ •• This Francis Lord Bacon. 1 fm is mofl true '^ He ^yxu free from Malice j which ^((U he {aid Himjelf, ) He never bred nor feci He ypoj no Reven- ger o/lnjurics J -vphicbj/he hadmifidtd Jje had both Ojpoot- tunicy (W^ Place High ^wow^/;, to hanjs done it. He-%(U no Heaver of iSMen out of their V laces , wj delighting in their Rninc and undoing* He "^ns no a'cfftur of any Man to bu Prince. One Day ^ "nhen a great St.ues- Man w(U neVp- lyDeadj ThathadnotheenhisViicml; The King a^ked him What he thought ofthat Lord, which was gone ? Heam- /'8?^rtfi,That he would never have m.ide his Majefties Ellatc better ; But he was fVe he would iiave kept it from being worfe. IVhich mas the toorf^, be fcoi/ld/ay of him. Which 1 reckon, not among his Morii\jl^uthifChri(ii3Ln iVcrtues. . His Fimc it greater, and founds louder z^ Forraign Parts abroad, than at home in his o'^n Nation. Thereby r^erify. /»^ f/;4f Divine Sentence , A Prophet is not without ho- nour, favcinhis own Country, and in his own houfe. Concerning yvbich J -if ill gil>eyou a Tafle onely, out of a Let* ter^ yprrttenfrom Italy ( Tif'^ Store- houfe of Refined Wits) to the late Earl of Devonfbire , Thin, the Lord fandifh. I will expert the Ne-^p Bjfayes of my Lord (Chancellor 'Bacon ^ as alfo UisHiJhryj with a great deal ofDe- fire, and whacfbever elle he fliall compolc, But in Particular of his Hifiory^ f promile my felfa thing per- fc<5l and Singular ; elpecial'.y in Henry the Seventh ; Wherg henitiy cxercife the Talent of his Divine underftand- ing. This Lord is more and more known ^ and his Books here, more and more del'ghted in ^ And thole Men that have more than^ ordinary /Cnowledge in Humane affairs, eftccm him one of the moft capable Spiritsof this Agcj and heistruely fuch. JSowhis Fame doth not decree -^ith Dayes Jince, but rnher increafe. Di- yers of his \k' oiks haipebeena.nc\em\y^ andyet lately, rM«- ftiited into other Tongues , both Learned and 3fodern, by Forraign Pens. Several Perfons of §}naUty, during his Lordfhips Life ^crojjed the Seas on purpofe to gain an Oppor- tunity of feeing him, ana Difcourfing 'St'ith him .- rvhere rfone, car- ^ ^ The Life ot the Right Honorable cArried bis Loxdih\i^$?\6ii\i€^ from Head to Foot ^ over yptthl him into ?t2Lncci as a Thing iibichj heJoreja-w>^ "^euld be nmcbdefiYed there ; That Jo they might enjo), the Image o/" bis Peifon; as "H^e II oj the Imsigcs of his Biain, i^is Books, ^mongfl tbe reft. Marquis tiat; a French-Nobleraan j ycho came Ambaflador into England j in the beginning of Queen Mfiryj Wife to King Charles, Tvas taken with an extraordinary Defire of Seeing him : For "^chicb ^ he made I^Af ^-.<i Friend : And when he came to him ^ being therty tii^ifnghxpcaknefs^ confined to bis Bed; The Marquis /4/»f^</ hmyfith this High-Expresfion j That his Lordfhip, had been ever to Him, like the Angels j of whom he had o(- tcn heard, and read much of them m Books j But he ne- ver favv them, ^fter which they contracted an intimate Ac- quaintance; And the Marquis did Jo much icYCtc him .^ that befides bis Frequent rifits ; they wrote Letters, one to the a- therj under the Titles <«»</ Appellations, o/Father4»(/Soni '^sfor his many Salutations, by Letters from Forraign Wor- thies, ^^vof^d^o Learning; I forbear to mention them; Bg' caufethat is aThingcommon to other Meno/ Learning,, or Note together with him- Butyetj in this JMatter of his Fame, Ifpeak, in the Com- parative, onelyy and not in the Exdufive. For his Reputati- on is great, in his ofpn Nation^ a!Jo ; Bjpecially amongft thoje^ that are of a more ^cute ^ andfij.irptr Judgement : Which I -will exemplifici bttt Tvith f wo Tcl^imonies , and no more. The Former i When bis Hiftory cf King Henry the Se- venth "^Oi to come forth ; It was delivered to the old Lord Brook, to be perufed by him i fibo, yphen be bad dijpatched it, returned it to the Author, with this Eulogy : Com mend me to my Lord ; and bid him take care, to get good Paper and Inkc, for the Work is incomparable. The other /hall be that^ of Vofior Samuel Collins, late Provoft, <?/Kings Colledge,/« Cambridge, ^ Man of no Vulgar Wit, ^"^bo affirmed unto >w^,That when he had read, the Book of the Advancement of Learning, He found himfcif in a calc to begin his Studies a new, and that he had loft all the Time qf his ftudying before. h Francis Lord Bag OM. i^ JtVTih ken deftred.^ That jomething Jhould be fignifisd^ touching his Dietj ^nd the Kegimcnc o/7;/j Health: 0/j •^hicb'jn regard :y of H^ Univerral In light into Natures he may ( perhaps, ) be to fome, an Example. For bis Diet^ h wcu rather a plentiful, and liberal, Diet, oj his Sto- m2Q\i'^ouldbearit^ then a Rcftrained • Which he aljo com- mended in his Book of the Hiftory of Life and Death. In hisjotiyjger years y be was wiuch giyentothe Finer and Light- ter Joi t of Mats, ."is of Fowlcs; and ftich like : ""But after- ward whenhe^reiP more Judicious i He preferred the firon- ^^r A feats; fuch as the Shimhks afforded s ^sthofeMcsLis^ Tubicb bred the mre Rrm and fubftantial Juyces of the Bo- dy, and lef Diffipable : upon yohich , be would often make his Meal • Though he had other Meats, upon the Table. Tou may be fure - He would not negleSl tkit Himfelf^ which He fo much extolled in bit Writings ; Jnd that was the ^)fe 0/ Ni- tcr ; Whereof he took in the ^antitj of about three Graiust in thin -^arm Broath^ enfery Morning , for thirty years toge- ther next before hit Death, ^nd for PljyfickM did^ indeed^ lire Phyfically , but not miferably ; For be took only a Mveration of Rhubarb ; Infufed into a Dizught o/White Wine, d«ill in all probability^ kU as long as r^^ World lafleth. In order toyphich^ I hare endeavoured^ {after my poor ability,) to do this Honour to his Lordfhip by Toay, ofendudng to the fame. ^ SfEECBES NEW ATLANTI A Work unfinished. Written by the Right Honorable; FRANCIS Lord Ferulam, Vifcount St. aJIhans, TO THE READER. His Fable my Lord devifed, to the end that hemight exhibit therein a SModei or Defmption of a Co/Ieoe, inftituted for the Interpreting of ^ature, and the producing of great and marvellous JFork^ for the berefit of Men^ under the name of 5'o/o;wowHoufe, or, 7 he C oliege of the Six days fForks, And even fo far his Lordship hath proceeded as to finish that Part. Certainly, the Model is more vaft and hicrh, than can pofTibly be imitated in all things, not- withdanding moft things therein are within Mens power to efFed. His Lordship thought alfo in this prefent Fable to have compofed a Frame of Laws, or of the bed State or Mould o^ \x Common-wealth ', but fore -feeing it would be a long Work, his defire of Colleding the J^atural Hiftory diverted him, which he preferred many degrees before it. This Work of the ^eyv Atlantis (as much as concerncth the6^;;^//V^ Ediiion) his Lordship de- fined for this place, in regard it hathfonear affinity ("in one part of it) with the precedincr

^(atHral Bi(forj. ^
A 2 NEW ■^f NEW ATLANTIS. E failed from Peru ^ where \vc had continued by the fpace of one whole year ) for ChltiA and Jdfan bv the Suuih Sea, taking with us Vidua! s for Twelve Moncths and had good Winds from the Eaft, though foft and weak, for Five Moneths fpace and more; but then the Wind came about, and fctled in the Weft for many daysi fo as wc could make little or no way, and were fometioies in purpofe to turn back .- But then again, there arofe ftronjr and great Winds from theSouth'> with aPoint Hafl, which carried us up (for all that we could do) cowards the North ; by which time our V, duals failed us though wc had made good (pare of them : So that finding our felves in the midftcf the greateft Wildernefs of Waters in the World, without Vidua), we gave our felves for loft men, and prepared for death. Ytt we did lift up our hearts and voices to God above , iVho fjjeweth kisTnoriders in the deep; bcfecching him of his mercy, That as in the Begmmng he difcovered the T*ce of the deep, and biought forth dryland; fo he W-'uld now difcoverLand to us, that we might not pcrifli. And it came to pafs, that the next day about Evening, wcfiw within a Kenning before us, towards the North, as it were thicker Clouds, which did put us in fome hope of Land ; knowing how that part of the South-Sea was utterly un- known and might have Iflands or Continents that hitherto were not come to lighr. Wherefore we bent our coutfc thither, where we faw the ap- pearance of Land all that night v and in the dawning of the next day, we mightplainly difcern thatit was a Land flat to our fight, and fuUof Bofcagc, which made it fliew the more dark ; and after an hour and a halfs failing, we cntrcd into a good Haven, being the Port of a fair Citv, not great in- deed, but Well built, and that gave a pleafant view from the Sea: And wc thinking every minute long, till we were on Land, came clofcto the Shore and offered to land ; but ftraight-ways wc faw divers of the people with I Biftons in their hands, (as it were) forbidding us to land, yet without any I cries or ficrccncfs , but onely as warning us off by figns that they made. I Whereupon being not a little difcomforted , wc were advifing with our I f Ives, what we (hould do. During which time, theremade forth to us a i Imall Bo-Jtwith about eight perfons in it. whereof one of them had in his hand aT.p^.taff of a Yellow Cane, tipped at both ends with Blew, who made aboard our Snip without any fliew of diftruft at all ; And when he faw one of our number prefent himfclf (omewhat afore the reft, he drew forth a little Scroalof Parchment (fomcvvhat yellower then our Parchment, A a and J ^cup Atlantis. ind fliining like the Leaves of Writing-Tables, but ochci wile lott and iKxi bit) and delivered it to our foremoft man. In which Scroul were wricien in ancient HehrtTtf, and in anLJcnt Greek, and in good Ldiine of the School, and in i';«'»iy7;'j ihclcwordj, •' Landyc nor, noncof you, aiid provide to be " gone horn rhis Coall within fixtccn day, except you iiavc tur:hcr t:me givcnyou: Meanwhile, if you want Frtfh-watcror Viftual, or help for "your Sick, or that your Ship needcth repair, wiite down your \vani«, and "you fhall have that which belongcth toMcrcy. ThisScroul was (igntd with a (tamp of Cheruhhns Vkmis, not fprcd, but hanging downwards, ar.i by them a Crof. This being dehvercd, the Officer returned, and left oncly a Servant with us to receive outan(wer. Confulting hereupon amongft cur fclves, we were much perplexed. The denial of Landing, and hatty warn- ing us away, troubled us much. On thcothcr fide, to hndc that the peo- ple had Languages, and were fo full ot Humanity, did comfort us not a little i and above all, the Sign of the Crof to that Inlbumcnt, was to us a great rcjoycing. and, as it were, a certain prcfagc ot good. Our anfwer was in the Sfamfh Tongue, " That for our Ship it was well, for we had rather " met with Calms and contrary Winds then any Tempcfts. Tor our Sick, "they were many, and in very ill cafe; fo that if they were not permitted to " land, they ran in danger of their lives. Our other wants we i« down in particular, adding, "That we had fonie little ftore cf Merchandize, which "if it pleafcd them to deal for, it might fupply out wants without being "chargeable unto them. We oftered fome reward in Pilfolcts unto the Servant , and a piece of Crimfon Velvet to be prefcnted to the Officer ; but the Servant took them not, nor would fcarce look upon thcni, and (o left us, and went back in another little Boat which was fent for him. About three hours after we had difpatchtd our Anfwer, there cnrac to- wards usapctfon (as itfecmed) of place : He had on him a Gown with wide Sleeves of a kinde of Watcr-Chamolet, of an excellent Azure colour, fat more gloffic then ours; hisundcr apparel was green, and fo was his Har, beirg in the form of a Turbaht, daintily made , and not io huge as the lurkifb Turbants; and the Locks of his Hair came down below thebrims of it: ARevc;cnd Man washe to behold. He came in a Boat gilt in fome part of ir, with four pcrfons moreonely in that Boat, and was followed by another Boat wherein were fome twenty. When he was come within a flight- fhot of our Ship, ligns were made to us, that we fliould fend forth fome to meet him upon the Water ; which we prefently did in our Ship- boar, fcndingthe principal Man amongd us fave one, andfourof ournum- ber with him. When we were come within fix yards of their Boar, they called tons to flay, and not to approach futther; which we did: And there- upon the Man whom I before dcferibed flood up, and with a loud voice in SpaniP?, iikcd, i^^re ye ChriJ^ians? Wc anfwer ed, TTeynere; fearing t he lefs, becaufecf the Cr»/? we had fecn in the Subfcription. At which anfwer, the fjid perfon lift up his right hand towards Heaven, and drew it foftly tohis motith, (which is the gcfluic they ufevvhen they thank G«(i) and thenfaid, " If ydu vvillfwear (all of you) by the Merits of the J'rfvioHr ihatyeareno "Pirates, nor have /hcd blood , lawfully nor unlawfully, within forty " days paft, you may have Licerife to come on Land. f-Fe ftid, "We were "all ready to take that Oath. Whereupon oneofthofe that were wirh him, being (as itfecmed) a T^taij/, made an Entry of this Ad. Which done, another of the attendants of the Great Perfon, which was with him J\Q)V /Atlantis. him in the fame Boat, alter his Lord had (pokcn a little tohirr, ("aid aloud, «'Mv Lord, would have you know, that it is not oi Pridcor Cjicacncfs ihu i "he comcth not aboard your ihip ; but for that, in your Aniwer, you de- i •• clarc. That vou have many fick amongft you, he was Warned bv the Con- "fervAtorofHctlthoi theCity, that heHiuiild keepadiliance. VVc bowed outfelves towards him, and aniwercd, «'VVc were his humble Servants, "and accounted for great Honor and fiiigular Humanity towards us, that "which was already done ; but hoped well, that thenaturcof thelkknefs of our Men veas not infeftiouf. So he returned, and a while after came ihcNottry to us aboard out Ship, holding in his hand a Fruit of chat Coun- trcy like an Orenge, but of colour between Orenge.uifnj and Scarlei, which caft a moft excellent Odor : Heufcd it (as it fcemcch; tor a Prcli:rvative againll InfcQion. H; gave us our Oath, By the Name of J efta, and hit Merits-, and after told us, that the next day by fix of the clock in the morning we fhould befcnttu, and brought lo t^c Stranger s Htufe, (fo he called it) where we fhoulJ be accommodated of things both tor our whole and for our fick. Sjhcleftusj and when we offered him fomePiflolets, hefmiling, laid, Hemufinotbe tfvice faid for one labor , meaning {as I take it) that he had falary lufficicntot the State for his fcrvicc ; for (as I after learned) chcy call an Officer that taketh reward?, Twice paid. Tnencxtmorning early, there came to us the fame Officer that eame to usatfirft With his Cane, and told u5, '"^He came toconduftustothc ^/rasf^"* " Honfe, and that he had prevented the hour.becaufe wc might have the -whole "day before us for out bufinefs: For { fat J he) \{ you will follow my ad- " vice, there fhall firft go with mcfomc few of you, and fee the place, and " how ic may be made convenient for you ; and then you may fend for your " fick, .ind the re(f of your number which yc willbringon Land. Wethanked him, and faid, *' That this care which he took of defolatc Strangers, Gid " would reward. And fo fix of us went on Land with him ; and when we were on Land, he went before U5, and turned to us, and faid. He ^as but our Servant, and our Guide. He led us through three fair Streets, and all cne way wc went there were gathered fbme people on both fides, (landing in a row, but in fo civil a failiion, as if it had been not to wonder at us, but to welcome us ; and divers of them, as wepafTed by them, putthcir .irmsalictle abro-id, which is their geflure when they bid any welcome, rhc rrr.m^fr/ f/oH/ir is a fair and fpacious Houfe, built of Brick, of fome- svh.K ablucrcolourthcn our Brick, and with handfomc Windows, fomc of Glafs, fomeof akindc of Cambrick oiled. He brought us firll into a fair Parlor abovc-ftairs , and then asked us , " What number of pcrfoas ' •nc were, and how many fick. Ffe anfitcred, " Wevrcrc in all (fick and "wh,)Ic) One and fifty perfons, ^»'he^cof our fick were fcventeen. He dcllred us to have patience a little, and to ffay till he came back to us, vr hich was about an hour after ; and then lie led us to fee the Chambers which were provided for us, bcingin BumbcrNinetecn. They having cafl it (as it fccmcth) thatfourof thofe Chambers, Tvhich were better then the roiK might receive four ot the principal men of our company, and lodge them alone by thcmfclvcs ; and the other fifteen Chambers were to lodge us, two and two together ; the Chambers were h.indfomc and chcarful Chamber;, and furnilhed cir illy. Then he led us to a long Gal- lery, like a Dorturc, where he Ihcvvcd us all along the one fide (for the other fide was but Wall and Window) fcventeen Cells, very neatoncs, having Partitions of Ccdar-vvood. Wnich Gallery and Cells, being in all D\(eti) Atlantis. all forty, (many more then \vc needed) w ere inftitutcd as aninfirmary for fick pcrlons. And he fold us wich.il. that as any of oiir lick waxed well, he mioht be removed from his Cell to a Chamber i tor which purpc.fc, there "were let forth ten fparc Chambers, beiides the number wc fpakc of befjre. This done, he brought us back to the Parlor, and lifting uphis Cane a little (as they do when they give any charge or command, faid to us, "Yc arc to know, that the Cultom ot the Land requircth, thatafcerchis " day andtomorro'w (which we give you tor removing your People fr'm "vour Ship) you arc lo keep within doors ior three days : But let it not "trouble you, nor do not think your lelvesreltrained, but rather left to " your Rcll and Eafe. You fiiall want nothing, and there are fix of our " people appointed to attend you for any bufinefs you mav have abroad. "We gave him thanks with all affe(f^ion and reipcci, and fai^, God furtly «  manifeftedtnthu Land. We offered him alfo twenty FilUlets j but he fmiled, and oncly faid, VVfi'it, tfe'icep.Hd ? and io he lefc us. Soon after our Dinner was ferved in, which was right good Viands, both for Bread and Meat, better then any Collegiate Diet, that I have known in Europe. VVc had alfo drink of three forts, all wholefome and good ; Wine of the Grape , a Drink of Grain, fuch as is with us our Ale, but more clear; andakinde ofSider made of a Fruit of that Countrey, a wonderful pleafing and re- frcfhing drink. Befides, there were brought into usgreatftore ot thole Scarlet Orcnges for our fick. which (they laid) were an alfurcd remedy for licknefs taken at Sea. There v^-as given us alfo aBox of fmall gray or whitilh Pills, which they wifiicd our fick (liould cnkc, one of the Pills evcrv niglit before fleep, which (they faid) would haften their recovery. The next day, after that our trouble of carriage and removing of our Men and Goods out of ourShip, Vfasfomcwhatfetled and quiet, I thought good CO call our company together, and when they were aflembled, faid unto them, "My dear Friends, let us kno'*' our felvcs, andhowit flandcth "with us. We arc Men call on Land, as Jonas was out of the -Whales Belly, when we were as buried in the deep; and now we are on Land, "we are but between Death and Life, for vve are beyond both the Old
  • ' VVorid and the New, and whether ever we (hall fee Europe, God onely
"knoweth: Itis akindcof miracle hath brought us hither, anditmuftbe " little Ids that fhall bring us hence. Therefore in regard of ourdeliver- "ancepaft, and our danger prefcnt and to come, let us look up to God, "and every man reform his own ways. Eclides, wc are come here amongft a Chrifiian People, full of Piety and Humanity ; let us not bring that con. "fufion of face upon our fclves, as tofiicw our vices or unworthinefs be- " fore them. Yet there is more ,- for they have by commandment (though " in form of courteiie) cloiftered us within thefe Walls for three days; " vvho knovveth whether it be not to take fome taftc of our manners and '• conditions J andif thev finde them bad, tobanilhus ffraight-vvays ; if "good, to give us further time? Forthcle men that they have given us for " attctidance, may withal have an eye upon us. Therefore for Gnds love '•and as vve love the weal of our iouls and Bodies, let us fo behave our "iclvcs as vve maybe at peace with God, and may findc grace in the eyes " of this people. Our Company with one voice thanked me for my good admonition, and promifed me to live foberly and civilly, and vvit'iout giving any the lealt occafion of ofFcnce. So vve fpent our three days joyfully and without care, in expectation what would be done with us when they were expired; During which time, vve had every hour jpy - of J^)!^ Mantis, of t ic amendment ot our lick, w.io ihoughc tncmlelvcs call into Omc di- vine T^ool of Htiilmg, tiicy mended lb kindly and fo fatt. ihc morrow after our three days were palt, there came tousancwMan thu we had not fcen before, cloathcd in blew asthcfotmer was, five that his Turbant was white with a (mall Red Crofs on the top > he had alfo a Tippet of fine Linnen. At his coming in he did bend tous a little, and put his arms abroad. We of our parts laiuted him in a very lowly andl"ubm;lVivc manner, as looking, that from him we fliouid receive (entence of Lite or Death. He dcfircd tofpcak with fomc lew oi us ; whereupon fix cfus oncly ftaid, and the reft avoided thcroom. He faid, " I am by ofticc Go- • vcrnor of tiiis Hotife of S'trangers , and by Vocation 1 am a Chnftian Prieji j "and therctoream come to you to offer you myftrvice, both as Strangers, " andthicfly as OmJiUns. Some things I may tell you, which Ithinkyou "Will not be unwilling to hear. The btatc hath given you licence to Itay on ♦'Land forthe (pace of fix weeks ; and let it not trouble yon, if your occa* " fions ask further time, for the Law in this Point is not prccife; and I do "iiotdoubr, but my (ell fhall be able toobcain foryou Inch (urrhcr time as '•fhall be convenient. Ye fliall allounderftanc', that the Strangers Hoiife is at this time rich and much aforehand, for it hath laid up Revenue thcfc Tair- '• ly Icven years; tor (b longitisfinceany Stranger arrived in this part : And " therefore take yc no care, the Srate W'H defray you all the time you lUy, neither fliall you (lay one day Icis for that. As for any Merchandize you '•have brought, ye fliall be well uled, and have yourReturn, either inMcr* ■'chandizc, or in Goldand Silver ; fortousitis all one, .And if you have • ' any other rcqucd to make, hide it not, for yt (li ill finde \i^c will not make " your countenance tofall by thearfwer ye fhjll receive. Oiioly this Imuft " tell you, that none ot you nui(\ go above a Ktcran {that is T^ith them <t mile and t^4tthuf) from the Walls of the City without (pi tial leave. "Weanlwered, after we had looked awhile upon one another, admiring this gracious and parent-like ufagc, "I hat we could not teli what to fay, for wc wanted " words to exprefs our thanks, and his noble free offers left us nothing to "ask. It feemcdtou!, that we had before us aPidure of our Sahationln " Heaven \ for sv- tb.at Were a while fince in the Jawsof D.ath, were now •' brought into a place where we found nothing burConlolacions. Forthe '• Commandment laid upon us, we would not fail to obey it, though it " was impolTiblc but our hearts fliould be inflamed to tread farther upon " this happy and holv Ground, ff^e added, "That our Tongues flaculd firlt "Cleave to the Roots of Our Mouths, ere we fliould forget either this Re- "verend Pcrfon , or this whole Nauon, in our Prayers. We alio mo[\ humbly befought him to accept of usashistiuc Servants, by as jufta right as ever Men on Eanh were bounden, laying and prefenting both our per- fons and all wc had at his feet. He faid. He Jeas a frieji, and lotkjdfera Fnejis reTtard, Ttbiik ytiu cur Brciherlj lave, ar.d the good »f our Souls cJidBedtes, So he went from US, not without tears of tcndcincfs in his eyes; and left usalfo confuffd with joy and kindnefs, faying amorgft curfelves, 1 hat yyc were (*Me into a Land of j^nge'.s, vthtch did apoear to MS daily, and frtyent tn Tifitit (omftw Itbuhiteil'oHgf'tnot of, jnuch lejl exf tiled. , , Tfie next day about ten of the clock the Governor came to us again, and altcrfaiutations, faidfamiliarly, That luyvits cemctoviftui, and called for a Chair, and late him down; and we bcirg <cmcten of us ^'thertfl wereof the meaner forr, or elCe gone abroad) Lrc acwn with him : And when wc were f:-, he began thus, '■ Wc of this Ifland of Benf.iUm (Jir fo they call it in their " thtir LAit^ua^t .'^ have thi?, Tnatby means of our folitary fuuitior, and of "ihe Luvs of Secrecy which we hive for our Tiavclicrs , sntl our rare " admilVion ot Grangers. \vc know well moll parrot the Hibitable World, "andare oiir lelvts unki own. 'Ihercfore, bccaulc he that knowcih Icaft, ♦'isfittell toa^kQueftions, it is more rcaibr, forihecnrerrainmcnr of chc "time, ihatyeaskme Qtiettions, than that 1 askyou. fVe anfwered, T.iat " we humbly thanked him, that he would give us leave fo to do, and that «' we conceived by the tafte we had already, ili.it there was no worldly thing '•on Earth, more worrhy to be known, then thcftaieof that happy Land. "But above all (vv? f^') fincc that vve vvctc met from the feveral Ends cf the World, and hoped affurcdly, that vvc fhould meet one day in the •' Kingdom of Heaven, (for that we were botii parts Chn/ltAns) vvc defircd " to know (inrel'pett that Land was io remote, and lo divided by va(t and " unknown Seas, from the Land where our ^azioHr walked on Earth) " who was the Apoftle of thut Nation, and howit wis converted to the " Faith. It appeared in his face, that lie took great ctntentmentm thisour ^efiioa. He faid , " Ye knit my hcarr to you by askii^g this Qucftion in the hrit [lice, ^^io:\l[hcvveththatyoufirJifeek.theKin^domofHe,tveti; and I fhjll gladly and " briefly fatisfic your demand.
  • ' About twenty years after the Afcenfion of our Saviour, it came to
" pafs, that there was fecn by the people of Renfufa (a City upon the "Eadern Coaft of our Ifland ) within night (the night was tlou-^y and "calm) asit might be fomc mile in theSea, zgrcnTillarof Li^bt, notfhirp, "butinformof a Column or Cylinder, rifing from the i>ea a great way up " towards Heaven, and on the top of it was fcen a large Croyfo/ Lights more "bright and refplendent then the Body of the Pillar : Upon which (o ftrange a fped-Cle the people of the City gathered apace together upon " the Sands to wonder, and fo after put themfelves into a number of fmall "Boats to go nearer to this marvellous fight. But when the Boats were "come within (about; fixty yards of the Pillar, they found themfelves all "bound, and could go no further, yet fo as they might move to go about, << but might not approach nearer; io as the Boats ftood all as in a Theatre, "beholding this Light as an Heavenly Sign. It fofell our, that there wis in "oneof the Boats, one of the wife Men of the Society o{ Sglomsns Houfe, "(which HQufe or CoUege (my good Brethren) is the very Eye of this King- '<dom) who having a while attentively and devoutly viojfed and conrem- <* pi iCed this Pillar and Crofs, fell down upon his face, and then raifcd him- c<- fclf upon his knees, and lifting up his hands t<j) Heaven made his Prayers ('in this manner. LOrd God of Heaven and Earth, thou ha ft youch- fafed of thy ^race to tbofe of our Order, to knoia? thy lVorJ{s of Creation, and true Secrets of them, a?jd to difccrn [as far as appertaineth to the fenerations of Men) Ihetn^cen Divine Miracles, FTorJis oj !]\(ature, F Forks of Art, andlmpoflures and lUufions of^ all forts. I do here ' ackrio-wledge and tefife before jhisTeople, that the Thing 'tpe J\(j'iv Allaniis. tve tWiV fee before oureyes n ^^y Finger, and a true Nil- ra c 1 c . And forafmiicb as we learn in oar 'Booi{i , tkn thou ?jeyerworl^/i t^liracles hut to aT>iVine and excellent End, {for the Laivs of ^J\(ature, are thine oivnLaivr, andthoa excecdefl them not but upon good caufe) m mo ^l humbly he- feech thee to pro/her this great Sign, and to (^ive us the Inter- pretation, and ufeof itin?nercy, ivhich thou doflinfome fart fecret/ypromifey byfendifig it unto m. " When he had miJc his Prayer, he prcfently found the Boat he was in, moveable and unbound, whereas ali the reft remained (bll fift -, and "taking that for an aHliiancc of leave to approach, he caufcd thcBoat tobe 'Moftly, and With filcnce, row^d towards ihcPiUar-y but ere he came near it, " the Pillar and Crofi of Light brake up, and calt it felt" abroad, as it were, into " a Firmament of many Scars; which alio vanifiiedfoon after, and there was nothing left ro be fecn but a ( nail tyfrk or C/jeJi of Cehr, dry, and not wet « at all With Water, though it (vvam ; and in the fore end of ic, which was << towjrdshim, grew a fmall green Branch of Palm. And when the Wiie- " man hid taken it with all reverence into his Boar, it opened of it felt, and " t.ierc was found in it a 5r;ff/' and a Letter, both written in fine Parchment, ■■' and Wrapped in iindons of Linnen. The Boo^' contained all the Ctnonicd ^<^ Bjokj of the Old And Nextf TeflAtnent, according as you have them, (tot we "know Well what the Chnrches with you receive;) and the i^pouljffe'ukM, " and fomc other Books of the New 7cflament , which were not at that time « written, W\.Te nevcrthelcfsin ihc^oo^. And for the i^m^r, itwasinthcfc " words. I'Bartholomcyv, a Servant of the Higheft, and \pDmeoi\fSSVS CH%JST, waswariv ed by an Angel that appeared to me in a Vifion of Glory, that I should commit this <jy/r^ to the Flouds of the Sea. Therefore I do teftificanddeclare unto that People, where (jOT) shall ordain this Ark^io come to Land;, that in the fame day is come unto them Salva- tion , and Peace, and Good Will from the f4THE%, and from the £0^2) fSSVS. I ** There was alio in both thefc Writings , as well the B»oi 3i the '^Ltuer, wrought a great Miracle, conform to that of the Aptpies in the " Originil Gift*/ Tongues. For there being at that time in this L,aod Htbrews,
  • 'Perfi^s, a.\SindiiHSj bcfiJcs the Narivcs, every one read upon the 5a#i
f'and I I L- %z J\(eiv Atlantis. ^^ind Letter, as if they had been written in his own Language. And thus "was this Land faved from Infidclicy(is the Remain of chc old World " was from Water) by an Ark, through the Aportolicnl and Miraculous* " Hvangclilm of S. Bart/jolomew. And here he paufed , and a McfTenger came and called him lortli from us. So this was all that paflld in that Conference. The next day the fame Governor came again to us immediately after Dln- ncr.arid excufed himfelf, faying, " Thatithc day before he was called from us " fomewhat abruptly, but now he would make us amend?, and fpcnd time "with us, if wc held his Company and Conference agreeable. fVeauf^ered, '^ That we held it fo agreeable and pleafing to us, ^s wc forgot both dangers "pafl and fears to come, for the time we heard him fpeak, and that we ^' thought an hour fpent with him, w^s worth years of our former life. He hovved htm/elf Alttile to ui, and after we were fet agam, hefaid, Well, the Q_uefti- " onsareon yourpart. One of ournumber faid , after a little pAufe, "That there " was a matter wc were no Icfs defirous to know then tearful to ask, left we "^ might prefume too far 3 but encourng:d by his rare Humanity towards us, (thatcould fcarce think our felves ftrangerf, being his vowed and profr fr;,'d " Scrvan's) we would take thchardinefsco propound it ; Humbly befeech- "inghim, if bethought it not fir to be anfwered, that he would pardon it, "^' tboi'gh he rejcded it. VVt futd, We well obfcrved thofe his words which he formerly (pake, Thatthishappy Ifland where we now flood "was known to few, and yet knew moll of the Nations of the World; " which we found to be true , confidering they had the Languages of " Europe, and knew much of ourftate andbufinefs; and yet we in Euroft "(notwichftandingall the remote Difcovcrics and Navigations of thislafl " Age) never heard any of the Icafl inkling or glimpfe of this IflaBd. This " we found wonderful ftrange, for that all Natioas have interknovvledgc «'onc of another , either by Voyage into Forein Parts, or by Strangers « that come to them : And though the Traveller into a Fotein Gountrcy, w« doth commonly know mote by the Eye, then he that ftaid at home can « by relation of the Traveller ; yet both ways fuffice to make a mutual " knowledge in fome degree on both parts : But for this Ifland, we never "heard tell cf any Ship of theirs that had been fcen to arrive upon any « fhore of Europe, no nor of cither the Eafi or J-Tefl-jndies, nor yet of any "Ship of any other part of the World that had made return for them. And «■ yet the marvel rcfled not in this ; for the fituation of it (as his Lord/hip faid) in the fcerct Conclave of fuch a vzflSea might caufeit : But then, <' chat they fhould have knowledge of the Languages, Books , Affairs of « thofe that lie fuch a diftance from them, it was a thing wc could not tell " what to make of i for that it feemed to us a condition and propriety of "Divine Powers and Beings, to be hidden and unfcen toothers, and yet "^^ to have others open, and as in a light to them. At this Speech the Go- vernor g^ve a gracious fmilc, and (aid, " That wc did well to ask pardon " for this Quedion we now asked , for that it imported as if we thought
  • ' this Land, a Land of Magicians, that fcnt forth Spirits of the Air into all
<« parts to bring them news, and intelligence of other Countrcys. It was anfwered by us all, in all poflible humblencfs , but yet with a countenance taking knowledge, that wcknew, that he fpake itbutmernly, "Tnatwc "were apt enough to think, there was fomewhat fupetnatural if) this " Ifland, but yet rather as Angelical then Magical. But to let his Loid- "flijp know truly what it was that made us tender and doubtful ro ask this
  • ■ Q^ieflion.
J\(jTi> Atlantis, " Qiicllion ; it was not any I'uch oonccic, but becaufe w e remcnibrcd he " had "ivcn n touch in his former Speech, that this Land ha. I Laws of Sc- " crccy, touching Strangers. Tj thu he faid, "You remember icriqh:; and " therefore in that, 1 (hall Liy to you, J mullrcfcrve (ome parcicuhrs w hich "it is not lawful forme to reveal, but there will be enough left to gneyou "fatisf.idion. "You (lull undcrftand (that which perhaps you vtilHcarcc think crc- " dible) thataboiicTnreclhoufand years ago. or lomewhat more, thcNa- '• vig tion of the World (fpcciallv for remote Voyages) was greater then "at this day. Do not think uith yourkLcs, that 1 knownothowmuch it is incrcalcd with you within thefethrccfcore years, J know it well j and '* yet 1 lay, greater then then now. Whether it (t'as, that the example of " the Ark thatfaved the remnant of Men from the Univcrial Deluge gave " men conriJencc to adventure upon the Waters, or what it was, but liich ■• is the truth. 1 he thanicUns, and Ipccially the Tjriant, had great Fleets ; " fo had the Ctrth^ginuns their Colony, which is yet further V Vert : To- " ward the Eaft, the Shipping of Egjpt and vt Palejlina was likewite great ; ' ChiifA alia, and the Gre*t AtUnta (tHat you call (.^jH^nVrf) which have now "but [unks andCanoacs, abounded then in tall Ships. Ihis Jiland (as " appearcth by faichiul Rcgift^rs of thofc times) had then Fifteen hundred "ftrong Ships ot great content.Of all this, there is with you (paring memory "or none, but we have large kno a ledge thereof. " Ac chat time this Land was known, and frequented by the Ships and ' Velfels of all the Nations betorcnamcd, and fas itcomcth topais) they "hidmany times Men of other Countreys that were no Sailers, thac came "vfich them , as Ferfuns, Chaldeans, Arabuns ; fo as almoft all Nations of " might and famcrelorted hither, of whom we havcfonve Stirps and little ' Tribes with us aC this day. And for our own Ships, they went lundry " Voyages, as well to your Ureigbts, which you call the "FiUdrs #/ Hercu'es, '^ as to oiiicr pins inihey/tl4ntick^3LndMedttterranean Seal ; as to reguin (which " is the fame with Cxmbilu) and Quinfty upon the Onentd S'c.u, as far as to
  • ' the Borders of the Eajl /*rurj.
" At the fame time, and an Age after or more, the Inhabitants of the " Gre4t yftlumu did flourilh. For though the Narration and Dclcription " which is made by a great Man with you, of the Dcfcendents of Nefmne " planted there, and of the magniTcent Temple, Palace. City, and Hill, "and the manifold ilrcamsot goodly Navigable Rivers, which (as f> many " Chains) invir .ned the fame Sire and Temple, and the leveral degrees of "afcent, v^ hereby men did climb up to the fame, as if it had been 2 ScuU "Cocli, be all Poetical and Fabulous j yet o much is true That the faid " Countrey oi tyltUniit, as well that of /'frw then called C->yi. as that of C^lexico then named lyr4mbel\ were mighty and proud Kin^r 'oms in " Arms, Shipping, and Riches; fo mighty, as at one time (or a lea(t \\ irh "inthcfpace of ten years) they both made two great expeditions, t'lcyof " Tjrdmbel through the AtUntuk to the AleditarrAne^n S'tJ, an^ thcv of C»yj " through the South-fea upon this our Idand. And for the former of thcfc, " which ^as into £Kr»/>?, thefame Author amongft you (as it Iecmcth)had " fomc relation from ihc Egipuan Prieji >whom heciteth, foralTuredly fuch •• a thing there was. But w hether it were the ancient i^thtnum that ha 1 the glory of the repulfc and refiftince of thofc Forces, I can fav nothing ; "but certain it is, there never came backeitiierShipor Man from that Voy- "age. Ncithcrhad the other Voyage of thofc of Coy*, upon us, had better B ' fortune. ^J^QiOf Jtlantis. " forcunc, if they had not met with cntmics of greater clemency. For the "King of thisliiand (by name tyiliabm) a wile Man, and a great "Warrior, "knowing well both his own flrcrgth, and that of his enemies, handled the "matter fo, as he cut oif their Land forces from their ihips, and cntoilcd " both their Navy and their Camp, with a greater puwcr than theirs , both "by J>ea and Land, and compelled them to render ihemfdvcs without "Ibikingftrokc; andaftcr they were at his mercy, contenting himfclf one- "ly with their Oath, that they fhould no more bear Arms againft him, dif- " milled them all in fafety. But the Divine revenge overtook not long " atter thofc proud cncerpriies ; for within iefs then the (pace of One hun- "dred years the Great yHtUntu was uiterly loll anddeftroyed, not by a great "Earthquake, as yourt^/^n faith, (for that whole Traft islittJe fubjed to Earthquakes) but by a particular Deluge or Inundation, thole Countreys " having at this day fat greater Rivers , and far higher Mountains ro pour "down Waters, than any part of the Old World. But it is true, that the " fame Inundation was not deep, not pall forty foot in mole places from " che ground -, fo that although it dcftroycd Man and Beaif generally , " yci fomc few wilde Inhabitants ot the Wood elcapcd : Birds alfo were "i'avcd by flying tothc high Trees and Woods. ForastorMcn, a'though " they had Buildings in many places higher then the depth of the Water ; "yet that Inundation, though it were fhallow , had along continuance, " whereby they of the Vale, that were not drowned, pcriflied for want of "food, and other things necelTiry. So as marvel younoc at thcthinPopu- " lation of America, nor at the Kudcnefs and Ignorance of the People ; for "you muft account your Inhabitants of t^merua z% a ycung People, " younger a thoufand years at the Icaft than the reft of the World , for '< that there was l9.much time between the Univcrfal Flood, and their par- ' ticular Inundation. For the poor remnant of Humane Seed which re. "maincdin their Mountains peopled the Countrey again flowly, by little " rnd little : And beingfimple and a favage people cnot like Noah and his " Sons, which was the chief Family of the Earth) they were not able to "leave Letters, Arts, and Civility to their Poifcrity. And having likewife "in iheir Mountainous Habitations been ufcd (in rcfpcft of the extream " Cold of thofe Regions) to cloath themfelvcs with the skins oi Tigers, "Bears, and great Hairy GoatSy that they have in thofc parts; when after " they came down into the Valley, and found the intolerable Heats which " arc there, and knew no means of lighter Apparel, they were forced to "btgin the cuftom of going naked, which continuethat this day; onely " they take great pride and delight in the Feathers of Birds ; And this alfo " they took from thofe their Anccftors of the Mountains, who were in- '■' vited unto it by the infinite flight of Birds that came up to the high " Grounds , while the Waters Itood belovr. So you fee by this main '•accident of time, we loft our Ttaffick with the jfmericans, with whom, "of all others, in regard they lay nearcft to us, we had moft commerced "As ior the other parts of the World, it is moft manifeft, that in the " Ages following (whether it were in refpeft of Wars, or by a Natural " revolution of time) Navigation did every where greatly decay, and " cfpccially far voyages (the rather by thcufc ofGallies, and Cuch VcfTels
  • ' as could hardly biook the Ocean; were altogether left and omitted.
•'So then, that part of cntcrcoutfc which could be from other Nations " to fail to us, you fee how it hath long fince ccafed, except it were by " fomc rare accident, as this of yours. But now of thcccfTation of that " other " ui.)Ct part ot cntcrcouric, which ini^ it be by onr (ailing to other Nition?; " 1 mull yield vou Come other cau'^c : for I cannot fay (it 1 nioiild lay tni!) } " bufoufffiippin^torntunber, llrcngtri, Mariners, P.loi-, and all^hm^s that "appcriain to Navigation, is as great as ever; and thcrciorc ^'hy wcllioiilJ " lit at homc.l fliall now givcyou an Account by it f-lf',and it willdraWiicarcr «' to give you latistadion to your principal Quertion. "Tt^crc rciancd inthislfland about One ihoufand nine hundred ye.ir< "ago, a King. Wiiolc memory of all others uc molladorc.notluperflitioLifly,
    • but as a Divine Jnlfrumcntithongh a Mortal Man ; his name was y/j/e>«e«rf,
  • ' ind vvc cfteem him as the Law-givc r of our Nation. Tins King had aUig?
"hcjrtinfcrutablc for good, and was wholly bent to make his Kingdom aid " People happy : He therefore taking into ccnfuieracion, how fulHcient and "fubftantive this Land was rom^iinrain itfvlf wuhcut any aid (at all; of ihc
  • ' l-crcigncr, being Five thoufand V\y. hundred miles in circuit, and of rare
"fcfiihiyof foil in the groatell partrhcrcof i and finding alio the Clipping of "this Councrey might be plentifully fct on work, boihby Fifliing, -mo by Tranfportations from Port to Port, and likcwifc by failing unto (onle fmall Jflands that are not far from us, and arc under the CroWn and Lav,^soi this "State ; aid recall. rg into his memory ibc happy and flourilliingj cftatc wherein this Land then was , fo as it might be a thoufand ways altered to
  • 'ihe wcrfe, but fcarcc anyone way tothe better; thought nothing wanted
"to his Noble and Hcroical Intentions, but oncly (as far as Humane forc- '< fight m'ght reach) to give perpetuity tothat which wasin his tioic fotjappily "cftablifhed; therefore amongfl his other Fundamental Lawsof thisKmg- " dom, he did ordain the Interdicts and Prohibitions which we have touch- •< ing entrance of fttangcrs, which at that time (though it was after the cala- "mity o^jimcriu) was frequent, doubting novelties and commixture of naanncrs. It istruc, thelikeLawagainft the admifTlon of flranger?, with- "out licence, is an ancient Law intheKingdomof Cbim, and yetcontinued inufc; but there it is a poor thing, and hath made them a curious, igno-
  • < rant, fearful, foolifli Nation. But our Law-giver made his Law of another
" temper. For firft, he hath prefcrved all points of humanity, in taking or- "derand making provifion forthe relief of ftrargersdiflreired, whereof you "havctafted. y/r Ithub Speech (tts re*f»n "Wm) Tft dUrofeup aviba'tted ourfehes H* Tifent m. "That King alio I\ill defiring to joyn Humanity and Policy to- " gcther, and thinking it againft Humanity to detain Strangers here .igain(t "their Wills, and againft Policy, that they ftiould remrn and difcover their <* knowledge of this itate, he cook this coutfc. He did ordain, that of the " Strangers that fbould be permitted to Land, as many (at all times; might "depart as would, but as many as would ftay, fliould have very good con- editions and means to live from the State. Wherein hefawlofar, that •'now in fo many Ages, fincc the Prohibition, wehavememorynotofone « Ship that ever returned, and but of thirteen pcrfons onely at fcveral timer «• that cho(c to return in out Bottoms. What thofc few that returned, may " have reported abroad, 1 know not j but you mnft think, whatfocvcr they ^'havcfaid, could be taken where they came, but for adream. Now for "our travelling from hence into parts abroad, out Lawgiver thought fit al. " together to rcftrain it. So is it not in ChitiA, for the Ckmefis fail where they " will, Or can j which fhcweth, that their Law of keeping our Scrangexs, is a Law of pufillanimity and fear. But this redraint of ours hath one onely exception, which is admirable, preferving the good uhrch comcth by communicating with fttangers, and avoiding the hurt ; and I will now . . Bi "open '5 / 16 !J\(eyi} /ItUntii, " open it to you. And here 1 (liall iccm a licrlc to digrcfs, biic you will by " and by findc it pertinent. Ye fliall underftand ( my dear Friends) thac " amongft the excellent acf^s ofth.it King, one above all hath the prcemi- "nence: It wasthe eredion and inlHturion of an Order or Society which' " wc call SelamoHs Houfc, the nobleft Foundntiofi (as \vc think) that ever " was upon the Earth, and the Lanthorn of this Kingdom. It is dedicated "to the (tudyot the Works and Creatures of (7(»(<. iomc think it beareth
  • " the Founders name a little corrupted, as if it fliould be S'thmins Houlc ;
  • ' but the Records write it as it is i'pokcn , fo as 1 take it to be dcnomi-
" natc of the King of the Hebrews, which is famous with vou, and no ftrangcr " to us ; for v e have fomc parts of his Works which ^\x.\\ you are lofl, " namely, that Natural Hifiorj/ which he wrote of all Plants, from the Cedar " of LibMiu to the C^/ff/ thut gravveth out of the fVdU, and of all things that h ve "Life and Motion. This maketh mc think chat our King finding himfelf lO " fymbolize in many things with that King of the Hebrews (which lived " many years before him) honored him with the Title of this Foundation. " And I am the rachcr induced to be of this opinion, for that I finde in an- " cicnt Records this Order or Society is fomctimes called Ja/omsMj Hou'c, " and fomctimes IheCollcdgeoftheSixiaysVVorkfy whereby 1 am fatisficd, "that our txrellent King had Icarnrd from tne Hebrews, that Corf had " created the World, and allrhat herein is within Six days i and therefore "he irtftitutiiig that Houfc for the finding out of the tiue Nature of all " things (whereby God mig'^t have the more glory in the vvorkmanfliipof
  • ' them, and Men the more Fruit in thcirufe of them) cid give icallo that
fccondnamc. Butnovx to comctoourprefentpurpofe. " When the King had forbidden to all his I cop e Navigation in any " part thatwasnot under his Crown, he made neverthelcfs this Ordinance, " ihaC every twelve years there fliould be fet forth out of this Kingdom " two Ships appointed to feveral Voyages ; that in either of thefe :>hips, " there fhould be aMifTion of three of the Fellows or Brethren of Solomons " Floufe, whofe errand wasoncly togiveus knowledge of the affairs and " ftateofthofc Countreys,to which they were defigncdjandelpccially of the " Sciences, Arts, Manufailures and Inventions ofall the World; and withal " to bring unto us Books, Inftruments, and Patterns in every kinde. That
  • ' the Ships after they had landed the Brethren fhou'd return, and that the
" Brethren fhould flay abroad till the new Million. 1 he Ships are not othcr-
  • ' wife fraught than with flore of Vi»5tual5, and good quantity of Treafure,
  • ' to remain with the Brethren for the buying of fuch thing •, and rewarding
" of fuch perlons as they fliouU think fit. Now for me to tell you how the " vulgar lort of Marineri arc contiiincd from being difcovered at Land,
  • ' and how they thatmufl be put on fhorc for any time colour themfelves ,
" under the names of other Nations, an J to what plact s thele Voyages have
  • « been dcfigned, and what f laces of Ren .'ezvous are appo ntcd for the new
  • ' Miffions,and the like circumflanccs of the pradick.I may not do it, neithejc
«' is itmuchtoyourdcflre. But thus you fee we maintain a Trade, not foe "Gold, Silver, or jewel-, nor for Silks, norforSpices, nor any other com*
  • 'modity of Matter, butoner forG#rfi firft Creature, whi-hvvasLlgt; to
'< have Light (I fay) ofc'.c growth of all parts of the World. And when he had faid this.he was filent,and lo were we aj ; for indeed.we were all aflqnifh- cdto hear foftrange things fo probably told. And he perceiving, thacvve Were williigtofay fomewhat, but had it not readv, in (great courtcfiep took us off, anddcfccndcdEo ask us Queflions of our Voyage and Fortunes,- and J^sQw Jtlantis, and in chc t\\i concluded , that we might do wcH'to think With mir felvcs svhac time of flay \vc would demand oftficSp.it* j ind bad us hot to fcdnt bur fclvcs, for iK-would'procure fuch^ihic as w^i de/ired. r Whereupon', we nil role up and prefcntcd our fclve^ W skils the skirt of |.tus Tippet -, but he would not (uiicv ns, "and fo took Hii- leave. " Biit when 'It camconce,dmonwn:ourpcoplc, thtittheSt.ite ufed to offer eorxlivions to Itr.nngers tliat would {lay, we had work enough to g'etr any of oiir men to look to our Ship, and to keep cliem from going prefinftly to the Governor to crave cortdicionsi but W'^th mudjado^ we refrained them tilhtv^e might .agree what cour/c to take. "^ "' - " '■" ■ Wc took our fclves riow for Freemeri, fccingthc-c was rlo danger of our utter perdition, and lived men: joyfully, going- abroad* alid I'ueing >Khat was to bcr;;en in the City and places adjacent \vith»n 6nt Tedier, and obtaining acquaintance With many of the City, libt of thic mcaneft qua- lity, at whole hands we found luch huiTianiry , arfdfueh a freedom anj dciirc to take flrangcrs , as it wcrcTntii their bofcrti-.f as was enough to m.ike ns fdrgcC all that was dear to us in our o-wn Cmintreyi,' and con- tinuall/ we mcc with many things right worthy of obfcrvacioft and rela- tion : As ipdecd, if t'lere be a Mirror in the World, worthy to hold mens eyes, it is that Cbuntrey. ' One day there were two of outf companv bidden to a feaft of the EiitiUy, as they call it; ai*nbftnatur.al, pioas and rcverciidcuftom it is, Ihewifig that Nation to be compounded of all good- ncr<;. I his is the manner of it. It is granted to'any'rmri.that-Siall live to fee thirtypctioUsJcfcendcti of his bodyalivctogether, and all-above three vcars old, to make this Feall , which is done ac^tfte coft of the i^tatc. Vhc FAther ot' the F.vinlj, whom they call the 1 if fan, two days befOtie the Vc.\^ takcth to him three of fuch Friends as he likt^Uto chufc, and is alliitcd alfo by the Governor of the City or place \^here the Feaft is cele- brated ; and all the Perfons of the Fanulj of troth Sexes arcfummbncd to attend him. Thtfc two days thcT/r/Tm fitteth ir^ Vdnfjicarion conccrn- ingthc goodcftue ofthcFamily ; there, if thcreTjcany Difcord or Suits b'jcwecn any ot the Family, ^hcy are compounded and appeafed; there, if any of the Family be dithofled ot dccaved j order is taken for their re- lict and competent means to live; there, if any be (ubje£t to Vice or take ill courfes, they are reproved and cenlurcd. So likcwilc , dirc<ftion is g vcn toucning Mirriagcs, and the coutfcs of life which any of them lliould take, wich divers ochcr the like orders and advices. The Go- vernor adV^cth to t'le end; ta put in execution by his publick Aiitho- ri:y, the Decrees and Orders of the Tirfm , if they fhoul-i be difobeyed, chough that I'eldom nccdeth ; luch reverence and obedience ihcy give to the order of Na'ure. 'fhe 7ir/jo dorh alfo then ever chufe one man trom ambn^ll bN S ms to live in Houfc with him , who is called ever after the Son of the Vine 5 the realbn will hereafter appear. On theFcaft- day, the Ttther or T;r/w» comtth forth after Divine Service into a large Room where the I'ca.t is ceU'bratcd ; whic'i Room hath an Half- picc at the upper end. Agamft the Wall , in the middle of the Half- pace , is a Cnair placed for him. with a Table and Cup^c before it : Over the Chair is a State made round or oval,- and it is of Ivy ; antvv fonitwhat whiter then ours, l:ke the Leaf of. a Silver A'r, but more (hi- . ning, for it ii Green all Winter. And the State is curiouily wrought with j S Ivcr and Silk of divers colours, broiding or binding in the Ivys and is I ever of the v-'ork of (ome of the Daoglucrs of the Family, aiirf veiled I . - , , - - B 3 over tl \t J\(ci[i) Alantis, over at the top with a fine Nee of 6ilk and Silver : But the lubllancc of it is true Ivy. whereof, alter it is taken down, thcrricnds ofthcFjmily are deflrous to have feme Leaf or Sprig to keep. The Tirftn cometh fori h with all his Generation or Lineage, the Males befure him , and the Females foi. lowing him. And if there be a Mother, trom whofe body the whole Li- f ncagcisdcfccndcd. there is a Traverfe placed inaLofcabovc on the right hand of the Chair, with a Privy Door, and a carved Window of GlaCs, leaded with Gold and Blew, where flie Htteth, but is not fcen. When the TirfoH is come forth, he fitteth down in the Chair, and all the Li- neage place thcmfclves againft the "Walt, both at his back, and upon the return of the Half-pace, in order of their years, Wicliouc difference of Sex, and (land upon their Feet. When he is fee, the room being always full of company, but well kept, and without diforder, after fome panic there cometh in from the lower end of the room a Tdratan, (which is as much 35 an HerxuU) and on either fide of him two young Lads, where- of onccarricth a Scroul of their fhining yellow Parchmcnr, and ih; other a clutter of Grapes of Gold, with a long foot or ftalk ; The Herauld and Children arc clothed with Mantles ot Sea- water green Sattin, but the Heraulds Mantle is ftreamed with Gold, and hath a Train. Then the Herauld, with three Courtefies, or rather Inclinations cometh up as far as the Half pace, and there firft takcth into his hand the Scroul. This Seoul is the Kings Chatter , containing Gift of Revenue, and many Pri- viledges, Exemptions, and Points of Honor granted to the Father of the Family ; and it is ever ftilcd and direfted, Ti fuck an ency Our »r/- belaved Friend and Creditor, which is a Title proper onely to this cafe : For they fay, the King is Debtor to no Man, but for propagation of hisSub- jcds. The Seal fet to the Kings Charter, is the Kings Image imboQedor moulded in Gold. And though fuch Charters be expedited of couifr, and as of right, yet they are varied by difcretion, according to the num- ber and dignity of ih^ Family. This Charter the Herauld rcadeth aloud ; and while it is read, the Fathgr or Tirftn ftandeih up, (upportcd by iwo of his Sons, Inch as he chufeih. Then the Herauld mounteth the Half- pace, and delivcrcth the Charter into his band, and with tint there is an ac- clamation by all that arc prefcnt in their Language, which is thus much, Hafpy are the Feafle of Benfalem. Then the Herauld taketh into his hand from the other ChilJe the duftcr of Grapes, which is of Gold, both the S:alk and the Grapes; but the Grapes are daintily enamelled: And if the Males of the Family be the greater number, the Grapes are enamelled Purple, with a little Sun fet on the top ; if the Female?, then they are enamelled into a grcenifh yellow, with a Crcfcent on the top. The ^ Grapes ate in number as many as there arc Dcfccndants of the Family. , This Golden Cu-ller the Herauld dclivcreth alio to the Tir/iw, who pre- j (ently delivereth it over to that Son that he had formerly cholcn to be in! houle With him ; who beareih it before his Father a* an Enfign of Honor | when he goeth in publick ever after, and is thereupon called The Sm of\ the Vine. After this Ceremony ended, the Father or Tirfun rctireth, and after lomc time cometh forth again to Dinner, where he fitteth alone under the State as before; and none of his Defcendants fit with him ; of! what degree or dignity Ibever, except he hap to be oi Solomons Houfe. j He is Served onely by his own Children , fuch as are Male , who perform untahim all fer vice of the Table upcnthe knee; snd the Women onely* fland about him^ leaning againft the Wall. The Room below his Half pace j ath J\(e)p /Atlantis. J 9 hath Tables on the fides tor the Guclts that arc biddcti, who are (erVcd with great and comely order ; and- toward the end of Dinner (which in the grcatcft Fealls '.vith them, laftcth never above an hour and a half; there is an Hym/t lung, varied according to the Invention ot him that com- pofcd it, (for they have excellent Poehe ;; but the fubjcft of ic is (always) the praifcs of o/f</-«m, Sind Noab, and i^ha/jum; whereof the formertwo peopled the World, andthelalt was the fdther of the Faithful ; concluaing ever with a Thankfgiving for the Nativity of" our Saviour, in whofe Biitn thcBirths of aJareoncly Bleffed. Dinner being done, the Tir/jn r^tireth again, and having withdrawn himfclf alone into a place, where hcmaketh lomc private Prayerf, he cometh forth the third time to give the Bkiling . with all Ills Defcendantf, who (land about him as at the firif. Then ne callcth them forth, by one and by one, by name, as he pleafcth, though llldomthe order of age be invettcd. The perlon that is called (the Table being before removed) knccleth down before the Chair, and the i^<«f/j^r lay eih his hand upon his hC'id, or her head, and g.vethiheBIeflirgin thefe words ; Son o/Bcnfaicm (or Daughter of Benfaltm) thj Father faith it, the C^an by If ham then hafi breath anditfejpeaketh theypord: Jhe B/e/ing ef the Erer- Ufliiig father, the 'Prince of Teace, and tie Holy *Dtve he upon thee, fifii juake the days ofthj Pilgrim.igegood and many. 1 his he fui'.h to evcry of them ; and that donc> it" there be aiy of his bons of eminenr Mcrir and VettuCj (fo they be not above two) he callcth for them agair, and faith, hyinghisarmovcr cheir (houldcrf> they ftandinf, Sons, it ittteiljouare born ; give Godtheprjife, And ferfertre tt the end. And Withal dclivereth to richer of them a Jewel, made in the hgure of an Ear of Wheat, which they ever afcer wear in the front of their Tutbant or Hat. This done, they fall to Mufick and Dances andothctRccteationsafrer ihcirmanner forthercftof theday. This is the full order of that FealL By that time fix or fcven days^wcte fpcnt, I was fain int« ftrarght ac* quaintancc with a Merchant of thatCir)', whofe name was yoji/n; he was a 7'*i and circumcifed : For they have fomc few ftirps of "jetts vet re- mairing among thim, w'aom they leave to their own Religion ; which they may the better do, bccaule they ate of a far differing difpofition from chcJr«Jin other parts. For whereas t 'cy hate the Name of CHRIST, and have a I'ecrct inbred rancor againlf the people, among whom they live; Thefe (contrariwii'O givcuntoour SAVIOUR many high Attri- bufe<, and love the Nat on of Benfalem cxtreamly. Stirelv this Man, of whom 1 rpcak, would evi r acknowledge that CHRIST was born of a Virgin, and that he was more then a Man; and he would cell how GOD made him Ruler of the Scraphims which auard his Throne i and they call him j1;o the C\ttlken taj , and the Eliah of the ^lefiah , and many other hghN imes i which mongh they b: inferior to his 'Divine Majejij, vet they arelactroin the Language cf other Jen'S. And for the Coun-.rey of Benfalem , this Man wcu d make no end of commending it, b.ing de. fuous, by Tradition aiiioi g the 'je>vs there, to have ic believed, that the people thereof were ot tiic Generations of tyibrahatti by another Son, whom they c.ill Nachoran; an! thv Mjfes by a fecret Cahala ordained the Laws of Benfalem, which they now ule ; :nd that when tie Mejfish fhould come and fit in his Throne ar Jemfalem, the Kng of Benfalem fhould fir j at his Feet, whereas other fvings fliould keep agrcat duUncc. But vet .\ fetiing afidc thefe Jcwifh Dream?, the Man was a wife man and learned, j and of great policy, and excellently feen in the Laws andCuflomsof that ' ___^ Nation. -r ■ ■■' ' . , ( 2t> .jyVlp /klantisi Nation. Amongft other difcourfes , one day I told Iiirti j I was mucll afFcdcd with the Relation 1 had from lomc of the company, of thcit jCuftom in holding the Feaft of the Tamily, for that (me thought) 1 had never heard of a Solemnity wherein Nature did i"o muchprefidc. And bccaufc Propagation of Familicsprocccdcthfrom thcNuptiaJ Giipu^ation, 'l defired to know of him what Liws and Cufloms they l)tidconfcrnrng ,Marriiage, and v^'bcAcr they kept Marriage well, and whether they werfe (tied to one Wife: For that where Population is fo much-affc(?^ed aitd fuch as with them it fcemed to^bc. there is commonly permillion of^l'lu- rnlicy of Wives. To this he laid, " You have rcaion tor to comm.nd "that excellent Inftitution of the Feaft of the Familv 5 and indeed we "have experience, that thofe Families that are partakers of the blclHrigs " of that Feail do fJourifh and profpcr ever tiftcr in an excraordinarv riian- "■ net. But hear me now, and I will tell you what 1 know. You (hall iin- " derftand, that there Is not under the Heavens, fo chafle a Nation as this "of Beiifalem, not fo free from all pollutioh orfoulnefs; it is the Virgin " of the World, l remember 1 have read in one of your European Books of an holy Hermit amongfl: you, thatdefired to lee ihz Spirit of Foruictuen, "and there appeared to him a little foul ugly c.y£thiopf : T,u: if he had ^' deflrcdto fee the Spirit of Chafiity of Benftlem, it would have appeared to "him in the likenefs of'a fair beautiful Cherubin ; forthcrc isnothing " amongft Mortal Men more fair and adriiirable, then thechafte Mindcs •' of this People. Know therefore, that with them there are no bte^s, "nodilFolute^Houfes, no Courtefans, nor any thing of that kiiide j nay "they wonder (with detcftation) at you in Europe which permit fuch « things. They fay you have put Marriage out'of office ; for Marriage "is ordained a remedy for unlawful concupifcence, and natural concu- " pifcencc feemcth as a fpur to Marriage : But when Men have at hand " a rcntiedy more agreeable to their corrupt will, Marriage is almoft ex- " pulfed. And tf':ercfore, there arc with you Isen infinite Men thatmar- "rynot, but chafe rathct a Libertine, and impure fingle life, tiien to be " voakedin Marriage ; and many that do marry, marry hzv, when the "prime and flrcngth of their years is part ; and when they do nnar|ry , " what is Marriage to them, but ^ very Bargain, wherein is fought Alii- "ancc, or Portion, or Reputation, with (ome deflre (almon: indifferent) " of ilTue, and not the faithful Nuptial Union of Man and Wife that w*as "firft inftituted ? Neither is it polUble, that thofe that have cafl away fo "bafely fo much of their flrength, fhould greatly eftecm Children (bc- " ing of the lame matter) as chaft Men do. ^o likcuiic during Marriage, "is the cafe much amended, as it ought to be, if thofe things were tole- " rated oncly for nccefliry ? No. but they remain flill as a very affront to «■ Marriage; thchuntingof tholediifolutc places, or retort to Courtefans, "are no more punifhcd in Married men. then in Batchclors ,: And the dc- " praved<;uftom of change , and the dcliii.t in meretricious embrace- "ments^ (\*'here Sin is turned into Art) maketh Marriage a dull thing, and «z kinde'of Impolition or Tax. They hcar'you defend thefc things as "done to avoid greater evils , as Advowtries, Deflouring of Virgins, "Unnatural Luff, and the like: But they fay this is a prepoftcrous'Wif <«dom; and they call it Lets offer, Vfho to fave his Guefls fromabufing " offered his Daughters : Nay, they lay further, that there is little gained "in this, forthnrthcfame Vices and Appetites do ffill remain and abound, " Unliwful Luft being like a Furnace, that if you flop the Flames alto- gether,. J\(c)v /Atlantis, "gci.nci, u wil. qutuLft but it you g.vc it any vciic, irwiUrage. As for "Alal.ulinc Love, t;,cyhavc no toucii ot irj and yet there arcnotfo faith- ful and inviolate. Friendfii ps in the World jgain as arc there ; and ro ■' "Ipcak generally (as 1 faid before) I have not read of any fuc.i Chaliicy in ! "my Peoplcas theirs, j^nd then ufiul fAjia^ u, That wholofver ii unchallc, !
    • cannot reverence himfelf. yf«rf thej/ fay, That the reverence of a Mans ieU
"i-,ncxtRcligion, thechiefelt Briolcot all Vices. And when he had faid t'lis, the good Jfvv paufcd a little. Whereupon, I far more willing tu heir hm fpeakon, thantolpeak mylcH; yet thinking ic dcccnr, that upon his paufcof Speech I fliould not be altogether fiicnt, (aid oncly this. '< That 1 would fay to him, as the Widow of S.trepi.i faid to Eliu, That he was " come to being to memory our fms ; and thatl confefs iherightcoufnefi of " BenfsUm. was greater than thcrighteoufnefs of Europe. At vvhid) Speech, he bowed bk Hedd, And went an in thkmmner. "^Thcy have alfo many wife and " excellcntLawstouching Marjiage; they allow no Polygamy; thcv have " ordained, that none do intermarty or contract until a moneth be pift from " their firft interview. Marriage without confent of Parents, rhey do not make void, but they mul£l it in the Inheritors; for the Children of fuch "Marriages arc not admitted to inherit above a third part of their Parents "Inheritance. 1 have read in a Book of one of your Men, of a Feigned
  • ' Commonwealth , where the married couple are permitted before they
" contract to fee one another naked. This they diflike, fortheyihink it a " icorn to give arcfulal after folamiliat knowledge ; but becaufc of many '* liddcn dcfi-tts in Men and WomCns Bodies, they have a more civil way ; «:ot they have near every Town, a couple of Pools (which they call " K^d^m and Eves Pools) where it is perrxiittcd to one of the Friends of the «' Man, and anothct of the Friends of the Womaii, to fee thciii fevcrally « bathe naked. And as we were thiis in Conference, there came one that fcemed to be a Mcffengcr , in a rich Huke. thit fpake with the '^ew ,• whereupon he turned to me, and faid, Ton w\Jl pAtdon me, fori tm lommanded Away in hujle. The nexc morning he came to me again, joyful, as it feemcd, and laid, "There ir- word come to the Governor of the City, that one of the Fathers " of Jo/jmsH/Houfe will be here this day feven-night ; we have fccn none of
  • 'thcm this dozen years. His coming is in ihtc, but rhecaufe of his coming
"isfecrcr. I will provide you and your Fellows of a good (landing to fee ,<' his entry. ' 1 thanked him, and told bim, Iit.nveJi^Udef thenervs. The day being come, he made his entry. He was * Man of middle ftature and age, comely of pcrfon , and had an alpctl as if he pitied men : He was cloathcd in a lobe of tine black Cloth, vrith wide Sleeves, and a Cape; his under Garment was of excellent white Linnen down to the Foot , girt with a Girdle of the fame, and a Sindon or Tippet of the fame about his Neck ; he had Gloves that were curious, and fct with Stone, and Shoocs of Peach-coloured Velvet ; his Neck was bare to the Shoiilders; his Hat "was like a Helmet or Sf^mpj Monierx, and his Locks curled below it de- cently, ihcy were of colour brown ; his Beard was cut round, and of the fame colour With bis Hair , fomewhat lighter. He was carried in a rich Chariot without Wheels, Litter wife , with two Horfcs at either end, richly trapped in blew Velvet embroidered, and two Footmen on each fide in the like attire. The Chariot Was all of Cedar , gilt and adorned withCryftal, fave that the fore. end had Pannels of Saphiresfct in borders of Gold, and the hinder-end the like of Emeralds of the Ttru colour. " -- . There 22 j\j?l2? /JtLvjtij. There 'ocas alio a Sun of Gold, radiant iipjn the top in the midfl ; andoo the top before a fmall Cherub of Gold , with Wings difplaycd. The Chariot was covered with Cloih of Gold liflued upon blew. He had before him fitly attendants, young men all , in white Sittcn Ijofe Coats, I up to the mid-leg. and Stockinsot white Silk, andJ>hoocsof blew Velvet, and Hats of blewVelvcr, with fine Plumes ot divers colours fct round hkc Hatbands. Next before the Chariot, went two men bareheaded, in Linncn Garments down to the Foot, girr, and Shooes of blew Velvetj who carried, the one a Crofier, the other a Palloral Staff like a Sheep- hook, neither of them of Metal , but the Crofier of Balm- wood , the Paftoral Staff of Cedar. Hoilemcn he hadnonc, neither before, nor be- hindc his Chariot, as it fccmeth , to avoid ail tumult and trouble. Bc- hindc his Chariot went all the Officers and Principals of the Companies of the City. He fate alone upon Cufliions, of akindc of excellent Plufh, blew, and under his Foot curious Carpets of Silk of divers colours, like the ^Perfun, but far finer. He held up his barchand as he wcnr, as blc(s- ing the People, but in filcncc. The Street was wonderfully well kept, fo that there was never any Army had their Men ftand in better battel- array, then the people flood. The Windows likcwifc were not croudcd, but every one flood in them, as if they had been placed. When the fliow waspalt, the Jew faid to mc, "I ftiall not be able to attend yon as I " would , in regard of fome charge the City hath laid upon me for the cn- tcrtaining of thisgrcat iedon. Three t/itp after tht ]c>n came ttme a^4in,and fuid, " Ye are happy men, for the Father of J"o/om«w Houfcrakcth knowledge of "your being here, and commanded mc to tell you, that he will admit all "your company to his prefence, and have private conference with one of "you that ye fhall chufe ; and for this, hath appointed the next day after to '• morrow. And bccaufe he meaneth to give you his Blcfling, he hath "appointed it in the forenoon. , Wc came at our day and hour, and I was chofen by my fellows for the private accefs, Wc found him in a fair Chamber richly hanged, and carpeted under Foot, without any degrees to theState : He was fet upon alow Throne, richly adorned, andarich Cloth of State over his head of blew Sattin embroidered. He was alone, fave that he had two Pages of Honor on cither hand one , finely attired in white. His under Garments were the like, that we faw him wear in the Chariot; butinfieadof his Gown, he had on him a Mantle with a Cape of the fame fine Black, faftncd about him. Whenwe camein, as wc were taught, we bowed low at our firft entrance j and when we were coait near his Chair , he flood up , holding forth his hand ungloved , and in pofturcof Bicffing; and wc every one of us flooped down andkiflcd the liem of his Tippet. Thatdone.thereft departed, and I remaned. Then he warned the Pages forth of the Room, and caufed mc to Qt down bedde him, tnd fpake to me thus in the Sfmjh Tongue. §OD J\(^ia) Atlantis. n G OD Blefsthcc, my Son, I will give thcc the gteatcrt Jewel I havci for I will impart unto thee, for the love ot GodanJMcni a Relation of the true lUte of Solomons Huule. Son, to m.ikc vou know the true ftateot" J'o/tfwawJ Huu(e, 1 will keep this order. "Firft, I will fet forth unto you the End of out Foundation. Secondly, '«Thc Preparations and Inlhuincnts wc have for our Works. Thirdly, '« The feveral Employments and Fun£tions whereto out Fellows -arc aflign- "cd: And fourthly, The Ordinances and Rites which we obfcrvc. '■' The End of our Foundation, is the Knowledge of Cau fes and Secret "Motions of things, and the enlarging of the Bounds of Humane Empire, •" to the cffcaing of all things pofTible. " The Preparations and Infttumcnts, arc thefc. Wc have large and "deep Caves of feveral depths; the dcepcll ate funk Six hundred fathom, " and fome of them are digged and made under great Hills and Mountains ; '^fothatif you reckon together the depth of the HJl, and the depth of the "Cave, they are (fomeof them) above three miles deep : For wefindcthat " the depth of an Hill, and the depth of a Cave from the Flat, is the fame " thing, both remote alike from the Sun and Heavens Beams, andfromthe "open Air. Thcfe Caves wc call the Lower Region, and weufethcmfor "all Coagulations, Indurations, Refrigerations, and Confcrvations of " Bodies. We ufc them likcwife for the Imitation of Natural Mines, and " the producing alfo of new Artificial Metals, by Compofitions and Mate- • "rials which we ufe and lay there for many years. We ufe them aUo fome- " times (which may fcem ftrangc) for curing of fome Difeafes, and for pro- " longation of life in fome Hermits that chule to live there, well accommo- " dated of all things necefTary, and indeed live very long i by whom alfo we "learn many things. '^ We have Burials in feveral Earths, where we put divers Cements " as the Omtfes do their Porcellanc ; but we have them in greater variety " and fome of them more fine. Wc alfo have great variety of Compofts " and Soils for themaking of thcEarth fruitlul. '^ We have liigh Towers, the higheft about half amile in height, and "fomeof them likcwife fet upon high Mountains, fo that the vantage of the " Hill with the Tower, is in the higheft of them, three miles at Icaft. And "thcfe places we call the Upper Region, accounting the Air between the " high places, and the Low as a'Middle Region. Wc ufc thcfe Towers, "according to their feveral heights and fituationf, for Infolation, Refiigc- " ration, Confervation, and for the view of divers Meteors, as Winds, Rain. " Snow, Hail, and fome of the Fiery Meteors alfo. And upon them, in fome "places', are dwellings of Hermits, whomwc vifitfomctimc!, and inflrud whaitoobOrrve. , " We have great Lakes, both fait and frelh, whereof we have ule tot "the F,fh and Fowl. We ufe them alfo for Burials of fome Natural Bodies 5 " for we finde a differencein things buried in Earth, or in Ait below the Earth, "and thingsburied in Water. Wc have alio Pools of which fome do Ittain ^'FrcfhWateroutof Salt, andothersby Art dotura Frefli Watcnnto bUt. " Wc have alfo fome Rocks in the midft of the Sera, and fome Bays upon " the Shore for fome Works, wherein is required the Air and Vapor ot the "Sea. Wchavc like wife violent ftrcams and cataraas, which fctvc us tor "many Motions; and likewife Engins for multiplying and enforcing of 'Wmds, tofct alfo on going divers Motions. 24 ^eiv Mantis, "Wc have alfo a number of artificial Weils and Fountai;)s, made in "imitation of the Natural Sources andBjths; as tindcdupon V.triol, Sul- "phur, Steel, Brafsj Lead, Nitre, and other Minerals. And agiin wchave "little Wells for Infufions of many thing?, where the Waters take the vir- " tuc quicker and better then in Vcffels or Bafins ; And amongft them we have "^a Water which \vc call ^4tf re/ *p4rrfrfi/(r, being by that wc do to it, made " very fovcreign for Health, and Prolongation of Life. " We alio great and fpacious Houfcs where wc imitate and demori-
  • ' ftrate Meteors ; as Snow, Hail, Rain , fome Artificial Rains of Bodie?, and
" not of Water. Thunders, Lightnings ; alfo Generations of Bodies in Air, " as Frog<;, Flic?, and divers others. " We have alfo certain Chambers which we call Chambers of Healthy "where wcqualifie the Air, as we think good and proper for the cure of di- " vers Dtfcales, and prefervanon of Health. <' We have alfo fair and large Baths of (everal mixtures, for the cure of "Direafes, and the reftoring of Mans Body from Arefadion ; and other, fot " the confirming of it in (kength of Sinews, Vital Parts, and the very Juice " and Siibft mce of the Body. "Wchave alfo large and various Orchards and Gardens, wherein wc " do not fo much refpcd Beauty, as variety of ground and foyl, proper tor "divert Trees and Herbs; and lome very fpacious.whereTrces and Berries " arc fcr, whereof we make divers kindesof Drinks, bffidcs the Vineyards, "In thefc we praftifelikewife aliconclufionsof Grafting and Inoculating, as <■' well of Wild-trees a? Fruit-trees, which produceth many effeds. And we "make (by Art) in the fame Orchards and Gardens, Trees and Fiowers to «'come earlier or liter then their fcafons, and to come up and bear more " fpcedily then by thcr natural courfe they do.Wc make them alfo ^by Art) '••much greater then their nature, and their Fruit greater and fwceter, andot " differing tafte, rmcU.colcur and figure from their nature ; and many of them " we fo order, that they become cf Medicinal ufe. "We have alfo means to make divers Plants rife, by mixtures of " Earths without Seeds, and likevvife to make clivers new Plants differing ' from the Vulgar, and tomake one Treeor Mantturn into another. ." VVehave alfoParks and Enclofures of alHorts of Beafts and Birds ; " which we ufe not ondy for view or rarenefs, but likcwifefor DifTedtions " and fryals, that thereby we may take light, what may be wrought upon " the Body of Man, wherein wc hnde many ffrange efFedts ; as continuing "life in them, though divers parts, which you account vital, be periflied 'and taken forth ; Refufcitating of fome that feem dead in appearance, " and the like. We try alfo all poyfons and other medicines upon them, " as well of Chirurgery asPhyfick. By Art likcwife we make them greater " or taller then their kind is, and contrariwifcdvfarf them, and ftay their "growth: We make them more fruitful and bearing, then their kind "is, and contrariw ifc barren, and not generative. Alfo vfc make them " differ in colour, fhape, adtivity, many ways. VVefinde means to make "commixtures and copulations of divers kinds, which have pro.^uccd " many new kinds, and them not barren, as the general opinion is. We " m.ike a number of kindes of Serpents, Worms, Flies, 1 ifhcs, of Putrc- " fadion; whereof fome are advanced (in efFcd) to beperfcd Creatures,. " like Benfls or Birds, and have Sexes,, and do propagate. Neither do wc '• this by chance, but we know beforehand of wha|matter and commixture ">»'hatkindof thofc Creatures will arife. VV e J\(jl^ Mantis, 25 " W^ehavcallo particuJar Pools w here \vc make tryaJs upon Filhcs, '* aswc have faid before ot i^eafts and Birds. " We have alio places for Breed and Generation of thole Kinds of "Worms and Flics which are oi ipccial iiie, kich as are widiyou, \ our " Silk-worms and ikes. <' 1 will not hold you Jong with recounting of our Brcvvlioufcs. Bakc- •' houlcs and Kitchins, w here are made divers Drink<;. Breads, an.l Mcits, "rare and ot fpccial eifeds. Wines we have of Grapes, and Drirks of "other Juice, of Fruits, of Grains and ot Roots; and of mixtures with " Honey, ^ugar, Manna, and Fruits dried and decoded ; alfo of the Tears " orWoundingsof Trees, andofihe Pulp of Canes ; andthcfc Drinks arc
  • ' of levcral Ages, fome to the age or lad of forty years. We have Drinks
" alfo brewed with fevcral Herbs, and Roots, and !>pices> yea, with fcveral
  • Flefhes.and White-meats ; whereof lome of the Drinks arc llichasthcy
' arc in efFc*^ Meat and Drink bothj lo that divers, cfpccially in Age, do " dcfirc to live vrith them \^ ith little orno Meat or Bre.'.d. And aboveall, we • ilrivc to have Drinks of extream chin parts, to inlinuate into the Body, "and yet without ail biting, Iharpnels or frcttinor ; infomuch, asfomcof «' them put upon the back of your hand, NfilJ, with a little rtay,pa(s through
  • ' to the palm, and yet tafte B|Jde to the mouth. We have dfo VVaters
" which we ripen in that fallliP) as they become nourifhing^ Jo that they '■ are indeed excellent Drink, and many will ulc no other. Breads we haic of icvcral Grains. Roots and Kernels , yea, and fome of Tlefh and Fifli " dried, with divers kinds of Levenings and .Seafonings , fo that fome do • extr«amly move Appetites ; fomedonourifli fo, as divers do live of them '• without mv other Meac, who live very long. So for Meats, wc have fome '• of them lo beaten, and made tender and mortified, yet without all cor- rupting, as a weak heat of the Stomach will turn them into good C/!»;/f«, "as well as affrongheat would mcatotherwife prepared. We have fome • Meats alfo, and Breads, and Drinks, which t:.ken by men, enable them to f.ifl long after ; and fome other that ufed, make the very flcfh of Mens " Bodies fenfibly more hard andi tough, and their llrength far greater then ' ' othcrwile it would be. ' We have Difpcnf^uories or Shops of Medicines, wherein you may " cafily think, if we have fuch variety of Plants and Living Creatures, more " then youhavein Europe, (forwe know whatyou have)the Simplcs,Drugs, " and Ingredients of Medicines, muft hkewile be in fomuch thegeater •'variety. We have them likcwife of divers Ag«s, and long lermcnta- " tions. And for their Preparations, wc have not onely all manner of cx- " quifit Diftillations and Separations, and cfpeciallv by gentle Heats, and " Percolations throughdivers Strainers, yea and Subitances ; but alfo exact " Forms of Compofition, whereby they incorporate almoftas they were "Natural Simplts. "We hare alfo divers Mechanical Arts , which you have not, and " Stuffs made by them; asP.ipers, Linnen, Silks. Tilfues. dainty works of " Feathers of wonderful luftre, excellent Dies,and many others ; and Shops " hkcwife as well for luch as arc not brought into vulgar ufc amonglt us, " as for thofc that arc. For you muft know, that of the things before re- " cited, many are grown into ufc throughout the Kingdom ; but yet. if
  • ' they did flow from our Invention, we have of them alio for Patterns and
•* Principals. C " Wc z6 ^etp Mantis. '* VV^c have alfo Furnaces of great diverfitics. and that keep ercat di- "vctiityot heats, Hcrcc and quick, ftron^ and conltanr, lot: and milde; •• blown, quiet, dry, nnoirt, and the like. But above all we have hunrs, in •• imitation of thcSiins and Heavenly Bodies heats, thatpafs divers Incqiia- " litics, and (^asitucrc) Orbs. FroorclJes and Returns , whereby xvcmay "produce admirable cftcfts Befidcs, we have heats of Dungs, andof Bel- lies and Maws of Living Creatures, andof their Bloods and Bodies; and <' of Hays and Herbs laidiipmoift ; of Lime unquenchcd, and I'uch like. " Inflruments alfo vv hich generate heat onely by motion ,• and further, places "forftronglnfolacions i and again, places unc'cr the Earth, which by Na- "turcorArtyieldHeat. Thtfedivcrs heats wcufc, as thenaturcof thcopc- ration which wc intend, requireth. "We hare alfo Pcrfpctflive Houfcs "where we make Demonftration " of all Lights and Radiations, and of all Colours ; and out of things un- " coloured and tranfparent, wc can rcprefent unto you all fcvcral colours, " not in Rainbows (as it is in Gems and Prifms) but of themfelvcs finglc. " We reprefcnt alfo all Multiplications of Light, which Nfe carry to great diflance.andmakc fofharpastodifcern fhnall Points and Lines ; alio all " colourations of Light, all dclufionsanddcccits oftheiig'it, in Figures, •' Magnitudes, Motions, Colours •, all dcroMiftrations of Shadows. We " findc alfo divers means yet unknown to yWbf producing of Light origi- "nallv from divers Bodies. We procure means of feeing objefts afar off, "as in the Heaven, and remote places; and reprefcnt things near as afaroflF, "and things afar off as near, making feigned diffanccs. VVc have alio helps '« for the^ight, far above SpeAacles and Glaffcs in ufc. We have alfo " Glaffes and Means to fee fmall and minute Bodies perfedly and diftinftly, '* as the fhapes and colours of fmall Flies and Worms, grains and flaws in " Gems, which cannototherwife befeen, obferrations in Urine and Blood, • not othcrwife to be feen. We make Artificial Rainbows, Halo's, and
  • ' Circles about Light. We reprelent alio all manner of Reflexions, Rc-
" fra^ions.and Multiplication of Vifual Beams of ObjcAs. " We have alfo Precious Stones ofallkindes, many of them of great " beauty, and to you unknown j Cryftals likcwife, and Glaffcs of divers '« kindest and amongfl them fome of Metals vitrificatcd, and other Materi- " als, befidc thofe of which you make Glafs : Alio a number of Fofliles " and imperfcdMincrals,which you have not,- likewifc Loadftones of pro- " digious virtue, and other rare Stones, both Natural and Artificial. " We have alfo Sound-houfes, where vre pradife and demonflrate all " Sounds and their Generation. Wc have Harmonies which you have not, "of Quarter-founds, and Icffer Slides of Sounds ; divers Inflruments of «' Muficklikewiletoyou unknown, fome fwcetcr then any you have, ^<'ith "Bells and Rings that are dainty and fwecE. We reprefcnt fmall Sounds as great and deep, likcwife great Sounds extenuate and fharp. We make "divers tremblings andwarblings of Sounds, which in their original arc " entire. We rcprefent and imitate all articulate Sounds and Letters, and " the Voices and Notes of Bcafls and Birds. We have certain hclps,which " fctto the Ear, do further thehearinggrcatly. We have alfo divers flrange " and artificial Echo's refleding the voice manytimes,andas it were tolling " it i and fome that give back ( he voice louder then it came, fome fhriller, " and fome deeper, yea, jome rendring che voice differing in the Letters or " articulate Sound from that they receive. Wc have all means to convey " Sounds in Trunks and Pipes in llrange lines and diflanccs. "We J\(j)y> Alantis.
  • ■' Wc have alio Pt^rlumc-noulcf, wherewith we joyn alloprad'ces ot
"T-iftc ; we multiply Smeils, which may fccin (trange; wc imitacc Smells, making all Smells tobreathoutof other mixtures then chofe that give chcm. " Wcoiake divers imitations of Talle likcwilc, fornat they willatceivcar.y ••'Mans talk. And inthis Houfc wecciuain aifj aConfiiire houl •, whcic " vvc make all Sweec-mcats, dry and moift, and divers picdiuit Wine.sMilk^, ♦'Broths, and Sailers, far in greater variety chetiyou have. "WchavcalfoHnginc-houfes, where arc prepared Erg;ine$ andlnftru mcnts for all forts oi motions. There we iniicarc and praOifc to make " fwifter motions then any you have, cither out of your Mu.^kets or any fc n- "gine that you have; and to make them, and multiply them more eadly.and " with fmall force, by wheels and other means; and lo make them ftrongcr "and more violent thcnyours arc, exceeding yourgreatcft Cannors and " Bafilisks. We represent alio Ordnance andlnfcrumi:ntsof War, andHn- '■<^ gines of all kindes; and likewife new mixtures andcompofitions of Gun- " powder, Wildefires burning in Warcr and unquenchable j alfo l^"irework«  "of all variety, both forpleaiure and ulc. We imitatealfo flights of Birds v " we have fomc degrees of flying in the Air ; ve have Ships and Bjats for going under Water, and brooking of Seas ; alfo Swimming-girdles and "Supporters. We have divers curious Clocks, and other like motions of "Return, and fome perpetual motions. Wc imitate alfo motions of Living " Crcaturesby Images ot Men, Bcal\?, Birds, Fifhes, and Serpents; we have '-alfo a great number of other various motions, fttange for quality, fincncf> "and lubtilty. " Wc havcalfoaMathcmatical-houfe, where arercprcfented ail Inftru- '<mcnts, as well ot Geometry as Aftronomy, cxquifitelymade. "We have alfoHoufcs of Deceits of the Senfes, where we reprefent <' all manner of fcatsof Jugling, falfe Apparitions, Impofturcsandlllufions, "and their Fallacies. Andfurely, you will eafily believe that wc that have fo
  • ' many things truly Natural, which induce admiration, could in a world of
particulars deceive the Senfes, if wc would difguifethofe things and labor «« to make them more miraculous : But we do hate all Impaflurcs and Lies " infomuch, as we have fcverely forbidden it to all our Fellows, under pain "of Ignominy and Fines, that they do not fhew any natural work ot thing, "adorned or fwcliing, but oncly pure as icis, and without all atTec^ation of "ikangcnefs. " Fhefe are (my Son) the riches of S'olomons Houfc. " For the feveral employments and offices of our Fellows j we have " twelve that fail into Foreign Countrcys under the names of other Njtions, " (for our own we conceal) who bring us the Books, and Ablka£\s, and Par- " terns of Experiments of all other Parts. Thcfc wc call (JMerchAnts of «* Light. " Wc have three that colled the Experiments, which arc in all Books. "Thcfe we call Defreddtirs. " We have three that collect the Experiments of all Mechanical Arts, and alfo of Liberal Sciences, and alfo of Pradices which arc not brought •' into Arts. Thcfe wc call iV>^y?e7-mf». "We have three that try new Experiments, fuch asthcmfclvcs think " good, Thefc we call Pioneers or Miners. '• Wc have three that draw the Experiments of the former four into •* Titles and Tables, to give the better light for the drawing of Obfeivations " and Axioms out of them. Thcfc we call Compilers. C i "We 2 8 j ^c^ Mantis. ' " Wc hivcthitc ti;a; bt nd cliemklvc, look.ir.g into the iixpcrimenrs " o{ rhcir I ilicW-S aid c=lit Eb,.iit how todraw ou- of them th.ngs cf ufc
" and p act.cc tor M.ii,s life and kr.owcJge, as weli for Wctk', as tor plain
' <i<.iiiOii!tiat;on of Cuiej, mcarib of Natural Di/inatiors, and the cafie " j!^d clcjr diLovcry ot tic V.rtucs and Pjr.s of Bodies, ihtfc Wc call . Do^v rymcn or B.-nctadors. " Ihcn iftcr d.vers Meetings anlCcn'uIts of our whole number, to I " coiliJifr of lie loimcr Labors and CoHcclions, we have three that take I i.aie uutof thttn to dircd new Experiments of a higher Lighr, morcpcnc- "tracrg nto Nature ihen the toriricr, Thtfjwc call Lamps. " VVe have three others that do execute the Experiment fodircftcd, " and report ihem. Tncfc we call Inoculatorf. "Lai^U*,, VVc have three that raifethe Jormcr Dircoverics byExpcrl- " mcntsJnto greater Obfcivaiionf, AxioDU, and Aphoritms. Thefe we call "LitcrrTftasot Nature. "VVe have alfc, as you muO think, Novicesand Apprcnticef, that " i he (uccilh on of the former employed Men do not fail } bt fides a great "niuv.bcr of Servants and Attendants, Menard Women. Ardthiswedo " aifo, VVe haveConfultations which cf the Invcntjons 2nd Experiences > " which we have difcovcrcd fl:all be publiflied, and which not ; and tike all "ar.Ojth of St.crccy for the concealing ct thofe whichwcthii kmeet tok(ep "lecrct; though lome of thole we do reveal lomctime to the State, and "fomc not. "For our Ordinances and Rite?; wc have two very long and fair Gal- " Icries. In one of thefe wc place Patterns and Samples of all manner of the " more rare and excellent Inventions ; in ti.eother weplace the Settles cf " all principal Inventors. There wc have tliebtaiue ot your Columitu, that " difcovercd ihc fVejl-Indies , alio the Inventor of Ships; your Monk that 'f was the Inventor ot Ordnance , and of Gur-pcwder ,* the Inventor of "•Mufick; the Inventorcf Letters; thclnventor of Printing; the Inventor «■ of Oblcrvationsof Aftronomy j tlie Inventor of Works in Metal; the " Inventor of Glafs ; the Inventor of Silk of thcWorm j the Inventor of " Winci tl e Inventor of Corn and Bread; the Inventor of Srgors : And "nil thefe by mcrecertain Iraditiorpthen ycuhave. Then we have divers | " Inventors of our own of excellent Works which finccyou have not feen, i <'itwere tcolorg tomake Dvfcripiionscf ihcm ; and bcfidcs, inthe right I "undcrilandingof ihofe Dcfcriptionsycu might cafily err. For upon every <' Invention of value we ereft a Statue to the Inventor, and give him a libe- ^ " raland honorable reward. 1 hcfcStMues arcfomeof Brafs, itmeof Marble j "and Tcuch-ffone.fome of Cedar, and other fpecial Woods gilt ^nd adorn- / " cd, I'omeof Iron, feme of Silver, (bmc of Gold. "We have certain Hymns and Set vices which wcfay daily, of Z((«^and " and Thanks loGod for his marvellous Works,- and Forms of Prayers, im- "ploring lis aid and bkfllng for the Illumination of our Labors^ and the " turoingthcm into good and holy nlcs. "Lftftly, We have Circuits or Vifits of divers principal Cities of the "Kingdom, whcr", is itcomeih topafs, wc do publifh fuch new profitable "Inventions, as wethinkgood. And wedo aUodcclare Natural Divinati- " onsof Diieafes Pligues, Swaims of hurtful Creatures, Scarcity, TempcfV, <' Ear h qnnkes, great Inundations Comets, Tcmperatureof the Year, and <« divers other things J and we giveccun!el ihcreupcPj whatthePeopIeCiall < do lor ihe prevention and remedy of them. "And ^Yjw Jtlantu. And when he had laid tins, lie llood up: And I, asihaa bc(.n caugl.r, kneeled down , and l.c laid his nght hand upon my \.Ci<ii, and laic', God bleftbee, mi Sen, and Ced ble^ ihw RtUtioo "Vfhicb lliAve made : I girttheelciveto puhlifi it for the gcod of cihir iSiautns^ for Tte here are in Gods Bofcme, a Land un- knonn. Andfo he left me, having afTgncd a value of abouc Two tlioufand Ducats for a Bounty tome, and my Fellows ; for they give great largcflTcs where they come upon all occafions. 29 The reft was not perfected. t?sfer Magnalia o 0^'W JtLnutis. Tbe< Magnalia NaturcX prcxcipue quoad ufus Humanos. {Trolongation of Life. T\%efiitution offonth infome degree. He < "^tardatton of <iJge. I C^wigofT>i[eafes, counted Incurable, [tsSMitioation of Tain. (i5More eafaandlefs loathfomeTurgings. n?jcreajifjg of Strength andMivity. increafmg of Ability , tofujfer "Torture or Tain, alterim of C omplexiom, andfatnefs, andLean?ief. ] altering of Statures, altering of Features. ,tncreafin<j and exalting of the Iniellechal Tarts, VerfionofBodies into other "Bodies^ a^Makj^ng ofneyo Species. Tranf^lanting of one Species into another. Injlruments of T>e(lruclion^ as of War and Tojfon. Exhilaration of the Spirits, and putting them ingooddi^o- fition. Force of the Imagination, either upon another "Body, or upon
the'Bodyitfelf I
[Time in Maturations, Time in Clarificatiofjs. (tAcceleration ofiTutrefaSion. T>ecoBion. (germination. 5MaKtng rich Compojlsfor the Earth. Im" ! !J\('c]r Jtkntis, 3t Imprefionsofthe ^lh\ andraijino of Tempefts. Great alteration, as in Induration, Enwilition, &^c. Turning Crt^de and fVatry Suhjhncei into Oyly and Vnclu- oHsSubjlanccs. Vrawino of new Foods out of Suh fiances not tw^iP in ufc. MahlntnewThreds for Apparel, and ncvp Stuffs, [uchas areTaper,(jlap,&'C, 0\(atural T>ivinatiom. "Deceptions of iheSenfes. Greater Tleafuresof the Senfes, '^rtifcial tSMinerals and Cements, FINIS, NATURAL HISTORY Century I. ^)lg a Pit upon the Sca-fhore, fomewhat above the High-water Mark, and fink it as deep as the Low- water iMark ; And as the Tide cometh in, it willfiU wichWateri Frcfh and Potable. This is common- Iv pradifed upon the Co^d of Barbarj, where other Frelh \S(7atcr is wanting. And Ctfar knew this well, when he was bcricgcd m Alexandrit ; for by digging of Pits in the Sea-(horc, he did truflratc the labori- ous Works of the Enemies , which had turned the Sc.i-water upon the Wells of yilexAi.dua, and fo favcd his Army, being then inDcfperation. But O/jrmiftook thccaufe; for he thought that all Sea-lands had Natural Springsof Frcfh-vater. But it is plain, that it is the Sea-water, becaufc the Pic fillet i according to the Meafurc of the Tide ; And the Sea-vf-uer paflintj or ftraininff through, the Sands, leavcth the SaltncG. I remember to have read, that Tryal hath been made of Salt-water palled through E.irch ; through ten V^cll'els, one -within another, and yet it l)ath not loft his Saltncfj, as to become potable: But tlic fame Man faith, that (bv the relation of anorhcr Salt-water drained through t\Venty Vefl'elj, hath become frcfii. This Experiment feemeth to croli that other of Pits, made by the Sea-lide ; and yet but in pare, if it be true, that twenty Repeti- tions do the efTcft. But it is worth the note, how poorthelmitations of Nature are, in common courle oi Experiments, except they be led by great Judgment, and fomc good Light of >^xwms. For firif, there is no fmall difference bctvvcena Pallage of Water through twentv IrnallVeflels. and througli fuch adillance, as between the Low-uMter and High-water Mark. Secondly, there isa grcatdifFerence between Earthand'^and ; for all Earth hath in it akin'e of Nitrous Salt , from which, band is more free: And brtides. Earth doth not ftrainthe Water lb finely as Sand doth. But there is a third point, that I fufpcft as much, or more than the other two; and that is, th.it in the Experiment of Trj«/"w»i/f;fln of the Sea-waterintothe Pits, the Water rileth jbutinthc Experiment of Trjw/"/yn«" of the Warer.through the VelTels, ictalleth : Now certain it iJ, that the Salter parr of Water (once B faltcJ Expciiments in Confoic, touchirg 'he Straining ma Pafiing of Bi- diei one tlnrnm anotheri wbtth ihry cnU Vet- (oiatiod. J^tural Hiflory ; Expciimcnts in Conloit, touching Motion of Boditiiipon their Pre/jure. faltcd throughout) gocth to the bottom. And therefore no marvel if tlie draining of \i^atcr by dclccnt. doth make it frcfli: Bcfides, Idolbmcwhar doubt, that the very dafhing of the Water that cometh from the Sea, is ■ore proper to ftrike off the fait part, than where the Water Oidcth of her own motion. Itfeemcth Percolation or Tranfmifiion ("Ahichij commonly called S'lT'^in- i»?) is a f'ood kinde of S'eptiratm , not oncly of thick from thin, and grofs from hnc, but of more fubtile Natures ; and varieth according to the Bo ^ y, through which the Trtnfmlfion is made. As if through a Woollen-bag, ihe liquor leivcththe fatnefis ; if through Sand, the faltncfs, &c. I hey fpcak of fevering Wine irom Water, palling it through Ivy-wood, or through other the like porous body, but Non confia:. The Gum of Trees (which we fee to be commonly fljining and clear) is but a fine palfagc, or (training of the Juice of the Tree, through the Wood and Bark. And in like manner, Cornish 'Diamonds, tinA Rock^ Rubies , (which arc yet more rcfplendeut than Gums ) are the fine Exudations of Stone. K^ri^otk gwtith. thecaufc vainlv, Why the Fetthers of 'Q'lr As arc of more lively colours than the Hairs of Beads; fornoBcafthathanyfine Azure, or Carnation, or Green Hair. He faith it is, becaufe Birds are more in the Beams of the Sun than Bcails, but that is manifcftly untrue ; for Cattle arc more in the iun than Birds, that live commonly in the Woodj, orinfome Covert. 1 he true caufe is,that the excremcntitious moifture of living Crea- tures, which maketh as well the Feathers in Birds as theHair in Bealts, pafs- eth in Birds through a finer and more delicate Strainer, than it doth in Bcafts : For Feathers pais through Qu)ll$, and Hair through Skin. The CUriffmg of Liquors by Adheiion, is an inward !Perco/4f;ow, and is cffeded, when Ibme cleaving Body is mixed and agitated with the Liquors ; whereby the groifer part of the Liquor flicks to that cleaving Body ; and fo the finer parts are freed from the groffer. So the apothecaries clarifie their Syrups by Whites of Egg?, beaten with the Juices which they would clarifie j which whites of Eggs, gather all the dregs and grolTer parts of the Juice to them; and after the Syrup being fet on the fire, the whites of Eggsthem- felvcs harden, and are taken forth. So IppocraJ? is clarified by mixing with Milk, and flirring ic about, and then pafling it through a Woollen-bag, which they cMHippocratts Sleeve ; andthecleavingNatureof thcMiikjdraw- cththePowdcrof theSpices, and groflcr parts of the Liquor to it, and in the palfage they flick upon the Woollen-bng. 1 he clarifying of Water, is an experiment tending to Health, befidcs thepleafurc of the Eve, when Water isCryflaline. It iseffcAed by cafting in, and placing Pebbles at the head of a Current, that the Water may ftrain through them. It may be 'P*rfo/<<ti(>»dothnot oncly caufe clearnefs andfplcndor, but fwectncls of favor i for that alfo foUovrcth, as well as clearnefs, when the finer parts are fevered from the groilcr. So it is found, that the fweats of men thathave much heat, andexercilf much, and have clean Bcdics and fine Skins, do fmcll fvrcet, as was faid of uilexander ; and wc fee commonlyj- that Gums have fwcct odors. TAkcaGlals, and put Water into it, and wet yourfinger, and draw it round about the lip of the Glafs, prefling it fomewhat hard ; and after youhavc drawn it fome few times about, it will make the Water frisk and Century /. Ana Iprinklc up in a fine Dew. This inllanccdoth excellently dcmonfttatc the tcrcc oC Comprefim in a (olid BoJy. For w hcnfocvef a I'olid Bodv (as Wood, Stone, Metal, &c.) is prcircd, there is an inward tumult in the parts thereof, fcckint^ todcliverthcmfclves from the Comprcflion: And this is the caufe of all P'loleut Motion. Wherein it if ftrungc in the higheil degree, that thisMo:ion hath never been obicrvcd, nor enquired ; it being of ail Motions, the moll: common, and the chief root of ^W^lecbdnical Operations. This Motion workcth in round at fird, bywayof Proof andScarch, vhich May to deliver it I'elF. and then workcth inProgrcfs, wliere it findcth the deliverance eafieft. In Lff/.'/orx this Motion is viflble; for all Liquors ftrurk- en, make round circles, and withal dnfh, bntin To/i^/^ (which break not) itis fo fubtile, as it is inviiiblc ,* but nevcrthclefs bsvcraycth it fclf by many cffci.'ls, as in this infl: incc whereof wc Ipcak. For tlic Treffure of the Finirtr furthered by the wetting (bccaufc it fiickcth fo much the better unto the Lipof thcGlafsj afteriome continuance, puttcth all the fmall parts uf the Glafs into work, that they flnkc the Water fiiarply ; from which 'Ftrcufion that fprinklingcometh. if you ftiikc or pierce a ^oM Bodj that is brittle, as Glaf? or Sugar, it brcakcthn.)tonely where the immediate force is, but breakcrh all about into fhivcrs and fiters ; the Motion upon the Prellurc fcarching all ways, ' and breaking where it findcth the Body weakcft. The Powder in Shot being dilated into fucha Flame, as endureth not ComprelTion, moveth likcwife in round (the Flame being in thcnaturc of a Lijuid Body) ibmctimes rccoyling, Ibmctimes breaking the Pcccc, but generally difch.u-ging the Bullet., bccaule there it findcth eaiieft deliver- ance. This Motion upon PrefTurc, and the Reciprocal thereof, which is Mo- tion upon Tcnfurc ; weufetoc.ill (by onccommon name) Motion of Liher- tj ; \\ hich is, when any Body being forced to a Fretern.itt'.r.tl Extent or Di- mcnlion, dclivcrcthand rciloieth itlcU to thcnatural : As when a blown Bladder (prcffed) rifeth again ; or when Lexthcr or Cloth tcntured, fpring back. Tlicfe two Motions (of which there be infinite inftanccs) wc iliali handle indue place. Tliis Motion upon *Frfi[r«r^ is excellently alfo demonftratcd in Tounds -. As whencncchimcth upnnaBclI, itfoundcth ; but as foon as he layethhis hand I'pon it, the J'i»n>/'i ccafeth .- And fo, theloundot a ^ir^m.:/ .fr.-in^, as foi>nasthc Qiiill of the Jack falleth from it, ftoppcth. For thcfe founds arc produced by the fubtile PercufTionof the Minute parts of the Bell or String upon the Air; All one, as the /Ktr^r is caused toleapby thclubtile Pcrculh- ont)f the Minute parts of the Glnls upon the //^ufr, whereof ^'c Ipikc a lit- tle before in the Nmtb Experment. For you mult not take it to be the local fhakingof the Bell or String that doth if. As we (hall fully declare when we come l.ercaftcr to handle Seundi. TAke a GLf with a BelU. and a long Neh, fill the TtUj ( in part ) with Wdter: Takealfo another C/.*/, whcreinto putCl.net H^int .\nd fVutrr mingled. Rcverfe the firft Gbfs, w'ith the Belly upwards , Itopping the Neb with your Finger, then dip the mouth of it within the fccond Glafs, and remove your Finger. Continue it in that pollurc for a time, and it willunminqlc thc^'ine from the Water; t'le Wincafcending andfctlingin the top of the upper Glafs, and the Water defcending and fetling in the bottom ot t le lower Glafj. The pafTigc is apparent to the Eye ; for Bi ycu 14- in Confotr, touching St- ptTttunt if Btditt tji J\(jttural Hijlory ; ij- 1(5. 17. Expciimcnis in Conlott, touching lu- Jitintis and ^cctiraic In- fufions, both in Z;jnon,aiid iS. 19. youniallfcethc Wine, as it were, inai'mall vein, riling through the Water. For handiomncfs fake ( bccaule the working rcquircth ibmc I'mall time) it were po ud you hang chi; upper C/afupon a Nail. But as loon as there is eathcrcdlomiicli pure and unmixed Water in the bottom ot the lower G/^jT, as that the Mouth ot the upper C/.r/l' dippcth into it, the Motion ccai'cth. Let the upper (7/4/i' be Wine, and the lower Water; there followtt'i no Motion at all. Let the upper Giaf be Water purc,thc lower Water coloured, or contrariwile there tbllowcth no Motion at all. But it hath been trycd, that though the mixture of Wine and Water, in the lower (7/-^y?, be three parts Water, andbutone Wine ; yet it doth not dead the M^,tion. This re- paration of Water and Wineappeareth to be made by weight ; for it muft beof^(3^/w of unequal weight, or elfe it workcth not ; and the heavier BOisly niuftcver be in the upper G/aJs. But then note "w'ithaL that the vratcr being madepeniiblc, and there bcingagreat weight of Water in the Belly of the Glajy, fuftaincd by a fmall Pillar of Water in the neck of the C/.if^ ; it is that svhichi'ctteth the Motion on work: For Water and Wine in one Glafj w ich long ftanding.w ill hardly lever. I his Experiment would be extended from mixtures of feveral Liquors X.0 Simple Bodies, which conlillof feveralfimiliar parts : Try it therefore \i\i\\Broynox. Salt-'vi\'itcr'3iwdL. Fresh-water^ placing the Salt-water (which is the heavier) m the upper Glaji\ and fee whetr.crthcfrefla will come above. Try it alio Mfith Water thick Sugrcd, and pure Water ; and fee whether the Water which Cometh above, will lofc his fvx eetncis -. For which pur- pofc, it were good there were a little Cock made in the Belly of the upper Glaf. IN Bodies cxjntainine/z/r Spirits, which do cailly diffipatc when you make infufions ; the Rule is, A fliort flay cf the Bodji in the Liquor receivech the Spirit, and a longer ftay confoundeth it ; becaufe it drawcth forth the Earthy part withal, which cmbafcth the finer. And therefore it is an Er- ror in Phy/itians, to reft fimply upon the length of ftay for cncreafing the vertuc. But if you will have the I»fuJio» Hvonfr, in tholekindeof .5tf<^/Vj-, which have //fie Spirits, your way is not to give longer time, but to repeat the Infnjion of the Body oftncr. Take Violets, and infufe a good Pugil of them in a Qjjart of Vinegar, let them ftav three quarter: of an hour, and take them forth, and refrefii the Infufion with like quantity of new Violets fcvcn times, and it will make a finegar lb frcfli of the ¥loz-'ver, as if a Twelve- moncrh after it be brought you in a Saucer, you fiialifmellit before it come at you. Note, that it fmellcth more pecledly of the FloWcragood while after, then atlirft. This Rule which we havcgivcn, is of lingular ufc for the preparations oi Medicines, zndi other Infufions. As forexampic, thcLeaf of ^//^'^^f hath an excellent Spirit, to reprefs the fuliginous vapor of Dusky Melancholy, and lb to cure Madncfs : But ncvcrthelcfs, it the Leaf be infufei long, it ycildethforthbutarawfubftance of no vertue: Therefore Ifuppofe, that it in the Mull of Wine or WortofBccr,whilc it workcth before it be Tunned, ! the Burrage ftav a fmall time, and be often changed with f rclh, it will make a fovcraign Drink for /J4!r/i»w/'^^ Papons. Andthe like I conceive of Orange Flowers. Rubarb hath manifeftly in it Parts of contrary Operations : Parts that purge, and parts that binde the Body; and the fti-ftlay loolcr, and the latter lay deeper: Century I. deeper,- So that }f you intulc 7?«i.iri toran hour, and crufliic v ell. itvrill purge better, and bin Je the BoJy Icfs after the purging, than ifitftood Twenty lour hours •• This istriei.^, butl conceive likcwifc, that bv repcat- j ing the Infufionof l!ul'.irb, icveral times (as was faid of Violets) Icttimr each iVay in but aimall time , you may make it as (Irong a Purging Medi- cine, as S'cafimony. And it is not a fmall tiling won in Pfrjfuli, it you can make Ru'ur!>, and other Medicines that arc Benedict, asftrong Purgers.as thofc that are not \\ ithout fome mah'giiity. 'Purg'mg Medicines, for the moll part, have their 'PitrgttiveVertue in a fine Spirit, as appeareth by that thcv indurc not boiling, ■withjurmuch lolsof vcrtuc. AnJthercforcitis cf goodulc inPhjftcl^At vou can retain the Pur- ging of ^'^crtuc, and takeaway the unplcafant taftc of the Purijer ; which itishkcyoumay do, by this courfcof infufing r. ft with little itay. Fur it is probable, that the horrible and odious taile is in the grolVer pare Generally, the working by /«//(^ff)» is grols and blind, except you firft try the illiiing of thcfcveral parts of the Body, which Oi them iHuc more fpecdily, and u hich more flowly ; and lo by apportioning the time, can take and leave that quality which you dciire. i his to know, there be two ways; the one tjtry whatlong flay, and what fliorc flay workcch, as hath been faid ; the other to trv, in order, the fucceeding/H/«^on;, of one and the fame Body, fucccHivcly, in fcveral Liquors. As for example, Take Oianrc- Pills, 01- Bofenunj, otCiiw.mon, or n hatyou will ; and let them in- fufc half an hour in Water j then take them out, and infufethcm again in other Water; and io the third time; anl then talle and confidcr the firfl Water, the fccond, and the third, and you will finde them difFering, notonc- ly in flrcngchanJ wcakncfs, but ot crwifc in taile, orodor ; for itmav be thcfirll V.'atcr will have more ofthefent, as hiorc fragrant; and the fccond more of the tadc, as more bitter or biting, &c. Ltftifiouf in Atr (tor fo wc may call Orfon) have the fame diverfiries with /nfuftons in /f^ufer ; in that the fcveral Odors ("w.iich are in one Flower, or other Body^ illuc at fcveral times, fomc earlier, fome later: So wefJnde, that /'^/<;/a;, JVoodbtnes, Stnyfbaries, yield a pleaiing lent, that Cometh fjrth firfl ; but fvonatccran ill fcnt quite diffsiring from the former. Which is caufeJ not f"j much by moUoAing, as by the late ilFuing of the grolFcr Spirit. As we mav dcflre to excrad the fincft Spirits in feme cafes ; {o we may dclirealfo to dilchargo them (as hurtful) in ibmc other. So Wine burncbv rcafonof the evaporating of the finer Spirit, inflamcth lefs, and is bell in Agues : Opium Icclcth Ibmc of his po'fonous qualit;, if icbe vapored out, mingled wirh Spirit of Wine, orthc like : Scun Icefeth fomewhat of his wiudinclsb d.co<5fing; and (generally) fubtile or windy Spirits arc taken cfT by Incenlion, or Evaporation. And even in Infufi -ns in things that are of too high a Ipirit, rou were better pour ofl the fidl Infufion. after aimall time, and ufe the latter. Ubblcs arc in the form of an Hemiiphcrc •, Ah within, and a little Skin of Water without : And it feemcth fomcv\hat ftrangc, that the Air fliould rife l")lwiftly, while it is in the Water; and when it comcth to the top, fhould be flaid by fo weak acovcr, as that of thcBubblcis. But as for the Iwiftafccntof the ^^ir, while it is under the Water;, that is a motion cfPcrculTion from the Water, which it telf defcending^driveth up the ^yitr ; and no motion of Ltviti in the tyiir ^ ^ . .^ > 21. 13- Experiment Soiiiiiy , cojchingibc ^f.piiiit of Cor.tirtu^ion in LiouUj. An J this 'Democritw I called !J\(atuYal Hijlory-^ Experiment Soliraiy . touching the making of 16. Fxpertinient Soliiatyi touchinw the qiiilhy of Mam FUjh. called Mow Phgt. In this common Experiment, the caufc of the cnclolurc of the Bubble is for that the Appetite to rcfift Separation, or Difcontinu- ancc (which in folid 5»rf»« is ftrong) is alio in Liquors, thougli f-iinctr and weaker ■• As we fee in this of the Bubble ; wx.fec it alio in little Glafles of Spittle that Children make of Rufhes ; and in Caftles of Bubbles, which they make by blowing into JV.uer, having obtained a little degree of Tenacity by mixture of Soap: Wcfce it alfo in the S'tiUictdes of ff^aier, which, if there be [Vater enough to follow, will draw thcmfelves into a fmallTbi'cd, bccaufe they will difcontinue ; but if there be no remedy, then they call themfclves into round Drops ; which is the Figure, that favcth the Body mofl: from Discontinuance : The famcrcafon is of the Roundnefs of the Bubble, as well for the Skin oiJKiter, as for the yltr with- in : For the -^^rlikcwiieavoideth ^Difiontlnnance ; and therefore caflcth it ftlfinto a round Figure. And for the flop and arrcftof the yf«r a little while, .it flicweth, that the t^tr of it Icif hath little, or no Appetite of Afcending- THeRe)C(3ion, which 1 continually ufc, of Experiments (chough it ap- pcarcch not) is infinite ; but yet if s.n Experiment be probable in the Work, and of great ufc, I receive it, but delivcrit as doubtful. Jt was reported by a fober man, th^t an j^rtificUl J/)r;«^ may be made thus: Findc outahanging Ground, where there is a good quickFallof Rain-w.iter. Lay a Half-Trcughof Stone, of a good length, three or tour foot dicp with- in the fame Ground ; with one end upon the high Ground, the other upon the low. Cover the Trough with Brakes a good thicknefs, and caft Sand upon the top of the Brakes : You fliallfee (faith he) that after lome fhowres are paft, the lower end of the Trough will be like a Spring of Hater ; which is no marvel, if it hold, while the Rain-water laftethi but he Tiid it would continue long time after the Rain is paft : As if the Water did multiply it felfupon the Air, by the help of the Coldnefs and Condenfation of the Earth, and the Confort of the firft Water. THc French (which put off the name of the French 'Difeafe, unto the name of the Difeafe of iV4/)/fO tio report. That atthe fiegeof iV/«/'/«, there were certain wicked Merchants that barrelled up Mans Flesh (of fome that had been lately (lain in Barb.nj) and fold it for Tunnej ; and that, upon that foul and highNourifliment, was the Original of that T>ife.tfe. Which may well be ; For that it is certain, that the Cambals, in the Weft-Indies, eat ^UnsLlesh ; and the VP'efl-indiei were full of thfc Pox when they were fiift difcovercd : And at this day the Mortnleft pojfons, pradifed by the Ffeft-Indi- Atts, have fome mixture of the Blood, orFat, or Flcfli of Man. And divers Witches, and SorcereflTcs, as well amongft the Heathen, as amongft the C hrift/.(ns, have fed upon Mansflefli, to aid (as it feemeth) their Imagination, with high and foul Vapors. IT fecmcth that there be thefe ways (in likelihood) of yerfion of Fapors ov tylir, into Water and Moifture. I he firft is Co/rf, which doth mani- tcftly Condenfc ; as we fee in thecontraftingof the jitr intheWcacher- Glafs ; whereby it is a degree nearer to Water. We fee it alfo in the Gene^ ration of S'prinjrs, which the x^ticients thought (very probably) to be made by the h-rfion of y^ir into Ffater, holpen by the Refi, which the t^ir hath in thofc parts, whereby it cannot diflipatc And by the coldnefs of Bockj ; fat there Century I. there S'pTtnp arc chicHy venerated. We fecit alio in the Effcds of rhc Cold of the Middle Region (as they call it) of the Ah ,• which produccth Deyvs and Rdtns. And the Experiment of turninfr Water into Ice, by Snow, Ni- tre, and Salt ^whereof \vc fhall {[jc^k hereafter) would be transferred to the turning of Air into Water. The fccoud way is by Comprepton ; as in StilU' miff, u here the Vapor is turned back, upon ic fclf, by the Encounter of the Sides of the SttUaierjf ; and in the 'Derv upon the Covers of Beiling Tats ; and in the 'Dew towards Sum, upon Marble, and FfAinfcot. But this is like to do no great cffeft ; except it be upon Vapors, and grofs ylir, that arc al- ready very near in Degree to Water. Ihc third is that, which may be fearched into, but doth not yet appear ; which is, by Minglingof moift Vapors with Air; and trying if they ^ ill not bring a Return of more Wa- ter, than the Water was at firlf : For it fo, 1 hat Increale is a Verfton of the Air: iherefore put Water into the bottom of 3i StilUmj, with the Neb (lopped J weigh the Water firft; hang in the Middle ot the StiUjtqrj a large Spunge ,• and lee m hat quantity of V\^ttcryou can crufli out of it; and v hat itis, more, orlcfs, compared with the VVater Ipenr j for youmurt undcr- ftand, that if any Vcrfion can be wrought, it will beeaiilydone infmall Pores : And that is the reafon why sve prefcribe a S'punge. The fourth way is probable alfo, though not appearing ; which is, by receiving the A it into the fmall ^Pores of t,odics ; For (as hath been f^id) everything in fmall quan- tity is more cafie for /'^rr/ion ; and Tangible Bodies have no plcalureinthe confort of Air, butendcavor tofubad it into a more 'Z)?))/^ Bodj: But in Entire Bodiesix.it chccV.cA ; becauie, if thcy//r fhould Condcnfe, there is no- thing to fuccccd : Therefore it muil be in loofc Bodies, as Sand, and Pow- der, which wcfccif they lie clofe. of themfelves gather Moifture. IT is reported by fomeofthe y/»i:(<'M;j,ThatWhclps,or other Creatures, if they bcputyoung into fucha Cage, or Box, as they cannot rife to their Stature, but may increafc in breadth or length, will grow accordingly, as they can get room j which, if it be true, and fealible, and that the young Creature lo prcfTcd.and l^reightncd, doth not thereupon die ; ic is a means to produce 'D-tctirf Creatures, and in a very llrangc Figure. This is certain, and noted long fincc, 1 hat the Preflure, or Forming of Parts of Creatures, when they are very young, doth alter the lliape not a little : As the ftroak- ingof the Heads of Infants, between the Hands, was noted of old, to make AUcrjcephati; which fliape of the Head, at that time, was ellcemed. And the railing gently of the Bridge of the ^'olc, doth prevent the Deformity of aSaddlcNofe. W'hich oblcrvation well weighed, may teach a means, to make the Pcrfons of i\4en and Women, in many kindes. morecomely and better featured, than otherwife they would be ; by the Forming and Shaping of them in their Infancy : As by Stroaking up the Calves of the Legs, to keep them from falling down too low ; and by Stroaking up the Forehead, to keep them from Being low Forcheaded. And itis a common pradicc to i\vathe Infants, that they may grow more ftraight, and better ihapcd ; and we fee young Women, by wearing llraight Bodies, keep thcm- Iclvcsfrom being Grofs and Corpulent, ONions, as they hang, will many of them fliootforrh ; and fo will Pennj- f»yal; and fo will an Herb called Orpin; with which they ufe, in the Countrcy , to trim their Houfcs , binding ic to a Lath,: or Stick, and ictcing itagainft aWall. VVe fee itiikcwife. more cfpccially, in t .e greater __^ Temper- 28. Ejcpcciment Solitary, touching the Hetpi to- watds the BtMuty inA gold FtatHTtl of Ptrftm. i9- ExpcnmCius Soliiliy, (OUkhirg the Condin nf of ^/r in luch fott aiit m»j put on t*'eigl,t. and yield ;V(wri/i- Di>nr. JSQiturd Hijlory ; Semper-vtve, which will piKout Brandies, two or three years : But it is true, that commonly they wrap the Root in a cloth bclmearcd with Oyl ; and renew it once in a half year. The like is reported by ibmc ot the An- cients of the Italics o( Lillm. The caule is, foe that theic TUnn Iiavc a ftron? denfc, and lucculent moifturc, which isnotaptto cxhaJe ; and fo is able, from thcoldilorc, without drawing hc!p from the Earth, to liitiice thcfproutingof the/"/.!*!; : And this Iprouting ischicfly in the late Spring, or early Summer ; which arc the times of putting forth. Wc Ice alio, that llumps of Trees, lying out of the Ground, will put forth Sprouts for a time. But It is a noble tryal, and of very great confequence, to try whether thelc things, in the fprouting. doencreafc weight , which muft be tryed, by weighing them before thev be hanged up ; and afterwards again, whcnthcv arefproutcd. For if they incrcaic not in weight, then it is no more but this, That what thc\' fend forth in the fprout, they leefc in Ibme otherpart; but if they gather weight, then iz is C^fagnale Naturx : Forit flicweth, that tyi/»r may be made fotobecondenfcd, as to be converted in- to adenfe Body ; whcrcasthc race and period of all things, here above the E.irth, is to extenuate and turn things to be more pneumatical, and rare ; and not to be retrograde, from pneumatical to that which isdenl'e. It Hiewethalfo, tiiat y:/<rcan nourifli ; which is another great matter of con- fequence. Note, that to try this, thcExpcrimcntot the yeinper-vive, mull be m.nde withoutoylingthe cloth; for clfe, it may be, the PJant receivcth nourifhment from the Oyl, FLame and y^ir do not mingle, except it be in an inftant ; or in the P'ital S'pirits of vegetables, and living Creatures. In Gunpo%\der, the force of it hath been afcribed to rarcfadion of the earthly fubflancc into PUtKe. And thus far itis true; and then (forfooth) it is become another Element j the form whereof occupieth more place; andfo, of Neccffity, foUowech a Dilatation : And therefore , left two Bodies (hould be in one place, there muft needs alio follow an Expulfion of the Pellet, or blowing up of the Mine. But thcfcare crude and ignorant fpcculations : Vor fUme, if there were nothing elie, except it were in a very grcnt quantitv, will be fiiflocatc with any hard body, fuch as a Pellet is, orthc Banelof a Gun ; lb as the flame would not expel the hard body , but the hard bodj would kill the flime, and norfuff'cr it to kindle, or fprcd. But the caufe of this fo po- tent a motion is the Nhre (which we call otherwife S'alt-reur) which having in it a notable crude andwindy Spirit, firft by thehcat of the Fjr; fuddenly dilateth it felf j (and we know that (Implc Air, being prcterna- turally attenuated by heat, will make itfelfroom, and break, and blow up that which refiftethit.) And fccondly, when the N'me hathdilated it (elf, it bio weth abroad the ^4i«<f asan inward Bellows. And therefore we lee that Brimflone , 'Pitch, Camphire, H ildfire, and divers other inflamable matters ; though they burn crucllv, and are hard to quench, yet they make no fuch fiery wind, as Cunpoyider doth : And on the other fide, wefeethat Quiik^filver ( V hich is a moil crude and watryBody) heated, and pent in, hath the like force with Gunpo-^der. As for living Creatures, it is certain, their Vttd Spirits :\re a fubftance compounded of an airy and f^amv mat- ter; and though Air and Flame, being free, v ill not well mingle; yet bound in by a Body that hath jbmc fixing.they will. For that you may beft fee in thofc two Bodies (which are their Aliments) fFater and Oj!; forthe^ likewife will not well mingle of themfelves, but in the Bodies of Plants, and Century I.
ind Lifi?!^ Creatures, chcywill. Itis no miirvcl therefore, that a fmall^w«-
tity of Spirits, in the Cells oFchc Brain, and Cannals of the Sinews, arc able to move i whole Body (which is oi fo great mafj) boch with fo great force, as inWreftling, Leaping; and with fo great Iwifcnels, as in playing Divifi- on upon the Lute : Such is tiic force of thcfc two T^jttires, Air and blmie v\ hen they incorporate. TAkca '^mAMVax-C.indk, and put it in a Socket of Brafs or Iron, then fct it upright in a Porringer tuUof Spirit of Wine, hcatcJ ; then fet boch the Candle, and Spirit of Wincon lire, and you (hallfcc the flame of the Candle open it felf, and become four or five times bigger then odicr- wifc it would have been, and appear in figure ClobuLir, and not in Ihrnmis. You fliall fee alfo, that the inward flame ot the Candle keepethcolow, and doth not vrax any uhitblew towards thccolour of the outward flame of the SpiriccfWinc. This is anoblcinllancc, wherein two things are moft remarkable; the one, that one flame within another quencheth not, but is a '[wzdiBedy, an J continuech as Air ot Ff'ater do; and thercf.irc flame would ffill alccnd upwards in one greacncfs, ifit were not quenched on the fiJcs ; and the greater the flame is atthcbottom.thc higher is the rife. The other, that Flame doth not mingle with Flame, as Air dothwith Air, or Water with Water, but oncly remaineth contiguous ; as it comcth to paG be- twixt Confifiing Bodies. Jt nppcarcth alfo, that the form of a Pyr.imis in Flame, which wcufually fee, is mecrL bv accident, and that the Air about, bv quenching the /ides of the Flame, cruflicth it, and cxtcnuatcth it into that form ; tor of it Iclf, it would be round : And therefore Smoak is in the figureof J. Pymmis rev cried ; for the Air qucncheth the Flame, and rc- ccivctiuhe Smoak. Note alio, t!utclic flame of the Candle, wicliinthc flamcof the Spirit of Wine, is troubled, anddoth notonclv open and move upwards, but movcch waving, and to and fro : As if Flame of his own Na- ture (if it were not quenched) would roul and turn as well as move up- wards. By all which it fhould fecm, cliat the Celejiid Bodies (moff of them) are true Fires or Flames, as the Stoicks\\z\d ; more fine (perhaps) and ra ri- fled, thanour flame is. For they are all C/tfW.zr and Betern.ite, they have Rotation, and they have the colour andfplendor of Flume : So that Flame above, is durable and conliftcnt, and in his natural place; buOAithus, it is a flrangcr, and mcmentany and impure, like /«/f.z/z that halted with his tall. TAkc an /frroT'T', and hold it in Flame for the fpace of ten Pulfcsj and when itcomctiiforch, you flLiUfinde thofc parts of the Arrow which ■wcrconethcoutfidcsof the Flame, more burned, blacked, and turned al- moftinto aCoal ; whereas that in the midft oftheflame, will beasif the fire had Icarce touched it. This isaninftanccof grcatconfcqucncc for the difcovcry of the nature of Flame, .nnd llTewccIi manifclHy, that Flame burn- cth more violently towards the fides, then inthcmidlt: And, which is more, x\\\lHcat orfireis not violentor furiou , but whereitis chcckcdand pent. And therefore the PeripateticLs (howioevcr their opinion o" an Ele- ment of Fire, above the Air, is jullly exploded > in that point they acquit thcmfclvcs well : For being oppofcd, that if there were a Ipherc of Fire, that incompaifed the Earth lb near hand, it ^»crc impoflibic, but aJl tilings fhould be burnt iip ; they anfwer, that the pure Elemcfitd Firej in his own place, andnotirritate, is bur of a moderateheat. It 31- Kxpcrjment Solitary, touching the Sttrtt Naiuri of Flame, 32- Expftiment Solitaiy» touching the Oifcrtnifurci af FUmtinthi midll, and en ih( fidti. lO Ex|iciimcnt Soliiary,
touching the
Occretijt of the Naiunl Ma titn of Gtavl ty in great diHnnce from the Birth ; or within fome dtpth of the Earth. 54- ExpciiiiK'nt Solitary, touchiiigthe Conti-xciian of boiliti in in/j^. by the mixture nf the more Li^i ii Jiody, with th: more Solid. 3)- Expcinnent Solitaiy. touching the iM..klngl' inti more fruitful . 36. Experiments in Contort, touching Titrging Ate- diiines. ^Yjitural Hillory ; IT is afliimcJ conllintly by many, as an ufual Experiment, Tliata Iiimpof Fre, in the bottom of a Mine, will be tumbled andftirred by t vo Mens ftrcngth ; vfliich it you bring it to the top of the liaith, will ask fix Mens ftrcn^th atthc Icall: to ftir it. It is a noble inftancc, and is fit to be trycd to the tiill : For it is very probable, that the Moiion of Gravity workcth Weakly, both far from the Earth, and alio within the Earth; The former, bccaufc the appetite of Union ot Dcnfe Bodies with the Earth, in rcfpcdot thediftancc is more dull. The latter, bccaufc the Body hath in part attained his nature, when it is fomc depth in the Earth. For as for the moving to a pointer place (which was the opinion jof the .^nttents) it is a mcer vanity. IT is (trangc, how the t^ntlents tookvip Experiments upon credit, and yet did build great Matters upon them. The obfcrvation of f jmc of the bell: ot them, delivered confidently, is, 1 hat a Veflelhllcd\Y'ithy///r«, will receive the like quantity of Water, that itwould have done if ithaJbecn empty-But this is utterly untrue, for the Water will not go in by a fifth part; and Ifup- pol'c, that that fifth part is the difference of the lying clofe, or open of the Afhcs ; as wc {ce, that Aflics alone, if they bchari.! prefled, will lie in Icfs room ; and fo the Aflies with Air between, lieloofcr, and with Wafer clofer. For I have not vet found certainly, that the Water icfelf bymix- tureof Allies orDuft.willftrinkordraw intolcfs room. IT is reported oF credit , That if you lay goodftoreof Kernels of Grapes- about the Boot of a Vine, it will make the Vine come earlier, and profper better. It may be tried with other AVrwf/^, laid about thei?oc/of a 'jP/.fwr of thcfamekinde,- iiS Figs, Kernels of Apples, &c. Ihecaufcmaybc, forthatthe Kernels draw out of the Earth juice fittonourifli the Tree, asthofethat would be Trees of themfelvcs, though there were no Root ; but the Root Ikeing of greater ftrcngth, robbeth and devourech the nourilhmcnt, when they have drawn it; asgrcatFifhes devour little. T He operation of T urging Medicines, and the caulcs thereof, have been thought to be a great Secret ; and fo according to the flothful manner of Men, it is referred to a Hidden Proprietj, a Specifical T'ertue, and a Fourth • Quality , and the like fhifts of Ignorance. The Caufes of Purging, are divers, All plain andpcrfpicuous, and throughly maintained by experience. Thcfirftis, That whatfoever cannot be overcome and digcrtcd by the Stomack, is bv the Stomack, cither put up by Fomit, or putdown to the Guts i and by that Motion of Expulfion in the Stomack and Guts, other Parts of the Body (as the Or»j5f« of the Veins, and the like) are moved to ex- pel by Conibnc : For nothing is more frequent then Motion of Confent in the Bodjof u^^atl. This Surcharge of the Stomack, is caufed either by the Quality of the Medicine, or by the Quantity. The Qualities are three, Extream Bitter, zs, in Aloes, Coloquimida,&c. LoAthfome, and of horrible tafbe, as in t^itrikj Bl.tck.Hellebore, &c. And oi fecret (Jlfalignitji, and difagree- mcnt towards C^Lou Body , many times not appearing much in the tafte, as in Scamnony, (J^facboacham, Antimony, &c. And note well, that if there be any Medicine that rurgeth , and hath neither of the firft two C^Ianifeft ^julities , istobchfldfufpeded asa kindc of Poyfon ; Forthat it worketh cither by Corrofton , or by a fecret Malignity , and Enmity to Nature ; and thcre'orefuch Medicines arc wanly to be prepared an J ufcd. The quantity of that which is taken, doth alfo caufe Purging , as we fee in a great quan- tity of new Milk from the Cow, yea, and a great quantity of Meat : For S'nrfevts Century I. ?urftits many cimcs turn to 'Furgei . both upwards and downwards. There- fore we fee generally, that the working of Turging Medicines comcthtwo or three hours a^tczthcMedimes taken : For that the Jww-tf^firfl: makcth a proof, whctherit can concoft them. And thelikc happeOeth after Surfeits. or Milk in too great quantity. A fecoad caufc is OHordicatioH of the Orifices of the Parts, cfpccially of the miefeiitery Jems ; as it isfccn, that bait, or any fuch thing that is Hiarp and biting, put into the Fundament, doth provoke the part to expel, and Mufiurd provokcthfncczing ; andanyfliarpthingto the eyes provokcth tears. And therefore \vc ice, that almofl: all Turgers hivc akindcof twitching and vcl- lication, befidcs the griping which cometh of wind. And if this (Jf'lordi- catton be in an over-high ilcgree, it is little better than tlic Corofwn of l^ojfon , and it cometh to pafs fomctimes in Jmmonj , cfpecially if it be given to Bodies not replcat with humors ; for where humors abound, the humors favc the parts. The third caufc is tv^rrM^iort : For I do not deny, h\it thai Purging Me. didnes havcin them adircdforcc of ^«r.J(Sw» ,• as Drawing-Plaifters have inS'urgery. And we fee S'>>ge, or Sittonj bruifed, SneeT^ug'potitder, ^ndothci: Ponh- ders or Liquors (w.iich thcThyfuUns call Errhines) put into the Nufe , draw Flcgm and Water from the Head ; and fo it is in ^popblegjitatifms and Gar- gxnfms that draw the Rhcumc down by the Palat. And by this vcitue, no doubt, fume TKrjm draw more one humor, and fome another, according to the opinion received: As T^/it/uMraweth Cholcr, i"f<t» Melancholy, ^g^ r4f/^Flegm,&c. but yet (more or lefs) they draw promiicuoufly. And note alfo, that befidcs Sympathy between the Purger and thz Humor, there is alfo another caufc, why fome ./l/f(/;(rj»« draw fome humor more than another; and it is, forthatfomc C^Iedicines work quicker than others ; and they that draw quick, draw onely the lighter, and more fluid humors ; t icy rhatdraw flow, work upon the more tough, and vilcuous humors. And therefore, men muft beware how they take Rnh.irb, and the like, alone, familiarly •. for ic taketh onely the lightefl: part of the humor away, and leaveth the Mafs of Humors more obftinatc. Andthclikcmay bcfaidof/farw-Tiwerf, which it fo much magnified. The fourth caufc is F/4ttf»/Ir;: For wind flirted, movcth to expel; and we findc that (incftcd) all Furgers have in them a raw Spirit or If^md, which is the principal caufc of Tortion in the Stomack and Belly. And therefore 'PK/;?<rriiccfermoftof them) thevirtue, by dccodion upon the fire j andbr that caufe are chiefly given inlnfufion, Juycc, or Powder. The fifth caufc isComprefiion or Crufhtng: Aswhcn Water is cruflied out of a Spungc : So we fee that taking cold movcth loofncfi by contradion of the Skin, and outward parts ; and lo doth Cold likc^x■jfe caui'e Rheums andDefluaions fromtheHcad, and fome oZ-^i^ri^^m /'/.ii/?*ncrufli out pu- rulent Matter. This kinde of operation is not found inm^ny Mcduines : CMirthoUnes have it, and it may be the Bxrkio'i Fetches ; for tliis vcrtuc re- quitcth an Jfinatcn, but fuch inJftncTon, as is notgratetul to the Body (for apleafing tyljlrul ion doth rather bindc in the humors, than ex- pel them : ) And therefore fuch Jfinmon is found in things of an laarrifh talic. The fixth caufc \% Lnhreftilion and RiUx.uion : As we fee m Meisctts Emollient, fuch as are C^lilk., Hoiiej , MMIot^s, Lettuce, Menurul, Pc'Mfrjof the JVaH, and others. There is alfo a fccret vcrtuc of f^eUxMion of Cold ; tor the ho«t of the Body bindcth the Parts and Humors together, which Cold 12 41. 43- 44. j\(atural Hijlory ; J 45- Experiments in Confoitj touching Aicati and Drir.l^t that art moji nou- rijhing. Cold, relaxeth : As it is leen in ferine. Blood, Tottage, or the like ; -vi-liich, if chcy be cold, break and diirolvc. Andby thiskinde of /?f/.«x4rio», Fcnr loolncth theBclly; bccaui'ctheheatrctiring inwards towards the Heart, the Guts, and other parts arc relaxed ; in the fame manner as Fear alio caiifcth trem- bling in the Sinews. And of this kinde of Turgors arc fomc OMedumfs made ot Mercurj. Thefcventhcaufcis K^bjlerfion, which is plainly a /lOHrin^ojf, or 'luifitn' of the more vifcuoiu humors, and making the Awwar^ more fluid, and cutting' between them, and the part ; as is found in iV/frow /^ir^r, which fcourcth Linncn-Cloth (fpecdily) from the foulncfs. But this Inct^on muft be by a; S/>arpnef,\\Hhont^flrictton; which we findc in ^alt, fVormfi^ood, Oxytnel, and' the like. There be Medicines that move S'tools, andnot ferine ; feme other Frine, and not .Troff/^. Thofe that *P«r^* ij- Jroo/, are fuch as enter not at all, orlittlc into the C^lefentery Veins ; but cither at the hrft, are not digeftible by the ^tomack, and therefore move immediately downwards to the Guts; or cli'c arc afterwards rejedcd bv the UWefmterj/ Veins, and fo turn likewifc down- wards to the Guts ; andofthcfetwokindcs, aremoftPurgcrs. But thofc that move Vrine, arefuchas are well digcfted of the Stomack, and well received alfo of the Mefenterj Veins ; fo they corneas far as the Liver, which Ibndcth Vrine X.0 the Bladder, as the fVhej/ of Blood: And thofc Cj^/f(fu ;;;<•;, being open- ing and piercing, do fortific the operation of the Liver, in fending down the Wheycy part oi the Blood to the Rews. Tor Medicines Urinative do not work by rcjcdion and indigeftion, a Solutire do. There be divers Medicines, which in greater quantity move Stool, and in fmaller. Urine ; andfo contrariwife, ibme thatin greater quantity move Urine, and in fmallcr Stool. Of the former fortisi?«^.hanks, and throw them away; then with agood ftrongCnopping-knife, mince the twoCapons, Bones and all, asfmallas ordinary minced Meat; put them into a large neat Boulter, then take a Kil- derkin, iweer, and well feafoned, of four Gallons of Beer of Eight fhillings ftrcpgth, new as it Cometh from the Tunning; makcin theKilderkin agrcat Bung-hole of purpofe, then thrult into it, the Boulter (in which the Capons are; drawn out in length ; leticlkepin it three days and three nights, the Bung-hole open to work, then clofe the Bung hole, and fo let it continue a day and a half, then draw it into Bottles, and you may drink it well after threedays Bottling, and it will latl fix weeks ('approved). It drinketh frefh, flowreth, and mantlcrh exceedingly, it drinketh not newifli at all, it is an excellent drink iora Confumption tobedrunk cither alone, or carded with fome other Beer. It quencheth thirft, and hathno whitof windincis. Note, that it is notpofliblc, that Meat and Bread, eiiher in Broths, or taken with Drink, as is ufcd, fliould get fortn into the Veiiis, and outward Parts, fb finely, and eafily, as when it is thus incorporate, and made almoll a Chjliis aforehand. Tryal would be made of the like Brew with Tot.tdo-Roots, or Bur-Roots, or the Pith of «_x^m<:/>a;j/7, which arc nourifhing Meats.- It may bctryed al- fo, with other flefli ; as Phefant, P4trnige,Toiing Tori, Pig, Venifotij cfpecially of Tiung 'Deer, &c. \CMfrtrefmiAc with the Brxivn of Capons, ftimped, andnrained,and mingled (alter it is made) with like quantity, at the leaft, of jilmond Butter, is an excellent Meat to nourifh thole that ar^ weak, better than Batk-M^nger or Jelly : Andfo is theC'H///tf ot Co(ki, boiledthickwith thelikemixture ot Almond Butter: Forthe Mortrcfs orCullice of itleir, is more lavory and Itrong, and not lb fit for nour.fliing of weakBodie-^, but the Almonds that arc not of fo high arafteasflefli, do excellently qualiheir. Lidi.tn M.tiz hath (ot certain) an excellent Spirit of N'ourifhmens but ic muft be throughly boiled, and made in:oaMaiz-Crcam like a Bulcy-Cream. 1 judge the fame ot Rice, m.ade into a Cream ; forKice i^i.i Turky, and other Couotreys of the Eart, moft fed upon, but it muft be throughly boiled in re- fpcftof thehardnefsof it; and alfo, bccaufc othcrwifc it bindcth the Body too much. Piftachoes, fo they be good and not mufty, joyned with Almonds in Almond Milk, or made into a Milk of themfclves, hkc unto Almond Milk, but more green, are in excellent nourifhcr. But you fhall do well, to add a little Ginger fctapcd, becaule they are not without fomc fubtilwindi- Jiefs. C Milk, 14 51- 52- 53. 54' 55" J\(jitural H'tjlory ; (JMtlk. warm from tlie Co\*, is lound tc be- a great nounfhcr, and a good remedy in Confumptions : But then you muft putincoir, when you Milk the Cow, two little Bags; the one ot ^^eT»der ef Almt, the other of /'«Wfr of RedRofes] for they keep thcMilk fomewhat from turning, or crudjmg inthci)tomack; and put in Sugar alio for the fame caufe, and partly tor the taltes (iike : But you muft drink a good draught, that it may Itay Itfs tmv; in the Stomack, Jell: it cruddlc: And let the Cup, into which you milk the Cow, befet in a greater Cup of hot Water, that you may take it warm. And Col* -mi/iLth us prepared, I judge to be better tor aConfumption, thati {^yiJi-mUi , whicli (it is true) turncth not fo cafily . but it is at little hatlh.- Marry it is more proper for fharpncls of Urine , and Exulceration of the Bladder, and all manner of Lcnifyings. IVemens-mtlk hkcwileis prefcribccl, whemllfail; but 1 commend it nor, as being a little too near the Juycc of Mans Body, tobcagoodnouriiher ; except it be in Infants, to whom it is natural. Ojl of fiveet Jllmonds newly drawn, with Sugarand a little Spice, fprcd upon Bread tolled, is an excellent nourifiier ; but then to keep the Oyl from frying in the Stomack, youmulldtink agooddraught of Milde-Bcer after it J and to keep it from relaxing the Stomack too much, you mull put in a little Ttltder of Cinnamon. 1 he Tolki of tggs are of thcmfelves fo well prepared by NAture (or nou- rifliment , as (fo they be Potched, or Rear boy led) they need no other pre- paration or mixture ; yet they may be taken alio raw, when they are new laid, with C^Ialm fey oi Sneet J'f^ine .Y ou Hull do well to put in fomcfew fliccs of ETinglum Rottt, and a little %^mber greect : For by this means, befidesthc immediate taculty of nourifhment, luch drink will ftrcngthen the Back, fo that it will not draw down the Urine toofaft. For too much Urine doth al- ways hinder nourifhment. (JUincing of Ment, as in *P»« , and Butter ti minced Meat, favcth the grind- ing of the Teeth ; and therefore (no doubt) it is more nouriftiing, efpecially in Age , or to them that have weak Teeth ; but the Butter is not fo proper tor weak Bodies, and therefore it were good to moiften it with a little Claret Wine, Pill of Lemmonot Orenge cut (mall, iugar, and a very lirtlc Cinnamon, or Nutmeg. As for c/;Kfrj, which are likewilc Minccd-mcat; inltcadof Butter, and Fat.it were good to moiften them, partly with Cream, or Almond, or Piftachomilk, or Barley, orMaiz Cream ; adding a little Co- nander-fccd, and CarraWayTced, and a very little Saffron. The mote lull handling of Alimentation, wcrelerve ro the due place. fVe have hitherto handled the particular/, "Xthich yield tieft, tndeafiefi, and plentifulleft, Nourishtnent j and nolv Jte y»iUJpeak of the befi Means ef conveying, and convert- ing the Nourishment. The hrltMeans isto procure, that thcNourifhment may notbe robbed and drawn away i wherein that which we have already laid, is very mate- rial, to provide, thattheReins draw not too flrongly an over-great part of the Blood into Urine. Tothis add that Precept of -^ri/?«/f. That Wine be torborn in all Confumptions ; for that the Spirits of the Wine do prey upon the Rofcidejuyce of the Body, andinter-common with the Spirits of the Body, and fo deceive and rob them of their Nourifliment. And therefore if the Confumption, growing trom the weaknels of the Stomack, do force you to ufc Winc; let it always be burnt, that the quicker Spirits may cvapo- rate, or (at the leaft) quenched with two little Wedges of Gold, fix or (even times repeated. Add alfo this Provifion, that there be not too much expence of (^entmy I. of the nouridimcnt, by Exhaling and Sweating : And therefore if tlic Piticnt be apt to fxvcat, itmuftbcgcmly rcftraincd. Btic'chiefly /i/z/iocrj/^ Rule is to bcfollowed, whoadvilcth quite contrary to that which is in ufc : Naniclv, That the Linnen or Garment next the Flelh, be in Winter dry and Oic changed; and in Summer I'eldom changed, and fmearc J over ^^ithOyI.• For certain it is, that anyfubllancc that is fat, doth a little fill the Pores of the Body and (tay S\veat in fome degree. But the more cleanly way is to have the Linnen fmeared lightly over withOylof fvveet Almonds, and not toforbcarfhiftingasoftas is fit. The fecond Means is to fend forth the nouriniment into the parts more ftrongly, for which, thcworking muftbe byftrengthning of the Stoaiack ; and in this, bccaufc the Stomack is chiefly comforted by Wine and hot things, which other vxifc hurt, it isgoodto refbrt to outward applications to the Stomack: Wherein it hath becntryc I, that the Quilts of Rofcs, Spices, M.illick. "W^'orm'w'ood, Mint, &c. are not fo helpful, as to take a Cake of New Bread, and to bedew it with a little r<tti^ or <J^/ff<»«r, andtodryit, and after it be dryed alicdc bctorc the Fire, to put it within a clean Napkin, and to lay it to the Stomack: For it is certain, that all Flower hath a po- tent Vertue of ylftncfion , infomnch, as it hardneth a piece of Flelh, or a Flower that is laid in ir. And therefore a Bag quilted with Bran, islikcvvifc verv good, butitdrycthlomcwhat toomuch, and therefore itmuflnot lie long. The third Means (which may be a branch of thcformcr^i is to fend forth thcnourilhmcnt the better by flecp. For vrcfee, that Bears and other Creatures that flccp in the Winter, was exceeding tat : And certain itis, (as it is commonly believed) that Sleep doth nourilh much, bcth for that the Spirits do lelsfpcnd the nourilhment in Sleep, thanwhcn living Creatures areawiikc: And becaulc (thatwhichis to theprefcntpurpofc) ithelpcth tothruft out thenourifliment into the parts. Therefore in aged-meri. and weakBodics, andiuchas abound not with Choler, afhortflcepafter dinner doth help to nouridi; forinfuch Bodies there is no fear of an over-haffcv digcftion, ■which is the inconvenience otToJl-ttieridun S'ltfps. Sleep alfo in the morning, atter the taking of fomewhatof eaficdigeftion ; a$ Milk from tlij Cow, nourifhing Broth, or the like, doth further nouriftimcnt : But this would be done litting upright, that the Milk orBroth may pafs the more fpcedilv to the bottom of the Stomack. Tlicfourth Meansis toprovide.thatthc parts thcmfelvctmay draw to them the nourilhment ftroncrly. There is an excellcntobfcrvationof yfri- flotle, chat a ^reat reafon why Plants (fome of them) are of greater age than Living Creatures is, for that they yearly put forth new Leaves and Boughs ; whereas Living Creatures put forth (after their period of growth) nothing that is young, butHair anaNails. which are Excrements, and no Parts. And itis molt certain, that uh.itfoever is younjj, doth draw nourishment better, than that which is old ; and then (that which is the myftcry of that obfcrvation) young Boughs and Leaves, calling tlic Sap up to them, the fimcnourilliethiheBodyin thcpaiVage. And this we fee notably pro- ved alio, in that the oft cutting or polling of //fii'^d-/, Trees, and Herh, doth conduce much to their lafting. 1 ransfer therefore this obfcrvation to the helping of nourilhment in Living Creatures : The Nobklt and Principal Uic whcrcof.ij, for the Prolongation of Life ; Reftauration of fome de- gree of Youdi, and Inteneration of the Parts: For certain it is, that there arc in Living Creatures Parts that nourilli and repair cafily , and part* that C i nourifli i6 59- 60. £xpeiiment Solitary, touching Filum Aitii- c/im/c. O^tural Hi [lory ; nourilh and repair hardly i andyoii mull rcfrcfli, anJ; renew cholc chacarc calic tonourilli, that the other may be re rcflicd, an.l (asit were) drink in nourilhment in the pallagc. Now \vc Ice that 'DraugkiOxen ^ninxio ^uod Parturc, recover the FJcJh of young Beet ; and iVlen atcer longcmaci:iting Diets, wax plump and fat, and almolt new : S« that you ma . iurcly conclude, that the trcqucntand wife ufc of thoi'c emaciating l^icf;, and of Purgings; and perhaps of feme kinde of Bleeding, is a principal means of prolonga- tion pt life, and rertoring iomedcgrce of Youth : For aswc have oftciilaid, 'Death cunicth upon Living Creatures like the Torment of Mez^eimw, (JUortuA HHmetumjungebat corpon vn'«, Component M^ntbiifjue Manus, 4tqueorihis»ra. For the parts in Mans body cafily repairable (as Spirits, Blood, and Fleih) die in th&embracement of the parts hardly repairable as Bones, Nerves, and Membranes) and likcwifc lomc Entrails (which they tetkon amongll the Spcrmatical Parts) arc hard to repair : Though that di\ illon ot Sper- matical and Alcnftcual Parts, be but a conceit. And this lame oblcrv uion alfb may be drawn to the prcfcnt purpofeof nourilhing emaciated Bodies : And therefore Gemle Frttatwn draweth forth the nouriihmcnt, by making the parts a little hungry and heating them, whereby thc\' call forth nouriili- ment the better. This Frtcatton I \cifii to be done in the morning. It is alfo bell done by the Hjnd, or apiece of Scarlet-Wool, wet a little with O) 1 of Almonds, mingled with a fmall quantity of Bay-Salt, or Saflron : We fee that the very Currying of Horfes doth make them fat, and in good liking. i he fifth means is, to further the very i& of t_/ffnni!.uion of Nourish- tnent; which is done by lomc outward f»j»//!r«M , that make the parts more apt to Aflimilate. For w hich I have compounded an ointment of excellent odor, which I call Rm(t» ointment, vide the Reccit. The ufc of it would be betvfccpflccps ; forin the latter llccp,thc parts aflimulate chiefly. THerc be many (JHedkines, which by thcmfelvcs would do no cure, but perhaps hurt, but being applicdin a certain order, one alter another, do great cures. I have tried (my (eU) a Remedy for the Gout, which bath fcliJom failed, but driven it away in Twenty four hours inacc : It is firfl to Apply a Piiltitf, of which, v/rf? the Reccit, and then aBarh or Fomentation, of which, v/rff thcRcccit , and then aPlaiftcr, n^/^ the Receit. Ihc'TultaJi relaxed the Pores, and makcth thehvmiorapt to exhale. The Fomentation calleth forth the Humor by Vapors ; but yet in regard of the way made by the Tultaf, draweth gently ; and therefore draweth the Humors out, and doth notdraw morctoit: For itis aGentlc Fomentation, andhath withal a mixture (though very little^ of fome ftupcfadive. Ihe Plailler is a moderate Aftringent Plaiflcr , which repcUeth new humor from filling. The /"«//.«/ alone would make thepart more foft and weak, andaptcrto rake the dci^uxion and impreffion of thcHumor. The Fomentation alone, if it were too'w'eak, without way made by the Pultaf, would draw forth litde; if too ftrong, it would draw to thepart, as well as draw from it. The Phiilcr alone would pen the Humor already contained in the part, and fo exafpev rate it, as well as forbid new Humor ; therefore they mud be all taken iri order, as isfaid: The PiiUaj^ i$ to bo laid to for two or three hours; the' Fomentation fora quarter of an hour, orfomewhat better, being ufcd hot, and fcven or eight times repeated ; thcPlaiftcr to continue on ftill, tilltho part be well confirmed. ; i: .. ; . .' ') There "'■-'-■" ■« ' 6t. ?X|ierimcrit SolltJ/JTi touching Curt Lj Cu- (^entury /. I ' 7 THerc is a fccrct way of Cure , unpradifcd by ylffuetudc of that which inicfelr hurtcth. Pojfonshx\-c been made by fomcFamihar, as hach been laid. Ordinary Keepers of the lick ot ths FU^ne, arc fclJoin infc<flcd. Enduring of Tortures, by cultom hath been made more calic : Thebrook- ingofenormousquantity of Meats, and loot Wine, or ftrongdrink, hath been by cullom made to be without Surfeit or Drunkcnnels. And generally Pilcalcs that arc Chronical, as Coughs^ 'PbiJ/tftekj, fomc kinde ofTalfus, Lunacies, &c. are moll dangerous at thcfirft : I hcrcforc a wile Thyfitian w ill conlidcr, v\ hcther a Dilcafe be incurable, or whether thcjuft cure of'it be not full of peril; and if he iindc it tobcfuch, let nim rcfort to Tallunon, and alltviarc the Symptom without bufying himlelf to j much with the pcrtcd cuic : And many times (if the Patient be indeed patient) that couric will exceed all cxpC(^ation. Likewile the Patient himlclf may ifrive, by little and little to overcome the Symptom in the Exacerbation, and lb by time turn luffcring into Nature. Divers Difcafes, cfpecially Chronical, (Cuch :is Quartm jigues) are Ibmc- timcscure ! by Surfeitund Exiejfes j as excels of Meat, excels of Drink, extraordinary Falting, extraordinary llirring, or Laffitudc, and the like. The caule is, for that Dilcates of continuance, act an adventitious ftrength from Cultom, bclidcs their material caule from the Humors : So that the breaking of the Cullom doth leave them onely to their firllcaul!: ; which, if it be any thing weak, will tall off. Bclides.luchExcclIesd) excite and fpur Nature, whichthereupon rilechmorc forcibly againll thcDilcalc. THerc is in the Body of Man, agrcatconfcnt in the Motion of the fcvcral parts : Wclccit isChildrcns Iport, to prove whether they can rub up- on their Brefl with one hand, nndpatupon their Forehead with another; andllraight ways they lliall lometimcs rub with both hands, or pat with bothhands. \Vc Ice, that when the Spirits that come to the Nollriis, ex- pel a bad fcnt, the Scomack is ready to expel by vomit. We t.ndethat in Ctnfiimptions of the Lungs, whcn Nature cannotcxpcl by Cough, Men fall into J-iuxei of the Belly, and then thcv die. So in 'PefliUnt 'Dijeufes . if they can- no: be expelled bv T-vv/jr, they fall likewifc into Leofnef, And that is common- ly Mortal. Therefore pl/^fittuns (liould ingcnioufly contrive, how by Mo- tions that are in their power, they may excite inward Motions t'nat are not in thcrirpouer, by conltnt ; asby the ilench of Feathers, orthelike, they cure the riling ot the Mother. i Hippocrates yipberifm, in Morbu A/itiw, is a good profound K^fhojifm. It im- 6^. portcta, that Difealcs con:rary to the Complexion, Age, Sex, >ealbnof Etpciimtnt the year. Diet, &c. ;irc more dangerous than thofe tiiat arc concurrent. A | f.^uchi^i; Man would think ic ll.ould be otherwilc ; For that vchcn the Accident of I cmt of df Sicknefs, and the Natural difpolition , do fecond the one the other; the \'/^!'r'^'" Dilcafclliouldbemore forcible. And (fo nodoubt it is, if \ou fuppolelikc ^ rridifj»fii!on. quantity of Matter. But that u hich maketh good the ,^yphoTifm,ii, bccaule I fuch Difealcs do fhcw a greater collcdion of Matrer, by that they arc able : to overcome thofe Natural inclinations tothccontrary. And therefore in Dilcalei of that kinde, let the / /n/u»jn apply himlelt morcto iurgatitn, than to tyJ Iteration ; becaulc the otfcoce is in the quantity, and the qualities arc rcif^ificdof themfclvcs. ^ C } rhjfituns 62.. Expftiincnr So!irary. touching Curt bj Ex- 6^ Exjjfiimcnt So itary. touching Cur* by A/o ■.'nn nft'tnftnl. i8 ^5. Expeiinwnt Solitaiyi toucbing Prtftrxiioni btfort Purg. inr I and fit ling of the Botly *ficr- word- ^h(atural Hijlory ; 66. E>{lH'iiinent Solitaiy- touching Stitmhing of Stood. PJF/y/irM«^ do wifely prcfcribc, thatthercbcPreparacivej iilcd before Juft ^Purgations ; for certain it is, ihit'Futgers^o many times grcnt hurt, if the Body be not accommodated, both before an J attcr the I'urging. 'I he hurt that they do, toe want of Trcparation before Turging-, is by the ftif k- ing of the Humors, and their not coming fair av ay ,• u htch caiilcth in tht Body great perturbations, and ill accidents, during thcPiirging ; and alfp thcdiminilhing and dulling of the working ot the Mcdicincit Itlf, that it purgeth not lurticiently : Thcrctorc the work of Trtfurationx^doxxhlc , to make the Humors tiuide and mature, and to nuke the palL-.gcs more open j For thofe both help to make the Humors pals readily : And for the former of theic,yyr"i'*'^re mofl profitable j andfortlie latter, yi^o-^unn or Frep-tr-nn Broths ; C///?fwallbhelp left the OyndkmeiXop in the Guts, and workgripn : ly. But it is true, that Bodies abounding vrich Humors, and fat Bodies, and open Weather, urc ^Preparatives in themlelves ; becaufcthcy make the Humors more fluid : But let a Fhjficun beware how he purge after hard Froftv Weather, and in a lean body, without t'repArauon. For the hurt that they may do after lurgin^, it is cauicd by the lodging of feme Humors in ill places ; for it is certain, that there be Humors which Ibmcwhcrc placed in the Body, are quiet, and do little hurt; in other places (cipecially^ FairaCTCs) do much mifchief. Therefore it is good after Purging, toufc ty^poz-tinis and Broths, not fo much opening as thofc uied before Purging, but Abrturfive and MundifyingClylfcrs alio arc good to conclude with, to draw away therelicks of the Humors thatmay have dcfcended to the lower region of the Body. BLeod is ftanchcd divers ways : Firft, by Aflringents and Repcrcuflive (Jl'ledii.ines. Sccondlv, by drawing of the Spirits and BIcod inwards, which is done by cold ; as \ron or a Stone hid to the Neck doth llanch the Bice iincT of the Nofc ; alio it hath been trici', that the Tf/zc/a being put into (harp Vinegar, hath made a iuddcn recefs of the Spirits, and ftanchcd Blood. Thirdly, by the Receis of the Blood by Sympathy,- lo it hath been tried, that the part that bleedcth, being thruft into the body of a Capon, Sheep, new riptani bleeding. hath flLUiched Blood ; the Blood, asicfeem- cth, fucking and drawing up, by fimilitudeot lubftance, the Blood it mect- cth with, and lo it fclf going back. Fourthly, by Cuflom and Time; fo the Prince of Anrange, inhistirfthurt by the Spani(]iBoy,cOulHfin.^e no means to ftanch the Blood, cither by (JHedicine or Ligament , but was fain to have the Orifice of the Wound flopped by Mens Thumbs, fucceedincj one an- other for the fpacc at the Icafl of two days ; and atthclaft the Blood by cuftom onely retired. There is a fifth way alfo in ul'e, to let Blood in an ad- verle part for a Rcvulfion. IT hclpcth, both in Medicine and jil'ment, to change and not to continnc the fame '\:edicine and Aliment ftill. The caufc is, for that Nature by con- tinual ule of any thing, growethto a fatietyand dulnefs, either of Appetite changelf >i-Qr Working. And" we fee that Afructudc of things hurtful, doth make """" "'"^ I them leele their force to hurt; As Poj/ffw, which with ufefome have brought thcmlclves to brook. And therefore it is no marvel, though things help- ful by cuftom, leefe their force to help, I count intermillion almoft the fame thing with change; for that, that hath been intermitted, is after aibrt new- I It I 67- Expcuiwnt Solit-Tiy. touching AUdici>'i:u Century I, IT is Found by Experience , that in Diets ot Gnucum, Sarzu, and the like, (elpccially, if they be flriA) ,thc PatieKt is more troubled in the beginning than a tcr continuance ; vfhich hath madclbmc oF the more dchcatc fort of Pacicnts, give them over in the midit ; Suppoling, that if thofe Diets trouble them lo much atfirll, they fiiall not be able to endure them to the end. But the caufc is, for that all tholeDiets, to dry u^ Humor r, Rheums. and the like ; and they cannot dry up until they have drfh attenuated : And while the Htitnor is attenuated, it is more fluid, than it was before, and troublcth the Body a great deal more, until it be dry ed up, and confumed. And therefore Tjumtsmud exped aduc:time, and not theck at them at the hrft. THe producing ol Cold is a thing very worthy the Inquificion, both for ufc and dilcloliire of caulcs. For t/eat and Cold are Natures two hands, whereby file chicfl\ workcth; and Heut wc haveinrcadincls, in refped ot thcHre: ButforCoW, SVC mull Itay till it cometh, or feek it in deep Caves, or high Mountains ; and when all is done, we cannot obtain it in anygrcat degree : For Furnaces of Fire are far hotter than a Summers Sun> but Vaults or Hills are not much colder than a Winters Froft. Thcnrilmcr.ns of producing Co/(i, is that which iV^fwrfprcfentcth us withal; namely, the cxpiringql: Co/(< out of the inward parts ot the Earth in (f 'niter , when the Sun hath no power toovercomc it ,- the Earth being (ashathbcenn^edby Ibmc {Prtmura brtgiium.) Thishath been alicrted, as well by Ancici^, as by Modern 'Phdafofbers : It was the tenet of I'armentdfs it was the opinionof the Author oftheDiicourlein Plutarch, ((or I take it, that Book was not ltutArihs own) *De pnmoFrtgido. It was the opinion of Tele- fitis, who hath renewed the Philcfophy ot *Parmentdes, and is the bcft of the Noveiiftt. Thefecondcaufc of Cold'n, the contadof cold Bodies ; for Cold is Active and Tranfitive into Bodies adjacent, as well as Heat; which is feen in thole things thatare touched with Snow or cold Water. AnJ therefore, M holocverwill be an £n</«ir*r into A^<«rKi^ let him reiort toaConlcrvatory of Sno A' and Ice ; fuch asthcv ufe of delicacy, to cool Wine in Summer : Which is a poor and contemptible ufe, inrclpedofother uics thatmay be madeof fuch Conlervatories. Tlic third caufe is the Primary Nature of all Tangible Bodies ; for it is well to be noted, That all things whatfoever ( Tangible are of thcmfelvcs) Cold ; except they have an acccflbrv heat bv Fire, Life, or Motion : For even the '•piritof Wine, orChymical Oyls, which are lb iiot in operation, aie CO the hrll: touch, Cold; and Air it felt comprefled, and condcnfcd a little b s- blowing, is Cold. i he fourth caufe is, the Dcnfity of the Bodv ; for alldenfe Bodies are colder than moll other Bodies , as Alett.ilsy Stone, Citap', and they arc longer in hcatinc; than latter Bodies. And it is certain. that^.«rf/;, T)enfe,'Tangiiblt, hold alluf the Nature of Cold : The caulc is, tor that all MuiterfTangtblt bcinc^ Cold, it mull needs follow, that where the Matter is m.fl congregate the CoUl is the greater. \ he tith caufe o' Cold, or rather of increafc and vehcmency of CWt/, is Aquicl; Spiriciuclofcdinacold Body; as will appear to any Mat fliallattcn- civcly cmlldcr of Nature in many inflances. We Ice Nine (which hath a.].iirk Spirit) is Cold , morccold tothe Tongue than aStone: fo Water is 20 JsQitural Hijlory ; 74- 7)- Enpetiments in Confotri touching the ytrfitn and Tranfmutatien of the yfit in to Ifgitr. 76- 77- is colder than Oy], bccaulc ir hath a quicker Spirit ; for all Oyl, though it hath the tangible parts better digertcd than Water, yet hathitaduiicr Spirit • So S'ho-s» is colder than Water, becaulc it hath more Spirit v ithin it : So wc fee that 5*4/; put to Ue (as in thcproducingoFthe yirtifiudl ue) cncrea- fcth ttic adivity of cold : So iomc Infeclx svnich have Spirit of Life, as Snakts 2in^^ilkyforms, are to the touch, Cold. So Qjiick^.filver is the coL.cftot Metals, bccaufcitis fullcftot Spirit. The fixth caufc of Cold is, the chaffing and driving away of Spirits, fuch as have fomc degree of Heat ; for the banilhins; of the Heat miift nee -sliaveany Body cold. This weiircin the operacion oi Opium, and S'ttt- pefaiiivei upon thc Spirits of Living Creatures j and it were notamii's to try Opium by la,ing it upon the top ot a IFeAther-Guf, to fee whether ic will contrad the Air ; butldoubt itwillnot fucccd : For belidcs that, thc vcr- tuc of 0/>»Hm will hardly penetrate thorowfuch abody as GUIs, 1 conceive that Opium, and the like, make thc Spirits Hie rather by Malignity, than by Cold. Seventhly, the fame effcft muft follow upon the exhaling or drawing out of the warm Spirits, that doth upon thc flight ot the Spirits. There is an opinion, thatthcMoonisMagncticalof Heat, as thc Sun is of Cold and Moillurc : It were not amifs therefore to try it with w arm waters ; the one expofed to the Beams of thc Moon , the other with fome skreen betwixt the Beams of the Moon and thc Water : As we ufetothe Sunfor flDade, and to ice whether thc former will cool fooner. And it were alfogood to enquire, what other means there may be, to draw forth the Exile heat which is in the Air 5 tor that may be a fecrct of great power to produce cold Weather. WE have formerly fct down the Means of turning Air into Water, in thc Exfe>mmti.-j. But becaufc icis <J\-ugiule Nature, and tcndeth to the iubduing of a very great effcA, and is alfu of manif^jld ufc: We will adde tome inftances in Conlort thatgivc light thereunto. It is teported by fime of the Ancients, that Sailers have ufed every night, to hang Fleeces of V^ool onthe fides of their ships ^ thc Wool to- wards the Water ; and that they have cruflicd frcfh water out ot them, in thc M rning, tot their ufc. And thus much v c have tried, that a quantity of Wool tied lootc together , being let down into a deep Well 5 and hanging in the middle, fomc three Fathom from the Water for a night, in the Winter time, incrcalcd in weight, ( as I now remember) to a fifth Part. It is reported by one of thc Ancients, that in Ljdu^ nt^t V ergamiu , there were certain Workmen in time of Wars, f^cd into Caves ; and the Mouth of the Caves being flopped by thc Enemies, they wercfaminicd. But long time after, thc dead Bodies were found, and fomc Vclfcls which they had carried with them, and the Vclfjls full of Water; and that Wa- ter thicker, and more towards Ice, than common Water,- which is anotable inftancc of Condenfation and /nduration hy Burial under Earth (in Caves) for long time ; and of Verfioit alfo (as ic fhould icem) of the Air into Water j if any of thofeVcllels wcreemptv. Try thcreforea fmall Bladder hung in J"»fl>, and the like in A^urf, and thc like in Qu^ick-filver : And if you findc the Bladders fain or Ihrunk, you mavbe fure the Air iscondenfed bythc Cold of thofe Bodies, as ic would be in a Cave under Earth. It It is rcpoitcd ot vcrv good credit, tli.icjn the Eafi-Lidies i£ \,oi\ j^t- a Tub of Water open in alloom where cloves arc kept, it will be Jrawn dry ill Twenty four hours, though it /land at ibmc; dilbnt from the Chvas. In the Countrcy, tlicy ulc man v times in deceit, vvjb?n their Wooll is new Hiorn, to let feme Pails of Water by in the Tapic Room , to cncrcalb the weight of the "Vi'^ooll : But it may be, that the Heat of tlic Wool re- maining from ti'c Body of the Sheep, or the hcac gathered by thclyina clofe of the Wool, hclpctluo draw the watry vapor i'i but |iwc is npthin'^^ t© theVcrfion. Itisrcportcdalfo credibly, thatWool new fhorn, being laid caluallv iiponaVcflelof /-^fr/w'cf; alter fome time hath drunk up agrc-at parcof the Vcrjuue, though the Vcilcl wcrewh Ic without any fiaw, and hadnotthe Bung-hole open. In this inlhnce there is (uptm the by to be noted, the Tfrcol.ition or Suing ot the feijuutt thorow the Wood ; for reijuue of ii fdf would never have pniled through the Wood: So, asit fccmeth.itmullbe hritinakinJc ot^ v.ipor before itpafs. Jt iscfpcciallyto be noted, that the caufe that doth f^icilitatc the Ver- sion of Air into Water, Mhcn the Air is not in grofs, but iiibtilly mingle.i vvith.tnngible Bodies, is, (at hath been partly touched before) for that tan- gible Bodies have an antipathy with Air; and if they finde any Liquid Body th.u is more denfc nearthcm, they will draw it ; and after they have drawn jr, they wiUcondenleitmorc, and in effc<ft incorporate ic : For v c lee that aSpungc, orWoolljOrSugar, or a Woollen-cloth, being put but in part, in "^'atcror Wine, w ill draw the Liquorhighcr, andbcyond cheplace, whcie the Water or U'inc comcth. Wc Icc alfo, that ff'ood, l^iite-pmgs, and the like, Jo fwcll in. moift Icalons ; as appcarcth by the breaking f f the llrincri;, the hard turning of the Pegs, and the hard drawing forth of Boxes, and opening of Wainlcor doors, wliich is akindcof infulion ; and is much like toanin- fuiion inW.itcr.uhich will make Wood to fvvell; as we fee in the idlinc-ot the Chops of Bowls by laying them in VVatcr. But for that part of thele Expaiiiuiitt, which concerncth-<'/n»jcV;ff;;;vc will referve into the proper Title ot yitiraciien. ThercisalfoaVcrfi in of Airinto Watcr.fccingin thcfwcatingofiV.<r- i.'«, an i other Srovei; and ot VVainfcot before, and in moi/lvfeathcr. This mult be, eitiier by jbme moiflurc the Body yieldcth, oc clfc by Cue moill Air th;cknedagainlt the hard Body. Bucitis plain, that it is tlic latter; fur tliat wc fee Wood painted with Oyl-colour, will fooncrgathcr drops in a moill night, than Wood alone ; which iscaufcd by thelmoothncfs and clolcncfs, which lettcth in nopart of the vapor, and fu turncth itbatkand thickneth i: into Dew, We fee alio, tliat breathing uponaGlals, or Imooth Body, givcth a Dew ;. and inFrolly mornings ( Inch as wc call Rmte fro/Is) you Hull fiude drops of Dew upon tlicinlidcof Glaf -windows : AndtlicFrolf it folf upon tfie ground, i$ but a \'erhon orCondenfafionoi the moifl va- pors ot tiicnjght,inc#a watryUibllancc : Dews likcwiicjund Rain, arc but the returns of nioill vapors condcnfed • the Dew, by the cQi4,onL-Iyot the Sun departure, which is the gentler cold; Riins, by the cold oftluf ^'hich ihey:,calJ the cJlltdilit Region of ihc Aii", wluch is the more violent Cold. It is very probable (as hath been touched) that that uhich will turn \\ at::- into Ke, will likcwife turn Air fbme degree nearer umo Water. Ihtrctorc try the £.\i/>fKwrni (^t the Artificial turning "^^'atcr- into Icc ( whereof >xc /hall ipeak in anotlicr place) svithAir inplaccof Wat<:r, and the 73. 0\Qatural Hiflory ; the Ice about it. And although it be a greater n Iteration to turn Air into Water, than Water into Ice i yet there is this tiopc, that by continuing the Air longer time, the cfFcA "will follow ; for that artificial convcrfion of Water into Ice, is the work of a few hours ; and this of Air may be tried by a moneths fpacc. or the Vikc. IMdurdt'ton or LafidifiistioH of Subflancci more foft, is likcu ife another de- gree of Condenfation, and ij a great alteration in Nature. The etfcd- ing and accelerating thereof, is very worthy to be enquired it is cfFededby three means. The fir ft is by Cold, whofe property is tocondenfe, and conftipate, as hatlibeenfaid. Thefecondisby Heat, which is not proper butbyconfequencc j for the hcatdoth attenuate, and by attenuation doth fend forth the Spirit, and moifterpartof aBody ; andupon that, the more grofs of the tangibleparts do contraft and fervc themlelvcs together; both to avoid F'tcuum (as they call it) and alfo tomunitc themfelves againft the force of the Fire, which they have fuffered. AndthcthirdisbyAIIlmilation, whenahard Body aflimilatcthafoft, being contiguous to it. "^ The examples of Induration taking them promifcuoudy, are many : A$ the Generation of Tmm" within the Earth, which atthefirft arc but Rude Earth or Clay ; and fo of C^Iinerals, which come (no doubt) at firft of Juyces Concrete, which afterward indurate: And fo of Tor cell ane, which is an Artificial Cement, buried in the Earth a long time ; and fo the making of Brick^znd Tile ; alfo the making of Glaf, of a certain Sand and Brake-Roots, and feme other matters ; alfo the Exudationt of Rock^ diamonds :\nd Chrjfftal, which harden with time ; alfo the Induration oi Bead-jimber, which at firftis a foft fubftance, as appeareth bv thci='//«and Spiders, which arc found in it, and many more. But wc willfpcakof them diftinftly. For Indurations hy Cold, there be few Trials of it ,• for we have no flrong orintenfe cold here on the furface of the Earth, fo near the Beams of the Sun and the Heavens, the likelieft tryal is by Snow and Icej for as Snow and Iccj cfpecially being holpcn , and their cold adfivated by Nitre or Salt, will turn Water into Ice, and that in a few hours : So it maybe it will turn WoodorftifF Clay into Stone in longer time. Put therefore into a Confe;ving Pit of Sn©w and Ice, (adding fome quantity of Salt and Nitre) apieceof Wood, or apicceof toughClay, andlct itlieamoncth or more. Anothcrtryalisby CMetallineVf^aters, which have virtual Cold in them. Puttherefore Wood or Clay into Smiths water, or other (J^ietallme t»ater, and try whether it will not harden in fome reafbnable time. But 1 underftand it of iMetallint y»aterSy that come by walhing or quenching, and not of Strong Waters that come bydiflblution ; for they are too Corrofive to confo- lidate. 1 1 is already found, that there are fome Natural Spring- waters that will inlapidate Woodi fo as you fhall fee one piece of Wood, \s hereof the part above the Water fliall continue Wood ; and the part under the Water, fhall beturncd intoakinde of Gravelly Stone. It is likely thofe Waters are of fome Metalline Mixture ; but there would be more particular inquiry made of them. Itisccrtain, that an Egg was found, having lain many years in the borcom (^entury L boftom of a Moar, where the t:arth had fomcwhat overgrown it : And this £gg was come to the hardness ofaftoHC, and had rhecolours of the White and Volk perfcd ; and the Shell fhining in fmall Grains, liicc Sugar or Alublalcr. Another Experience tlicre is of /«rf«M/«»»/^ CoW, which is already found, which is. That Mculs thcmfclvcs are hardned by often heating, and quench- ing in Ccld-water : For Cold ever workcih moft potently upon Heat pre- cedent. For Induration by Heat, it muft be confidered. That Heat, bythcexha ling of the moilkr parts, doth either harden the Body; as in Bricks, Tiles, <5cc. Or if the Heat be more fierce, niaketh the grolTer partof itfclf, run and melt; as in the making of ordinary Glafs, and in the Vitrification of f:anh, (as wc fee in the inner p;irt3ot Turnaces) and in the Vitrification of B:ick, and of Metals. And in the former of thele , which is the hardning by Baking, without Melting , the Heat hath thefc degrees : Firit, It Indu- cateth, andthcnmakcth Fragile; and lailiy, Ic doth Incinerate and Calci- nate. But if youdcfircto make an Induration "with ToughneJ?, and lefs Fragility, a middle way would be taken , which is that which tyiri/iotle hatii well ootfd, but would be throughly verified. Itis, to decocliJodics in Water tor two or three days; but they murt be fuch Bodie< , into which the Water will not enter ; as Stone and M.i-l. For if they be Bodies, into uhi(.h the Water will enter, then long leething will rather foften than in durate them, as hath been tried in Eggs, ice. Therefore, fofter Bodice n.ul\ be put into Bottles, and the Bottles hung into Water Teething, with the Mouths open above the Wate^-, that no Water may gft in : For by this Means the Virtual Heat of the Water will enter; andiuch aH.'ir, asvrill not make the Bodv aduft or fragile .- But the Subflanccof the Water Will befhurout. This E.xperimcnt wc made, and it forted thus , It was trycd with a piece of brec-ftonc, and with Pewter, put into the Water at large ; the Frec-itonc we found received inlbmeWatcr ; forit was fofter and cjlicr to fcrapc, thana pieceof the fame Ifone kept dry. But the Pewter, into which D') Water could enter, became more white, and likerto Silver, and kfj flexi- ble by much. There were alfo put into an Earthen Bottle, placed as bLfore, a good pellet of Clay, apiece of Chccfc, apiece of Chalk, and a pieceof l-rce- lione. The Clay came forth almofl of the hardnefs of Stone : The Checfe likewife very hard, and not well tobecut : The Chalk and the Free ftone muchhardcr then they were. 1 he colour of the Cliy inclined not awhit to the colour of Brick, but rather to white, as in ordinary drying by the Sun. Note, thatallt e former tryals wereniadt by aboylinf^upon a good hot fire, rcnewingtht. Wateras itconfumed, with other hot Water ; but the boyling was but ior I wclve hours oncly ; And it is like, that tl.e Experiment would have been more i ifedual, if the boyling bad been for two or three day?, as wcprefcribid before. As touching ^fimilation (for there is a degree of yffiimilation, even in Inani- mire Bodies) we lec cx.implesof it in fonie Stones in Clay grounds lying near to the top of the Earth where Pebble is ; in which you may m^nifeftly fee divers Pebbles gatiiered together, and a criifl of Cement or Stone be twecn them, as hard as the Pcbbks themfelves. And it were good to make a tryal ot purpole, by takingClay, and purtingin it divers Pebbk-ffoncs, thick let, to lee whether in continuance of time, it will norbehardcr than o'hcr Clay of the fame lump, in which no Pebbles arc fcr. Wc fee alfo in Ruins of 24 90. 91. Expciimcnt Solitary , couching the l^trptnoflVti- ttr into yflr. 92. ExDciirnent Solitaij, touching the Forctof Kni- on. 93- Expciiment Solitary) touching the Producing of Fiathni and Hairt of di- vm Ctlmrtl J^Qitural hillory ; of oldWalh-, efpeciallv cowards the bottom, the Mortcr will become as h^rd as the Brick : We fee alio, that the Wood on thefidtsof VtfTcls of Wine, gatherctha ciullot Tarm harder than the Wood it lelf; and Scales likcwifc grow to the Tcctb, harder than the Teeth thcmfelvcf. Mort of all, Jiuliiration hj JfimUmQn appcarcthin the bodies of Trees, md Living Creatures: l-or no nounfhnienr that the Tree rcceivcth, or that the Living Creature rcecivcth. is lo hard as Wood, Bone, orHcrn,&c. but is indurated after by Affimilation. THcEyeofthcUnderilanding, is like the Eye of the Senfe: Forasycu may He great objeds through rmallCrmief. or Levels; foyou may fee great Axioms of Natuic, through fmaJI and contemptible inftanccs. The fpccdy depredation of Air upun watry moiflure, and veifionof the feme in- to Air, appeueth in nothing niorcvifible than in the fudden difcharge. or vanifhing of a little Cloud of Breath, or Vapor, from Glafs or thcBladc of a Sword, or any (ueli pohflied Body ; Inch as doih not at all detain or im- bibe the moifturc : l;or the miltinel's fcattcreth iird btejkcth up fuddenly. But the hke Cloud, it it were oily or tatty, will nor difch argc ,• not becaufc it ftickcth fatter, but bccuiicAir pieytth upon Water, and Flame, and Fire, upon Oyl ; and therefore, to take outa fpotof Greafc, they ufea Coal upon brown Paper, becauic fire worketh upon Greafeor Oyl, as Air doth upon Water. And wc fee Paper oiled, or Wood oiled, or the like, lafl lon<^ moift ; but wet with Water, dry or putnfie fooner. The ciuk is, for tha't Air meddleth little with the moillure of oyl, THere is an admirable demonftration in the fame triflmginftanceof the little Cloud upon Glafs, or Gems, or Blades of Swords of the force of Union, even in theleaftquantiiies, and wcakeft Bodies, how muchitcon- duceth to prefervationof the prefent form, and the refiding of a new. For mark well the difcharge of that Cloud, and you fhall (ee it ever break up, firft in the skirts, and laflii* the midfl. We fee like wife, that much Water draw- eth forth the Juyce of the Body infuied, but little Water is imbibed by the Body : And this is a principal caufc, why , in operation upon Bodies, for their Verfionor Alteration, the tryal in great quantities doth noranfwer the tiyal in fmall, and fodeceiveth many ; for that (I fjy) the greater Body rcfiftcth more any alteration of Form, and requireth far greater If rength in the Active Body that (houldfubdueir. WE havefpoken before in the Fifth Inflance, of the caufe of OnVnr Colours \vi Birds; which is by the finenefs of the Strainer, we will now endeavor to reduce the fame Axiom to a Work. For this Writing of our Sjlvit Sjlvarum, is (to fpeak properly) not Natural Htflory , but a high kinde oi Natural Magick. For it is not a difcription onely of Na- ture, but a breaking of Nature, into great and ftrange Works. Try there- fore the anointing over of Pigeons, or other Birds, when they are but in their Down, orot Whelps, cutting their Hair as fliortas may be, or of fome other Beaft ; With fomc oyntment, that is not hurtful to the fief]7, and that will harden and flick very clofe, and fee whether it will not alter the colours of the Feathers, or Hair. It is received, that the pulling off the firfl: Feathers of Birds clean, will make the new come forth White: And it is certain, that White is a penurious colour, and where moifture is fcanr. So Blew Violets, and other Flowers, if theybeftarved, turn pale and white. ________„_ Birdf, Century L Birds;. and Horfcs , by age or fears, turn white 5 and the hoar H^irs of Wt-'i. comcby the lame rcafon. And therefore in Birds, it is very likely that the Feathers that come fird, will be many times of divers colours,' j according to the nature of the Birds ; for that the skin is more porous, , but when the skin is more (hut and clofe, the Feathers will come white, i j This is a good FxpcrimcnC , not oncly for the producing of Birds and I I Bcalts of Itrange colours, 'but alfo , for the dilclofure of the nature of I I colours themielves; which of them require a finer porofity, and which a' grollcr. IT is a work of providence that hath been truly obfervcdby fjmc; that the Yolk of the Egg conduccth little to the Generation ofthcBird, but oncly to the nonriflimcntot the lame: For if a Chicken be opened when i: is new hatched, s ou fliall hnde much ofthc Yolk remaining. And it is needful, that Birds that are fhaped without the Females Womb, have inthc Egg, as well matter o; nouriflimcnt, as matter of generation for the Body. For after the Egg i« laid, and fevered from the body of the Hen, it hath no more nouriflim nt from the Hen, but onely a quickning heat when Hie iitteth. But Bcai's and Men need not the matter of nourifhment within themielves, bccaufe they are fliapcd withinthc Womb of the Female, and arc nourilhed continujUy from hec body. 2-^ 94. Experiment Solitary, touching the of Lhing Creatures bt- fore tbef be brought fonh. 95- Expciiments in Confoit, IT is an inveterate and received opinion, That Ctn/i^r/Jw applied to any part cf the Body, touch the Bladder, and cxulceratc it, if they flay on long. Itis likcA iic received, that akindc of Vtor.e, which they bringout cf itouching the iVip- Indies, hath a peculiar force to move Gravel, and to ilillblvc the |-*>'"/'.'='-^ "" Stone ; inloiv.uch, as laid but tothc U'rcft , it hath lb forcibly fcnt down for"nudicinat Gravel, as Men have been glad to remove it, it was fo violent. \»f'. It is received and confirmed bvdailv experience, tha' thcSoais of the Feet, have great affinity with the Head, and the Mouth of the Sromack: As we fee, Gcingwetfiiod, to thofethat uie it not, affc(f^cth both; Applic.i- \ tions of hot Powders to the Feet, attenuate firfl:,ani after drv theRncume. I And therefore a Phylician that would bem\ftica!, prefcribcth for the cure
ofthc Rheume, That a Man fliould Nvalk continually upon aCamomil-
I Alley, meaning, thathefliouldputCamomil withinhis Socks. Likewife, i Pigeons bleeding, applied to the Soals ofthc Feet, cafe the Head ; and So- poriferous Medicines applied unto them, provoke flcep. It Icemeth, that as the Feet have a fympatiiy svith the Head ; fothe Wreftsano Hinds havcaiympathy with the Heart. We fee thcaffe<ffs and Pallions of the Heart, and Spirits, arc notably difclofed by -he Pulfc : And it is often tr;cd. that juyccs of S!ock^-^ii!y-flo-\\ers, Jxofe-uimpion, G.trink^, and other things, applied to the Wrcfts, and renewed, have cured long Agues. And I conceive, that wafliingwirhccrtain Liquors the Palms ofthc Hands, dothmuchgood : Andthey do w ell in Heats of Agues tohuld in the Hands, j Eggs of Alablalicr, and B.nllsof Crvlfal. Of t'tefc t'r.'^is -wesh.'.'.'. Ipc.ikmore, --X'heH we huitdlt the 7:r/4'o/ Sympathy and Antipathy, ;« the proper pLice. 96. 95^. T He knowledge of Man (hitherto) hath been determined by the view sXa™ orlishc; fo that whatfoevcr isinvifible, either in rcipe<S of the fine- touching ,hel j ncLof the Body itfclf.or the Imallnefs of t'c Parts.or of thcfubtiltv of the -^ \'"' Pr,c4,i\ D Motion.,'^"""- I 26 J^Qitural hiflory ; Motion, iJ little inquired. And yet thefc be ihc things that govern Naiurc prinLipally, and without vhich, you cannot make any tiuc c/^R<«/;jix and Jndutttens'oi the proceedings of Naiurc. 'J he Spirits or l^ncumaticals that arc in all Tangible Bodicf, arc fcirce known: SometinKi, thty take them for Vacuum, whereas they are the moft adivc of Bodies : icmt- times thev take them for Air, from which they differ exceedingly, as much as Wine Irom "Water, and as Wood item Earth : Sometimes they Will have them to be Natural Heat, or a I'ortion of the Ekmenr of Fire, whereas fome of ihcm are trude and eo!d: And fcmetimes tlicy will have thtm to be the Venues and Qualities^ of the Tangible Parts which they ice, whereas they arc things by thcmfeives: And then, when they come to Plants and Living Creatures , they call them Souls. And fuch fuperficial fpeculations they have ; likeProlpcclivcs that fhcw things in- ward, when they are but Paintings. Neither is this a quelUon of words, i but infinitely material in Nature : lor Spirits are nothing clfe but aNa- 1 tural Body, rarified to a Proportion, and included in the Tangible Pairs of Bodies, as in an Integument : And they be no IcTs differingonefrom the other, then the Denle or Tangible Parts: And ihcy aic in all Tangible Bodies whatsoever, more or lefs, andihcy are never ('almoft) at refl: And frcmthem, and their Motions, principally proceed e/irf/iiSfon, CoUiquatien, CtmoHion, Mdtuntmn, ^utrefaitm, fivification, and moft of the effects of 2^<«- ture. For, as we have figured them in our Sapientia f'eteruni, inthcFableof ^roferpuu, you fliall in the Infernal Regiment hear little doings ot *Pluto, but moft of Troferf'mx : For Tangible Parts in Bodies, are ftupid things, and the Spirits do (in efFcft; all. As for the differences of Tangible Parts in Bodies, the induflry of the Chpiips hath given fome light in dilcerning by their fcparations, the Oily, Crude, *Pure, Impure. Fine , Grof, Farts of Bodies, and the like. And the rhyptiatis are content to acknowledge, that Herbs and ©rw^fhave divers parts; as that Opiumhzih a ftupefaftirgparr, and a heat- ing part; the one moving Sleep, the other a Sweat following ; and that Rtihurb hath Purging parts, and Aftringing parts, &c. But this whole In- quiftm is weakly and negligently handled. Andfor themore (ubtil differ- enccs of the Minute pans, and the pcilure of them in the Body, (which alfo hath great cffeds) they are not at all touched ; As for the Motions of the Minute Parts of Bodies, which dofo great effects, they have rot been obfcrvedat all j becaufe they «re invifible, and incur not to the eye; but yet they arc to bedeprehended by experience. As 'Demoiritus (i\d well, when they charged him to hold, that the World was made of fuch little Moar.s as were feen in the Sun. \^tonm {{zithhc) necefttaie Ratitnis &Ex' ferienm efft cottvincitur : t^tomnm tntm nemo tnmquam vidtt. And therefore rhe tumult in the parts ot lolid Bodies, when they arc compreffed, which is the caufe of all flights of Bodies thorow the Air, and of other Mechanical Motions , (as hath been partly touched before, and fhall be throughly handled in due place,) is not fccn at all, but neverthelefs, if you know it ! nor, or inquire it nor attentively and diligently, you ftall never be able to j difcern, and muchlefs to ptoduce, a number of Mechanical Motions. I Again, as to the Motions Corporal, within the Enclofures of Bodies, \ whenby theeflbds (which were mentioned before) pafs between the Spi rits and the Tangible parts (which are ^refaclioti, CoUiquation, Cencoilion, ' C^laturation, &c.) thev are not at all handled; fut they arc put off by the names of ^^fm/«, and Natures, and yfilions, 3nd faf ions, anddichotheiLogieal Herds. I It (^entury I, IT is certain , that of all Towrs in Nature, Heat is the chief ; both in the Frame of N>iture, and in the Works of c/^rr. Certain it is likcwilc, that thccfFcftsufHcatj arc moil: advanced, when icworkethuponaBody with- out lofs or diflipation of the matter, for tliatevcr betrayed the account. And therefore it is true, that the power of Heat is bell perceived in Diflil- lations, w hich are performed in dole Vcflels and Receptacles. But yet there is a higher decree ; Forhowrocvcr Diftillationsdokcep the Body in Cells and Cloyllcrs, without going abroad, yctthcy givcfpaceunto Bodies to turn into Vapor, to rctiiin into Liquor, andtolcparatc one part from another. So as A^rffwrf doth expatiate , although it liath not full liberty ; whereby the true and ultimc operations of Heat, are not attained : But it" Bodies may be altered by Heat, and yet no fuch Reciprocation o( Rare- fadlion, and of Condenfation, and of Separation, admitted ; then it is like that this Proteut of Matter, being held by the Sleeves, will turn and change into many Metamorpholcs. Take therefore a Iquare Vellcl of Iron.in form of aCubc. andlct it have good thick and ftrong fides i put it into a Cube of Wood, that may fill it as clofc as maybe, and let it have a cover of Iron as Ifrong (at Icafl:) as the fides, and let it be well Luted, after the manner of the Chjm'ijls ; then place the VeiVclwithin burning Coals kcptquick kindl ed, for fome few huursfpacc ,- then take the Vcflcl from the Fire, and take oft the Cover, andlcewhatisbccomeof the Wood, 1 conceive, that fincc all Inflamation and Evaporation are utterly prohibited, and the Bodv iFill turn- ed upon it lllf, thatoncof chcle two Eftcds will follow. Either that the Body of the Wood will be turned into a kindc of ^^m.il.tgnu, (as the <?/>;- wiyPycall ir,> or, that thcfincr part will be turned into Air , and thcwrolfcr flick as it Nvcre baked, and incruilatc upon the fides of the VclTcl, being become of a dcnfer matter, than the Wood it lelf, crude. And for another trya!, take alfo Water, and put it in the like Vcllcl, flopped as before; but ufc a gentler Heat, and remove thcVeflel iometimes from the fire; and again, after fomc fmall time, when it is cold, renew the heating of it, and repeat tl-. is alteration fome few times ; and if you can once bring to pafj, thatthc Water which ii one of the fimplcit of Bodies, bcchanged in Co- lour, Odor, or Tallc, atter the manner of Compound Bodies, you may be lure that there is agreatwork wrought in Nature, and a notable entrance Biade in fhrange changes of Bodies , and produdions ; and alfo a way made to do that by Fire, in fmall time, which the Sun and t_/ige do in long time. But if the admirable eilcdsof this 'DijiiU.ttitn in clofe, (for fo we call it) which is like die Wombs and Matrices of Living Creatures, where nothing expircth nor llparatcth : We will ipcak fully, in the due place. Not that ■^c aim at the making of Terdcetfm Pigmcys, or any fuch prodigious folliei • but thot we know the effe^s of Heat will be fuch, as will Icarcc fall under the conceit of Man, it the force of it be altogether kept in. THcrc is nothing more certain in Nature, than that it is impofTlblc for any Body to be utterly annihilated ; but that as it was the work of the Omnipotcncy ot God, to make Somey»hdt ot T^thmg: So it requireth the like omnipotcncy, to turn S'owexehjt into Noibm^^. Andthcrctbrc it is well faid by anobfcure Writer of the Sedof the Chjmfis, That there is no fuch way to cfFcift the flrange Tr.mJmutMti9ns of Bodies, as to endeavor and Urge bv all means, the reducing of them to Ntthm^. And herein is contained al- D 2, fo 99- Expciiment SoUrzij, touchiiigihe lO J. Expetimcnt Solioiy. touching the Imp s/jii/ff jjr »f ^fnnihilA- thn. 28 J^tura! Hiliory ; fo a great fecrct of Prclervation of Bodies from change ; for if you can prohibit, thatthcy neither turn into y/ir. bccaufc no /itr comcthco them , nor go into the hodtes AdJActnt, bccaufc they arc utterly Hetcrcgeneal, nor make a round and circulation uithin thcmfclvcs ; they will never change, though they be in thcirNature never fo pcrifhableor mutable. We fee how /■/i« and 5'/'«(/w, and the like, otx.3.StfuUhre'\nxyimbe>, more durable than 1 the CUtnumcnt and EmhAlming of the Btdj of any King. And Iconceivc the like will be of Bodies put into Quickrftlver. Butthcn they muft be but thin, as a leaf Of apceccof Paper or Parchment ; for if they have agreatcrcralVt- tudc, they will alter in their o-wn Body, though they ipcnd not. Butof thir, we fliallfpcak more when wc handle the Title of Confen.mon of Bodies. NATURAL m _ _ _ ikfe^^fe??'^^^ NATURAL HISTORY Century II, ^Ulick in the PraAicc, hath been well purfucd, and in good Variety j bui in the Theory, and cfpccially in the yielding of the Caufei of the Pradick, very weak- ly -■> being reduced into certain Myftical i'ubtilties , and not much trutli. We fliall therefore, after our manner , joyn the ContemfUti've and Afltvc Part ]J together. All Sounds arc cither A/i^(r4/5'<?ff»<3'/, which we call 7i»w.f ; whereunto there may be an Kirmony, which Sounds are ever equal : As Sihging, the Sounds ut Stringed, and Wind-Inllruments. the Ringing of Bells, &c. or Immufical Sounds, which arc ever unequal: Such as are the Voice in Speak- ing, all Whiiperings, all Voices of Bealls andBirds (except they be Sing- ing Birds;) all Percullions, of Stones, Wood, Parchment, Skins, (as in Drums} and infinite others. Tlie Sounds that produce Tones, arc ever from fuch Bodies ai are in their Parts anJ Pores equal; as well as the Sounds themlclves are equal: And fuch are the PcrcuiUons of Metal, ai in Bells \ of C/.r/s as in the hllip- ping of a Drinking GUfi; of Air, as in Akns f'otces whilcft tlicy iiog, in Pipes, ninftUs, Org.vis, Stringed Inffruments, ^"c. And of Water, as in the ?^/jf/»- gjls Pipes of Bcg.rls, ot Organs, ond other HydrMthcis , which the Ancients had, and iYfr^ did lomuchcltccm, but arc now loll. And if any Man think, that the String of the Baxr, and the i'/r/«g of the f ?.»/, arc neither of them equal Bodies, andyet produceTones ; he is in anerror. For the Sound is not created between the Bexi- or PlecJrnni, and the String; but between the String md thcy*> ; no more than it is between the Finger or Quill, and the String in other Inftrumcnts. So there are (incrtcft^butt iree Pcrcuftons that D ,' create 30 105. 104- 1 05- lo^. 107. !]\Qitnral hijlory ; create Tones ; Percuflion of Metals (comprehending C//«/, and the like) Pcrcuflionsof Air, andPcrcuflionsof Water. The 'Dupafoti or ti^ht in -JMujiik^y is the fweeteft Concord ; in omuch, aj it is in cffci^ an Vntfon ; as \vc f;jc in Lutes that are ftrung in the bafc firings with two ftrings, one an £i^A//^ above another, svhiclimakc but as one found ; and every Eighth Note in Alccnt, (asfrom Eight to Fifteen, fromFiftecn to Twenty two, and fo tn infinitum) a,rc but Scdes ofDtapa fori. Thccaufc is dark, and hath not been rcndred by any, and therefore would be better c intcmpKitcd. It fecmeth that Air ( which is the iubjcd of Sounds ) in Sounds that are not Tones (w hich arc all unequal as hath been faid) ad- mittcth much variety; as we fee in the Voices oi Living Creatures, and likcwifc in the Voices of fcveral Men ; for wc are capable to difcern fcve- ral Men by theit Voices) and in the Conjugation of Letters, whence yfr- ticiiUte J(j««rfj proceed ; which of all others, are moft various. But in the Sounds which wc call Tones (x. at are ever equal) the Air is not able to cafl it felf into any fuch variety ; but is forced to recur into one and the fame P fturc or Figure, onely differing in grcatnefs and imallnefs. So wc fee Figures mav be made of Lines, cro ked and flraight, in infinite variety, where there is inequality ; but Circles or Squares, or Triangles Equilateral, (which are all Figures of equal Lines) can differ but in greater or Icifer. It is to be noted 'the rather, IcffcanyManlhould think that there i5 any thing in this number of Eight, to create the IDiapafon) that this computa- tion of Ei^ht, is a thing rather received than anv true computation. For a true computation ought ever to be, by diflribution into equal Por- tions. Now there be intervenient in the rife of £aght (in Tones) two Bcemols or Half-Notes j fo as if you divide the Tones equally , the Eighth i$ but Seven whole and equal Notes : And if you fubdividc that into Half-Notes, ( as it is in the flops of a Lutt) it makcth the number of Thirteen. Yet this is true. That in the ordinary Rifcs and Falls of the Voice of Man (not meafuring the Tone by whole Notes and Half Notes, which is the cqualMeafurc) there fall out tobetwo Beemols (as hath bcenfaidj be- tween the Fntfon and the Diapafon; and this varying is natural. For if a Man would endeavor to raifc or fall his Voice flill by Half-Notes, like the flops of a Lute, or by wholeNotcs alone, without Halfs as far as an Eighth ; he \^ill notbeable to frame his Voice unto it, which fhcweth that after c- vcry three whole Notes. ^<<f«r<rrequireth, for all Harmonica] ufc,onc Half- Note to beinterpofcd. It is to be confidcred, That whatfoever vcrtue is in Numbers, for con- ducing to concent of Notes, is rathertobcafcribcdto thcy/«/f-n«wifr, than to the Entire-number ; as namely, that the Sound rcturneth after Six, or after Twelve : So that the Sevci th or the 1 hirteenth is not the Matter, but the Sixth, or the Twelfth ; and the Seventh and the Thirteenth, are but the Limits and Boundaries of the Return. The Concords in Mufick which are Perfed, or S'emiperfed, between the Fnifon and the 'Diapafon, arc the Fifth, which is the moil Perfen; the Third next, and the Sixth which is more harfh : Andas thc^«fi«w cfleemed, and fo do my felf, and fome other yet, the Fourth which they call Diatepron ; as forthc Tenth,Twclfth,Thirtccnth,andfo/»i»/»/f«w,they be but Recurrences of the former ; y»s:. of the Third, the Fifth, and the Sixth, being an Eighth rcfpcdivcly from them. For ab times Century 1 1. For T)ifc9rds, the Second and the Seventh, arc of all others, the moft odi- ous in Hurmtnj to the ^xnf ; whereof, the one is next above the fmf.n, the other next under the 'Duptfort; which may fliew, that Hurmonj rcquireth a competent dilbnce of Norcs. In Harmonj, if (hccchc\->ot2 'Difcord to ihc Bafc, itdorh notdiilurb the Hamtnj, though there be z*Difcird, to the higher pares ; fj the 'Dtfcord be- not of the Two th.it are odious : And therefore the ordinary Concent of Four parts confUk'ch of an Eighth, a F.f.h, and a Third to the B^fe ; but thatFifch isa Fourth tothc Trebble, and the Third isaSixth. Andthccaufe Is.forthattheBafLftrikingmort A r, doih overcome and drown the Trcbbic ( unlefs the Dilcord be very odious) and fo hideth ^ Tmall impcrfcftion For we fee, that in one of the lower llrings of a Lute, there foundeth not the found of the Trcbbic, nor any mixt (bund, but oncly theloundof the Bafr. \Vc have no C^fuftck. of Quarter' Notes, and it may be they are not cap- leof HArmonj; forweli:ethc/:/!«//-iVo/« thcmf^'lves do burinterpcC fjmc' ncs. Ncvcrtfielifi, wc havefomc Slides or Feltfhes oi the Voice or Strings, as it were, continued without Notes, from one Tone to anothjer^ riling or talhng.which are delightful. 1 he caufcs (jf that which Is Fleafwg or ingr^tc to the Htirin^, may receive light by chat which is ^P.eafmg or ingratc to the Vigbt. I here be two things picafing to the light ^ leaViPg Figures and Shapes afide , which arc but Secondary Objeds , and plcafe or difpleale but in Me mory ; ; thcfj two arc Colours and Or^icr, The picafing of Colour fymbolizcrh with, the rl itfwg ot any Smgte Tone to the Ear ; but the picafing of Order doth (ymbolize wirh Harmony. And therefore we fee in Ctrden-kjiets , and the Frets of Houfes , and all equal and well anfwer- \n^ Figures, (as Globes, Tjamides, Cones, Cj/linders,&cJ J[\o\v they plcifc} whereas unequal Figures are but Deformities. Aid bith thele plea- furcs, that of the Eye, and that of the Ear, are but the efFc:cls of equa- lity , good proportion , or correfpondence : So that out of qneftion ) Equality and Correfpondence are the cau'es of Harmony. But to hnde the Proportions of thatCorrefpondence, is moreab fruf- ; whereof, notwich- I ftanding we fliall fpcak fomewhat (when we handle Tones, in the g'neral j ' enquiry of Sounds. I Tones ire not fo apt altogether to procure ^/ff^, as fome other founds: AstheWind. the Putlingof Water, Humming otBecs, a fweet Voiceof one that readeth,&c. The caufc whereof is, (ot thit Tones, bccaufethey are I ■equal and Aide not, domotetbikeand crcttthcSenfe, than the otncr. And overmuch attention huvkreth deep. There be in A/ti^fi^ ccrtnn Figures otTrofes, almo't agreeing with the Hgures of Rhetoruk^, and with the jlJeH tons of the Minde, and other Senfei. Firlt. The Divifwi and Quavermg, winch pieafe fo much iatJ^uftik^. have an ' agreement with the G'ltteringot Lgit ; A$ the C^loon- Beams playirg upon a Wave. Agiin, the Falling i\om a Dtfcord to i Concord, which maket.h great ; I fwcctnefs it\Muffck^. huh amgreemcnt with the ^.feclions, which are ccinte-
grated to the better, af'erfime diilikes' it agreech jlfo with thctalle, which ,
is Ijongluttedwiththat whith is Iwect alone. The flid 'g f'-om thcClofe or Cadence, hath an agreement with the /"i^wrf in /?l!)«flrKi^, wbichthey call frster rx^liatum; for there i a pleaiurr, even inbeinii dcce vcd. The Re- ports and Fuges have an aereement yv}{h (he Figures tn Rhetortck.<i Rfpetition ^ and Tradudion, The Tripla's and Cbangingof limet. have an agreement wth ' the' 31 108, 109. 1 10. Ill 113. IIJ. 3i 114. j\(jtHral Hijlory ; 115. the changes of Motions ; as when Galliard time, and Mcifurc time, arc in thcMedly ot one Dance. ! Ithach b;en anciently held, and obferved, 1 hat the 5'f«/f of Hearing, tnd the Kindes of yufick, have moit operation upon Mamtrs ■■, as to incouragc Men, and make them vfarlike ; to make tlicm Ibftand cH^cminatc ; to make them grave ; to make them light ; to make them gentle and inclined to pity, &c. The caufe is, for that the Senft of Hearing (Irikcth the Spirits more immediately^ tiian the other Senja, and more incorporcally than i\\c ^meU'iug: Yovt\\cS'tgi)t, T.tJ}e, and feeling, have their Organs, notoffo prefcnt and immediate acccis to the Spirits, as the Hearing hath. And as for the Smelling Iwhich indeed workcth alfo immediately upon the Spi- rits, and is forcible vrhilc the objccl rcmaincth) ic is with a communica- tion of the Breath or Vapor ot thcobjcd odcrate : But Harmony entring eafily, and mingling not nt all, and coming wich a manifcft^motion ; doth by cuflom of often afTcfting the Spirits, and putting them into one kindc ofpofture, alter not a little the nature ct the Spirits, even when the ob- jcdis removed. And therefore we lee, thatTuncs and Airs, even in their own natur.e, have in thcmfclvcs fomc athnity w irh the Affedions : As there be Merry Tunes, Doleful Tunes, Solemn Tunes j Tunes inclining Mens mindes to Pity, Warlike Tunei,&c. So as it is no marvel, if they altcrthc Spirits, confidcringthat Tunes have apredilpolition to the Moti- on of the Spirits in themfclves. But yet ithachbccnnoted, that though thii variety of Tunes, doth difpofe the Spirits to variety of Pallions, con- form unto them ; yctgenerally, (L^nfuk tccJcth that dilpofitjonof the Spi- rits which it findcth. Wefccalib;, that IcvcralAirs and Tunes, do pleafc feveral Nations, and Pccfons according to the iympathy they have with their Spirits. PFrfpeHive hath been with fomc diligence inquired 3 and fo hath the Na- ture of Sounds, in fomc fort, as far as conccrncth/i/a/u^, bul the Na- ture of Sounds in general, hath been fuperficially obfcrved. It is one of the fubtillcft pieces of Nature. And bcfiJes, 1 pratf^ifc, as I do advifc; Which is after long inquiry of things, immerfc in matter, to entcrporcfomc fubjedl whichis immateriateorlcfsmateriatc-, fuch as this of Sounds: To the end, that the intellcft may be rcdificd, and become not partial. It is firfltobeconfidercd , what great motions there are in Nature which pafs without foiind or noifc. 1 he Heavens turn about in a mofr rapide motion, without noife to us perceived, though in fome dreams they have beenfaid to make an txccllent Alufick. So the motions of the Comers, and Fiery Meteors as StelU Cideiis, c^-c.) yield nonoifc. And if it be thought, that itisthcgreatnefs of diftancc from us, whereby the found cannot, be heard ,• wc fee that Lightnings and Corulcacions, which arc ncarnthand, yicldno found neither i and yet inall thefe, there is apcrcullion anddivilsionof the Air. 'he Winos in the Upper Region (which move the Clouds above (which we call the Rack ^ andarcnotpcrccivcdbclow> pals withoutnoiic. The lower Winds in a Plain, except they be ftrong, make no noife ; but a- mongft Trees, thenoifcof fuch Winds willbepcrceivcd. And the Winds (generally) when they make a noife,docver make ituncqually,rifingarid fall- ing, and fometimcs (when they are vehement) trembling at the height of thcirblaft. Rain or Hail falling, though vehement! •, yieldcthnonoife, in pafsing through the Air, till it fall upon the Ground, Water, Houfes, or the like. Water in a River (though a fwift ftream, is not heard in the Channel, but (^entury II, but lUiinetti m (ilencc , ir it t)c wf any depth ; but the very Stream upon Snal • lows, otGravcl, or Pebble, will be heard. And Waters, vv hen they bcarup- on the Snore, Or are ftraimcd, fas in the falls of Bridges; orarcdaflied againit [hcmfelves by Winds, give a roaring iioife. Any pecce of rirribcr, or hard Body, being tijtuit fotw uJs by anotncr Body continguous, U'lthout knock- inggivcth no nolle. And lo£i;rf«« in weighing, one upon another, though the upper Body ptefs the lower Body down, make no noili.-, Su the motion of the Minute parts of any (olid Body, ^^vvh^ch is the piincipal caufc of violent Motion, though uuobfcrvcd J palVeth without found : For that found, that is heard fomctimcs, is produced onely by the breaking of the Air, and not by (he impulfion of the parts, ^o it is manifcit, that where the anterior Body givcrh way asfaft as thcporterior comcih on, it maketh no noiie, be the motion never fo great or fwift. ty/iro^n and at large, maketh no noifc, cxceptitbe fhifpiy pcrcuQed j as in the (oundof a ftring, whcreAir ispurcufledby a hard and ibflf Body, and wifhafliarploolc : For it the ftring be not llraincd, it maketh no noilc; but where the Air is pent and itraiincd, there breath or other blowing cwhich carry but a gentle percuirion) faftice to create found ; as in Pipes aod Wind jfnftrumcnrs. But then you nuit note, that in /?«»r(/fr/ which go with a gentle breath, the Concave of the Pipe Cwcre it not for the Fipple chac lirait- ncth the Air much more then the fimplc Concave) would yield no found. For, as for other Wind-I;i(irumcnts, they require a forcible breath, as Trum- pe:s, Cotr.cts, Hunters, Horns, &c. Which appcarcth by the blown Checks o him that winJcth them. Organs alio are blown with a Itrong wind by the Bellow^. A'ld note again, thatfomckindc of Wind-Inftramcnts arc biown at a Imal! hole in the fide, which ftraincth the breath at thoririt entrance; the rather, in rcfpcct of their travcrfe, and ftop above the hole which per- formeth the Fipplcs part ; as it is Icon in FUitts and Ftfcs, which will not g.vc loiand by a blaft at the end, as Rectrders do, iScc. Likcwife in all WhiiUing. you contrafttiieMouth ; and to make it more fhjrp, Men fometiinci u(e their ringer. BiM in open Air, if you throw a Stone or a Dart, they give no found : No nioic do Bullets, cxceptthcy kappen to be alittle hollowed inthccaft ing ,- which hoUownefs pcnncth the Air : Nor yet Arrows, except they be rurtkd in their Feathers, whidi likewile penneththc Air As for (mall Whi tiles or Shepherds Oaten Pipes, they give a found, becaufcof chcir txcrcam llen.ierncfs, whereby the Air is more (^cntthanin a wider Pipe. Again, the Voices of Men and Living Crcaiures, pafsthrough the Throat, which pen, neth the breath. Asfor the jtfw-H.<r^, it isafliarp percufllon.andbcfideshath thevanttgeof penning the Au in the Mouth. Solid Bodtts. if they be very loftly pcrcuffcd, give no Ibund ; as when a Man treadeth very loftly upon Board?. SoChc(\s or Doors in fair weather, whtnthev opcncalily, give no found. And Cait- wheels fqucek not when they are liquored. The flame of Tdpers or Candles, though it be a fwift motion and breaketh thcAir, yetpjllcth without found. Air in Ovens, though (no doubtUt doth (is It Were, boil, and dilate it Iclf, and is repetcullcd, vet it is without noiFr. ftame percujfed bj Air, giveth 1 noifc ; Asin blowing of the Fitc bf Bel. lowi. urcatcr thanif the Bellows Ihouid blow upon the Air it Iclf. Andfo 'kc« if: Flange pcrcuiFing the Air tUongly (as when llanicfuddcnly takcth a.ijopeneth^ giveth x noif; : So great Flames, winles thconcimpclleththc other, gwc a bellowing fouud. There J^Qttural Hijlory ; i here IS a conceit runneth abroad, that there (hould bj a Wii:te l^owdL-r, which will difchargc a piece without noifo, which is a daiigorous cxpcru mcnt, if it fliould be true : For it may caufc Iccret Miuthcrs, but u fcenuth to me unpolllbic j forif the Air pent, be dnvcn forth andftrikc the Airopcn, it will ccitJinly make a noile. As for the White Powder , ( it any luch thing be that may cxtirguifh or dead the noilc) it is like to be a mixture of Pctre and Sulphurc, withoutCoal. For Pctrc alone Will not take Fire. And if any Man think, that the found may be cxtinguifhcd or dcadcd, by difchatging the pent Air, before it comcth to the Mouth ot the Fcccc, and tothcopen Air, that is not probable; tor it will make more divided (ounds : As if you fhould make a Crols-barrel hollow, thorow the Battel of i Pcecc , it may be it would give fcveral founds , both at theNofe and the fides. But 1 conceive, that if it were poffiblc to bring to pals, that there Chould be no Air pent at thcMou.h ot the Pcece, the Btrtift might flic with imall or no noifc. For firfl ir is certain, there is no noifc i.i thcPcr- cuHionof the Flame upon the iiullct. Next tlie liuller, in piercing tho- row the Air, makech no noifc, as hath been laid; and then, if there be no pent Air, thatrtriketh upon open Air, there isno caufe ot noill*, and yet the flying of the Bullet will not be ttaid. For that motion (as hath been oft (aid) is in the parts of the Bullet, and nor in the Air. So as tryal muft be made by taking fomefmall Concavcof CMind, no more than you mean to hll with Powder* and laying the Bullet in the Mouth of it halt out in the open Air. I heard it affirmed by aManthatwas a great dealer in Secrets, but he was but vaifl ; That there was a Confp'iracj (which himfeU hindred) to have killed Qiieen Mf^. S\[\tiio Qnzen Eitz.tibeth, hy a Burning-Glaj?, whcnGie walked in St. JametViik,\tom rhe Leads of the Houfc. But thus much, no doubt, is true, i nat if Bmning-Guffes could be brought to agreat Itrength, (as they talk generally of Burnm^-Glffes, that arc able to burn a Navy) the PcrcufTion of the Air alone, by fueh a Burning-Glaji' , would make no noife ; no more than is found in Corrufcathns , and Lightnings without Ihuuders, •' ' I fuppofc that/w^rf/jowof the Air with Jowjrfr, asketh a time to be con- vcighcd CO the Senfe, as well as the /mprefion of S'fenesv'tjible, or elfe they will not be heard. And therefore, as the Bullet moveth lo Iwift, that ir isinvifibic, fo the fame fwiftncfsof motion makcth it inaudible ; tor wc fee that the ap- prchenfionof the Eye, is quicker then that of the Ear. All Eruptions of Air, though fmall and flight, give an entity of found, which we call Crackling, Vtfjing, S'piiing, &c. As in l>ay ialr, and Bay-leaves cafl into the tire ; fo in Chefnun, when they leap forth of the Afhcs, foin green wood laid upon the hre, cfpecially Roots; (o in Candles that fpit flamc.if they bewetf foinRalping, Sneezing, &c. Soin a Rofe leaf gather- ed together into the fafliion of a Purfc, and broken upon the Forehead, or Back of the Hand, as Children ufo. THe caufe given of Sound, that it ftiould be an EliJ/en of thet^ir (where- by, if they mean any thing, they mean Cutting or Dividing, or elfe an Attenuating of the Air) is but a term of Ignorance ; and the motion is but a catch of the Wit upon a few Inftanccs, as the manner is in thf Thilofophj recc'wed. And it iscommon withMcn, thatif they have gotten a pretty cxprcffion by a word «f ./frr, tharexprcflion goeth currant, though it be empty of matter. This conceit ot £/«/iew, appeareth moil manifeftly Century II. 3 5 to be fili'c, in chat the Sound of aB^ll ftring, or the like, continucdi mclring, lomctimc after the PcrcunTion ; but cealeth ftraighc-wavs, if the Bell or 'Stringbe touched and Ibycd; wncreas, if itwerc ihc Elifton of thcyfir, tlrat made the Sound, it could not be that the touch of the Bell or String, fliould cxtinguifli (o fuddcnly thatmotion, caufcd by the Lltfion of the Air. This i appearcth yet more maiiifcftly, by Chiming with a Hammer upon the cuc- fide of a Bell; for the Sound will be according to the inward Concave of the Bell : Wncreas the Elifion or t^ttenuation of the i^ir cmnot be, but onely between the Hammer, and the ouffideof the Bell. So again, ifit were an £/;yio>;, a broad Hammer, and a Bodkin, ftruck upon Metal, would give a divtife Tone, as well as a diveilc Loudnefs ; Buc they do not
fo 5 for though the Sound of the onebe louder, andof the ocherfoftcr, yet
I the Tone isihcfame, Befides, inEc^ho's (^whereof fomcareasloud as the
Original Voice; there is no new f/jyiun, butaKepetcufTion onely. But that,
which convinccthitmol\of all, is. That Sounds are generated, where there I is no Air at all. But thefe, and the like conceits, when Men have cleated i ihcir Underilanding, by the light of lixperience, willfcatter and break up i hkeaMill. j It is certain, that Sounds is not produced at the firlf, but with fome ' Local Motion of the Ait or Flame, or fomeoCher AfirrfJHwj nor yet without fomerefiitince, eithzr in the Air, or the Body pjrcuifed. For if therebea mccr yicldii g or ccirxon, it producethno Sound, is hath been fiid. And therein Sounds dif^'cr from Light or Colours which paf. through the Air, or other Bodies, without any Local Motion of the Air, cither at the firft, or attcr. But you mull attentively diftinguifli between the Local Motion of the Air {\vh\ch\s bnxyehlculutncAufx, A C*Trier of the Sounds ') anothcSounds thcmfclvcsconvcighedinthcAir. Fora^^ to the former, wcfemanifeltly, that no Sound is produced (no not by Air it Iclf againlt other Air, as in Orgjns, &cj but with a percepublc Blaft ot the Air, and with fome rc- fiflanceot the Air ftrucken. For, even all Speech, (which is one of the gcntlclf Motions of Air,) is with cxpuUion of a little Breath. And all Pipes liaveablaft.as well asaSound. Wc feealfomanifeftly, that Soiinds arc car- ried with Wind : And therefore Sounds will be hard further with the Wind, thanagaip.tl i!ie Wind ; and likewife, do rile and tall with th. intenfion or rcmiflionof the Wind : But fortiic imptcffion ot the Sound, it is quite an- other tiling, and is utterly without Local Motion of the Air, perceptible,- and intliatrcfcmbleth the fpecies vdiblc: For after a Man hath lured, or a Bcllisruni;, we cannotdiicern any Perceptible Motion (at all) in the Air, as long IS thcloundgoeth, butoncly at the ticlh Neither doih the Wind (as fac as u carriciii a Voice) with the Motion thereof, confound any of the deli- cate, and ArnculatcFiguraiions ot theAir, in variety ot Words. And it a Manfpeakagood loudncis againft the flime ot a Candle, it will not make it tremble muc. 5 though moft, when thofc Letters arc pronounced, which contracl the mouth, as F^ S, V, and fome otiicrs. But gentle breathing, or blowing without fpcaking, will move thcGandlc farmorc. And it ib the more probable, that Sound is without any Local Motion of the Air, becaulc asitditfcrcthtrom the fight, in that it necdeth a Local Motion ot the Air at fitft : So it parallclcth in fo many crher things with the fight, and radiation of things invifible, which (without all qucltion) induce no Local Motion in ' ibc Air, as hath been faid. j Nevcrthclcfs it is ttue, that upon the noifc of Thunder, and great Ord I nance, Glafs Windows will fhake, and Fiflics are thought to be frayed with ' . the 125. iz6. 36 127- I2S. 129- 130. IJI. 132. J^Qitural hijlory ; the Motion, cniifcd by nolle upon tlic Water. Bitthelc cftcds arcfrcm thclocal motion of the Air, which is a concomitant of the Sound (as hath been faid) and not from the Sound. It hath been anciently reported, andi^ ftill received, that cxtrcam ap- plaufes, and fhoiiting of people, aflcmblcd ingreatmultitudcs. l.avcforari- fied, and broken the Air, that Birds flying over, have fain dovn, the Airbe- ingnot ablcto liippoittiicm. And it is believed by iome, that great Ring- ing of Bells in populous Cities, hath chafed iVfay Thunder ; and alio dijl fipatcd pcftilent Air: All which may be alio from the concul]]on ot the Air, and not from the Sound. A very great found near hand, hath flruc ken many deaf; and at the inftantthcy havefound, as it were, the breaking of aSkinot Parchmcntin their Ear : And myfclf, (landing near one that lured loud and fhrill, had fudc'cnly an offence, as if fomewhat had broken, or bccndiflocarcd in my Ear, and immediately after a loud Ringing; (not an ordinary ringing, or Hiffing, but far louder, and differing ; lb - s 1 feared fomc Deafnels. But after fomc half quarter of an hour, it vaniflxd. Thiscf^cft may be truly referred unto the Sound ; for (as is commonly received) an ovcrpotent Objcftdoth dcflroy the Scnfe j and Spiritual Species, (both ViiibJe and Audible,) will work upon the fcnlorics, though they move not any other Body. In DeLtiion of founds, the enclofurc of them ptefervcth tbem, and caufcth them to be heard further. And we hndcin Rowlsof Tarchmcnt, or Truncks, the Mouthbeinglaid tothe one end of the Rcsvl of Parchment, or Trunck, and the Ear to the other, the Sound is heard much further then in the open Air. Thecaufcij, for that the Sound fpendcth, andisdiflipated in the open Air ; but in fuch Concaves, it is conlcrved and contraiffcd. So alfo in aPieceof Ordnance, if youfpcakintbc Touch-hole, and another lay his Ear to the Mouth of the Piece, the Sound pafleth, and is far better heard than in the open Air. It is further to be confidered, hosv it proveth and worketh when the Sound is not enclofcd, all the length of his way, but paffsth partly through open Air ; as where you fpeak fome diflance from a Trunck, or where the Ear is fome diflance from the Trunck, at the other end ; or m here both Mouth and Ear are diftant from the Trunck. And it is trye H , that in a long Trunck of fome Eight or ten foot, the found isholpen, thoi.gh both the Mouth, and the Ear be ahandfulormore, from the ends of the Trunck-, and fomewhatmorc holpcn, when the Ear of the Hearer isnear, than when the ; Mouth of the Speaker. And it is certain, that the Voice is better heard in a 1 Chamber from abroad, than abroad from \vi: bin the Clumber. As the En do fur e\\\iit is round about and entircprefei veth the Sound ; fb | doth a Semi-concave, though inalcfsdegree. And therefore, if you divide a Trunck, or a Cane into two, and^onc fpeak at the one end, and vou lay your Ear at the othcr.it will carry the Voice furthcr.than in the Ait at large. Nay further, if it be not a full Semi-concave i but if you do the like upon the Maftof aShip, or .tlong Pole, or a Piece of Ordnance (though one fpeak upon Surface of the Ordnance, and not at any of the Bores) the Voice will be heard further then in the Air at large. It would be tryed, how, and with what proportion of difadvantage, the Voice will be carried in an Horn, which is a Line Arched; or in a Trumpet, which is a Line Retorted 5 or in Ibmc Pipe that were Si- nuous. It century II, Itis certain, ^howlbcvcr iccrofs the rcccivcdopiiiion) that Sound;, may be created without Air , tlioiigii Air he the nioit favorable diftl'renc of Sounds. Tnkc a \ci\z\ ot Water, and knap a pair ot Tongs ibmc depth ^x■ichin the Water, and you (hall hear the Suund ot tlie Tongs well, andnot much diminithed, and \ ct rlicrc is no Airat all pccfcnt. Takconc Vellciof Silvcr.and another of Wood, and fi'I each of them hillofsvatenand thenkilap the Tongs together as before, about an handful from the bottom , and you fhall findc the Sound much more reloundino- from the Veird of Silver, than from that of Wood; andyet if tlicrc be no Water in the V'eflcJ, ib thac you knap the Tongs in the Air, you (hall findc no diftcrence between the Silver, and the Wooden Vclfel, vv hereby bclide the main poincof, creating found without Air, you may colled tsvo things ; the one, that the found communicateth with the bottom of thcVcflei; the other, that I'uch a communication pallcth far better thorow Water than Air. Strike any hard Bodies together in thcmidftof aiSame, andyoufliall hcarthc found ^'ich little difference, from chc found in the Air. The Tnen7nAttial purt, u hich is in all Tangible Bodies , and hath fome iiiinity with the Air, pciformcihin feme degree, the parts of the Air j as when you knock upon an empty iarrcl, the iound is (in part) created by the Air on theoutfide, and (in part) by the Air intheinlide ; for the found will be greater or Iclkr, as the I'arrcl is more empty, ormorcfuli; but yctthe found participatcth alio with the Spirit in the Wood, thorow which it pafs- cth from the outiidc to the inlidc ; and lo it cometh to pals in the chiming o; Bells on the outiidc, where alio the fpund palleth totheinfice; and a number of other like inftances, whereof we Ihall ipcgk more whsn \vc lundlc the Communication of Sounds. It were cxtream grofncfs to think (as we have partly touched before) that the found in Strings is made, or produced between the Hand and the String, or the Quill and the String, or the Bow and the String : For thofc arc but f'ehtail.t moitu palliges lo the Creation of the found, the found being produced between the String and the Air; and thatnot by anyimpoWionof the Air, Irom the h ft Motion of the String ; but by the return or rclult of the String, which was ftrained by the touch to his former place ; which Morion of Rcfult is quick and Iharp , whcrea> the £n\ Motion is foft and dull. So the Bow tortureth the String continually, andthcrcby holdcth it in a continual Trepidation. TA'<caTrunk, andletonc whiftle atthc one end, and hold youc cat at the other and youfliall hndethcibund ftrikcfofliarp, as youcanfcarcc endure it. The caufc is, for that found diftufeth it fclfin round, apdfo fpcndcthitlch : iii.t it the found, whic'n would Icattci inopcn Ait,b«madc tu go all into a Cinj/o; it muft needs give greater force lo the found. And lo you may note, that inclolurcs do not oncly prcfcrvc found, butt alfo cn- crcafcandlharpcnit. A Hunters Horn, being greater at one end, th.in at the other, doth ca- crcalcthcfmnd more, ihan if the Horn were all of an equal bore. The caufc is. tor that the Air and Sound, being hrft contraded at the Iclfer end. and afrcrwards having more room tolprcdat the greater end. do dilaoe thrmfelvcs , and in. coming out, ftrikc more Air,' whereby chc loaod is ihegrcater, and bafcr. Arid even Hunters Horns, which jre lomctimcs |; E made 138. Expenmcati ia Conlotc, lOuchio^the and £iiiny, and Dampi if Seundt, 3 8 J\(jitural Hi/iory ;
.>o.
141. 142- 145. 144. 145. 146. X47. midcllraiohc, and no: obluk, are ever greater at ihc lower rnd. It would be rrycd alfo in Pipes, being made far larger at tlie lcwc>- end, or being made with a Belly towardi the lower end, and then ifluirg into a ftraight con cave again. There is in S\ Jitmtfes Tields, a Conduit of Brick, unto v hieh joynctli a low Vault ; and at the end of that, a round Houfe c{ Store ; and in the Bcick Conduit there is a Window, and in the round Houfe a Slit or Rift of fome little breadth ; if you cry out iniheUift, it will make a fearful roaring at thfr Window. The caufe is the fame with ihe foimcr: For that all Con. caves that proceed from more narrow to more broad, doamplific tkcScund at thecomingout. ... •Hdtvkj Bellt ihathsvchoks in the fides, give a greatctrilig, than if the Pellet did rtrikc upon Brsfs in the open Air. The caufe is the fame with the hfit inltancc of the Trunck : Namely, for that tlic Sound, enclofcd with the fides of the Bell , cometh forth at the holes unfpcnt and mote ftrong. ■;■ i i, - . In "Drttms , the clofcnefs round abcur, that prefervcth the Sound frftm difperfing, maketh the noife come forth at the Dinm-hole , far more Joud and ftronii, than if you /hculd llrike upon the like ^ kin, ex- tended in the open Air. The caufe is the fame with the two prece- dent. J»Hnrf/ are better heard, and further off in an Evcniug, cr in the Night, than at the Noon or in the Day, The caufe is, for that in the Day, when the Air is more thin ^no doubt) the Sound picrccth better ; but when the Air is more thick fas in the Night) the Sound ipendeth and fpredeth abroad iefs j and fo it is a degree of Enclofure. As for the night, it is true alfo, that the general filcncehelpeth. There be twokindesof RtfleBionsof Sounds ; the one at Diftance, which is the Eccho , wherein the original is heard diitindly, and the Reflexion alfo diftinftly ; of which, we fliallfpeak hereafter. Ihe other in Concur- rence; when rhc Sound reflefting (the Reflexion being near at hand) rc- turneth immediately upon the original, and fo iterateth it not, but am* plifieth it. Therefore we fee, that Mufick upon the Water foundcth more ; and fo likewifc, Mufick is better in Chambers Wainfcotted than Hanged. The Strings of a Z-«W, or Fiol, or F'trgmnU, do give a far greater Sound, by reafonof the Knot, and Board, and Concave underneath, than if there were nothing but onely the Flat of a Board, wichput that tiollow and Knot, to let in the upper Air into the lower. The caulc is, the Communication of the upper Air with the lower, and penning of both Ironuxpence ordilper- An Ir'tfh Harf hath open Air on both fides of the Strings ; and it hath the Concave or Belly, not a long the String?, but at the end of theStrings, It maketh a more rcfounding Sound, than a Bandora, Orphamn, or Qttem , which have likewifc Wire-ftrings. 1 judge the caufe to be, for that open Air on both fides helpeth, fo that there be a Concave ; which is therefore heft placed at the end. Inz. Virginal, when the Lid is down, it maketh a more exile Sound than when the Lid is open. The caufe is, for that allfhuttmg in of Air, where there is no competent Vent, dampeth the Sound; whicii maintaineth like- wife the fotmecinftance : For the Belly of the Lute, or Viol, doth pen the Aitfomewhat. There I ~i- Century I L There is a Church at G/(»ff/??r, (and as I have heard, the liksisinfomc other places) where if you f;icaka(»ainfi; a Wall foftly, another (hall hear your voice better a good vray off, than near hand. Inquire more panicu- j larlyof the fame ot" that place. I fiippofc there is fomc Vault, or Hollow, orlfle, behindc the Wall, and fomc pallageto ic, towards the further end of ! that Wall againll which you fpcak : So as the voice of liim that fpcaketh i flidcth along the Wall, and then cntrcth at fomcpaflage, and communi- caxcth with the Air of the Hollow ; for it is prclcrved fomcwhat by the j plain Wall •, but that is too weak co give a Sound audible, till it hath com- I niunicated vvith the backAir. I Strike upon a Bow-ftring, and lay the Horn of the Bow near your Ear, I and itNvillincrcafc thcSound, and make adcgrec of a Tone. Thccaul'cis ' for that the Icnlory, by reafon of the clofe holding ispercufl'cd, before the I Airdifpcrlcth. Thclike is, if you hold the Horn betwixt your Teeth. But that is a plain ^Dilation of the Smnd, from the Teeth to the inflrument of Hur- ing-y forthcreis agreatenccrcourfe bct\Y'ccn thole two parts, as appearcth by this, that a har(h grating Tunefettcth the Teeth one edge. The like fallcthoutjif the Horn of the BowbcputupontheTcmplcs; but that is but the Aid- of the Sound from diencc to the ear. I If you t.'.kea Rod ot Iron orBrafs, and hold the one end to your car and ftrike upon tlic other, itmakctha far greater Sound, ihan thclike ftrokc upon the Rod, not made fo contiguous to the Ear. By which, and by fome other inftanccs rhatliavc been partly touched, it fliould appear ; that Sounds do not oncly (lidc upon diefurfaceof afmootliBody, but do alfo commu- nicate with the Spirits that arc in the Pores of the Body. 1 remember in Tunny-CoUedge inCambridge, there w^s an upper Cham- ber, which being thought weak in the Roof of it, was fupportcdbyaPillar of Ircn, ot thcbignclsof ones arm, in the mid If of the Chamber, which, if youhadllruck, itwould make a little flatnoilc in the Room where it was ftruck; but it would make a great bomb in the Chamber beneath. The found which is made by Buckets in a Well, when they touch upon the Water, or when they ftrikc upon the fide of the Well, or when two Buc'.-.cts dafli the one againfl: the other. Thefe Sounds are deeper and fuller, than if the like PcrcuH'ion were made in the open Air. 'The cauie is the penning and cnclofure of the Air in the Concave of the Well, Barrels placed in a Room under the Floor of aChambcr, makcall noifcsia the lame Chamber more fuUand rclounding. So that there be five ways (in general) of cJ7/.«/or,«(ff»o/ Sounds, Endoftire Smplc, t nclofiire iiitl't'DiUt/ttioti, CommunicAtwi, Rejlex'ton, Concurrent:) ind Jtp- , froach tothe Senfory, \ For Exility of the Voice, or other Sounds: It is certain, that the Voice ' doth pa(s thorowlolid and hard Bodies, if they be not too thick ; and thorow ] W.atcr, which is likewife a very clofcBody, and fuchanoneas Icttethnoc in Air. But then the V^oice or other Sound is reduced, by fuch pafligctoa j great wciknefj or exility. If therefore you flop the Holes of jl FlaTti's BeU, it will make no riuij;, but afl.it ncife or rattle. And fodoth the c^nties or ±j^gUs Stone, which hath a little ftone within it. I AndasforWatcr. itis accrtainTryal: Lctamangointo aBath, and, Cake a Pail and turn the bottom upward, and carry the mouth of it (even') down to the level of the Water , and fo prcfs ic down under the Water fomc handful and an half, flill keeping it even, that itmaynot tilt oncitiicrlide, andibthc Airgctout: Then 1st him that is in the Bath, dive E a with 39 i4»: 149. 150. 151. 152. 15J. 154- I5J. J\(jiUiral Hijiorj ; with his head To far under Water, as he may put his head into thcPail, and there will come as much Air bubbling forth , as will make room for his head. 'Ihcnlct him fpeak, and any that fhall ftmd without, fhallhcarhis voice plainly , but yet made cxtream fliarp and exile, like rlie voice of Puppets: But yet the Articulate Sounds of the words will not be confound- ed. Note, that it may bo much more handfomly done, if the Pail be put over the N4ans head above Water, and then lie cowre down, and rhe Pail be preflcd down with him. Note, that a man muft kneel or fir, 'that he may be lower than the Water. A man would think, that the Sici- lian Poet had knowledge of this Experiment; for he faith, that Hercules's Page H|>'/(MWent with a Water-pot, to fill it at a pleafant Fountain that was near thefhore, and that the Nymphs of the Fountain fell in love with the Boy, aad pulled him under the Water, keeping him alive ; and chat /y^r- cults miffing his Page, called him by his name aloud, that all the fliore rang of it ; and ihM H)lits from within the Water anfvvered his Mailer ; but (that which is to the prclent purpofe) with fo fmall and exile a voice, as Hercules thought he had been three miles off, when the Fountain (indeed) was fait by. In Lutes and Inftruments of Strings, if youllopaftring high, where- by it hath lelsfcope to tremble, the Sound is more Trebblc, but yet more dead. Take two Sawcers, andftrike the edge of the one againfV the bottom of thcother, within a Pail of Water, and you fhall findc that as you put the Sawcers lower and lower, the Sound groweth mote flat, even while part of the Savvcer is above the Water; but that flatnefs of Sound is joyned withahatfhnefsot Sound, which, no doubt, is canfed by the inequality of the Sound, which comethfromthepartof the Sawcer under the Water, and from the part above. But when the Sawcer is wholly under the Water, the found becometh more clear, but far more low, and as if the found came from a fat off. A foft body dampcth the found, much more than a hard ; and if a Bell hath cjoch or filk wrapped about it, it deadeth the found more than if it were Wood. And therefore in Clencttls, the Key es are lined, and in Colledges they ufe CO line the Table-men. Tryal was made in a /?r«r(/fr after thefefeveral manners. The bottom ofit wasfetagainft thePalmof the Hand, flopped with Wax round about, fet againft a Damask Cufliion, thrull into Sand, into Afhes, into Water, (half an inch under the Water) clofe to the bottom of a Silver Bafin, and ftill the Tone remained : But the bottom of it was fet agamft a Woollen Carpet, a Lining of Plufli, a Lock of Wool, (.hough loofly put in j) againft Snow , and the found of it was quite deaded , and but breath. Iron hot produccth not fo full a found, as when it is cold ; for while it is hot, it appeareth tobemorcfofr,andlefsrefoanding. Solikewife warm Wa- ter, when it faileth makethnot fo full a found as cold; and 1 conceive it is fofter, and nearer the nature of Oyl j foritismore flippery, as may be per- ceived, in thatit fcowreth better. Let there be a Recorder xnzdt^kh two Fipples at each end one ; the Trunck of it of thelengthof two Recorders, and the holes anfwcrable to- wards each end, and let two play the fame Lcflon upon it, at an Unifon ; and let it be noted , whether the found be confounded, or amplified, or dulled. So likewife let a Crofs be made of two Truncks (thorowout) hollow ,' Qentury //. hollow ; and kt two ipcak or fing, the one long ways the other travtric. And let two hear at the oppoiitc ends 5 and note, whctiicr the Sound be confoanded, amplified, or dulled. Which twoinltances will alio g.vcl.ght to the mixture of Sounds, whereof wc fhall fpeak hcrealter. A Belloyct, blown into the hole ot a Drum, and the Drum then ft.ucken, ■makcth the .Sound a little flatter, but no other apparent alttracion. The caufe is m.mit'cft; partly for that it hindreth the ill'uc of the Sound; and partly for that it makcth the Air being blown together. Ids morV able. THe Loudncfs and Sofincls of Sounds is q thing diflindfrom the Mag- nitude and Exility of Sounds ; for a Bafe-Jlrtng, though loftly ftruckcn, giveth the greater Sound ; but a Trehble- firing, it hard ilrucken , will be heard much further otV. And the caufe is, for that the Bafe-flnng (Irikcih more Air; andthe TVcW/? lefs Air, but withafliarpcrpcrcuflion. It is therefore tlic ft rength of the Percuffion, that Is a principal cdufc of the loudncrs or ibftnefs of Sounds : As in knocking, harder or fofccr ; Windirg of a Horn, Wronger or weaker ; Ringing of an Hand bell, harder or (otter. &c. And the ftrcngthof this Pcrcuflion confiftetb, as much or more, in the hardnefs of the Body perculled , as in the force of the J3ody pctciiiHn? : 1 or it you Ifrikc againlt a Cloth, it will give a lefs found ; if ogu;?itV/ood, a greater J if againft a Metal, yetagreatct; and in Metals, it you ftrikc againit Gold, ( which is the more plian: ) it giveth the flatter lound; if ag.iinft Silver or Brais, themorc ringingfound. As for Air, where It is llrongly pent, it matchcth a hard Body. And therefore we fecindif- charging of a piece, what a great noife it makcth. Wc (ceaUo, that the Charge with Bullet, or with Paper wet, and hard flopped ; or with Pow- der alone rammed in hard, makcth no great diflfcrencc in theloudnefs of the report. The fTiarpncfs or quitknefs of the PercufTion, is a great caufe of the loudncf-, as well as the Ifrength : ,As in a Wnip or W^nd, if you llnke the At With it. the fharpcr and quicker you ftrike if, the louder found it giveth. And in playing upon the Lute 01 Virginals, the quick ftroke or fcuch is a great life to the Sound. The caufe is, for that the quick Ilrik- ing cuftcth tne Air Ipccdily , whereas the foft f\riking, doth rather beat than lu:. THc CommunicAUon of bounds (as in Bellies o{ Lutes, empty Veflcis &c.) hath bci.n touched obiter, in the Afajoratim of Sounds : But it is fitalfo to make a liilcof it apitt. The Experiment, for gteatcft Dcmonftration of Communication of Sounds , is the Chiming of Bells ; where, if you Ifrikc with a Hammar upon the upper part, and then upon the midif, and then upon the lower, y^iu (hall finder'ic found to be more Trcbbic, and more Bafe, according un:o the Concave on the infidc, though the PercufTion be one ly on the outiiiic. When the Sound is created between the Blaf!; of the Mouth, and the Ait of the Pipe, It hathnevcfthelefsfomccommunication with the matter of the (idcs of fhc Pipe, and the fpirits in them contained : For in a Pipe or Trum- pet of M"ood ind Rraf?, the found will be divcrfe; fo if the Pipe be covered _ H 3 With 41 1^2. 163. Experiments in Contoit. touching ihc Loudntfi or Sofineji of SounJi, and their Carriage at ioager or Jhorterdl fiance. 1^4. 165. I Expeiiments in Confort, touchingthe Commttnieati- on of SoMnit, 166. 1^7 42 I(S. E xpetimenw in Confoit, toutliing a.jualityand In ifUAliiyof Sound], 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174- !J\Qiturd Hijlory ; with Cloth or Silk, it will give a diverfc Sound from that ic would d > of it felf ; fo if the Pipe bcantclc wet on the infidc, it will make a oiUcrig Sound, from the fame Pipe dry. rhatSoundmadcwithin Watcr,doth communicate better with a hard Bodythorow Watcr.thanmidcinAir, itdothwitli Air. f ide Expenmentum, 134. WEhavcfpokcn before (in the Inquifition touching cji/w/Ff;?;^) of Mu- ficAl^^outids, V hereunto there may be a Concord orDiicordin two Parts; which founds we call Tones, anJiikewifc of Immtifual Sounds j and have given the caufc, that the Tone procccdeth of Equality, and the other of Inequality. And we have alio cxprcflcd there, what arc the Equal
-.odies that give Tones, and what arc the Unequal that give none. Butnow
we flialllpcak of fuch Inequality of Sounds, as procccdcchnotfrom the Nature of the Bodies themfelves, but is accidental, Either from the Rough- ncfsor Obliquit\ of the Pall'age, or from the Doubling uf the Pcrcuticnt, or from the Trepidation of the Motion. A Bell if it have a Rift in it, whercbythc found hath not a clear pafTage, givcth a hoatfc and jarring found ; fo the Voice of Man, when by cold taken, the Wcfil growcth rugged, and (as vvccall it) furred, becomcth hoarie. And in thefe two inftances, the Sounds arc ingrate, becaufc ihcy arc meerlv unequal ; but if they be unequal inequality, then the Sound is Grateful, but Purling. All /n/?r«f«e«/Mhat have either Returns, as Trumpets 5 orFlexions, as Cornets; oraredravvnup,andputfrom.asSackbuts,havc aPurling Sound ; But the Recorder orFlute thathave none of thefe Inequalities, givcaclcar Sound. Ncverthelefs, the Rccordcritfclf or Pipe, moiftenedalittleinthc infide, foundcthmorefolcmnly, and with a little Purling or Hifling. Again, a Wreathed String, fuch as are in the Bafe Strings of Bandoraes, givcth alfo aPurling Sound. LutaLute -firing, if it bemeccly unequal in his parts, givcth a harfh and untuneable Sound, which firings we call falfc^ being bigger in one place, than in another j and therefore Wire-firings arc never falfc. We fee alfo, that when vcc try a falfe Lute-ftring, weufe to extend ic hard between the Fingers, and to fillip it ; and if it gi veth a double fpccics, it is true i but if it givcth a trebbleormorc, it is falfe. Waters, in thcnoifc they make as they run> reprefent to the Ear a trembhng noife ; and in Regals (uhere tbey have a Pipe, they call the Ntghtingale-Vtpe , which containeth Water) the Sound hath a continual trembling. And Children have alfo little things they call Cocks, which have water in them ; and when they blow, or whillle in them, they yield a trembling noife; which Tremblingof Water, hath an affinity with the Letter L. All which Inequalities of T repidation, are rather plcafant, than other wife. All Bafe Notes, or very Trebble Notes, give an Afpcr Sound ; for that the Bafe flriketh more Air, than it can well fli ike equally ; and the T rebt^lc cutteth the Air fo fharp , as it returneth too fvvifc, to make the Sound equal ; and therefore a Mean orTcnoris the fwcctefl part. We know nothing, that can atpleafure make 2iMufual or Inmnftcal Sound, by voluntary Motion, but the Voice of Man and Birds. Thccaufcis (no doubt) in the Wcfil or Wind-Pipe, (which we call JjperU Jrterht,) which ■(^entury //. which being well extended , gathered equality ; as a Bladder that is wrincklcd, if it be extended, bccometh linooth. The cxtcnlion is alw ays, more in Tones, than in Speech ; therefore the inward voice or whifpcr, can never give a Tone. And in Hnging, there is (manifcftly ) a greater working and labor of the Throat, than in Ipeaking; as appcarcth in the t.irufting out, or drawing in of the Chin, when we fing. Tlie Humming of Beci is an unequal buzzing, and is conceived bv Tome of the Ancients, not to come forth at their Mouth, but to bean inward Sound; but (it maybe) it is neither, but from the motion ot their Wings ; for it is not heard, but when they ftir. All Metals qucnchedinWatcr.givealibillationorhilTing found (^hich hath an aHinity with the LctccrZ.) notwithltanding the Sound be created between the Water or Vapor, and the Air. Seethingalfo, ifthcrebcbut fmnll ftorc of Water in a VelTel, givcth a hilling found; but boylingin a fuUVcflel, givcth a bubbling found, drawing fome what near to the Cocks ufed by Children. fryal woulJ be made, whether the Jnfqualltjf, or interchangr of the A.editint, will not produce an Inequality of Sound ; as if three Bells were made one within another, and Air betwixt each; an-i then the outermofl: Fell were chimed with a Hammer, ho u the Sound would dift'ec from a flmplc Bell. So likcsviletakeaPlatcof Brais, and a Plank of Wood, and jovnchcm dole together, andknockupononc of them, and fee if they do not give an unequal Sound. So make two or three Partitions of Wood in .-» Hogihead, wit. holes or knots in them j and mark the difference of their Ibund, from the found of an Hogffiead, without fuchpartitions. IT is evident, that the Percuffion of thegrcater quantity of Air, caufcth the bafcr Sound; and the Icfs quantity, themore trebble Sound. The Pcrcuflion of the greater quantity of Air, is produced by thegreatnefsof the Body pcrcufling; by the Latitude of the Concave, by whicli the Sound pallsch, and by the Longitude of the fame Concave. Therefore we rec,that a Bafc-iliing is greater tliana Trebble, aBalc-pipchath agrcater borcthan a Trebble : And in Pipes, and the like, the lower the Note holes be, and the further off from the Mouth of the Pipe, themore Bafe found they yield ; and the nearer the Mouth, the more Trebble. Nay more, if you llrike an entire Body, asan Andiron of Brafs, at thetop itmakcth a more Trebble lound, and at the bottom a Bafer. It is alfo evident, that the fliarperorquickcr Pcrcuflion of Air, caufcth thcmorcTrcbblc lound ; and the llower or heavier, the more Bafe found. Sowclce inStrings, themore they arcwoundup and flrained (andthercby give a more quick li art back) he more Trebble is the lound ; and the (lacker they are. or lefs wound up, the Baler is the found. And therefore a bigger Scring more llrained, and a lellcr String lets flrained, may fall into the fame lone. Children, Women, Eunucht, have morc fmall and flirill Voices than Men. Ihe rcafon is, not for that Alen have greater heat, which may make the voice lf;rongcr,(for thc(\rength of aVoiceor Sound, doth makcadiffcrencc in the loudncls orfotcnefs, butnot'in the Tone) but from the dilatation of the Organ, which (it is true) is likewifc caufed byheat ; butthe caufe of changing the voice at the years of puberty, is moR oblcure. It feemeth to be for that, when much of the moifture of the Body, which did before irregate the 43 i75«  17^- 177- 178. Expctimenis in Confort, touchiiigilie more Trtbbte, And thim^rt BufcTr.ntitr M.'ftctl - Snundi, 179. iSo. 4+ i8i. i8i. 18J. i»4. 1S5. lZ6. !]\(juural Hijlory ; Experiments in Confotfj touching tlic Ptoporiitm of TrebbU and Safe Ttntu the Parts , is drawn down to rhc Spcrmatical Vcflels, it leavctii the Body more hot than it was ; whence comcth the dilaution of the Pipes : For we fee plainly allcffcfts of Heat do then come on; asPilofuy, more rough- ntlsof tbeskin.hardncfsof thcflerh,&c. ' ' The induftry of rae CMu[nUu, hath produced two other means of StrAin- \ing, or Intenjion of Strings, hzMcsihnxjFiniingup. The one is the Stopping of the Siring with the Finger-, as in the Necks of Lutes, Viols, &c. The
Otheris
ne SlmtnejS^oi thcS'tring\ asin Harps, Virginals, &c. Both thele
thave one and the fame reafon, for they caufc the Jrriwj to give a quicker ftart. In theflrainingof a String, the further it isftrained, thelcfs fuperftrain- ing gocth to a Note : Foritrcquircth good winding of a Bering, before it will make any Note at all. And m the ftops of Lutes, 5cc. the higher they go, the Icfs diltance is between the Frets. If you fill a 'Drinking Glaf with Water, (efpecially one (harp below, and wide above) and fillip upon the Brim, or oucfidc ; and after, empty part of the Water, and fo more and more, and ftili try the Tone by fillip- jng; youfhallfinde the Tone fall, and be more Bafc as the Glafsis more empty. THc juft and meafurcd Proportion of the Air percuffcd , towards the Pafenefsor Trcbbleacfs of Tonds, isoneofthe greatell fecrets in the Contemplation of Sounds. For it-difcovereth the true Coincidence of Tones intoDiapafons, which is the return of the fame Sound. And fo of the Concords and Difcords, between the Unifon and Diapafon ; which we have touched before in the Experiments of Mufuk, but think fit to refume it here as a principal part of our Inquiry, touching the A^rfwrfjo/Jownrf;. Itmay befound outinthe Proportionof the Winding of Strings, in thePropottion of the Diftance of Frets, and in the Proportion of the Concave of Pipes.&c. But moll commodicufly in the laft of thefe. Try therefore the Winding of a Scring once abou% as foon as it is brought to that cxtenfion as will give a Tone, and then of twice about, and thrice about. &c. And mark the Icale or difference of the Rice of the Tone, whereby you fhall difcovcr in one, two cflfcdls,- boththe proportion of the Sound towards the Dimenfion of the Win ding . and the proportion likewilc of the Sound towards the String, as it ismorcorlefsftrained. But note that tomeafurethis, the way will be to take the length in aright line of the String, upon any Winding about of the Peg. As for the Stops, you are to take the number of Frets, and principally the length of the Line, from the firft ftop of the String, unto fuch altop as fiiall produce a ^M/)/j/ow to the former ftop, upon the fameString. Bucitwillbcft (as it isfiid) appear in the Bores of ffwd-lnprumenui and therefore caufe fome half dozen Pipes to be made in length, and all things elfcalike, with a fingle double, and fo one toafextupleBore; andfomark what fill of Tone every onegiveth. Butflill in thefe three laft inftances you muft diligently obferve. what length of String, or diftance of Stop, or concave of Air, makcth what rife of Sound. As in the laft of thefe (which, as we faid, is thatwhich givcth thcaptefldemonflration) youmuft fct down what increafe of Concave goeth to the making of a Note higher, and what of two Notes, and what of three Notes, and foupto the Diapafon: For then the great fecret of Numbers and Proportions will appear. It is not unlikely, (^cntury Ih onlikch , that thofc tint make Recorders, 5cc. know this already; for chat they ni'ke them in Scf;. And likcwifc Bell-Founders in fittirg the tunc of their Bells : So that enquiry may favc tryal. Surely, it hath ben obfetvcd by one of t'nc Ancients, that ancmpty Barrel knocked uponwi h the finger, givctli a Diapafon to the Sound of the like Barrel full : But ho\v rhatfliouldbc, I do not well underftand, for that the knocking of a Barrel full or empty, doth fcarct- give any Tone. There is required fome fcnfible difference in thcProportionof crcat- in* a Note towards the Sound it feJf, which is the Pallive ; and that it be not too near, but at a dilbncc : For in a Recorder, the three uppcr- moft holes yield one Tone, which is a Note lower than the Tone of the fir 1 three. And the like ('no doubt) is required in the winding or flopping offerings. THcrc is another difference of Sounds, which we will call fxtfrior and Interior. It is not Soft nor Loud ; nor it is not Bale, not Trebble ; nor CIS not Mnftail, nor Immiiftul. Though it be true, thqt there can be no lone in znhttenor Sound- but en the Other fide, m in Exterior S'oiiiid, there may be both Mujicai and hnmufcul. We fhall therefore enumerate them, rjthcr than predclydiftingulfli thcni; though to make fome adumbration of (that wc mean) the Interior, is rather an Impulfion or Contufion of the Air, than an Eljifen or Scclioa ot rhefamc; fo as thePcrcuflion of the one towards the other, differcth asaBlowdiffereth from a Cut. Li Spcec'.i of Min, the V/hifperIng, (which they call ^"/"rrw in La- tip.) whether it belouder orfotter, is an Interior Sound; but the Speak- ing our, is an Exterior Sound : And therefore you can never make a Tone, nor fingin Whifpcring; but in Speech you may. So Breathing, or Blow- ing by the Mouth. Bellows, or Wind (chough loud) is an Interior Sound ; but the blowing thorow a Pipe, or Concave (though foft) is an Exterior. So likewife, the grcatcft Winds, if they havcnocoarftation. or blow not hollow, give any Interior Sound; thewhiftling or hollow Wind, yieldeth a Tinging , or Exterior Sound ; the former being pent by fome other Body, the latter being pent in by his own Dcnfity : And therefore wc f jc, Ihat when the Windblowcth hollow, itisafignof Rain; the flame, as it movcch withinitfcif, or is blown by a Bellows, givcth a murmur or Interior Sound. There Is no hard Body, but flruck againft another hard Body.will yield an Exterior Sound, greater or leffer ; infomuch, as if the Percuffion be ovcr- fofr, itmay induce a nullity of found, but never an Interior Sound; as when onctrcadcthfofofcly, that he is not heard. Where the Air is the Percuticnt, pent ornotpcnt, againfta hard Body, it never g.vcth an Exterior Sound ; as if you blow ftrongly with a Bellows againft a Wall. Sounds {both Exterior and Interior) may be made as well by Sudion, as by cmidion ot the Breath ; as in Whi[ihug,or Breaching. IT is evident, and it is one of the ftrangeft fccrcts in Sounds ; that the wiiole Sound is not in the whole Air onely , but the whole Sound is ilfo in every I'mall part of the Air. So that all the curious divcrfity of Art:- cuU:c 4^ I«7 Expenmcnts in Confolt, toucliing Exterior ctti Interior Sounds. i»9. 190. 191. 191. Expctiments in Confoit, touchiog .^rticuUtitni tf Stunii. 46 ifj' I5>4- 155. l?6. J^atural hi/lory • \97' I9t. 199. culatc Counds of the voice of Man or Birds, will enter into a fmall crany. inconfufcd. The unequal agitation ofthclVinds, and ihc like, though they be ma- terial to the carriage of the Sounds, further or Icfs way ; yet they do noc confound the Articulation of them at all, vithin thatdiftancc that they can be heard, though it may be, they nuke them to be heard Icfswav, than in a ftill, as hach been partly touched. Over-great diftance confoundcth the Articulation of Sounds, as we fee, that you may hear the found ot a Preachers voice, or the like, wlicn you cannot diftinguifh what he faith. And one Articulate found will con- found another, as when many fpeak at once. In the Experiment offpcaking under Water, when the voice is re- duced to fuch an cxrream cxhility, yet the Articulate founds (which are the words) arc not confounded, as hath been (aid. 1 conceive that an extream fmall, or an cxtream great lound, can- not be Articulate , but that the Articulation rcquireth a mediocrity of found •• For that the extream Imall found confoundeth the Articulation by contrading, and the great found by difperfmg ; and although ( as was formerly faid) a Sound Articulate, already created, will be con- traded into a fmall crany j yet the firft Articulation requireth more di- mcnfion. It hath been obferved , that in a Room, or in a Chappcl, Vaulted below, and Vaulted likewise in the Roof, a Preacher cannot be heard fb well, as in the like places not fo Vaulted. The caufc is, for that thcfub- fcqucnt words come on, before the precedent words vanifh; and there- fore the Articulate Sounds »rc more confufed.though the grofs of the Sound be greater. The motions of the Tongue, Lip', Thrtat, FaUte, &c. which go to the making of the feveral yllphabeuc.xl Letters are worthy inquiry, and perti- nent to the prcfent Inquifition of Sounds : But bccaufe tney are fubtil and long to defcribc, we will refer them over, and place them amongft the Experiments of Speech. The Hehefi's have been diligent in it, and have afligned v hich Letters arc Lubid, which TDentd, which Guttural, &c. As for the Lutins and Grecians , they have diffinguifhcd between ^emi-va-\\els znA Mutes ; and inC^utes, between iV/«r<e Lenues, Mcdu Sini j^JpiratJt, not amifs , but yet not diligently enough. For the fpecial ftrokej and moti- tions that create thofe Sounds, they have little enquired ; aj that the Letters, B. P.p. M. are not expreflcd, but with the concrading, or (hut- ting of the Mouth; that the Letters N. andB. cannot be pronounced, but that the Letter N. will turn into M. as HecatenLt will he Hecatimba. That M. and T- cannot be pronounced together, but P. will come between ; as Emttts, is pronounced Emptus, anaa number of the like : So that if you enquire to the full, you will finde, that to the making of the whole Alphabet, there will be fewer fimplc Motions required, than there arc Letters. The Lungs arc the mod fpong:y part of thcBody, and therefore ablcft tocontraft and dilate itfelf; and where it contra<Scth itfclf, itexpcllcth the Air, which thorow the jfrtire. Throat, and Mouth, maketh the Voice : But yet ArctcuUtion is not made, but with the help of t\\cToHgut,p*Jlm,^v\d the reft of thofe they call Inftruments of p'tice. __ i There (^cfitury II, There is Found a Similitude between the Sound that is made by Auni- niAte Bodies, or by yfmm.ire Bodtrs , that have no Voice Articulate , and di- vers Letters of Articulate Voices ; and commonly Men have given liich names tothole Sounds as do allude unto the Articulate Letters- As frem- bitng of J/utcr hath rclcmblancc with the Letter L. ^encbwgef Hot A^eult with theLctterZ. ynarlmir ofDo^s v^khthc LcttcrK. The T^oife of S'critcl,. Oil/Is with the Letters Sh. f'oice of Cau with the Dipthong JEu, yotee of Chuch f with tlic Dipthong Ou. Sounds of Strings with the Letters Ng, So thatif aMan (for curiolity or ftrangencfs fake) would make a Puppet, or otherdcad Body;, to pronounce a word : Lcthimconfidcr on the one part, the Motion of the hjiruments of Voice ; and on the Other part, the like Sounds made in LuHiwate Bodies ; and what Conformity there is, thatcaufcth the Similitude of ^mnds ; and by that he may miniftcr ligkt tothatcffcft. +7 ioo. NATURAL asa/iti^ J-WV UJW JTiw Ifii/. i.G>.>£31iJ>aV ifr U iiZV ir.jji J>£rv itt,/. i,r7V i4iV l.i7V >.' .i*GV iOi NATURAL HISTORY Century III, ^*rrr U.S'ounds (whitlocveO move round, thatistofay, On alliides, Upwavds, Downwards, Fore wards, and Back- wards : This appeareth in all Inllances. .. Jcwik/j do not require to hcconvcighed tothfi Senfe ina right Line, as f^ifil^les do, but naay be arched, though it be true they move ftrongcft in aright Line ; vfhich neVcrtheleis is notcauled bythcrightncfsof the Line, but by the Ihortncisot the diftancc .Linearedejirez'tjii- otj. And tliercforc, wc fee if a Wallbe between, and you fpeak on the one fide, \ ouhcariiontheother; whjchisnotb-caufe the found paflcth thorow the ^all, but arched over the Wall. It tlic Sound be flopped and rcpercuflcd, it comcth about on the other fide, in nnpblick Line : So, if intCoach, oncfideot thcBont bcdown, and thcothcru^. and a Bcgger beg on thcclofcfide, you would think that he Were on rhc open fide. So like wile, if a Bell or Clock, be (for example) on the Nortli-fide of a Chamber, and the WindavB of that Chamber be upon the booth ; he thaci$iiuhcChambcr,willtiMnk the lound came from the South. Sounds, though they fprcd round, fo that (there is an orb, orfphcrical <^*Moi thz Sound) yet they move ftrongcft, and go furthell: in the Fore- Lines, from the fir. t Local Impulfion of the Air. And thcreroro in Preach- ing, you ihall hear tJie Preachers voice better before thcfulpit thanbe- hinJcir, oron the fides, though it Hand open, bo i Harjaebuz orOrdnjuce villbc tuither heard forvrards, from the mouth of the Piece, than back- wards, oi on tliciidcs. A ' h may be doubted, that Sounds do move better doM'nwardJ, than up- wards, yuipiu arc placed high above the people : And when the yinaent F Generdlt 49 aoi. ExpeiimentJ in Confoit, touchingtbe Aiotlini of Soundly in trbit Lints they are Cir- cular, Obliikf Straight, Kf' toardi, Down- v>ardi, For- nardi, Btck^ wards. 202. 20J. 204. 205. -A 50 206, 2C7. Experiments in ConfotCi touching the Lafiing and Perilhing of Sounds i and touching till timt they rt- tjuirt to the GtntriititH or DeUtion, 208. [h(atHMl Hi/lory; 209. Generals fpakc to their Armies, they had ever a Mount ofTurffcaft up, wi.erc upon they flood. But this may be- imputed tothcftopsand obllaclcs which the voice mccteih with, when one Ipeskcth upon the level. 15nt there fcemcth to be mote in it ; for it may be, that Spiritual Specie?, both of things vifible. and Sounds, do move better downwards than upwards. It is a ftrangc thing, that to Men (landing below on the ground, thole that be on the top of Fault, fcemmuch Icfsthan they are, and cannot be known ; But to Men above thofc below, fcem nothing fo much leflfcncd, and may be known ; yetitisttuc, That all things to them above, feem alfo ("omcwhat contracted and better colledted into figure ; as Knots in Gardens fhcw beft from an upper Window or Tatras. But to make an cxafttryal of it, let a Man ftand in a Chamber not much above the Ground, andlpcakcuc at the Windowthorow aTrunck, to one (landing on the Ground as lofcly as he can, the other laying his Ear clofe to the Trunck : Then I'uverfa, let the other fpeak below keeping the fame proportion of foftnefs; and let him in the Chamber lay his Ear to the Trunck. And this may betheaptell means to make a Judgment, whether Sounds dcfcend or afccnd better. AFter that J»«»rf is created ^whieh is in amomentl wefinde it continucth fome (mall time, melting by little and little. In this there is a wonder- ful enor amongflMen, who take this to be a continuance of the fitft Sound; whereas (in truth) it is a Renovation, and not a Continuance: For the Body petcufTed, hath by reafon of the PercufTion, a Tripidation wrought in the mi' nute parts, and forenewcth the Percuffion of the Air. This appcareth manifedly, becaufethat thcMeUingfoundof a Bell, or of a firing ftrucken, which is thought to be a Continuance, ceafeth asfoon as the Bell or firing are touched. As ioa Virginal, asfoon as ever thcjackfalleth, andtouchcththe firing, the found ceafeth ; and inaBeil.afteryouhave chimed upon it, if you touch the Bell, the found ceafeth. And in this you mufl dillinguifh, that there are two Trepidations , The one Manifcfl and Local ; as of the Bel', when it isPenfile; the other Secret, of the Minute parts, fuchasisdefcribcd in the ninth Inllancc. But it is true, that the Local hclpeth the Secret greatly. We (ce likewife, that in Pipes, andother Wind Inflruments, the found lafteth no longer than the breath bloweth. It is true, that in Organs there is a confufcd muimur fora while, after youhaveplaycd, but that is but while the Bellows are in falling. Itiscertain, thatin the noifc of great Ordnance, where many are (hot off together, the found will be carried (at the leaft; twenty miles upon the Land, and much further upon the Water, butthenit will cometo the Ear; not in thcinftantof the (hooting off, but it will come an hour, or more later: This muft needs be a Continuance of the firft Sound; for there is no Trepi- dation which fhould renew it. And the touching of the Ordnance would not extinguifh rhc found the fooncr : So that in great Sounds, the Continu- ance is more than Momentany. To rry cxadly the time wherein Sound is delated, Let a Man dand in a •*^teeple, and hive with him a Taper , and let fome Veil be put before the Taper, and ler another Maniland intheField amileofF; then let him in the Steeple ftrike the Bell, and in the fame inflant withdraw the Veil, and fo let him intheField tell by hisPulfe, what diftancc of time there is between the Light feen, and the Sound heard : For it is certain , That the Delation of Light (^entury III. % I Li£;hc is in an inftant. This may be tried in far greater diitanccs, allowing greater Lights and Sounds. it is generally known and oblcrvcd, that Light and the objcftof^ight, move fwifccrthan Jjound ; for we fee the flalh of a piece is Jccn fooncr, than the noi/eishcard. And in hewing Wood, ifonc Ibmedillanccoif, hc- fliall fee the Arm lifted up for a fccond flrokc, before he hear the noilc of the firft ; and the greater the diftanccthe greater is the prevention : As wc fee i:i T bunder, which is faroft,whcrcthc /J^/n«i«^precederh the crack a good fi.iace. Colours, vhcn they rcprcfentthcmlclves to the F.ycfadc not nor melt not by degrees, butappear ftill in the famcftrength ; but Sounds melt, and vanilh, by little and little. 1 he caulc is, for that Colours participate nothing with thcmotion of the Air, but Sounds do. Anditisa plain.irguTcnt thar Sound participatcth of fomc Local Morionof the Air, (as acaiifc Sine qua non) in th.it it pcriflicth fo fuddenly : For in every Sc^^ion, or Impuliion of the Air, the Air doth fuddenly rcliore and reunite it leU, which theW'arer alfo doth, but nothing (o iVi(cly. IN the Tryals cf the Palfage, or not Padagc of Sound?, you miift take heed you miftakcnotthc paffingby the ^idesot a Body, for the palling thorow a Body; ad therefore you mull make the Intercepting Body very clofcj for Sound will pafs tliorow afmallchinck. Where S mnd paHcth thorow a hard, or clofc Body (as thorow Water, thorow a Wall, thorow Metal, as in Hawks Bells ftoppcd, &c.) the hard orclofe Body.muftbc butthin andfmall; forelfc itdeadcthandextingaifh- cth the Sound utterly. And therefore, in the h xpcriirent of Speaking in Air under Water, the voice muft not be very deep within the Watcr.for then the Sound picrccth not. So if you fpcak on the further fide of a clofc Wall, if the Wall bevcry chic's.you Ihallnot behe.ird ; and ifthere were an Hogs- head empty, whereof the fides were fome two foot thick, andthcBung- hole flopped. I conceive, the refotinding foundby theCommunicatiotiof the outward Air with the Atr within, would belittle or none, but oncly you fliali hear the noife of the outward knock, as if th:; Vclfel were full. l:is ccrtain.that in the palfigc of Sounds thorow hardBoJics, the Spirit or Pneumatical part ofthchard Body it fclf doth co-operate ; butmuch better, when thclides of that hard Bodv arc 11 ruck, than when the percufli- on isonil within, wichouttouch of thefides. Take therefore aHavrks-Bcll, the holes flopped up, andhang it by athred withina Bottle-Glafs, and flop the Mou:h t f cheGlafs very clofc with Wax, and then fhakethcGlafs.and fee whcthcrtlie l;cllgivcanyfoundataIl,or how weak? But notcthat vou muft inllcadof Thrcdtakea Wire, orclfc let the Qlais havcagrcat Belly, left when you fluke the Bell, it dafh upon the fides of the Glafs. It is plain that a very long and down right arch for the Sound to pafs, will cxriniriiiih the Sound quite, fo that that .Sound, which would beheard ovcraWa!!, ■will not be heard overaChurch; nor that . Sound, which will bo heard, il you Ifand fomc diflance from the Wall, will be heard if you and dole under the Wall. ^o tan f ForaminousBoJies inthcfirft creation of the Sound, will dead it ; for the flrikingagainfl Cloth or Fur.will make little found, as ha h been laiJ : But in the palfage of the found, they will admit itbcttcrthan harder Bodies, as Wc fee, that Curtains and Hangings will not (fay the foundmuch. but Gkil; windoY.-5, if thcv be very clofe, w ill check a found more, than the Iik« thickiiefs of Cloth. VVc fee alfo in the rumbling of the Belly, how cafily t he .Soundpadcth thorow the Guts and Skin. F 2 It ilO. 21 r. Expfrimcntj in Cotllorr, lr.uchi:)g ;!»•: tmerccft'nnf of Soundt. 212. 2IJ. 214. 215. J\(atural hijlory • 221. 222. It is worthy the inquiry, whether great Sounds ( as of Ordnance or Bells) become not more Weak and Exile, when ihcy pal'i tiiorow (mjil Cranics. lor the Subtilties of Articulate Sounds, (it may be) may pais thorow (mall Cranics, not confufcd } but the magnitude of the Sound (per- haps) not fo well. T He cJ7/frf»«mx 0/ Sounds, are Air, foft and porous Bodies ; alfo Water, and hard Bodies rclufc not altogether to be Metiiumstf Sounds, but all 01 them arc dull and unapt different?, except the Air. In Air, the thinner or drier Air, carricrh not the Sound fo well, as the more denfe ; as nppcareth in Night Sounds, and Evenmg Soands, and Sounds in moift WcJthcr, and Southern Winds. Ihe rcafon is already mentioned in the Title of miajoration of SoHuds -, being, for that thin Air is better pierced, but thick Air prcfcrvcth the Souno bcrtrer from waftc: Let further Tryal be made by hollowing inMifts, and gentle Showers j for (it may be) that will fomcwhat dead the Sound. How far forth Flmie may be a Medium of founds, ( cfpeclally of fuch Sounds as arc created by Air, and not betwixt hard Bodies) let it bctii:d in ipcaking, where a Bonefirc is between ; but then you mult allow Icr iomc dirturbance, the noife that tlic I'lamcit felt maketh. Wncther any other Liquors being made OHediums, caufcadivcrfity of Sound from Water, it may be tryed : As by the knapping of the Tongs, or finking the bottom of a VefTcl filled either with Milk or with Oyl ; which though they be more light, yet arc they more unequal Bodies than Air. of the Nkturcs of the Mediums, i^e have no'^f^ok(n\ as for the Diipofi- non of the faidyiz^mxns, it doth cenfi/} in thePemiing, ornet Penrung of the Air ; of-^hich, yte havejpokcn before in theZtkefUchdon of Sounds. // confijieth alfo in the Figure </>/»* Concave, through^hich it pajpth. Of -U'hichj ti^e t>ill{Jieak next. HOw xht Figures of Ftp es Qt Concaves, through which S'ou»dsp3(s, or ot other Bodies different ; conduce to the variety and alteration of the Sounds, either in refped of the greater quantity , or lefs quantity of Air, which the Co»f<<v« receive; or in refpcdl of the carrying of Soundslorger .or fhorter way ; or in refped of many other Circumflances,thcv have been touched, as falling into other Titles. But thofe Ftgures which we now are totpeak of, we intend to be, as they concern the Lines, through which Sound paffeih : As Strdi^ht, Crtokei^An^uUr, CircuUr, 6"c, TheFigureof aBcUparrakcth of the /"/rjwM, but yet coming off, and dilating more fuddcnly. The Figure of a Hmttrs Horn, and Comet, is oblii.k, yet they have likcwifc ftraight Horns ; vrhich if ihcy be of the fame bore with thcoblick, differ little in Sound, favc that the Ikaight require fomewhat a (Ironger blart. The Figure of Recorders, and Flutes, and Pipes, arc ff taight ; but the i?<fcor(/fr hath a lefs bore, and a greater, above and below. The Trww/'n hath the Figure o{\\\Q Letter S. which maketh that Purling Sound. &c. Gene- rally, the ft raight Line hath the cleaned and toundcft Sound, and the crooked the more Hoatfc, and Jarring. Of a Sinuous Pipe that may have fomc four Flexions, tryal would be mad^. Likewife of a Pipe made like aCrofs, open in the midft ; and fo likcwife Century III. likcwKc ot an jinguUr Tipe ; and fee what will be the efFcft- ut thcfc n.vcral Sounds. And lo agiin of a Circular Tipe : As if you tike a Pipe pcrfed round, andm.ikc a hole whcrcinto youfh.ill blow, and another hole not far from thru; but with a travcrlv: (»r ftop bctwt^cn them : So that your
breath may go the Round of the Circle, and come forth at the fccond hole.
i You may try likcwifc PercufTuns of folid Bodies of levcral I-igurcs : As, I GUtes, Flats, Cttbes. Crowes, Triangles, &c. And their Combinations ; as Flat I againftF/xr, and Co«v« againll Cospfx-, and Convexzg:i\t\[\Eat,&c. And mark ! well thedivcrtiticsof thcSounds. Try alfo the diftetencein found of feve- ' ral Craflitudes of hard Bodies percuffed, and rake knowledge of the diver- fitics of the founds. 1 my fclf have tried, That a Belltf Gold yieldeth an ex- cellent (ound, not inferior xoihnoi Silver ot Braf, but rather better. Yet wc fee that a piece of money of Gold, four.deth far more flat thaa a piece of monev o^ Silver. The Harp h.nhthc concave, notalongthc ftrlngs.butacrofs the firings; and no Injlrument hath the found fo melting and prolonged, as thclri/h Harp. i>o as I Tiippofe, that if a Virginal were made with a double Concive ,• the one all the length as the^'if^m.// hath, the other at the end of they?n»^/, as the Harp haih ; it muinecdsmakc the found perfedlcr, and not foihallow, and jarring. You may try it without any Soundboard along, but onely Hirp Wife, at one cndof the ftripgs; or laftly, witli a double concave, at each end of thcftrings one. y^ THcrc is an apparent divctfity between the Species Plfibie and Audible, In this. That the Vifd'le doth not mingle in the CMedium, but the i^udtble doth. For ifwc look abrbad, we fee Heaven, a number of Stars, Trees, Hills, Mcn.Bcaitr, at once ; and the Species of the one, doth not confound the other : Bu; it fo many Sounds come from fcvcral parts, one of them would utterly confound the other. So wc (cc. That Voices or Conforts of C^/*i/»V^do mikeaharmonv by mixture, wnich Colours do not. It is true ncvettliclefs, that a great light drowncth almallcr, that it cannot bcfcen; as tiie Sun that of a Gloworm, as well as a great found drowncth a IcfTer. And 1 fuppofv- likcwile, that if there were two Lanthorns of Glafs , the one a Cnnilin, and the other an Azure, and a Candle within either of them, ihofe coloured ii;;hts, would mingle and call upon a White Paper, a Purple colour. And even in colours, they yield a faint and weak mixture; for Wnitc Walls make rooms more lightlomc, than Black, &c. But the caufc of the Confufion in Sounds, andthclnconfufionin Species Vifible, is. Pot that the Siglit wo:kcthinrightLincs, and maketh feveralCones j and lo there can be no Coincidence in the HycorVifual Point: But Sounds that move inoblick and arcuitcLincs, muft needs encounter, anddillurbtheonc the other. The fwcctcit aiid bcfl Hirmony is, when every Part or Inftrumentis I not heard by it felt , but a conflation of them all , which rcquireth to fland fomcdiftanccoff. Even as it is in the mixture of perfumes, or the takingof thcfmclls of fcvcral Flowers in the Air. Thcdifpolitioa of the Air, in other qualities, except it be joyncd with Sound, hath no great operation upon Sounds .- Itjr whether thcAir be lightlomc or dark, hot or cold, quiet or Ifirring, (except it be withnoife) Iwcci fniclhng, orl\inkir.g,orthc likc; itimpotteth not much. Somcpctty alteration or difference it may make. F 3 But 223. 224. Experiments in Confoit, touchingtbe Mixturt if Soundi, "5- lit. 54 227- 228. J\^mral Hijiory ; 229- Expciimems in Con(ott. loucliing I Sounds. . 230. 231. 232- ■II ■ 234- ButJiouiids dodilturbandalccr the one the other: Scjmetimes the one drowning the other, and making it not heard; fometimes the one jarringnnd difcording with the othcr.and making a confufion ; fumctimcs the one ming- ling and compounding witn the otner, and making an harmony. Two Voicesof hke loudncG, will not be heard twice as tar, asoncof them alone; and two Candles of like light, will not make things fccm twice as far off. as one. Thecaufe is profound, but itlcemcth, that the Imprcffi- ons from the obje£ts of the Scales, do mingle refpcdively, every one with his kindc • but not in proportion, as is before dcmonllratcd : And the reafon maybe, becaufe thehrft imprcflion, which is from Privative to Adive, (as from Silence to Noifc, or from Darkntfito Light,) is a greater degree, than from Icfs noifc, to more noife, or from lefs light, to more light. And the realon of that again may be, For that the Air, after it hath received a charge, doth not receive a furcharge, or greater charge, with like appetite, as it doth the firft charge. Asfor theincreafe ot Vcttue generally, what propot- tion it beareth to the incrcafc of the Matter, it is a large Field, and to be handled by it felf. A LL Reflexions Concurrent, do make Sounds greater ; but if the Body ^/\ that crcatetb, either the original Sound, or the Rellexion, be clean and fmoothit makcth themfwcetcr. Tryalmay be made of aI/tt/eorFM/,with '/ theBclly ofpolifhedBrafsinlfcad of Wood. We lee, that even in the open Air, the JVire- firing is fweeter than i\\eftnng of Guts. And we fee, that for R(- fltxien,ff^aterfixcdlcth} asini^«^tinearthe Water, otmEccho's. It hath beentrycd, that a *P»/e, a little moiftned on the infide, but yet fo as there be no drops left, maketh a more iblcmn found, than if the Pipe were dry; but yet with z fwcci degree o( SiHUtiM ot Purling, as we touched it before in the Title of Equnlitj. The caufe is, for that all things porous, be- (ingfupcrficialiy wer, and (as it were) between dry and wet, become a little more even and fmooth ; but the Purling (which muft needs proceed of In- equality) I take to be bred between the fmoothnefs of the inwardSurfacc of the Pipe which is wet, andthcreftof the Woodof the Pipe, unto which the wet Cometh not.but it remaineth dry. In Frofty weather, cJ^/«^<:)^within doors foundeth better ; which may be, by tcafonnotof thedilpofitionof the Air, but of the Wood or String of the Inlfrumetit, whichismade more crifp, and lo more porous and hollow; and we fee that 0/(/Z/Kr« found better than iVeft*, for the fame reafon ; Andfo ', do Lute-firings that have been kept long. Sound is likewife meliorated by the mingling of open Air with pent Air : Therefore tryal may be made of a Lute oiVi*l with a double Belly, making i another Belly with a knot over the firing ; yet fo, as there be room enough for the llring?, and room enough to play below that Belly. Tryal m.iy be alio made ot an Irish Harp, with a concave on both fides, whereas it ufeth to have it but on one fide. The doubt may be , left it fliould make too much re- lounding, whereby one Note would overtake another. If you fing in the hole of a TDrum, it maketh the finging more (wect. And fa I conceive itwould.if it were a Song in Parts lung into fcveral ^rums ; and for handfomnefs and ftrangcnefs fake, it would not be amifs to have a Curtain between theplace where the Dramx are, and the hearers. When a found is created in the fVind-lnftrument, between the Breath and j Air, yet if the found be communicate with a more equal Body of the Pipe it Qentury III, ii inelioratcth rlic lound. For (no dobut) there would be a differing found in a Trumpet orPipeof Wood, and again, in a Trumpet or Pipe of ikafs, It were good to try Reorders jnd Hunters Horns oi Braf , what the found would be. . _ . S'ounds arc meliorated by thclntenfioh of the Scnfe,whcrethecommt)n Sunie is collcftcd moft to the particular Scnfe of Hearing, and the Sight fu(- pcnded: And therefore Sounds are tweeter, as well as greater, in the Night than in the Djy ; and ] fuppofe, they are fwcetcr to blinde men, than to others : And it is niimteit, that between fleeping and waking, ^whcn all the Scnfes ate bound and Tufpended) (J?/«/ici^isfarfweeter than when one is fully waking. IT is a thing (hange in Nature, when it is attentively confidcred , How Children and fomc Birds learn to imitate Speech. They tike nomarkat all ot the Motion of the Mouth of him that fpeaketh , for Birds arc as well taught in the dark, as by light. The founds of Speech are very curious and exquifue ; fo one Would think it were a Leflon hard to learn. It is erne, that it is done With time, and by little and little, and with many ciFjys and proffe-rs : But all thisdifchargetli not the wonder. It would make aMan think (though this, which vvc (hill fiy, may fecoi exceeding ftrange) that there is fome tranimiflion of Spirits , and that the Spirit of the Teacher put in motion, fhould work with the Spirits of the Learner, a predifpofitlon to offer to imitate, and fo to pcrfed the imitation by degrees. But touching Operations by Tranlmiflions of Spirits (which isonco! rhchighcftfccrctsin Nature) we fhall fpcak in due place, chiefly when we come to inquire of Imagination. But as for Imitation, it is certain, That chcre is in Mer, and other Creatures, a predifpoluion to imitate.. We fee how ready Apes and Monkics arc to imitate all motions of Man : And in the catching of Dot- trels, wc fee how thcfoolifli Bird playeth the Ape in gcftures : And no Man (m effect) doth accompany with others , but he Icatneth (ere he is awate^ fome Gefture, or Voice,or F^fhionof the other. In Imitation of S'ounds, that Man fliould be the Teacher, isnopirt of the matt^ : For Birds will learn one of another, and there is no reward by feed- ing, or the like, given them for the imitation: Andbefidcs, youftall have Parrets that will not onely imitate Voices, but Laughing, Knocking, Squeak ingof aDoor upon the Hinges, or of a Cartwheel, and(ineffe£t)any other nolle they hear. No Beaft can imitate the Speech ofMan^ but Birds onely: For the Ape it kh, that is fo ready to imitate othcrwife, attaincth not any degree of imi- tation of Speech. It is true, that I have kr.owna Dog, that if one howled inhis ear, iie would fall a howling a great w^iile. What fhould be the aptnefs of Birds, n comparifon of Beafts, to imitate the Speech of Man, may be fur- ther inquired. We fee that Beafls have thofc parts, which they count the Inpuments ; . Sptech, (as Lips, Teeth, &c.') liker unto Man than Buds. As for t!ie Neck by which the ihroAt paflcth , we fee many Bcalh have it for the len^ti , as much as Birds. What better gorge or attire Birds have, mav^ be further inquired, fhe Birds that are knowntobefpeakers, a:c^aTTefs,il^j/es, Jxp, DdXfs, and Ravens ; Of which, Tdrrets have an adunck Bill, bii^^tJI^qi reit lior. Bit Iconcckfc, thattheaptnefiof Birds is not lomuch in the confor- mity oi the Organs of Speech, as in their Attention. ForSpcccnmul\ con^Ci by Hearing and Learning ; and Birds give more heed, and mark Sounds i more 55? I) 235 13^. Evpeiimeoti in Confott, touching the Imitaiien of Sounds, 237. I3%i 239. I 56 S\(amral hi/lorj ; 24«  241. Experiments in Confort, touching (he Hiflexim of Sounds. X4i. Hi- Hi- H5 more than Bcafls ; bccaufc naturally they are more delighted ttitfithcm, and pra£tKc them more, as appearcth in their Singing. Wciecallb, that thofe that teach Birds to fing . do keep them waking, to incrcalc tncir attention. Wc fee alio, that Cock-Birds, amongfl: .Singing-Birds, arc ever the better fingers, which may be, becaulc they arc more hvcly, andlillcn more. Ltbor and Intention to imitate f'oices, doth conduce much to imitation: And therefore vvc fee, that there be certain 'P^wrowjmj, thatw iJI repreicnt the Voices ofFUyers of Interludes, fo to hfc, fis iF you fee them not, you would think they were thole Flajers themfclves, ancllothc Voices of other men thac they hear. There have been fomcthat could counterfeit the di(l;incc of Voices, (which is a fccondary obfcdt of Hearing) in fuch lort ; as wlicn they liand fafl by you, you would think the Speech came from afar off, in a fearful manner. How this isdonc,may befurthercnquired ; but I fee no great ufc of it, butforlmpofture, in counterfeiting ghoils or fpirits. THerc be three kindes of Reflexions of ^otmds; a Reflexion Concurrent, a Re- flexion Iterant, which wecall £fc^o, •a.nda Sitper-refiexion, or an fit/;o of an Eccho, whereof the firft hath been handled in the liclc of C^fu^nitude of Sounds. The latter two sve wiU now fpeakof. The Reflexion ofS'pecies Vifblch^ tJMtrrtrs, you may command, becaufc paffing it Right Lines, they may be guided to any point : But the if^^^xjon of Sounds, ishardtomafler; becaufc the found filling great fpaces in arched Lines, cannot be fo guided. And therefore, wc fee there hath not been praflifed any means to make Artificial Eccho's. And no Eccho already known, returncth in a very narrow room. The Natural Eccho's arc made upon Walls, Woods, Rocks, Hill«, and Banks : As for Waters being near, they make a Concurrent Eccho ; but being further off, (as uponalarge River) they make an Interant Eccho: For there is no difference between the Concurrent Eccho, and the Iterant, but the quicknefs or flownefs of the return. But there is no doubt, but Wa- ter doth help the Delation of Eccho, as well as ithelpeth the Delation of Original Sounds. It is certain (as hath been formerly touched,) that if you fpcak thorow aTrunck, ftopped at the further end, you fhall finde ablafl return upon your mouth, but no found at all. The caufe is, for that the clofenefs, which prc- ferveth the original, is notable to prefcrve the rcflcdcd found ; befidcs that, Eccho's arc feldom created, but by loud Sounds. And therefore there is Icfs hope of Artificial Eccho's in Air, pentin a narrow concave. Neverthe- lefs it hath been tryed, thatone leaning ovcra Wcj,lof Twenty fivefathom deep, and fpcaking, though but foftly, (yet not fofbft asawhifber) the Water returned a good audible Eccho. It would be tryed, whether fpcaking in Caves, where there is noifl'ue.fave where you fpcak, willnotyicldEccho's at Wells do. The Eccho comcth as the Original Sounddoth in a round orb of Air ; It were good to try the creating of the Eccho, where the Body repcrcufling maketh an Angle: As .-^gainll: the Return of aWall, &c. Alfo vvc fee that in Mirrors., there is the like Angle of Incidence, from the Objeft to the Glafi, and from the Glafs to the Eye. Andif you flrikcaBalllide-long, not full upon the Surface, the rebound will be as much the contrary way ; whe- ther Century III. %1 thcr there be any fuch rchlience iiiEccho's ('that is, Whether a Man fliall hear better, ifheftandafide the Body rcpcrcuding. than if he ftand where helpeakethi or any where in a right Line between) m^ybetried; TryilUke- wifc would be made, by Ihmding nearer the place of rcpercufiing, than he thatfpcaketh; and again, by ftandingfuither off", than lie that fpwketh, and lo knowledge would be taken, whether Eccho's, as well as Original Souadi, be notftronged near hand. There be many places, where you fliall hear a number of Eccho's one after another ; and it is, when there is variety of Hilh oifVeods, fbme nearer, fome furtheroft": Sothat the return from the further, being lalt created, will be likewife lall heard. As the Voice goeth round, as well towards the back, as towards the front of him thatfpcaketh ,- fo likewife doth the Eccho , for you have many Bick-cccho^ to the plate where you ftand. To ni.ike an Hccho that will report three, or four, or five words dinftindly, it is requifitc, that the Body reperGuflfing be a good diiUnce off : For if it bo near, and yet not fo near, as to make a Concurrent , hccho, it choppcth with you upon the fudden. It is requifitc likewife, that the Ait be not much pent: For Air, atgre^t diftance, pent, wotk- cth the fimc tffcd with Ait at large , in a fmall diftance. And there- fore in the Tryal of Speaking in the Well, though the Well was deep, the Voice came back fuddcnly , and would bear the report but of two words. From Eccho's upon Eccho's, there is a rare iiiftance thereof in a place, which I will now exadly defcribe. It is fome Tnrcc or four Miles from ^aris , near a Town called 'Pont-dremoH ; and fome Bird- bolt /hot or more frc«n the River ot Scah. Tac Room is a Chappel, or fmall Church ,• the Walls ail ftanding, both at the fides, and at the ends ; two rows of Pillars after the manner of llles of Churches , alfo ftanding ; the Roof all open , not fo much as any Embowment near any of the Walls left. There was againfl every Pillar, a fl^ack of Bil- lets above a Mans height, wliicli the Watermen, that bring Wood down the Sexn , in Stacks, and net in Boats , laid tlicre (as it lecmeih ) for their eafe. Speaking at the one end, I did hear it return the Voice Thirteen ft veral times ; and I have heard of others, that ic would re- turn Sixteen times ; for I was there about three of the Clock in the A^'tcr- noon ; and it is beft, (as all other Eccho's are) in the Evening. It is manifetl, tliat it is not Eccho's from fevcral places, but a tofluig of the Voice, as a Ball too and fro ; like to Reflexions in Lookirg-Glaflcs ; where if you place oneGfifs before, and another bebinde, you Ihall fee tlie Glafs behinde with the Image, wiihin the Gbfs before j and again, the Glafs before in tiiac : And divers fu.h Super-Rcfiexions, till the Sfecies Jpeciei \t lalt die : For it is every return weaker, and more fliady. In like manner, the Voice in that Chappel, crcateth S'ptcitm jpeciei, and makcth (ucceeding Super-Reflexions ; for it mcltcth by degrees, and every Reflexion is weaker than the former : So that, if youfpeak three words, it will (per- haps) feme three times report you the whole three words ; and then the two latter words for Sometimes, and then the laft word alone for fomc- times , ft. 11 tading and growing weaker. And whereas in Eccho's of one return , it is much to hear Four or five words. In this Eccho of fo many Returns, upon the matter, you hear above Twenty words for three. The 2.47. 248. 249. ^•M^ 251. 15 2. 253. 154. ExiXr'imenti in Confoic, touching the Ctnfent and DilJent Af- tirctn y'ifiblis and ^iitdiblts. ^55- astf. 257. JSQitural Hijlory ; The like Eccho upon Eccho, but onely wich two rcporcs, hath been obfcrved to be, if you Itand between a Houfe and a Hill, and lure towards the Hill ; for the Houfe will give a Back Eccho : One taking ic tronn the other, and the latter the weaker. 1 here arc certain Lttters, that an Eccho will hardly exprcfs ; As S for one, cfpecially being principal in a word. I remember well, that when I went to the Eccho at '/"'onr-Crfr^wron, there was an old 'Fartfun that took it to be the Work of Spirits, and of good Spirits. For (faid he) call J'.tMw, and the Eccho will not deliver backthe ^Devils name : But v\ ill lay, yat'en, which is as mwch. in Fnnch, im^pa^e,or ^void. And thereby I did hap to finde, that an Eccho would not return S,beingbut a Hilling and an Interior Sound. Eccho's arc fome more fuddcn, andchapagain asfoon as theA^oiceis delivered, aj hath been partly faid; others are more deliberate, that is, give more fpace between the Voice and the Eccho, which is cauled by the Local nearnefs or diftance : Somewill report a longer train of words, and fome afliorter: Some more loud (full as loud as the Original, andlomctimes more loud) and fome weaker and fainter. Where Eccho's come from feveral parts.at the fame diftance they mud needs make (as it were) a Quire of hccho's,and Co make the Reportgrcater, and even a continued Hccho; which youfliallfinde in fome Hills thatftand encompafTcd, Theatre-like. It doth not yet appear, that there is Refrallion in Sounds, as well as in S'pecifs Vifible. Fot I do notthink, that if a Sound fhould pafs through di- vers Mediums, as tylir. Cloth, ff^ood, it would deliver the Sound in a differing place, from that unto which it is deferred ; which is the proper cffcd of Rcfraflion. But C^tjordtion, which is alfo the Work of Refraction, appear- cth plainly in Sounds, (as hath been handled at full) but itis not by diverlity of Mtdiums. WE have Oliter, for Dcmonftrations fake, ufcd in divers fnJlAnces, the Examples of the Sight , and Things Vtfibley to illuftrate the Nature of Sounds. But wc think good now to profccutc that Comparifon more fully. Confent of Vifibles and Audibles. BOch of them fpred thcmfelves in Round, and fill a whole Flore or Orb untocertainLimits; and are carried a great way, and do languifli and lefTcn by degrees, according to the Diftance of the Objeds Irom the Senfories. Both of them have the whole Species in every faiall portion of the xyiir or Medium, foas the Species do pais through fmall Cranies, without confufion: As wc fee ordinarily in Levels, astotheEye; and in Cranies, or Chinks, as to the Sound. Both of them are of a fudden and call c Generation and Delation, and likewile periQi fwif tly and fuddenly ; as if you remove the Light, or touch the Bodies that give the So und. Botb (?entury I IL Both of them do receive and carry cxquifitcand accurate dift'crcnccs ; asot Colours, Figures, Motions. DilUnces, in yif^bles ; and of Articulate Voices, Tones, Songs, and Quavcrings. in Auiibles. Bot 1 of them in their Vcrtue and Working.do notappcar to emit any Corporal Subftance into their i,W««>«/, or the Orb of their Vcrtue; neither a^ain to rife or ftir any evident Local Motion in their ^^</<«m; as they pals, butoncly to carry certain Spiritual Species. The pcrfcd knowledge of the caufe whereof, being hitherto fcarccly attained, wenialUearch and handle in due place. l or r,. xt hoth of them fecm not to generate or produce any other cftcet in Na- ture, but luch as appcrtaineth to their proper Objcds and Senfes, and ire othcrwifc barren. But both of them in their own proper aaion, do work three manitelt cffcds. 1 he firft, in that the flronger pieces drowneth the IciTcr : As the liahtoftheSun, thelightofaGloworm, the report of an Ordnance, the Voice. The fecond, in that an Objeft of furchargc or excels, delroycth the Senfc • Asthclightof the Sunthcevc, a violentfound (near the Ear) the Hearinjr. I he third, in that both of them wiUbe reverberate : As in Mir- rors, and in Eccho's. r u i i Neither of them doth deftroy orhindcr the Species of thcotlier, al- though they encounter in the fame Meiium: As Light or Colour hinder not found, note contra. . . ,i/^i- n. r Bothof them aflfca the Senfc in Living Creatures, and yield Objcasot Pleafure and Diflike ; yec ncvcrthelcfs, the Objcds of them do alfo (if it bc\vellobfervcd)affca and work upon dead things; namelyfuch, as have fome conformity with the Organs of the two Scnfes ; As V^fiblts work up- on a Lo,king-gUf, which is like the Pupil of the Eye ; and JndMes upon the ^\zcc%oi Eccho. which referable, in lomc fort, the cavern *nd ftrudurc of the Ear. , ^■ n Both of them do diverfly work, as they have their c?J/?(i<«wdiverlly difpofed. So iTrembling Medium (as fmoak) makcththeobjeaicremto trem- ble ; and Rifing or FMtng Meiium (as Winds) makcth the Sounds to rile or To both, the L^fedium, which is the moft propitious and conducibic, is Air ; For Glafs or Water, &c. arc notcompairablc. In both of them, where the objca is fine and accurate, itconduccth much to have the Senfc intentive, and crcA ; infomuch, asyoucontrad yourcyc. when you would fee fliarplv, and ered your car, when you would hear attentively ; which in Beafti that have cars moveable, is moft manitcft. 1 he Beams of Light, when they are multiplied and conglomerate, generate heat ; which is a different adion. from the aftion of Sight: And the Multiplication and Conglomeration of Sounds, doth generate anex- trcam Raretadionof the Air ; which is an adion materiate, differing from thcadionof Sound. If it be true (which is anciently reported) that Birds, with great fliouts, have fain down. Diffcnc 59 zy 259. i6o. 261 2i2.. 263 = 54. 266. 60 261. 269- Z75. xji. 2.1-' %7i< ^hQitural fiiflory,- Diflent of Vifibles and Audibles. THc Species of ^'tfiblet, fecm to be Enuftoth tf Beams from the Objeci ken, almolt like Odors, fave char they arc more incorporeal ; bu: tiu- ypeiies of f^udtbUs., lecm to participate more wii h LocaI Mouon, like Ptrcufimm or Im- ^rf/ioHi made upon the c/^tr. So chat whereas all Bodies dofeem to work in two manners , Either by the Cominmictmn of their 7{jtures, or by the/w; preplans and S'ign.ttures ot their CHiottotts. The Diffuiion of Species Vtf\bte , (cemeth to participate more of the former 0/>arftio», and the Species Audtlile of the Utter. The Species of Audiblesfccm to be carried more nmnifcfllythorow the Air, than the Species of Vifibles : For (I conceive) that a contrary Urong Wind will ibc much hinder the fight of Vifiblcf, as it Will cjo the hearing- of Sounds. T here is one difference above all others.bctwecn Vifibles and Audiblcs, that is the moft remarkable ; as that whereupon many (mailer differences do di'pend; Namely .that Vifibles (except Lights) arc carried in Ri^ht Lines, and Aud.bles in Actuate Lines. Hence it comcth to pafs, that Vifibles do not intermingle and coniound one another , as hath been faid before, but Sounds do. Hence it cometh, that the folidJty of Bodies doth not much hinder the fight, fothat the Bodies be clear, and the Pores in a Right Line, as in Glafs, Cryfl:al, Diamonds, Water, &c. But a thin Scarf or Handker- chief, thoughthey be JBodies nothing fiDfolid, hinder the fight : Whereas (contrariwtie) thefe Porous Bodies do not much hinder the Hearing, but fohd Bodies do almoftflopit, ot at leaft attenuate if. Hence alfo it cometh, that to the Reflexion of Vifibles, fraallGlaffes fijffice, buttorhe Reverberation of AudibicSjarexdquired greacBi: JTpaces, as h^h tikcwife-been faidbeforc. ■ ■,■>',; ,:ijn ,~';1 ■^\^^'.^l ' ■■■T-v;<.('^ ■ '- ,:i-' Vifibles arc feen'further off, than Soundsare he^rd ; albwlhg ncvertht'»- lefs the rate of their bignefs : For otherwifc, a great Sound will be heard further off, than a fmall Body feen. ■'■■' Vifibles require (generally) lome diftance between tlie objeft, and t\ii Eye to be better feen ; whereas in Audibles, the nearer the approach of the Sound ti to the Scnfcihe better j but in this, there may be a double error. Theone,becaufe to Seeing there is required Light,andany thing that touch- eth the Pupil of the Eye (jII over) excludeth the Light. For i have heard of a petfon very credible, (who himfelf was cured of a Catara£f in one of his Eyes) that whilethe Silvcr-needle did work upon the fight of his Eye, to remove the Film of the Cataraft, he never law any thing more clear or pcr- feft, than that white Needle : Which (no doubt) was, becaufc the Needle wasleffer than the Pupil of theEyej and fotook not the light from it. The other error may be. For that theobjeft of Sight doth ftrike opon the Pupil of the Eye, diredly without any interception ; whereas tbeCave of the Ear doth hold off the Sound a little from the Organ : And (dneverchelefs there is fome di(\ance required in both. Vifibles are (wifter carried to the Senfe, than Audibles; as appeareth in Thunder and Lightning ; Flame, and Report of a Piece ; Motion of the Air, in hewing of Wood. All which have been fee down heretofore, but arc proper for this Title. Icon- Century IIL ! 6i 1 conceive alfo, that the 5V«»"<'/'^«<^'"><lo'^3ng longer in the Air than , 274«  thofe of ;«/iW« ; For althoue,hcventhorc of Vifiblcs dohang fomc time, ' as wc iec in /?»»^jiurned, that flicw likefphcres. In Lute-pings filiipped,a Ftre-
  • ' brand carried a long, which leavcth a train of light behinde ir, and in the Twi
j light, and the like: Yet 1 conceive that Sounds, ftay longer becaufc they are ' carried up and down with the Wind 3 and bccaule of the diftancc of the ■ time in Ordnana difchargcd, and heard twenty miles oft' | j In ^/li/fuhere arc not found Objedsfoodiousandingtate tothe i'c«/f, I 275, I 2iS\n Andibles . For foul %A/y do rather difpleafc,in that they excite the memory I of foul things, than in the immediate Objeds. And therefore in //iffMw.thofe j foul Sights do not much offend ; but in Audlbles, thegratingof a Saw when I it isfliarpncd,dothoft"cnd(bmuch, as it fctteththcTceth on edge ; and any j of thchatfli 2)»/«riii«oi^«^<:i^x, the Ear doth ftraightwaysrcfule. In Fiftliles, after great light, if you come fuddeniy intothcdark, orcon- trariwlfc out of the dark into a glating Light. The eye is dazlcd for a time, andthe J(^/;rconfufcd ,• but whether any luch efFeft be after gxczt Sattnds, or after a deeper filcnce may be better enquired. It is an old Tradition, that thofe that dwell near the Cacarads of 2\^<//«, are flrucken deaf : But wetimie no fuch effeft in Cannoniers, nor Millers, nor thofe that dwell upon Bridges. Itfcemcth.that the Imprejs ion ef Colouris fo weak, as it workcth not, but by a Concof direftBeams, or right Lines, whereof the B^fis isin the Objed and the Vertical point in the Eye : So as there is a corradiation and conjunfti- on of Beams; and thole Beams fo fcnt forth, yet arc not of any force to beget the like borrowed or lecond Beams, except it be by Reflexion, whereof we fpeaknct. For the Beams pafs and give little tindure to that Air which is ad- jacent; whichif they did, we ftiould fee Colours out of a right line. But as this in Colours, fo otherwife it is in thc^o^;' o/Z.i^/'r.' For when there is a skrcen between the Candle and the Eye, yet the light pafifeth to the Paper whereonone writeth, fo that the light is feen where the body of the flame is not feen ; and where any Colour (if it were placed where the body of the flame is) would not be feen. I judge that 5tftt»rf is of this latter nature: For when two are placed on both fides of a Wall, and the voice is heard, I judge it is notonely the original found, which palfeth in an Arched line ; but ihc found, which paffcth above the Wall in a Right line, bcgetteth thelike Motion round about u, as the firft did, though more weak. A LI Concerds and Difiords of Mufuk (no doubt) Sympathies and Antipathies of 27%. Sounds, and fo (likewife) in that Afii^f;^, which we call 5ro/vM/i/tt^c;(:., or ixperimenti Confort Mufick, i fome Confartsof ;n/?r«mrafj are fwecter than others, (a thing [^^hm°"hc not futficiently yet obferved ;) as the Irtsb- Harp and Bafe. yial agree well ; the sympathy ,r Recorder and Stringed MuM agree well ; Ore<«»^ and i\\QVo't(e ;igrce well, &c. '^"p"h<>f But the Vngtnals and the Lute, or the fyelsh-Harp and Irish-Harp, or the f^otce aiih xntthr- and Pipes alone, agree not fo well ; but tor the CMelioration of Muftckj there is yet much left (in this Point of Exquifite Conforts) to «y and enquire. There is a common obfervation, ThatifaZ«/f or f»-</ belaid upon the backwithafmallftraw upon oncfideof thcy?r«»^j, and another Z,«rf or Tuibe laid by it ; and in the other Lute or ^ial the Fnifon to that/Iring be (\rucken, it will nuke they?rinf move i wliich will appear both to the hyc, and by the ftraws falling off. The like will bc\( the D tap a fon or Eight to thaty?ri«^bcftruck- cn,citl.erin thcfameLuffor ^'m/, or in others lying by : Bnt in noneofthcfc there is any tcport of Sound that can be difccrned, but onely Motion. G It 62 ISO J\(jitt4ral Hijlory; 3X1. 2S2. z83. Expeiimcnts in Confott, touchingthe ffindring or He/ ping ofthi Hearing. 284. 285. 1%6. Z&7. i Expeiiinents I in Confoit, } touihing the! Sfirilual *nd\ Fine NatMrt I of Scunds, Itwasdcviied, Thata Vial Ihould havca Lay of Wirc-ftrings below, asclofe cothe belly asa£«tc, and then the Strirgs of Cjiits mounted upon a Bridge, as in ordinary Vt^ls ; to the end, that by this means, the upper Strings fttucken.fhouldmakcihe lower re Ibund by Sympathy, and lo make the Mufick the better-, which, it it bote purpolc, thanbymparhy workcth as well by report ot Sound, as by Motion. But this device, 1 conceive, to be ot noufe, becaulc the upper Strings which arertopped in great variety, can- not maintain a *D'tif4<'noi a Vnlfon with the lower, whichare never flopped. But if it fliould be ot ufc at all, it muftbein Intttuments which have no ftops, as yirginals andH^rps ; wherein tryal may be made of two rows of Strings, diftant the one from the other. The Experimentof Sympathy may be transferred (perhaps) from In- flruments of Strings, toother Infttuments of Sound. As to try, if there were inone Stcepletwo Bells of Unifon, whether the rtrikingot the one would move the other, mote than if it were another accord : Ardfo in P»/)fy, it they be of cqu^l bore and found,; whether a little Straw or Teather would move in the one *Pipi, when the other is blown at an fnifon. It fecm'eth both in £<tr and £^e. the lnf\rument of 5*«»/<?batha Sympathy or Similitude with that which givcch the Reflexion (is hath been touched be- fore.) rorasthefightof the Eye islikeaChryUal, orGlafs, or Water; ibis the Ear a finuous Cave with a hard Bone, toftop and reverberate the Sound: Which is like to the places that report t echo's. WHen a Man yawneth, he cannot hear fo well. The caufe is , for that the Membrane of the Ear is extended; andfo rather calkth off theSound, than dtaweth it to. We hear bctterwhcn we hold our Breath, than contrary, infomuch, as in all hftening to attain a Sound a far off, Men hold their Breath. The caufe is, for that in all Expiration, themotion is outwards , and therefore rather drivcth away the voice than dtaweth it : And bcfides, wc fee that in all labor to do things with any ftrength, wc'bold the Breath ; and Hftening after any Sound that is heard with difficulty, is a kinde of labor. Letitbctryed, forthehelp of the Hearing, (and I conceive it likely to fucceed) to make an Inlfrument like a Tunnel ,• the narrow part whereof maybeof thebignefs of the hold of the Ear j and the broader end much larger; likeaBellat thcskirts, and the length half a foot or more. And let the narrow end of it be fet clofe to the Ear. And mark whether any Sound abroad in the open Air, will not be heard diftindly, from fiuihcr dilhncc, than without that Inftrument; being (as it were) an Far ^edude. And I have heard there is in Spain, an Inftrument in ufe to be let to the Ear, that helpeth fomewhat thole that are Thick of Hearing. If the Mouth be fhut clofe, neverthelefs thercis yielded bytheRoof of the Mouth. aMurmur; fuchaSisufedbyDiimb men: Butjf theNoflrils be hkewifc flopped, no fuch Murmur can be made, except it be in the bottom of the Pallatc towards the Throat. Whereby it appeareth manifcftly, that a Sound in the.Mouth , except fuch as aforcfaid, if the Mouth be ftoppcd, pafTcth from thePallace through tdic Nollrils. ' ^ r..:." ;■ •.; ijc^^ ^ ; • ^r " THc RtpeicHftm of Sounds, (which We call Bccho) is a gt'cat Argument of the Spiritual Ejftnce of Stunds, For if it were Corporeal-, the Reper- ciiUlnglhould be created iB the fame m»nner, and byhke Inilruments, with the Century III. chc original Sound : But \vc (ce what a number of cxquifuc Inftruments muft concur in rpeaking of word.s whereof there is no luch matter inche remrning of them, but onely a plain Hop, and rcpcrcuHlon. The cxquifite Differences of Articulate Sounds, carried along in the Air, flicw that they cannot be Signatures or Inipreflions in the Air, as hath been well refuted by the Ancients. For it isCrue, rhit Seals make excellent Impreffions ; and fo irmay bethought of Sounds in their tirll generation : But then chc Delation and Continuance of them , withcuc any new fealing, flicw apparently they cannot be Imprcfllons. All Ji'ounds are fudJenly made, and dofuJdenly perifli; but neither char, nor the cxquifite Differences of them, is matter otlo great admiration: For the Quavcrings, and Warblmgs of Lutes, and Pipes are as Iwitr ; and the Tongue (which IS no very fine Inftrumcnt) doth infpeech, make no fewer motions, ttian there be letters in all the words which arc uttered. But that Sounds (hould not onely be fo fpeedily generated, but carried fo far every way, in luch a momcntany time, defcrveth more admiration. As for ex- ample. It a man ftand in chc middle of a Field, and fpeak aloud, he (hall be heard a Furlong in round , and that fiiall be in articulate Sounds, and thofe (hall be entire in every little portion of the Ait ; and this fli.ill be done inche (pace of Icfsthana minute. The fuddcn Gcncracion and Perifiiing of Sounds muftbe one of thcfc two ways: Either, that the Air fuffcrethibmc force bySound, and thenrc- Itoreth it .fas Water doth; which being divided, maketh manycircles, tillitreftoreit lelf tochc Natural confilfence ; orotherwUe, that the Air doth Willingly imbibe the Sound as grateful, but cannot maintain it ; fcrthatihe Air hath ^as it fhould fccm) a fecret and hidden Appcticeof receiving the Sound at the firll: •, but then other grof> and more maceriate qualities of the Air ffraight ways fulVocate it , like unto Flame which is generated with alacrity, but flraight quenchea by the enmity of the Air, or other Ambient Bodies. There be thefe differences (in general^ by which Sounis are divided: 1. Mufuitl, Immufic-tl. 2. TreHile, Safe. 5. Flat, Sharp. 4. Soft, Loud. 5. Exterior, Interior. 6. Cledn,Harfh,oiVurl't»g. 7. j^rticulate, InarttcuLite. We hive labored (is may appear) in this /n^Hf/if/onq/Towwrfr diligently j both becaule J'ottw^ is oneot the molf hidden portions of Nature, (as wcf-iid in the beginning; and bccaufe it is a /Vrtuf which may be called Incorpore.tl and Imtriaterute, whereof there be in Nature but few. Bc- fidc s, we were willing (now in thelc our fir(\ Centitries)io make a pattern orprcfident of an Exacl Inqutfuton', and wcflialldo the like hereafter in fome other fubjeds which require ic. For we dcfire that Men Hiould learn and perceive how fcvcre a thing the true Inqui/it'ion of Katurti% ; and fhould accuftom themlclves bv the light of particulars, to enlarge their mindes to tiicamplicude of the World i and noc to reduce the Wotld to the narrownefs of their Mindes. G a Metals 63 28S. %%9. 290. 64 U\(jitural Hiflory ; ■xqi. m ijEtals give orient and fine Colours in Difloliirion; asGoldgivcthan Experiinfnt XVl cxccllcnt Ycllow . Qj-iick-lllvct an excellent Green , 1 ingivcthan So'i'^'y^ , excellent Azure. Likcwifc inchcirPurrctadiens, or Rufts i as Vermilion. ^o^,tntC<,ifiri I Vcrdcgrcaie, Bifc, Cirrus. &c. And likewise in their Vitrifications. The in Dijfoiuthn | ^.j^y^j jj, for that by their ftrcni;th of Body, they are able to endure the Fire, of Men I. QpSffoi:ig_^vater$,and tobe pctintoancqualpolture, and again, to retain ! part of their principal Spirit ; Which two things (equal pollurc, and quick I Spirits) arc required chiefly, to make Colours lightlomc. IT conduccth unto long Life, and to the more placidc Motion of the Spi- rits, which thereby do Icfs prey and confumc the Juycc of the Body : either that Alens aiitonsbefree andvoluntary, that nothing be done mvita minerv*, hni fecundtim gemtim J or, on the other lidc, thdXthc j4ciions»f A fen be full of Re- guUtion, and conmands nitlnn themfclvts : tot then the viclory and pcrforminor of the command, givcth a good difpolition to the Spirits , cipecially if there be a proceeding from degree to degree, for tlien thcfcnlc of viftory is the greater. An example of the former of ihcfc, is in a Countrcy life ; and of the latter, in (J^Ionh and PhUofofheri. andfuch as do continually enjoya chemfehcs. IT is certain, that in all Bodies, there is an t^ppeute of fntort, and Evitation of Solution of Continuity : And of this Appetite there be many degrees, but the moft remarkable, and fit to be diftinguifhcd, are three. The firft in Liquors, the fccond in hardBodies, and the third in Bodies cleaving or tenacious. In Liquors this Appetite is weak j \vc fee in Liquors, the Thrcding of them in Stillicidcs (as hath been laid) the falling of them in round drops (which is the form of Union) and the Haying of them for a lit- tle time in Bubbles and Froth. Inthcfecond degree or kinde. this Appetite is ftrong; as in Iron, in Stone, in Wood,&c. In the third, this Appctiteis in a Medium between the other two: For fuch Bodies do partly follow the touch of another Body, and partly flick and continue to themfelves ; and therefore they ropt anddraw thcmlelves in threds , as wc fee in Fitch, G/fiv, Birdl'me,&c. Butnote, that all folid Bodies are cleaving more or Icfs ; and that they love better the touch of fbmc what that is tangible, than of Air. For Water in fmall quantity cleavethto any thing that is lolid, and fo would Metal too, if the weight drew it not off. And therefore Gold Foliate, or any Metal Foliate, cleaveth : But thole Bodies which arc noted to be clammy.and cleaving.are fuch as have a more indifferent Appetite (at once) to follow another Body, and to hold to themlelvcs. And therefore they are con\mov\y Bidiej ill mixed, and which take more plealure in^FtrtignBadj, that in prcfcrving there own confiftencc,and which have little predominance in brought or Mstfture. 394. I E\pciimciU Solitary) touching the llli^ Opetationi of Heat and rime. Time and Heat arc fellows in many effects. Heat drieth Bodits that do eafily expire ; as Parchment, Leaves. Roots, Clay, &c. And fo doth Ttme or ^^ge arefic ; as in the fame Bodies, &c. Heat dilfolvcth and melteth Bodies that keep in their Spirits, as in divers Liquefailims ; and fo doth Time, in fome Bodies of aloftcr confiftence : As is manifeftin Honey, wliich by u/^ge waxcth more liquid, and the like in Sugar; and fo in old OyJ, which is ever more clear and more hot in medicinable ufc. Heat caulcth the Spirits to fcarch fome ilfue out of the Bedj, as in the f'tl'ttilit) oi I Century III, I 65 jofMetals; and fo doth Time, as in the Ruft of Metals. But generally Hc^t doth that in fmall time, whichAgcdoth in long. SOme things which pafs the Fire, are foftcft at firft, and by Time grow 295. hard, as the Crumot Bread. Some arc harder when they come from the Expcumcnt I Fire, and afterwards give again, and grow foft as the Cru.'l of Bread, Bi'ker, ff°'"hmg,i,c I Sweet-Meaty, Salt, &c. The caufe is, torthatin thofe things which wax DifiringOfi j hard with Time , the work of the Fire isa kinde of melting ; and in thofc ["^"^'^f'"' .'that wax foft with Time, (contrariwife) the work of the Fire isakinde of Baking ; and whitfocvcr the Fire baketh , Time doth infomedegree diflblve. Motions pafs from one Man to another, not fo much by exciting Inia- ^gt. gination as by Invitation, cfpecially if there bean Aptncfs or Incli- I Expctimcnt nation before. Therefore Gaping, or Yawning, and Stretching, do pafs solitary, from M^n to Man 5 for that that caufcch Gaping or Stretching is, whenthe i^X'olj^/. Spirits are a little Heavy, by any Vapor, or the like. For then they Itrivccas it were) to wring out, and expel that which loadeih them. SoMcndrowzy and dcfirous to fleep ; or before the fit of an Ague, do ufe to yawn and ftretch, and dolikewife yield a Voice or Sound , which is an Interjedion of Expulfion : So that it another be apt and prepared to do the like, he followeth by the fight of another. So the Laughing of another makcth to laugh. THerc be Tome known Difcafes that arc Infeftious, and others that are 2,97. not. Thofe that are infeaious, are fitlf. Such as are chiefly in theSpi- Isoii"!"""' rits, andnotfomuchinthe Humors, and therefore pafs eafily fromBodyto 'touching in Body; fuch are Peftilcn€csLippitudes, and fuch like. Secondly, fuch as taint f'^o>u dif. the breath, which we fee paffcth manifeflly from Man to Man, andnot in- vifible as the afteds of the Spirits do j fuch are Confumptions of the Lungs, &c. Thirdly, Such as come forth to the skin, and therefore taint the Air, or the Body adjacent j efpecially, if they confift in an unftuous fublf ance, notapttodiflipate; fuch are Scabs, and Leprofie. Fourthly, fuch as are mecily in the Humors, and not in the Spirits, Breath, or Exhalations : And therefore they never infeft, but by touch onely ; and fuch a touch alfo, as Cometh within the Epidermis, as the venomeof the French "Poxtind the biting M .. Oft Powders grow more clofe and coherent by mixture of Water, than 29!. 'X l^y mixiure of Oyl, though Oyl be the thicker Body; 2sMe/il, &c. Expeiiment ereafonis theCongruity of Bodies, which if it be more, maketh ipcr- fo°'"hi7<>' ^ Therealoms theConeruity _. . ^.. rn.il- O } L-i- ,^T%i , tOUdiingmc icaer imbibition, and incorporation i which in moft Powders is more be- ■ incofponiion »f Pou •v\.ll.l lillulUlllVJII, dllU lllV.«JipUl.lUUll } WIULll 111 1I1«J11 i'U WUCIS 13 IIIULC UC- twccn them and Water, than between them and Oyl: But Painters colours 'f <""^'" ground, and aflics, do better incorporatcwith Oyl. 299. Experimcac MUch Motion and Exercifc is good for fomc Bodies, and fitting and icfs motion, for others. If the Body be hot, and void of fuperfiuous Moiftures, too much Motion hurteth ; and it is an error in Fhyktuns , to s°"'y' 11 i_ -r- r r ••/-•» » t 1 '11 touching «- can too much upon Exerciie. Likewife, Men ought to beware, thatthey im»/i<>/«fc«  ufenotBxerciie, anda fparediet, both; butif muchHxercifc, then a plcnti- l^"'/- ful diet i and if fparingdiet, then little Hxercitc. The Benefits that come of Exercifc arc. Firft, thatit Icndeth nourishment into the parts more forcibly. ^ G 3 Secondly, | 66 ^J\(jiti4ral Hijlory ; Secondly, That it helpetli to cxcern by Sweat, and lo makcch thcparts aflimilare the more perfcdly. T hirdly, that it maketh the lublance of riic Body more (olid and compad ; and fo lels apt to be confumed and dcprc- datedbytlic Spirits. The Hvils thit come ofHxcrcile, are, Iirlhrhatit maketh the Spirits more hot and predatory. Secondly, That it doth abforbc likcwifc, andaitenuatcioomuchthcmoinureot theBody. Thirdly, Thar it maketh too great Concuflion, (efpecially, if it be violent) of the inward parts. Nvliich delight more in reft. Butgeneraily hxcrcife, ifit bemucb, is no friend to prolongation of life ; which is one caufe , Why Women live longer then Men, becaufcthtyftirlefs. SOme Food we may ufe long, and much, without glutting; as Bread, Flcfli that is not Far, or Rank,&c, Some other (though pleafant) glutteth looncr, as Sweet-Meats, Fat-Meats, &c. Thccaufeis, forthat Appetite con- filteth inthe emptinefs of theMouth, of the Stomach, orpoffeffingitwith fomcvvhat thatis aftringent; and therefore, cold and dry: But things that arc (wect and fat, are more filling, and dofwim and hang more about the Mouth of the Stomach, and go not down (o fpeedily ; and again turn fooner to Choler, which is hot, and ever abateth the appecice, Wefeealfo, that another caufe of Satiety, is an Ovcr-culfom ; and of Appetite, is Novelty. And therefore Meats, if the fame be continually taken, induce Loathing. To give the reafon of the diftaftc of Satiety, and of the pleafurc in Novelty, and to diftinguifh not onelyin Meats and Drinks, but alio in Motions, Loves, Company, Delight, Studies, what they be thatCuftom maketh more grate- ful; and vvhatmorc tedious, were a large Field. But for Meats, thecaufc is Attraftion, which is quicker, and more excited towards that which is new, than towards that whereof there rcmaineth a relifh by former ufe. And (genctallyj it is a rule, That whatfocver is fomcwhat ingrate at firft, is made grateful by Cuftom j but whatfocver is too pleafing at firft, growcth quickly to Satiate. NATURAL tm fji NATURAL HISTORY Century IV. CceltTAtion of Time , in fFarks of Nature , may well be cftccmcd Inter Mugutlu Nature. And even in T)ivine MiT*cles AccelixAting of the Time, is next CO the Creating of the Matter. Wc will now therefore proceed to the enquiry of it ; ind {ox t^tceleration ef Germination, we will refer it over unto the place, where we ftiall handle the S'ubje^ of PUnts, generally ; and will now begin with other t^ccelerdtiont. Liquors are (many of ihem) atthefirll, thick and troubled ; As Muji. ff^ort, Jujce of fruits, or Herbs cxptcffcd. See. AndbyTiwf, they fettle and clarifie. But to make them clear, before thcTiw^ is a great work ; for it is a Spur to Ndture, and puttcth her out of her pace : And befidcs, it is of good ufe for making Drinks, and Sauces , Potable, and bcrviceabie, fpcedily. But toknow the Means of Accelerating Clarihcation, wc muft firll know the caufes of Clarification. The {irft caufc is, by the Separation of the groflcr parts of the Liquor, from the finer. Thefccond, by the equal diftri- butionof the Spirits of the Liquor, with the tangible parts; for that ever rc- prefcnteth Bodies clear and untroubled. The third, by the refining the Spirit it felf, which thereby giveth to the Liquor more fplcndor, and more lullrc. Firft, For Separation : It is wrought bv weight ; as in rheordinary rcfidcncc or (ettlement of Liquors. Bv Heat, by Motion, by Precipitation, or Sublimation, (that is, a calling of chcfcvcral parts, cither up or down, which isakindeof Attraaion,) by Adhefion ; as when a Body, more viicous, is mirglcd and agitated with the Liquor ; which vifcous Body (afterwards fe- vered; 6% 393. 304- 305. 3o6. 307- 20S. 309. 310. jyatural hi/lory ; vcrcd)drawcthwUhitthegroircrpartsof the Liquor: And laflly, bylPerco- lation or PafTagc. Secondly, lor the even Diftribution of the Spirits, it is wrought by gendeheat, and by Agitation of Motion ; (tor ot Time wefpeak not, be- caufe it is that wc would anticipate and reprclcnt ;) And it is wrought alfo, by mixture of feme other Body, which hath a vertue to open the Liquor, and to make the Spirits the better pafs thorovv. Thirdly, For the refining of the Spirit, it is wrought likewifc by Hear, by motion, and by mixture of fome Body which hathvcrtuc to attenuate. So therefore (having (hewed the caules) for the accelerating of Clarification in general, and the cndueingof it; takcthcfe Inffanccs and Tryal?. ]tis in common praftice, to draw WineorBeer, from the Lees, (which wc call Backing ) wheieby it will clarifie much thcfooner : Tor the Lees, though they keep the drink in heart , and make it lading ; yet withal they cafl up feme fpiflitude ; and this Inftance is to be referred toSepara* tion. Ootheotherfide, it were good to try, what, the adding to the Liquor, more Lees than his own, will woik •> for though the Lees do make the Liquor turbide, yet they refine the Spirits. Take therefore a Veffel of new Beer, and take another Vcflel of new Beer, and rack the one Veffel from the Lees, and pour the Lees of the racked Veffel into the unrackcd Veffel, and fee the effeft. This Inftancc is referred to the Refining of theSpirits. Take new Beer, and put in fomc quantity of ftale Beer into it, and fee whether it will not accelerate theClarification, by opening the Body of the Beer, and cutting the grofler parts, whereby they may fall down into Lees. And this Inftance again is referred to SepAration. The longer Molt or Htrbs, or the like, arc infufcd in Luinor, the more thick and troubled the Z/i^«»r is; but the longer they be decofted in the JLi^wr, the clearer it is. The reafon is plain, bccaufe in InfuCon, thelongerit is, the greater is the part of thegtofs Body that gocth into the Liquor: But in De- coQion, though more gocth forth, yet it cither purgeth at the top, or fcttleth at the bottom. And therefore t"hemoft exaft way to clarifie is, fitfV, toln- fufc, and thcnto take ofFthe Liquor and dccoait; as they doin Beer, which hath Molt firflinfufed in the Liquor, and is afterwards boiled with the Hop. Thisalfo is referred to S'eparajien. Take hot Embers, and putthem about a Bottle filled with new Beer, al mofitothc very neck ; let the Bottle be well flopped, left it flic out: And continue it, renewing the Embers every day by the (pace cf ten day^,C!nd chen compare it with another Bottle of the fame Beer fet by. Takcalfo Lime, both quenched and urquenthed, and fet the Bottles inthtm nr/ft/r*. This Inftance is referred, both to the even Diftribution, and alio to the Refining cf the Sp'tr'tts by Hedt. Take Bottles and fwing them, or carry them in a Wheel-Barrow upon rough Ground, twice in a day : But then you may not fill the Bottles iull, but leave lome Air; for if the Liquor come clcfeto theftopple, it cannot play nor flower: /nd when you have ftiaken them well either way, pour the Drink in another Bottle, ftopped clofe after the ufual manner ; for if it ftav With much Air in it, the Drink will pall, neither will it (ettlefoper- fedly in all thcparts. Let it ftand fonie Twenty lour hcur.s then take it, and
put it again into a Bottle with Air, utfupra; andthenceintoaBottleftopped,
utfupra ; and forepeat the fame operation for fevcn days. Note, that in the I emptying of one Bottle into another, you rr.uft doit fwiftly, IcftrheDririk i pall. I (^entury IF, pall. It wcregood alio to cry ic in a Buttle with a litdc air below the Neck without emptying. This Inltancc is referred to the even IDtftribution and Rtfiti'ngoi x\\^Sfirttsb^ CMttion. As for Percolation, inward, and outward (which bclongeth to ,S'^/>.(m- tion,) Tryal would be made of Clarifying by Adhefion, with Milk put into new iker, and ftirrcd with it: Foric maybe, that the groflcr pare of the Beer will cleave to ihtCHilk; the doubt is whether the Milk will fever well again, which is Icon tried. And it is ufual in clarifying /;'/'«tr<t/(r to put in Milk , which alter fcvereth and carrieth with it the grolfer parts of the jppocYitf, as hath been faid elfwhcre. Alfo for the better Cianhca- tion by Percolation ; when they Tun new Beer , they ufe to let it pafs through a Strainer, and it is like the finer. the Strainer is, the clearer it Will be. THe iyiccelerMtng ef C^fatHTAtisH, We will now enquire of , and of Ma- fHM/iffrt it, fell. It is of three natures, the UUdturMion of Fruits, the Ma- turat'iotf of 1)rinks, x\6.i\\t. A^aturation »f Impojllmmes Andy hers. This Ja!l we refer to another place, where we fliall handle Experiments OMrdiciml. There be alfoother Maturations, as of Metals, &c. whereof wefpcak as.occafion fervcth. But we will begin withthatof Drinks, becaufc it hath fuch affinity with the Clarification of Liquors. For the Maturation of Drinks, it is wrought by the Congregation of the Spirits together, whereby they digcft more perfectly the groffer parts,- and it is eftcded, partly by the fame means that Clarification is ('whereof \\c fpake before :) But then note, that an cxtrcam Clarification doth fprcd the Spirits fo fmooch, as they become dull, and the drink dead, which ought to have a little flowring, And therefore all your clear jimber drinks is Hat. Wc(ct the degrees of Maturation of Drinks, InMuft, in Wine, as it is drunk, andi'^^megar. Whereof Muft hath not the Spirits well congrega- ted , Wine lain th'em well united, fo as they make the parts fomewhat moreOyly. Vinegar hath them congregated, but more Jejune, and in Imallcr quantity ; the greatcft and hneft Spirit and part being exhaled: For we fee Vinegar is made by fctting the Veflel of Wine againft thebotSun. And therefore Vinegar will not burn, for that much of the finer pan is ex- haled. Thcrefrcfhina; and quickningof Drink palled or dead, is by enforcing the motion of the Spirit. So we fee that open weather relaxeth the Spirit, and makcth it more lively in Motion. We fee alfo Boctellingof Beer or Ale, while It is new and lull of Spirit, (fo that it fpirteth whentheflopple is taken forth) makcth the Drink more quick and windy. A Pan of Coals in the Cellar, doth likewifc good, and makcth the Dtinkwotk again. New Drink put to Drink that is dead, provokethit to wotkagain : Nay, which is more (as fomc affirm) a Brewing of new Beer, fet by old Beer, maketh it work again : It were good alfo to enforce the Spirits by fomc mixtures, that may excite and quicken them, as by the putting into the Bottles, Nitre C.slk, Lime,&c. We (ce Cream is matured, and made to rife morcfpeedi- Iv bv putting in cold Water ; which , as it fcemcch, gettcth down the Wney. It is trycd, that the burying of Bottles of Drink well flopped, cither in dry Ejr:h, agood depth, orinthcbottom of a Well within Waterj and belt of 69 311. Experiments in Confotc, touching Aiaturatkn, andlhe ^cce- Itrating there' of. ^nd firft t6U(.bing the Ataturati- on and /^luhk- ning ofdr'mk^, and next tomhingthe Maturation cf Frnils, 313- 314- i^y 70 3 16. 3 17. SIS. 319- 3 3*. 311. 3x2.. 313' D^atUrd hijlory ; of .ill, the hanging ot them in a deep Well fomeu hat above the Water, for Ibmc fortnights (^^cc. is an excellent means of m.iking Drink frelh and quick : For the cold doth not caulc any exhaling of the Spirits at all, as heac doth, though itrarifieththc rell that remain : But cold makcch the Spirits vigorous, and irritateth them, •whereby they incorporate ihc parts of th«  Liquor perfectly. As tor the Mdiurttien of Fruits , it is wrought by the calling forth of the Spirits otthc Body outward , and lo Iprcading them more Imoothly; and likcwnfe by digcfting, in fc^me degree , the grollcr parts : And this is efFcdcd by Heat, Motion, Attrad^ion, and by a Rudiment of Putrcfaftion .- For the Inception of Putrctadion hath in it a ^laie- jatton. There were taken Apples, and laid in Straw, in Hav, in Flower, in Chalk, in Lime, covered over with Onions, covered over with Crabs, clofcd up in Wax, fhut in a Box, &c. There wasalfo an Apple hanged up in lmo.ak. Of all which the Experiment forted in this manner. After a moncths fpace, the Apple, enclolcd in Wax, wis as Green andfreflias at the firfl: putting in, and the Kernels continued W^hirc. The caufc is, for that allexclufion of open Air, (which is ever predatory) main- taineth the Body inhis firftfrefhnei's and moilture ; butthc inconvenience is, that ic taflethalictlcof the Wax, vrhich, 1 fuppoiejn a Pomegranate, or fonie luch thick coated fruit, it would not do. 1 he Apple hanged in the fmoak, turned like an old Mellow-Apple wrinkled, dry, lofr, iVcet, yellow within. The caufe is, for that fuch 3. degree of heat, which doth neither melt nor fcorch ( for we fee that in a greater heat, a roail: Apple foftncth and melteth , and Pigs fcec made of quarters of Wardens, fcortch and have a skin of coal) doth Mellow, and not adurc ; The Imoak alfo makcth the Apple (as it were) fprinklcd with i>oot, which helpeth to mature. Wefcc, that in drying of Pears and Prunes, in the Oven, and removing of them often as they begin to fwcat, there is alike operation : but that is with a far more intenle de- gree of heat. The Apples covered in the Lime and Afhes, were well matured as ap- pc.ired bothin their ycllowncfs and fwcetncfs. The caufe is, forthatthat Degrce-of Heat, which is in Lime and Aflies, (being a fmoothe ring heat) is of all the reft: molf proper ; for it doth neither Liquefie nor Arefic, and that is true Maturation. Note, that the taffc of thoic Apples was good, and therefore it is the Experiment fitteft for ufc. '1 he Apples coveredwith Crabs and Onions, were likewifc well matu- red. The caufc is not any heat, but for thatthc Crabs and the Onions draw forth the Spirits of the Apple, andfprcd them equally thorowoutrhe Body ; which taketh away hardncis. So we ice one Apple ripeneth againftanothcr. And therefore in making of Cider, they turn the Apples firfl upon a heap,- fo oneCluflcrof Grapes, thattoucheth another whilefl it grow cth, ripen- eth f after. Botrtu contrA Botrtim citius maturefctt- The Apples in Hav and the Straw, ripened apparently, though notfo much as the other, but the Apple in the Straw, more. The caufe is, for that the Hay and Straw have a very low degree of Heat, but yet dole and Imoothcring, and which dr^cth not. The Apple in the clofe Box was ripened alfo. The caufe is, for that all Air kept clofc, hath a degree of warmth ; as We fee in Wool, Fur, PlufhjScc. Note, (^entury IF. Note, That all thcfe acre compared ffitb another Apple of the fame k^nde thiit Lj $f itfelf; and tn cotnparifonof that, Trere more ftveet, and more jeUolv, andh ap feared to kt more ripe I Takcan Apple, or Fear, or other like Fruit, and roul it upon 2. Tabic hard: Wc fee in common experience, that the roulingdoth ibften anj fwcctcn the Fruit prclcntly, which is nothing but thcfmooth diftribution of the Spirits into theparts,' for the unequal diftribucion of the Spirits maketh the harrilhncfs : But chij hard rouling is between Concodion, and a fimple Maturation ; therefore, if you fliould roul them but gentlv perhaps twice a day, and continue it fomcfevcn da\ s, it is like they would Maturemorc hncly, and likcuntoihcNatural Alaturation. Take an Apple, and cut out a piece of the top and cover it , to fee whether that ro/«/;o" of Conttimitj/mll not haften a Maturation. Wc fee that where zl^f^ajp, or a/"//, ot^fVorm, hath bitten in a Grape ot any Fruit, it will fwcctcn halHly. Take an Apple, &c. and prick it with a Pin full of Holes, not deep, and fnicar it a little with Sack, or Cinnamon Water, or Spirit of Wine, every day for ten days, to fee if the P'irtud Heat of the Wine, or Stronor- Watcrs, will not Mature if. Jn thefe Trjals alfo as teat uftd in the firji, fet another of the fame Fruits by, to compare them, andtrj/ them by their Tello'\tneJs, and by their S-^eeineJS'. THc World hath been much tbufed by the opinion of Making of Gold. The Workitfclf, I judge to be poiliblc; buttheN4cans (hithcrtopro- pounded) to effeft it . are in the Pradicc full of Error and Impofturc ; and in the Theory, full of unfound Imagiuations. lor to fay, th\t Nature hach anin'cntion tomakcall JVletals Gold ; and that if flic were delivered from Impediments, fhc would perform her own work ; and that, if tiie Crudities, Impuritic?^ and Leprolies of Metal were cured, thev would become Gold, and that a little quantity of the Medicine in the Work of Frojedion, will turn a Sea of the bail r Metal into Gold by multiplying. All thefe are but dreams, and fo are r^iany other Grounds of tylkbymj. And to help the matter, the t^lchymifls call in likewifc many ranicics, out oi i_/i frolo^j , Natural Magic k , Supcrfticious Interpretations of Scri pturcs. Auricular Traditions, Feigned Tcflimonies of Ancient Aiuhors, and the like. It is true, on the other fide, they have brought to light not a few profitable Experiments, and thereby made the* World fome amends: But we, when wc fhall come to handle the Verfion and Tranfmuiation of Bodies, and the Experiments concerning Metals and' Minerals; will Jay open the true Ways and PaCTagcs of Nature, which may lead to this great cffcd. And we commc: d the wit of the Omefes, who defpairo: making of Gold, buta'c mad upon the making of Silver. For certain it is. That it is more difficult to make Gold, (which is the moft ponderous and ma- ccriate am ongH Metals ) of other MctaJs:, lefs ponderous and Icfs mate- riatc, than (Ku versa) co make Silver of Lead, or Quick-filvcr ; both wliichare more ponderous than Silver : So tliatihey need rathcra further degree of f;.v4/je)i, t\\^n ^ny Condenfation. In the mean time, bv occafionof handling the yixioms touching cJWkjttrjjios, wc 'will direct a tryal touching the Maturmg of Metals, and thereby turning fome of them into Gold j for we conceive indeed. That a pcrfcd good ^Concocinn, or 'Difgeflwn, or A£t- turation ofionic LMet.ils will produce Gold. And here we call to mindc, th;t we knew a TDutcbman th.it had wrought himfejf into the belief of a great; 324, 325. ^26, Expctimcnt Solitaty, touching the Mcrltjng of Gold. 72 3 27. 0\Qimral hiftory ; greatpeifon, by undertaking, that hccould make Gold : ' Whofe difcourd \va«, 1 hat Gold might be made, but that the y^/<:/);m;/?< ovcr-fiied the work : For (he laid) the making of Gold did require avcry temperate Heat, asbc- ing in iVrfrwre a (ubtcrrany woik, wlicre little Heat ccmcth ; but yet more to the making of Gold, than of any other Metal : And theretorc, that he would do it with a great Lamp , that fliould carry a temperate and equal Heat, andthatit was the work of many Moncrhs. Thedevi/cof the Lamp was folly, but theovctfiring now ufcd, and the equal Heat tobe required, and the making it a work of feme good time, arc no ill difcourfes. We rcfott therefore to our ^xwrnx of Af<i»«r/i/io», in cfFcft touched be- fore. Thefirftis, That there be ufcd a Temperate Heat ; for they arc ever Temperate Heats that Difgefts, and Mature ; wherein we mean Temperate, according to the Nature of the Subjcd : For that may be Temperate to Fruits and Liquors, which will not work at all upon Metals. The fceond is, That the Spirit of the Metal be quickned, and the Tangible Parts opened: For without thofe two operations, theSpiritof the Metal, wrought upon, will not be able to dlfgeft the Part?. The third is. That the Spirits do fprcd thcmfelvcs even, and move not fubfultorily, for that will make the parts clofe and pliant. And this requirctii a Heat that doth not rife and fall, butcontinue as equal as may be. The fourth is. That no part of the Spirit be emitted but detained; For if there be Emiflion of Spirit , the Body of the Metal will be hard and churlifh. And this will be performed, partly by the temper of the Fire, and partly by the dofenels of the Veflel. . The fifth is, That there be choice made of the likelieft and beft pre- pared Metal for the Verfion ; for that will facilitate the Work. Thefixthis, That you give time enough for the Work, notto prolong hopes (as the uiUbjmip do, but indeed to give iV4/«r< a convenient Ipace to work in. Thefe principles moft certain and true, we will now derive a direftion of Tryal out of them, which may (perhaps) by further Meditation be improved. Let there be a fmall Furnace made of a Temperate Heat ; let the heat be fuch as may keep the Metal perpetually moltcn,and no more ; for that ^bovc all, importeth to the Work : For the Material, take Silver, which is the Metal, that in Nature, fymbolizeth moft with Gold ; put in alio, with thcSil- vet a tenth part of Quick-filvet , and a twelfth part of Nitre by weight : Both thefe to quicken and open the Body of the Metal; andfolct the Work be continued by the fpacc of Six Moncths, zt the leaft. I wifti alio. That therebeasfometimes an Injeftionof fome Oyled Subftance; fuch as they ufe in the recovering of Gold, which by vexing with Separations hath been made churlifh ; And this is, to lay the parts more clofc and fmooth, which is the main work. For Gold (as we fee) is the elofeft (and there- fore the heavieft; of Metals; andishkewi/e themoft flexible and tenfible. Note, That to think to make Gold of Quick-filver becaufeitis theheaviefl:, is a thing not to be hoped ; for Quiek-filver will not endure the mannagc of the Fire : Next to Silver , I think Copper were fitteft to be the Ma- terial. Gold Century IF. 73 A.i The Means to enducc and accelerate Pufrefaftion, are, Tirf}, By add- ing fome crude or watry moifture ; as in Wetting of any Fkfh, Fruit, Wood, with Water, Sec. For contrariwife, Unftuous and Oyiy Subftanccs preferve. I The fecond is, By Invitation or Excitation ; as whenarctrcn Apple jjicth clofe to another Apple that is found ; or when Dung (which is afub- I ftancc already putriticd; isaddcd to other Bodies. And this isalfo notably fecn in Church-yards, where they buryniuch ; whfrc the Harth will con- fume theCorps in farrtiorter rime than other Earth will. The third i:?, By CloCcncfs and Stopping, which dctaineth the Spirits in Prifon, more then they would, and thereby irritateth thcn:i tofcckilTuc; as in Corn and Cloaths which wax muJlv ; and therefore open Air (which j they call K_Aer ferjlAbilii) doth prclcrve : And this doth appear more evident- ly in Agues, which come (moft of them) of obftruftions and penning the ■ Humors, which thereupon Putrific. The fourth is. By Solution of Continuity; as we fee an Apple will rot fooner, if it be cut or pierced, and lb will Wood, 5cc. And fotbc I'lefli of Creatures alive, whcrcthey have received any wound. ThcHfthiy, Eitherby the Exhaling, or by thedrivingback of thcprin- cipal Spirits, which prelcrvc the confidence of the Body; fo that when chcii Giovernmcntisdiirolved every partrcturneth tohis Nature, or Homogcny. And this appcarcth in Urine and Blood, when they cool and thereby break. It appeirccii alio in the Gangreen or Mortitication of Fle(h , either by Opiatci, ot bv Intcrfe Cold^. I conceive alio, the fame cf:l'£t H .1 of 1' litre faSii- GOld hath thefe Natures : Grearoefs of Weight, tlofcncfs of Parts, 328. Fixation, Pliantnefs or Softnefs Immunity trom Ruft , Colour or Experiment Tni£ture of Yellow. Therefore the lure way ( though moft about ) to ' ^°"7' , make Gold, is to know the caules of thcievcral Natures bclorerehorlcd, \NatMt of and the Axioms concerning the fame. For if a Man can make a Metal '^o'<^- that hath all thefe Properties, let Men dilputc, whether it be Gold, orno ? THe Enducing and Accelerating of Putrefaftion, is a fubjeft of a very Experiments Univcrfal Enquiry. For Corruption is a Reciprocal to Generation; '"Confott, . L vT • -T- D J • 11^. r r touching the and they two are as Natures to Terms or Boundaries; and the Guides to Life inducing and and Death, Putrefadlion is the Woik ot the Spirits of Bodies, which ever I ■^'"'"""'"i?. arc unquiet to ger forth and congregate with the Air , and to enjoy the Sun-Bcams. The getting forth, or fpreding of the Spirus , (which is a degree of getting forth) have five dificiing operations. If the Spirits be detained within the Body, and move more violently, thercfolloweth Colli- quation ; as in Metals, &c. If moremildcly, there followcthDigcftibn or Maturation ; as in Drinks and Fruits. II the Spirits be not meetly detained* but Protrude a little, and that Motion be confufed, and inordinate, there followeth Putrefaction ; which ever diFalveth the Confiftence of the Body into much inequility ; as in Flefli, Rotten Fruits, Shining Wood, &c. and alfo in the Ruft of Metals. But if that Motion be in a certain order, there followeth Vivification and Figuration ; as both in Living Creatures j bred of Putrefaftiouj and in Living Creatures pcrfed. But it the Spirits i ifluc out of the Body, there followeth Deficcation, Induration, Confump- tion,&c. As in Brick, evaporation of Bodies Liquid, &c. 32^. ]}*• 33I- 3^2. 3?5. 74 534- 335- 33<J. 339. 340. Expciiments in Confoitj touching Prohibiting I and Prevent- ing Puirt- ftStkn. J^QitHral Hijlory ; 's inPcltilences, tor that the malignity of the infcftingvjpor, aauincth the principal Spirits , and maketh them flic, and leave tiicir Rcgimert; and then the Humors, Flcfli, and Secondary Spirits, do difl'olve and break, as in an Anuchy. The fixth is, VVhen a Forreign Spirit, ftronger and more eager than the Spirit of the Body, cntrcth the Body, as in the Itingingot Serpent?. And tliis is the caufc (generally) that upon all Poyfons followctti Swelling; and we fee Swelling folio wethalfo, when the Spirits of the Body it felf congregate too much J as upon blows and bruifcs, or when rhcy are pent in too much, as, in Swelling upon Cold. And we fee alfo, that the Spirits coming ot Pu- trefadion of Humors in Agues, &c. which may be counted a*^ Foreign Spi- rits, though they be bred within the Body, docxtinguifh andluffocatethe Natural (pirics and heat. The feventh is. By fuch a weak degree of hear, as fctteth the Spirits in a little Motion, but is not able either todigcftthepartf, or to if^ue the Spirits, as is feen in Fltfhkcpc inaroom that is not cool; whcrc.is in a cool and wet Larder it will keep longer. And we fee, thatV^vificat'on (whereof Putre- fadion isthcBaftard Brother; is effeded by fuch fofi heats ; as the hatching of Eggs, the heatof the Womb, &c. Theeighthis, By the relcafing of the Spirits which before wcrcclofe kept by thclolidnefs of their coverture, and thereby their appeiie ot ifTuing checked i asintheartificialru;ts induced by Srrorg waters in Iron, Lead, &c. And therefore wettir^ghaflnethRuft orPutrefaftionof any thing, becaufeit foftneththeCruIl:, for the Spirits to come forth. Theninthis, Byiheentcrchange of heat andcold, orW£tanddry; as wc Lein theMouldring of Earth in Frofts, and Sun; andinthemorehafty rottingcf Wood, that is fometimcswer, fomeiimes dry. The tenth is, By time, and the work, and procedure of the Spirits them- f'elvcs, which cannot keep their llatlon ; tfpeciallv, if they belcfr to th^m- fclves, and thcrebe not. Agitation or Local Motion. As wcfee mCornnot rtirred, and Mens Bodies not exprcircd. All Moulds are Inceptions of Putrefaction ; as thcMouldsof Pycs and Fkfh the Moulds of Orengesand Lemmons, which Moulds afterwards turn into VVorm<, or mots odious Putrefadions : And therefore (commoni)^ prove to be of ill odor. And if the Body be liquid, and nor apt to putrjfie to- tally, it willcift upaMothcr in the top, as theMothers of D ftdled waters. Mofs is a kindeof Mold of the Earth and Trees : But it may be better fortedas a Rudiment of Geritiination, to which wc refer ic. IT IS an Enquiry of excellent ufc to enquire of the Means of Preventing or Staying of Putrefaftion i for therein confifteth the Means of Confervation of Bodies : Fot Bodies have twokindcs of DifTolutions. the one by Con- fumpcion and Dificcation, the other by Purrefadion. But as for the Putre- factions of the Bodies of Men and Living Creatures (as in Agues Worms 'Confumptions of the Lung«, Impofthums and Ulcers, both inwards and out- i wards) they are a great part of Phyfick and Surgery : And therefore we will refetve the Enquiry of them to the properplace, where we (hall handle Me- dicinal Experiments of all forts. Of therelf, we will nowenter into an En- quiry, wherein much light miy betikcn from that which hath been faid of the Means to enducc or accelerate Pucrefadion: For the removing that which cauredPutrefaftion,dotlj prevent and avoid Putrefaction. The (^hitury IF, I ^' 1 he firlt Means ot prohibiting or checking Pucrctadiun is cold ; for fo tt'c fee that Meat and Drink will lalt longer, unputrificd, or Unlowrcd, in Winter, than in Summer : And we fee mat Flowers, and Fruits ; put in conlervatoricf of Sno\V, keep frcfli. And this U-orketh by the Detention of the SpiritSj and conibpation of the Tangible parts. The Iccond is Aftriftion : For Allrictlon prohiBitcth DifToIution ; as \y<: fee (generally) in Medicines, wiieteof fuch as are Aftringents do inhibit Putre- faftion : And by the lame rcafbn of Alhingcncy, Tome (mall quantity of Oyl of Vitriol, will keepfrcfh water long from pucrifying. And this Aftridion IS in a fubftance that hatha Virtual cold, and it workcth (partly) by the fame means that cold doth. The third if. The excluding of the Ait ; and again, the cxpofing to the Air : For thefe contraries, (as it cometh often to pafs) work the fimc effcft, according to the nature of the Subjeftmatter. So we fee, that Beer or Wine in Bottles clofe ftopped, lalt long 5 that the Garners under Ground keep Corn longer , than cl^ofc above Ground ; and that Fruit clofed in Wax, kecpcth frcfli : And likewife, Bodies put m Honey, and Flower, keep more trefli : And Liquors, Drinks, and Juyces, with a httle Oyl calf onthetop, keep frefii. Contrariwife, wefce that Cloath and Ap- parel, not aitcd, do breed Moaths and Mould •, and the DiVerHty is, that in Bodies that need Detention of Spirits, the Exclufjon of the Air doth good ,• as in Drinks, and Corn : But in Bodies that need Hmifllon of Spirits, todifchargefome of thcfuperfluousmoiftuFC, itdotl>hutt, tor they requite airing. The fourth is Motion, and Stirring; for Putrefa£lionaskcth Reft: For the fubiil Motion which Putrcfadion requircth, is diffurbed by any Agi tation, and all Local Motion keepcth Bodies integral, and their parts together: As wc lee, that turning over of Corn in a Garner, or Let- ting it run like an Hour-Gla(s, from an upper Room into a lower, doth keep it fwect : And tunning Waters putnfic not j and in Mens Bodies, cxercife hindreth Putrefaftion i and contrary wife Reft, and want of Mo- tion or ftoppings ( whereby the running of Humors, or the Motion of Perfpiration, is ftayed) further Putrefaction » as we partly touched a little beforCi Tbc fifth is, The Breathing forth of the Adventitious Moirture in Bodies , for as wetting doth haften Putrefadion ; lo convenient drying (whereby the more Radical Moifture is onely kept in) putteth back Putre- focfion: So we fee that Herbs and Flowers, if they be dried in the fiiadc, or dried in the ho: Sun, fur a Imall time keep beft. For the Emiffion of the loofeand adventitious Moilturc, doth betray the Radical Moifture, andcar- rycth it out for company. Thclixth is. The ftrcngthrting of the Spirits of Bodies ; foras agreat heat keepeth Bodies from Purrcfadion ; but a tcpldeheat cnclineth them to Putrcfadlion : So a ittong Spirit likewife preferveth, and a weak or faint Spirit diipofeth to corruption. So wc finde, that Saltwater corruptcth not (o foon as frefhj and faking of Oyfters, and powdring of Meat, kecpcth them from Putrefadion. Jc would be ttycd alfo, whetherChalk, putin- to Water, or Drink, doth not prcferve it from Puctifying, or (pccdy Sour- ing. So wc fee that Strong-Boer will lalflonger than fmall, and all things, that arc hot andatomatical.do help to preferve Liquors, or Powders, &c. which they do. as well by ftrengthning the Spirits, as by foaking out tbcloofe Moiiura. H 2 The 76 3 47. 348. 349- 3 30. 35I' J\Qtttiral hiftory ; 353. ! Expciiment .jSolitaiy, iltouchtne ! Wmd Shining • in the Durk^ The fevcnth is, Septration of the cruder parts, and thereby making the Body more equal ; for all unpcrfed mixture is apt to putrific, and V/atry fubftanccs arc more apt to putrifie, than oily. So, w c Ice diftillcd Waters V'ili laft longer than raw Waters , and things that have piillcd the Fire, do laft longer than thofe that have not palled the Fire ; as dried Pearl, Sec. ' '1 The eighth is, The draT»'ing forth eontinuAllj of that part, yvhere the Tutre- fdHion heginneth : Which is (commonly) the looje amlTtany moifiure ; notonely for the rcaion before given, that it provokcch the radical moiftureto come forth. with it •, but becaule being detained in the Body, the Putrcfadion taking hold of it, infedeththereli : As we fee in the Embalming of Dead Bodies. And the lamereafon is.of prefcrving Flerbs, or Fruits, or Flowers, in Bran or Meal. The ninth is. The commixture of any thing that is more oyly or ftaeet : For fuch BoJics are Icaftapt to putrifie, the Air working little upon them, and they not putrifying preferve the reft. And thcretbre'we fee Syrrups and Oynt- ments will laft longer than juyces. The tenth is , The commixture of fame whit that u drj ; for Putrcfadlion bc^inneth tirft from the Spirits, and then from the moifture ; and that that is dry, is unapt to putrifie. And therefore Imoak prefervethflefti; as we fee in Bacon, andNeats-Tongucs, Atid LMirtlemm- Beef, &c. The opinion of fomc of the Ancients , That blown Airs do prefervc Bodies longer than ottier Airs , feemcth to me probable ; for that the blown Airs, being over-charged and comprelTed , will hardly receive the exhaling of any thing, but rather repulfe it. It was trycd in a blown Bladder, vphereinto flcfti was put, and likewifcaFIower, anditfortcdnot : For dry Bladders will not blow, and new Bladders rather further Putrefadi- on. The way were therefore, to blow ftrongly with a pair of Bellows, into a Hogfhead, putting into the Hogfhead (before) that which yoil would have preferved 5 and in the inftant that you withdraw the Bellows, ftopthc hole clofc. T He Experiment of Woodthat ftiincth in thedark, we have diligently driven and purlucd : The rather, for that of all things that give light here below, it is the moft durable, and hath leaft apparent motion. Fire and Flame are in continual expence 5 Sugar fhining onely whileitisinfcra- ping; and Salt-water while itis indafliing j Gloworms have theirihining
while they live, orahttlc after; onely Scales of Fifties (putrified; feemto
I be of the fame nature with fhining Wood. And itis true, that all Putre- j fadionJiathwithitaninwardmotion, aswell aspire or Light. The tryal fortcd thus. j I. Ihcfliining isinfome pieces more bright, in fomc more dim ;
but the moft bright of all doth not attain to the light of a Gloworm.
1 2. The Woods that have been tryed to fhine, are chiefly Sallow and Wil- i low ; alfo, the Afti and Halle, ic m.iy be, it holdeth in others. 5. Both ' Roots, and Bodies do fhine. but the Roots better. 4 1 he colour of the ' ftiinirig part, by day-light, is in fome pieces white, in fomc pieces inclining Uorcd^; which in the Country they callthe White and Red Garret, j. The 1 part that fhineth, is (for the moft part; lomewhat foft, and moift to feel I to ; but fome was found to be firm and hard ; (o as it might be figured into a Crofs, or into Beads, Sec. But you muft not look to have an Image, or the like, in any thins that is Lightfom ; for even a Face in Iron red hot, will Century IF, will not be feen, the light confounding the fmall differences of Jightfomc and darkfomc, which fliew the figure. 6. Tnere was the filming part I pared off, till you came to that, that did not fliinc ; but within two days, the
part comiguous began alfo to (hine, being laid abroad in the Dew i fo as it
leemeth the putrefaction fpredeth. 7. Ttiere was other dead Wood of , iij^c kindc that was laid abroad, which fliined not at the firft 5 but after a
nights lying abroad, begin tofiiine. 8. There was other Wood that did
} firlt fliine , and being Kiid dry in the Houfe, within five or fix days loft
the fliining ,- and laid abroad again, recovered the fliining. 9. Shining
i Woods being I lid in a dry room, within a feven night loft their fliining; but _ being laid in a Cellar, or dark room, kept the finning. 10. The boring of i holes in that kinde of Wood, and then laying it abroad, feemeth to conduce to make it fliinc ; thecmfeis, forthat all folution of continuity, doth help [ on putrefaction, as was touched before. 11. No Wood hath been yet • iryed toft)ine that was cut down alive, but fuch aswas rooted both in Stock
and Root while it grew. 1 2. Part of the Wood that Aimed, was (tecped
' in Oyl and retained the fhining a fortnight, 13, Tne like fuccecded in j fomefteepcdin W^tcr, and much better. 14. How long the fliining will ■ continue, if the Wood belaid abroad every night, and taken in and fprinklcd i with Water in theday, is not yet tryed. 16. Try al was made ot laying it ! abroad in frofty weather, which hutt it nor, \6. There was a great piece I ofatloot, which did fliine, and the fhining part wascutoff, till no more I filmed ; yet after two nights, though it were kept, in a dry Room, it got a ! (hining. 77 35^ Expciitncnt Solitaiy, touching the ^cciUraiion of Birth. j ♦T^Ho bringing forth of Living Creatures niay be accelerated in two re- j X 'pt'fts ; The one , if the Erabryon ripeneth and petfefteth looncr s the other, if there be fomc caufe from the Mothers Body of £xpulfion
or putting it down: Whereof the former is good, and argucth Ifrength;
1 the latter is ill, and cometh by accident or dilcafe. And therefore the I Ancient oblervaiion is true, that the CAiWc tarn in the Seventh CMoncth, doth commonly well ; but Bom in the Eighth O^netb, doth (for the mofl part) die. But the caufe alllgncd is fabulous, wiiich is. That in the Eighth Moneth fliould be the return of the reign of the Planet SAturn, which ( as they fay ) is a Planet malign ; whereas in the Sevcntk is the reign of the mioan , which is a Planet propitious. But the true caufe is, for that where there is fo great a prevention of the ordinary time, it is the luftinefs of the Childe; but when it is Ids, it is fome indirpofmonof the Mother. TO Accelerate Growth or Statute , it mufl proceed; Either from the | 354. Plenty ci the Nouiifliment , or from the Nature of the Nouriflimenr, Experiment or from the Qiiickning and Exciting of the Natural heat. For the tirft, Exccfs toucbiTe «he of Nouriflimcnt, ishuitful; font maketh the Childe corpulent, and grow- j>r«»/er«ion ing in breadth, rather than in height. And you may take an Experiment ^{^^""^ fromPljius, which if they fpred much, are fcldom tall. As for the Nature of the Nouriflimcnt ; Pirlt, it may not be too dry, and therefore Children in Dairy Countrcys do wax more tall , than where they feed more upon Bread andPUfh. There isalfoa received tale, that boylingof Dific-Roots in Milk ( which it is certain arc great dryers) will make Dogs little. But fo much is true. That an over-dry Nourifliment in Childhood putteth back Stature. Secondly, The Nourifliment muft be of an opening H 3 Nature; | { 78 ^I^^turai Hijlory Expeiimcnts inConfoiti eouckixg Sulphure tni IAUnury, two af Patacclfus frintifUi, 3J5 35*. Nature ; tar that attcnuatech the Juyce, and furthcrcth the Motionof the ^pirits upwards. Neither is it without caufc, that Xenofban in the Nouriturc of the Terfitn Chtldreu, doth fo much commend their feeding upon CArdamon, which (he faith) made them grow better, and be of a more adive habit. Card,tmon is in Latin, iVrf/wrrrKw, and with us Wuter-creffes; which, it is cer- tain, is an Herb, that tthihtit is young, is friendly to Life. As far the fluickning of Natural Heat, it muft be done chiefly with cxerrilc; and therefore (no doubt) much going to School, where they iic f j much, hindcrcrh the growth of Children ; vhcreas Countrey-Pcoplc. that go not to J>chool, are commonly of better ftature. And again. Men mull beware how they give Children any thing that is cold in operation ; even long fucking doth hinder both Wit and Stature. This hatu been trytd, that a Whelp that hath been fed with Nttre in unuk, hsth be- come Very little, but extrcam lively : For the Spirit ot Nitre is cold. And though it be an excellent Medicine in ftrength of years for Pro- longation of Life ; yet it is in Cliildren and young CrcAturcs an enemy to growth; and all for the 'amc realon, For Heat is requiiltc to Growth. But after a Man is come to his mic^dle age, Heat confumcth the Spirits; which the coidnefs of the Spirit of Nitre doth help to condence and corrcft. THerc be two great Families of Thingf , you may term them by (cveral names, Sulfhureou* ^nd C^lercurtal , which arc the OjjmiHs words : (For as for their Sdt. which is their third Principle, it is a Com- pound of the other two,) InflAm.il>Uy iUii Not Inflamalile i ^'lature and Crude, Oilj and IVatrj : For wc fee that in Subterranies there are , as the Fathers of their Iribej, Brimftonc and Mercury j In Vegetables and Living Crea- tures, there is Water and Oyl ; in the Inferior order of Pneumaticals , there is Air and Flame ; and in the Superior , there is the Body of the Star, and the Pure Skey. And thcfe Pairs, though they be unlike in the Primitive Differences of Matter, yet they fcem to have many conlencs ; for Mercury and Sulphurc arc principal materials of Metals-, Water and Oyl are principal materials of Vegetables and Animals, and feem to differ but in Maturation or Concodion. Flame (in Vulgar Opinion) is but Air inccnfed, and they both have quickncfs of Motion, and facility of Ceffion, much alike: And the Interftellar ^kcy, (though the opinion be vain, I hat the Star is the Dcnfcr Part of his Orb,) hathnotwithflanding fo much artinity with the Star, that there is a rotation of that, a$ vf. 11 as of the Star. Therefore, it is one of the greatefl MtignMU N-uarx, to turn Water or Watry Juyce into Oyl or Oyly Juyce: Greater in Nature, than to turn Silver or Quick-filvcr into Gold. The Inflanccjwehavc wherein Crude and Watry Subllance, turneth ■ into Fat and Oyly, are of four kindcs. FirfV, In the Mixture of Earth and Water, which mingled by the help of the Sun, gathered a Nitrous Fat- , nef?, more than either of them have feverally; Aswcfee, inthatthcyput forth Plants, which need both Juyccs. Thef'ccondisinthc Aflimilationof Nourifhment, made in the Bodies of Plants, and Living Creatures ; whereof Plants turn the Juyce of meec Water and Earth, into a great deal of Oyly matter •• Living Creatures, though much of their Fat, and Flcfli, arc out of Oyly Aliments, (as Meat, and Bread,) yet they aflimilate alfo in a meafurc thcic Drink of Water, (^entury IF. &c. But thefc two ways of Vcrliou wt Water into Oyl, ( namely, by Mixture and by Afltmilation) arc by many Palla^rcs, and Pcrcolacions, and by continuance of foft Heats, and by circuits ot 1 jme. The third is in the Inception of Putrcfa^iiion ; as in Water corrupted, nJ the Mothers of Waters diftilled, both which have a kindeof Fatnels or Oyl The fourtli is in the Dulcoration of fome Metals ; as S'actharum Sd- tam, &c. The Intenfionof Verfion of Water into amorcOyly fubftancc isby Digcftion : For Oyl is almofl nothing elfe but Water digcfled and this Digcflion is principally by Heat ; which Heat muft be cither outward or inward. Again, It maybe by Provocation or Excitation, which is caufcd by the mingling of Bodies already Oyly or Digc.'ted, for they vvillfomc- what communicate their Nature with the reft. Digcftion alio is ftrongly cffeded bydiredAflimilation of Bodies Crude into Bodies digefted ; as in Plants and Living Creatures, whofc nouriftiment is far more Crude than theirBodies. Butthis Digcftion is by a gteat compafs ashathbeen faid. As fortheraore full handling of thefc two principles, whereof this is but a tade; (the enquiry of which, is one of the profoundeft enquiries of Na- ture,) we leave it to the tide of Verfion of Bodies; and like wife to the title of the Firft Congregations of Matter, which like a General AlFemblyof Eftates,doch give Law to all Bodies. AChamelion is a Creature about the bigncfs of an ordinary Z,fj.<irrf , his Hc.id iinproportionably big, his eycj great ; he moveth hii Head without the writhingof his Neck uvhich is inflexible) as a Ho^ doth : His Back crooked, his Skin fpottcd with little Tumors, Icfs eminent nearer the Belly, his Tail {lender and long ; on each Foot he hath five Fingers ; three on the outlidc, and two onthcinflde; his Tongue of a marvellous length, in rcfpcd of his Bodv , and hollow at the end, which he will lanch out to prey upon Fiies. Of colour Green, and of a dusky Yal- low , brighter and whiter towards the Belly, yet fpotted with Blew, White, and Red. If he be laid upon Green, the Green predominateth; if upon Yellow, the Yellow ; notfb, if he be laid upon Blew, or Red, or White, oncly the Green fputs receive a more orient luftrc ; laid upon Black, he looketh all Black, though notwithoutamixtureof Green. He fcedethnotoncly upon Air, (though that be his principal fuftenance,) for lometimcs he takcth Flies, as was laid ; yet fome that have kept Chdwelions a whole year together, could never perceive that ever they fed upon any thing clfc but Air, and might obfcrve their Bellies to fwell after they had cxhaufted the Air, and clofcd their jaws, which they open commonly againftthc Raycsof the Sun. Ihcy Have a foolifh Tradition in Magick, that xizCbAmtlton bebumtupon thctopof an Houfc, itwill raife a Tcmpcft, fuppofing ,' according to their vain Dreams of Sympathies) bccaufe he nou- rifhcth with Air, his Body fhould have great vCrtuc to make impreffion upon the Air. IT is reported by one of the Anticnts, that in part of Medit., there are c- ruptionsof Flames out of Plains, and that thofc Flames arc clear, and caft not forth Inch fmonk, andlaftics, and pumice, as Mountain Flamcsdo. Ti.ercafon^no doubt) i^, bccaufe the FJame isnotpcnt, as it isinMoun- tains, and Eardiquakcs which caft Flame. There be alfo fome blindc Fifes, urdcf 1 -79 357- 358. 355. 360. Experiment Solitaiy, tOUfhiDg Chtmtiifnsi Expciiiiicnt Soiitiry, couching SHbttTTtnj FirtJ. 8o l6i. Sxpetimcnt Solitary, touchinir Nitr*. 363. Ejcperiincnt Solitary, touching Congeding 0/ ^SQitural hijlory ; 5^4. Experimerit Solitaiy, touching Congealing of Wtucr into Chjfiol. 365. Experiment Solitaiy* touching Prtftrving of J^o/e Leavtst ioth in Colonr mi Smtli. under Stone, vfhich flame not out, but Oyl being poured upon them, they riimcout. The caufe whereof is, for that itfcemcth the Fire isfochoakcd, as not able to remove the Stone, it is heat rather than flame, which ncver- thclefsis iufficicntto enflamc the Oyl. IT is reported, thit in fomc Lakes the Water is fo Nitrous as if foul Cloaths be put into it, it fcourcth them of it Iclf : And il: they ftay any ^v hit long tlicy moulder away. And the fcouring Vertuc ot Nitre is the more to be noted, becaufe it is a Body cold ; and wc(ee warm Water fcoureth bettei than cold. But thecaul'e is, for that it hath a fubtil Spirit, vhich fevercth and dividcth any thing that is foul> and vifcous, and ftickcth upon a Body. TAke a Bladder, the greateftyou canget; full it full of Wind, and tyc it about the Neck with a Silk thred waxed ; and upon that likewifc Wax very clofc; fo that whenthcNeckof theBladderdrieth, noAirmay pofllblygctinnorout. Then bury it three or tour toot under the Earth, in a Vault, crina.Confcrvatory of Snjw,the Snow being maJc hollow about thcBladdcr,- and after fome fortnights diliancc, lee whether the Bladder bcflirunk : For if it be, then it is plain, that tte coldnefsof the Earth or Snow, hath condentcd the Air, and brought it a degree nearer to Water : \i^'hich is an Experiment of great confequcnce. IT is a report of fome good credit, that in deep Caves there arc Penfile Chryftal, and degrees of Chryfl:al that drop from above, and in fomc ccher (though more rarely) that rile from below. Which though ic be chiefly the work of cold, yet it may be, that Water that palfcth ihorow the Earth, gathereth aP^^ature more clammy, and fitter to con- geal, and become folid than Water o[ it felf. Therefore tryal would be made to lay » heap of Earth in great Frofls, upon a hollow Vellcl, put- ting a Canvalc between, that itfalletii not in ; .ind pour Water upon it, in fuch quantity as will be furc to foak thorow , and fee whether it will not make an harder Ice in the bottom of the Vcllel, and lefs apt to diflblve than ordinarily. I fuppofe alfo, that if you make the Earth nar- rower at the bottom th.in at the top, in fafhion of Sugar Loaf reverfedn it will help the Experiment. Fqr it will make the Ice , where it iffueth, lefs in bulk ; and evermore fmallnels of quantity is a help to Vecfion. TAke Damask Rofes and pull them , then dry them upon the top of an Houle, upon a Lead or Tarras in the hot Sun, in a clear day. between the hours (oncly) of Twelve and two oc thereabouts. Then put them into a fwce't dry Earthen Bottle or a Glafs with narrow mouths, fluffing them dole together, but without bruiling : Stop the Bottle or Glals clofe, and thcfe Rofcj will retain, not oncly their fmell perfc(J^, but their colour [refli for a year at Icaft. Note, that lOthing doth Ibmuchdeflroy any Plant, or other Body, cither by Tutrefa^ion, or Are- fA^lioH , as the x^dvenuuo'if cMoiflurey which hangcth loofe in the Body, if it be not drawn out. For it bctrayeth and tulleth forth the Innate and Radicall Moiflure along with it when it felf gocth forth. And therefore in Living Creatures , moderate fweat doth preferve the Juyce of the Body- Note, that thcfe Rofes when you fake chcm from tlw drying, have lictk Century IF, 8i , or no fmcil j fb that the fmcli is a fccond fmcll that iflucth oiit of the Flower ! afterwards. I T He continuance of Flame, accordinguntothc diverficyof thcBodyen- flamcd, and other cicumlbnccs, is worthy the enquiry ; chicfiv, for that though Flame be (almo(t) of a momenrany lading, yccit rcceivcththc More, and tUcLcfs: Wc willfirftchcrcfore Ip-ak (at large) of Bodies en- Hamcd, wholly, andimmediately.withoitany Wick to help the Inflamma- tion. Afpoonful of Spirit of Wine, a little heated, was taken, and it burnt as long as came to ii^ Fulfcs. 1 lie lame quantity of Spirit of Wine, mixed with the fixth part of a fpoonful ot Nitre, burnt but to the fpacc of P4 Pullcs. Mixed witluhc like quantity of Bay-Sale 85 Pulfes. Mixed with the like quantity of Gun-powder, v hich dilTolved into a Black-vi-ater no
Pulfcs. A Cube or Pellet of Yellow Wax, wasta'cen, as much as hah the
' Spirit of Wine, and fct in the midft. and itburntoncly tothcf ^acc cf 87 ■ Piilfcs;. Mixed with the fixth part of a Ipoonful oi Milk, it burnt to the fpacc of 100 Pulfes ; andthc Milk wascrudled. Mixed wiJith" fixrh part ■ of afpoonful of Water, it burnt to the fpacc of 8(J Pulfcs ; with an cqunl ^ quantity of Water, oncly to the fpace of four Pulfcs- A imall Pebble
vas laid in the midd, and the Spirit of Wine burnt Co the fpace of 94
' Pulfcs. A piece of Woo J of thcbigncfsof an Arrow, and about a Fingers i length, vp-as let up in the midft, and the Spirit of Wine burnt to the fpace of 94 Pulfcs. Sothatthc Spirit of Wine Simple, endureth the lon:;cft, and the Spirit of Wine with thcBay-falt.and the equal quantity of Water, were the ftiortcft. I Confidcr well, whether the more fpeedy going forth of the Flame, be caufcdbythcgreatcrvigor of the Flame in burning; or by thcrciiftance of the Body mixed, and the av. r;lon thereof to take Flame : Wriich will appear by the quantity of the Spirit of W ine, that rcmaineth nftcr the gcing out of the Flame. A d it fccmcth clearly to be the latter, for that the mixture of things Icaft apt to bugi . is die fpccdieft in going out, and note by the ■ way, that Spirit of Wincburncd, till it go out of it fclf, will burn no more, , and tafteth nothing (o hot in the mouth as it did ; no nor yet four, (it i if it were a degree towards Vinegar) which burnt Wine doth, but flat and I dead. Note, that in the Experiment of Wax aforcfaid, the Wax dilToIved in j the burning, an J yet didnot incorporate it fclf witlithcipirit of Wine, co I produce one Flame; but whercfocver the Wax floated, the Flame forfook it; lillat lartic I'pred.nllovcr and put the Flame quite out. j The Expcrimcntsof the Mixtures of thcSpiritof Wine cnflamed, arc . thingsof difcoverv, and notof ulc : But now wc wilHpeak of thccontinu ancc of Flames, fuch a$ arc ufcd for Candles, Lamps; or Tapers, confilirg of Infl-imable Matters, and of a Wick that provokcta InHamacion. And this impoileth n t oncl ; difcovcry, but alfo ufc and profit ; for it is a great faring in all hich Lights, if they can be made as fair and right as others, and yetUftlontjer. WaxpurC made into a Candle, and Wax mixed ievcrally into Candle- liufF with the particulars that follo^, (Fiz. /Vatcr, 'q'tA-riu, t^inky tAj-falty Oil, Butter, .\itre, Brimfltnc, SaMp du/i,) every of thcic bear- ing 3 fixth part to the Wax ; and every of thcfe Caindlcs mixed, being
of the fame wcinht and wick , with the Wax pure, proved thus in the
I burning, and lafting. The i\vif:clt in confuming was that witn Saw- I duft, N^iiichfirft burned fair till fomc part of the Candle was confumcd, j and 366. Efptiimcnts in Confort, i touching the ContinuanCi 0/ tUmt. 167, 168. 3^9, 8z 3 73- S\(jjtimi( Hijlory ; and die dull gathered about tlic fnaftc , but rhcn ic made the Ihalicbig, and long, and to burn duskid ly, .ind the Candle vvaltcdinhalt' tiic time of the Wax pure, "ihc next in i'witcncfs. were the Oyl and Butter, which confumtd by a fifth part iwifctr than the pure Wnx. Then tollowcd in fwifcncfs the clear Wax ir Iclt ; then the Bay-lalt, which laftcd about an eight part longer than the clear Wax ; then followed the t^<;«4-viu, which lafled about a fifth part longer than the clear Wax ; then follow the Milk and Water, v^ith little difference from the ty^qua-viu, but the Water floweft- And in thclc lour lalt, tlic VViek would Ipit forth little fparks : For the Nitre , it wouKl not hoU lighted above fbmc twelve Pulfes : But all the while it would ipit out portions of Flame, which afterwards would go outinto a vapor. For the Brimftone, ic would hold lighted much about the lame with the Nitre ; but then after a little while, it would harden and cake about the fnafte : So that the mixture of Bay-falt with Wax, will win an eghth part of the time of lading, andthcVVatcr a fifth. After the fcvcral materials were tryed, Tryal waj likewife made of feveral VVieks ; as of ordinary ( cfffw, J" o"»;«^T/irr(/, /?«/??, S'ilk., Strayv, and ff^ood. ThcSilk, Straw, and Wood, would flarnc a little!, till they came to the Wax, and thengoout; of the other three, the Thred confumed fafter than the Gotten, byafixth part of time ; the Gotten next,- thentheRufli confumed flower than the Cotton, by at leafl a third part of time. For the bignefs of the Flame, the Cotton, and Thred, caft a Flitne much alike, and the Rufh much Icfs and dimmer. ^£re, m hethcr Wood and Wicks both, as in Torches confumc faflcr, than the Wieks Simple? We have fpoken of the feveral Materials, and the feveral VVieks ; but totheiaflingof theTlame, it importeth alio, not onely, v^'hat the material is, but in the fame materia], whether it be hard, fbft, old, new, &c. Good Houfwives to make their Candles burn the longer, ufeto lay them (one by one) inBranorFlowcr, which make them harder, and fothcv confurac the flovf er. Infomuch. as by this means they will out-laft other Candles of the fame ftufF, almoft half in half. For Bran and Flower have a vcrtue to harden, fo that both age, and lying in the Bran doth help to thelafting. And we fee that Wax Candles laft longer then TalloNr-Candles, becaufe Wax is more firm and hard. The lailing of flame alfo dependech upon the eaHc dra'^'ing of the Nouriflimenf, as wefcein thcComt oi ingUnd, there is afcrvice which they call jlll'Night ; which is (as it were) a great Cake of Wax, with the Wick in the midfl; whereby itcometh to pafs, that the Wick fetcheth the Nou- rifhment further oft^. Wefcc alio, that Lamps laft longer, becaufe the VcfTel is fat broader than the breadth of a Taper or Candle. Take a Turreted Lamp of Tin made in the fotm of a Square ; the height of the Tutrer, being thrice as much as the length of the lower part, wheteupontheLampflandeth 5 make onely onehole in it, at thcendof the tetnrn furthcft from the Turret. Rcvcrfe ir, and fill it fuUol Oyi,' by that hole ; and then fet it upright again, and put a Wiek in at the hole, and lighten it : You fhall find^ that it Will burn flow, and a long time : Which iscauled (as was faid la(l before) for that the Flame fercheththeNoutifh mcnt a far off. You fhjll finde alfo, thar as the Oyl wafteth and defcend. cth, fo the top of the Turret, by little and little filleth with Air; which is caufed by the Rarefaflion of the Oyl by the heat It were worthy the obfervation tomakeahole, in the top of theTurret, andtotry, when the (^cntury IF, h the Oyl is almoft confumcd •, whether the Air made n\ rhe Oy], if vou put toicaflamcofaCandle, in the kttingoHt Forth, \nll enHnmc. It were good alfo to have the Lamp made, not ot Tin, but of Glafs j that you may lee how the Vapor or Air gathcreth by degrees in the t:)p. A fourth poinr, that importcth the laiting of the Flame, is the clofc- ncfs of the Air, wherein the Flame burncch. Wei'ce, that if Wind blow- eth upon a Candle, it waftcth apace,- we fee alfo, it laftcth longer in aLan- thorn, thanat large. And there areTraditionsot Lamps and Candles, that havcburnt a very long time in Caves and Tombs. A fifth point, that importeth thclafling of the Flame, is the Natufc of the Air where the Flame burncth ; whether it be hot or cold, moift or dry. The Air, if it be vet)' cold, irritateth the Flame, and mnkcch it burn more fiercely, (at Fire fcor.heth in Frolfy weather) and fofurthereth the Confumption. The Air once heated, (\ conceive) makcththe Flame burn moremildly, anJ fo hclpcth the continuance. The Air, if it be dryjs in- different ; the Air, if it be moiil, doth in a degree quench the Flame, (^s we fee Lights w ill go out in the Damps ( f Mines ;; and howloever makerh it burn more dully, and io hclpcth the continuance. BUrials in Earth fervc fur Prcfcrvation, and for Condcnfation, and for Induration of Bodies. And if you intend Condcnfation or Induration, you may bury the Bodies fo, as Earth may touch them; as if you would make Artificial Proccllane, 5cc. And the like you may do for Confcrva- tion, if the Bodies behard and folid, as Clav, Wood, &c. But if \ou intend Prcfcrvation ot B dies, more foft and tender, then you muft do one of thefc two : i" ithcryou muftputthem in cafes, vhercby they may not touch the Karth ; or elfc you mull Vault the Earth, whereby it may hang over them, and not touch them : For if the Earth touch them, it will do more hurt by the moifture, caufing them to putri "e, than good by the virtual cold, to conferve them, except the Earth be very dry and fandy. AnOrenge.) Levmoti, and '^p pie, wrapt in a Linning Cloth, being buried for a fortnignts fpace four toot deep within the Harth, though it were in a moift place, and a rainy time ; yet came forth no ways mouldy or rotten, but were become a little harder than they were . othcrwife frefli in their colour, buttheir juycelomewhat flatted. But with the Burial of a fortnight more, they become putrified. A Bottle ot Beer buried in like manner as before, became more lively, better tafted, and clearer than it was : And a Bottle of Wine, in like manner. A Bottlcof Vinegar (o buried, came forth more lively and more odoriferous, fmelling almoft like a Violet. And after the whole Moncths Burial, afi the three came forth as frcfh and lively, if not better than before. It "were a profitable Fxperiment, to prcfervc Oreriges, Lemmons, and Pomgranatcs , till Summer ; for then their price will be mightily cncrcafed. This may be done, if you put tliem in a Pof or Vcird well covered that the moirturc of the Earth come not at them ; or cUe by put- ting them in a Confcrvatorv of Snow- And generally, wholbever will make Experiments of Cold, let him be provided of three things, a Conferva tory of Snovr, a good large Vaulti twenty foot at Icalf under the Ground, and adcepWeH. There 374- P5' X76. Expcnmcms in Conforr, touching Kurlal, \r In- Fufioni of di- vtri Bodiet i Earth. 177- 378. 179' 84 380. J\Qitural hijlory ; Expeiimcnt Solitary, touching the ffftEls in Mtni Boditt from ftvtrat Windu 382. I Experiment Solitary, I touching • IVinttr and Summtri Sk\- ntffis. 3 8 J. Expeiimcnt Solitary, touching PeflilentUl Smfoni. 384. I Experiment Solitary, ' touching-^" 1 Ermr r'ceived '• about Epidt- . mieal Vifeaf"- \ 3S5. , Expeiiment 'Solitary, 1 touching the . '• alteration or 1 Prefcrvation of L'tijito-tt In jreils, or dtep rtsutti. There hath been a Tradition, (hat Pearl, and Coral, Surchois-Stonc, that have loft their Colours, may be recovered by burying in the Earth-, which is a thing of gre^t profit, if it would fort : But upon tryal of fix weeks B^irial, there tollowcd no effLft. It were good to try it in a deep Well, or in a Confervatory of Snow, where the cold may be more con- (hingcnt > and fomake the Body more united, and thereby more refplcn- dent. MEns Bodiii arc heavier and kfs difpofed to Motion when Southern Windsblow, then whenNorthcrn. The caufc Is, for that when the Southern Winds blow, the Humors do (in fome degree) melt, and wax fluidc, and fo flow into the parts ; asitisfeen in Wood, and other Bodies, which when the Southern Winds blow, dofwell, Befides the Motion and Activity of the Body confUkth chiefly in thefinews, which, when the Southern Wind bloweth, are more relax. IT is commonly fcen, that more are Gck in the Summer, and moredyc in the Winter i except it be in PeftilentDifeafes, which commonly reign in Summer or Autumn. The reafonis, becaufe Difeafes are bred (indeed) chieflyby Heat j burthen they arc cured moft by Sweat and Purge, which intheSummer cometh on, or is provoked more eafily ; As forPeftilent Difeafes, the Reafon why moft dye of theminSummer, is becaufethey are bred moft in the Summer 3 for otherwile, thofe that arc touched are in moft danger in the Winter. T He general opinion is, That Years hot and moift, are moft Peftilentj upon the fuperficial Ground, that Heat and Moifturc caufe Putrcfadi- on. In EngUni it is found not true; for, many times, there have been great Plagues in dry years. Whereof the caufc may be, for that drought in the Bodies of Iflanders, habituate to moift Airs, doth exafperate the Humors, and maketh them more apt to Putrifie or Enflame; befides, ittainteththe Waters (commonly) and maketh them lefs whoifome. And again in BArbary, the Plagues break up in the Summer- Moneths, when the Weather
s hot and dry.
MAny Dfeafes, (both Epidemical and others) break forth at particular times. And the caufe isfalfly imputed to the conftitution of the Air, at that time, when they break forth or reign; whereas it proccedeth (indeed) frotp a Precedent Sequence, and Series of the Seafons of theYear : And thcteioic HippocYAtes, jnhis Prognofticks, doth make good obfervations of the Difeafes, that enfue upon the Nature of the precedent four Seafons of the Year. T rival hath been made with Earthen Bottles, well ftopped, hanged in a Well of Twenty Fathom deep, attheleaft; and lome of the Bottles have been let down into the Water, fome others have hanged above, with- in about a Fathom of the Water ; and the Liquors fo tryed have been. Beer, (not new, but ready for drinkifg) and Wine, and Milk. The proof hath been, that both the Beer, and the Wine, (as well within Water, as above) h^vc not been palled or deadcd at all j but as good, or fomewhat better than Bottles of the fame Drinks and ftalenefs, kept in a Ceiler, But thofe which did hang above Water, were apparently the beft ; and thai Beer did ffower (^entury V» Bower a little } whereas that under Water did nor, chough it were frefli. The Milk fourcd, and began toputrilie. Nevcrcheiefs itis cl:ue,thlt^h>:rc is a Village ViZixBlois, where in deep Caves they do thicken Milk, in fuch forr, that it becometh veiy pleafant i which was lome caufe of this tryal of hang- ing Milk in the Well : Butour proof was naught, neither do 1 know, whe- ther that Milk in thoic Caves be firlt boy led. It were good therefore to try it with Milk fodder, and with Cream ,• for that Milk of it felf.isfutha Com- pound Body of Cream, Cruds, and Whey, asitiscafily turned and diflblvcd. It were good alfo to try the Beer, when it is in Wort, that it may be (een, whether the hanging in the Well, will accelerate the ripening and clarifying of it. Dlvcrr, we fee, doStut. The caufe may be (in moftj the Refrigeration of the Tongue, whereby it islcfs apt to move ; and therefore wcTce, that Naturals do generally Stut: And we fee, that in thofe that Stut , if they drink Wine moderately, they ii'tut lefs, becaufe it heateth : And fo wefee, that they that Stut, do Stut more in the firi.t offer to fpeak,than in continuance; becaufe the Tongue is, by motion, fomewJiat heated. In fome alio, it may be (though rarely) the drynels of the Tongue, wliich likcwifc riiakethu Icfsaptto move as well as cold; for it is an afflft 1*^.1 comcth to fome wife andgrcatMcn, aiit did untoMofcs, who was Z/i«^«<*Pr<c/)frf;rx; And many Stutters (we tindc) are very Cholerick Men, Cholercnducingadryncfs in the Tongue. SMells, and other Odors, arc fwccter in tlic Air, at fome diftancc, than near the Nofc; as hath been partly touched heretofore. The canfe is double, Hrft, Tne tiiicr mixture, or incorporation of the Smell. Forwefee, that in Sounds likcwifc, they are fwceteft. when we cannot hear every part by it felf. Tne ether re jfon is, lor that all fweet Smells have joyncd With them fome tarthyor Crude Odors ; and at fome diftancethc Sweet, which is the more fpiritual, is perceived ; and the Harthy rcacheth not fo far, ^■\ftet J)nf//j are mo(t forcible in dry Subflanccs, when they are broken ; and fo like Wile in Orengti ot Letmiwis , the nipping off their Rinde, giveth out their fmcU more : Andgeneraliy, whenBodiesare moved ODf\irrcd, though not broken, they fmell more, asa Sweet-Bag waved. The caufe isdoublc; the one, for that there is a gcater ertiifl'ion of the Spirir, when way is made : And this holdeti in the Breaking, Nipping, orCrufliing; it holdeth alfo, (in fome degree) in the Moving. But in this lart, there is a concurrence of the fecond caufe, which is the Ipripulfion of the Air, that biingeth the fent fafler upon us. The dainticft fmclls of Flowers, arc out of thofe Plants whofe Leaves fmcllnot; as JiaUti. Rofes, Waa-floTters, GiUj-floTVers, Piiuki, JVood-bme, Vint. floTnert, /iffU-lloomt, Ltmetreeilooms, Be,m-blooms, &c. The caufe is, for that where there is heat and ftrcngth enough in the Plant tomakc the Leaves odorarc, there the fmell of the Flower is rather evanide and weaker, than that of the Leaves; iskis In Rofemarj-flo1)fers, LAVcnder-fioT^ers, iud STteet-Britr Rofes: But where thcfc is lefs heat, there the Spirit cf the Plant is digefted and refined, and fevered from the groDTcr Juyce in the Efflorcfcence, andnot before. I Mo ft 85, 3«6. Expciimcnt Solitary, touching 387. Experiments in Confott. (ouching the SmtUs. 3S?. 389. 8^ 3fO. J\Qtmral hi/lory -, Expeiimenti in Confoit, toucbingtbe <G*odntfi and Choice of IKittr. 392. 393- 394- 395- 39^. 59^. Mioft Odots fmcll beft, broken, or cruflit.as hath bten (lid ,• but Flowers prcffed or beaten, do lofe the freftinefs and (wcctncis of their Odor. The caufe is , for that when they arc crufiied, the groffcr and more earthy Spirit Cometh out with the Finer, and troubleihit ; whereas in ftrorger Odor* there arc no fuch degrees of the ilTuc of the fmcll. IT is athfngof verygoodufe, to difcovcr the goodnefs of "Waters. The tafte to thofc that drink "Water onely doth fomewhat: But other Expe- riments are more fure. FirfV, try Waters by weight , wherein you may finde fome difference, though not much : And the lighter, you may account the better. Secondly, Try them by boiling upon an equal fire ; and that which con- fumeth away fafteft, you may account the befl. Thirdly, Try them in fcveral Bottles or open VcfTels, matches in every' thingelfe, and feq which of them laftlongeft without Rench or corruption ; and that which holdeth unputrified longeft, you may likewifc account the beft. Fourthly, Try them by making Diinky, Wronger or fmalier, with the fame quantity of Malt ; and you may conclude, that that Water, which maketh the (Wronger Drink, isthemore concoded andnourifhing i though perhaps it be not fo good for Medicinal ufc. And fuch Water (commonly) is the "Water of large and navigable Rivers j and likewife in large and clean Ponds of flanding VVat er : For upon both them, the Sun hath more power than upon Fountains, or fmall Rivers. And I conceive, that Chalk- water is next them the bcfV, for going furthcft in Drink. For thatalfohelpethcon- coftion, foit be out of a deep "V Veil j for thenitciireth therawnefs of the Water; but Chalky. water towards the top of the Earth, is too fretting, as it appeareth in Laundry of Cloaths, which wear out apace, if you ule fuch VVaters. Fifthly, The Houfwivcs do finde a difference in Waters, forthebear- ing or not beating of Soap ; and it is likely, that the more fat water will bear Soap beft , for the hungry water doth kill the unftuous nature of the Soap. Sixthly, You may make a judgment of Waters according to the place, whence they fpring or come. The Rain-water is by the Phy fitians efteemed the fined and the beft ; but yet it is faid to putrifie fooncfl, which is likely, becaufe of the fincnefl of the Spirit ; and in Conlcrvatories of Rain-water , ( fuch as they have in Fenice, &c ) they are found not lo choice Waters ; (the worfe perhaps) becaufe they arc covered aloft, and kept from the Sun. Snow-water is held unwholefome, infomuch, as the people that dwell at the Foot of the Snow Mountains, or otherwife upon the afcent, (efpecially rhe Women) by drinking of Snow water, have great bags hanging under their Throats. '"V"Vell VVater, except it be upon Chalk, or a very plentiful SpriiigmakethMeat red, which is an ill fign. Springs on the tops of high Hills are the befl ; for both they feem to have a Lightncfs and Appetite of Mounting; andbefides, they are moft pure and unmingied : And again are more percolated through a great fpaceof Earth. For Waters in Valleys, joyn in effeft underground with all "V'Vatcrs of the fimc Level ; whereas Springs on the tops of Hill?, pafs through a great deal of pure Earth with iels mixture of other V"Vaters. Seventhly, Judgment may be made of ff^aters by the Soyl whereupon the Water runneth, as Pebble is the cleaneft and beft tafted; and next tothat Clay- (^cntury I V, Clav-WMtcr; and chirdl), Water upon Chalk ; Fourthly, that upon .Sand ; andwoift of all, upon Mud. Neither may you trufl Watcn that taiie iVcct, forthcv aiccommonly found in RifJng-grcundsof gr.-at Cities, which mull: needs take in a great deal of filth. IN Tf n/, and divers parts of the /^<r/?-/»rf;r/, though under the Line, the Heats arc not lo intolerable, as they be in Barbarj, and the Skirts of the Torrid Zone. The caufcsare, firft, the great Brizcs which tlie motion of the Airin great Circles (fuchas arc under the Girdle of the World) produccth, which do refrigerate ; ar.d thcrctore in thofe parts, Noon is nothing lb hot when the Brizes aregreat, as about nine or ten ofthcclock in the Fore- noon. Another cauie is, for that the length of the Night, and the Dews thereof, do compcnccthcHcatof the day. A third caulcis, thcftay of the i>un ; not in re pcdof day and night (for that vvc fpake of before) but in refpeft oi the Scalon : For under the Line, the Sun crofleth the Line, and makcth two Summers and two Winters ,■ but in the skirts of the Torrid Zone, it doublcth and goeth back again, and fo maketh one long Summer. THeheatof the Sun maketliJVlen black in fome Countrcys> as inc. ':^- thtop'x and Guhmj, &c Fire doth it not as we fee in Glafs-Mcn, that arc continually about the Fire. 1 he realon may be, bccaufe Fire doth lick up the Spirits and Blood of the Body, fo as they exhale ; fo that it eVcr makcth Mcnlook Pale and Sallow ,• but the Sun which is agcntlcr heat, doth but draw the Blood to the outwardparts, and rather concodethit, then fo.iketh it: And therefore, we Ice that all o^r/;«o/'a are ficflily, plump, and have great Lips. All which betoken moilturc retained, andnot drawn out. We feenlfo, that the Sc^roes are bred in Coun rcys that have plenty of Water, by Rivers orothcrwifc : For CMero, which was the Metropolis o[ c_y£ih,(}pi.i, was upon a great Lake ; and Congo, where thcNegroes are, is full of Rivers. And the confines of the River Niger , where the Negroes alfo are , are well watered ; and the Region about Cipo Ferde is likewifc moifl:, info- much, asitispcrtilcnt through moiflure: But the Countreys <:i x\\<: yihf- faia, ind B.trb.tr) ,andTeru, wherethcy arcTawncy. andOlivader, andPale, are generally more fandy and dry. As for the ^tbiopcs, as they are plump and Hcflily, io (it may be) they arc Sanguine and Ruddy coloured, if tlieir Black Skin would fuffcr it to be fecn. SOme Creatures do move a good while after their head is off, as Birds. Some a very little time, as Men and all Beads. Some move, though cut in Icveral pieces, as Snakes, Eels, Worms, Flies, &c. Firfl", therefore it is certain, thatthc immediate caufe of Death, istherefolution orextinguifh- ment of the Spirits; and that the deflrudion or corruption of the Organs,
. 1 I J- /- T>... r / ■» r ._ ■! iT
in>-rc IS an interim or a imaii cime. it is rcporcca oy one or me /A.ncicn:s, or crcdit.That a S icrificcd Beall: hath lowed after the Heart hath been (cvcrcd ; and it is a report alio of credit, That thcHcadof a Pig huh been opened, and the Brain put into the Palm of a Mans Hand, trcmbhiig, without breaking anv part of ir, or fevering it from thcMarrovrot the Back-bone : during wjiich time, the Pig h.;th bees in all appearance, Ifark dead, and wirliout motion : And after a Imall time the lirain hjth been replaced. I t and 87 398. Experiment SoJitsry, foufhing ihe Ttmperttt Heat under I he j^yui- noliiat. 399. E.vpeiimciu Solitary, touchi.:g the CrlotatUn of Blacky and Tunny M»'.ri. i;oD. Experiment Solitsty, touching fllotim after the Jnfitntof Death. 88 J\Qitural Hijlory ; and the Skull of the Pig doled, and the Pig hath alittle after gone about. And certain it. IS, that an Eye upon Revenge, hach been thruft forth, fo asit hangcdaprccty diftanceby the Vifuil Nerve; and during thattim<', the Eye hath been without any power of Sight ; and yet after (being replaced; re. covered Sight. Now the Sf'mts are chiefly in the Head, and Cells of the Brain, which in Men and Beads are large; and therefore, when the Head is off, thev move little or nothing : But Birds have fmall Heads and there- fore the Spiriti are a little more diiperfed in the Sinc-ws , whereby Motion re- maincth in them a little longer ; infomuch, as it is cxtantinftory, that an Emperor of Rome, to (hew the certainty of his hand, did flioot a great Forked Arrow atanf^rifA, as (he ran fwiftly upon the Stage, and (troke ofFhet Hca'^ ; and yet (he continued the race a little way with her Head off. As for Worms, andFlies, and Eels, l)^c Spirits are diffufed almoft all over ; and therefore they move in their feveral fieces. NATURAL 89 NATURAL HISTORY Century V, E will now enquire of ^Unu or VegetahUs ; and wc Ihail (jo ir With diligence. They arc the principal part of the TbirAdjjsfVork -^ they are the fitlt Troducat, which is the word of tyininut'ton, tor the other words are but the words of hflencc ; and they arc of excellent and general uf J, For Food, CMeduine, and a number of Medi cinal Arts. There were Town in a Bed, Turnif feed, Raddi/h-feed . fVheat, Cucumtevfeed, and Pf j/f. TheBcd we callaHor-bcd, and the manner of it is this. There was taken Horfe-dung, old, and well rotted j this was laid upon a Bank halt a foot high, and fupporccd round about with Planks ; and upon the top was caft fitted Earth, lome two lingers deep; and then the Seed Iprinkled upon ir. having been ftecped all night in Water mixed With Cow- dung. Tne Turr.lp-feed, ani ihQ.fyi>eAt, came up half an inch above ground, Within two days after, without any watering ; the red the third day. The Experiment w.is made in 0<.?oArr, and (it may be) inihcSpring, the Accele- rating Would have been the ipecdier. This is ^ noble Experiment; for, without this help, they wouidiiave been four times as long in coming up. But there doth not occur to mc, at this prelent. any ule thereof, for pro- fir, except it fhould be tor Sowing of Feafe , whici have their price very much inercafed bv the earlv coming. It may be trvcd alio with Cher- ries, Strawberries, and other Fruit which arc dcareft , when they come early. There was Wheat fteeped in Water mixed with Cow dung, other in Water mised With Horfe-cung, other in Water mixed withPigeon-dung, ._^ I 3 other Experiments in Confoir. touching ihe -^cctltTation of Ctrminati- 401. 40X. 90 403. 404. 405. D\Qilural hiftory ; other in Urine of Man, othcrin Water mixed with Chalkpowdrcd, other in Water mixed w ith Soct , other in Water mixed v ith Allies , other in Water mixcdwithBay-Salt, other in Claret Wine, other in Malmfty, other in Spirit of Wine. The proportion ot the mixture was, ati/urth part ot theinarcdients to the Water, iavc that there was not of the Salt above ah eight iitrt. The Urine, and Winds, and Spirit of Wine, were fimplc without mixture of Wat>.r •, the time of fleeping was twelve hours; the time of the year Oliobet J^htvc was alio other Wheat Ibwn unftccped.but watred twice a day with warm Water •> there was alfo other Wheat fown fimple, to com- pare it with the reft. The event was, that thofc that were in the mixture ot Dung, and Urine, Soot, Chalk, Aflies, and ^alt, came up within fix days ; and thofe that afterwards proved thehighcft, thickcft.and moft lufty, were, firftthcUnnc, and then the Dungs 5 next the Chalk, next the Soot, next the Aflies, next the Salt, next the Wheat limplc of it felf unOccpcd and unwatered, next the watered twice a day with warm Water next the Claret Wine. So that thefe three lafl were flower than the ordinary Wheat of it fcif; and this Culture did rather retard than advance. As for thofe that were ftcepcd in Maimfey, and Spi, it of Wine, they came not up at all. This is a rich Experiment for profit ,• for the moft of theftcepings are cheap thingsp and the goodnefs of the crop is a great matter of gain ; if the CToodnels of the crop anfwer thccarlinefs of the coming up, as it is like it will, both being from the vigor of the Seed ; which alio partly appeared irfthc former Experiment, as hath been faid. This Experiment would be tryed in other Grains, Seeds, and Kernels j for it may be fome ftccping will jgrccbcftwithfomc Seeds. It would be alfb tryed with Roots fteeped as before, but for longer time ; it would be tryed allb in feveral leafonsof the Year, elpecially in the Spring. Strtiitberries Watered now and then (as^onccin three days") with Water, wherein hath been fteeped Sheeps-dung, or Pigeons-dung, will prevent and come early. And it is like the fame clfcd would follow in other 5frri«,//fr^;, FloTfers.Graim .ciTrees ; and therefore it is an Experiment, though vulgar in StT/i-9f berries, yet not brought into ufe generally : lorit isufual to help the Ground with Muck, and like wife to recomfort itfometimeswith Muckput to the Roots, but to water it with Muck-waicr, which is like to be more forcibic, is not praftifcd. 'Dung, or Ch/ilk., or BlooA, applied in fubHance (feafonably) to the Roots of Trees, doth fet them forwards. B^t todo it unto Herbs, without mixture of Water or Ir.arth, it may be thefe helps arc too hot. The former means of helping Germination, are either by the goodnefs and ftrength of the Nouriflimenf, or by the comforting and exciting the Spiritsindie Plant, to drawtheNourifhmcntbetter. And of this latterkinde concerning the conjfotting of the Spirits of the Plant, arc alfo the experi- ments that follow •> though they be not applications to the Root or Seed. The plantingof frees warm upon a Wall, againft the South orSouth-Eait Sun, doth haften their coming on and ripening; and the SouthEaft is found to be better than the South-Weft, though the Souih-Wefl be the hotter Coaft. But the caufe is chiefly , for that the heat of the morning fucceet^cth the cold of the night j and partly, becauie (many times) the 1 Soufh-Wcft Sun is too parching. So likewife planting of them upon the ! Back of a Chimney where a fire is kept, dotbhailen thcic coming on, and • ripening : Nay more, the drawing of the Boughs into the infide of a I room, where a Fire is continually kept, worketh the fame effeft $ which I hath Century V. 91 hach been try cd with Grapes; infomuch, as they will come a Monech earlier, i then ih; Grapes abroad. { BefidestlietwoMeansof AcccleratingGermination.fortnerly defcribcd; 4°^«  that is to ("ay, the mendiog of thcNoutiflimenc, comforting of thcSpiritot the Plant; there is a third, which is the making way for the eafie coming to \ the Nourifliment, and drawing it. And therefore gentle digging and loolning ! of the Earth about the Roots of Trees, and the removing Herbs and Flowers into new Earth, once in two years (which is the fame thing, for the new Earth I is ever loofei) doth greatly further the profpering and earlincfs of Plants, I But the moftaJmirable Acceleration by facilitating the Nourifliment, is ! 407. that of Water. For a Standard of a 2)*»m<«it^i>/tf with the Root on, was fet in a Chamber , where no Fire was, upright in an Earthen Pan, full of fjir Water, without any mixture, half a foot under the Water, the Sfandard be- ing more than two foot high above the Water. Within, in the fpaje of ten days, the Standard did put forth a fair green Leaf, and fome other little Buds, which flood at a Itay without any (hew of decay or withering, more then feven days. But afterwards that Leaf faded, but the young Buds did fprouton, which afterward opened into fair Leaves, in the fpacc of three Moneths, and continued fo a While after, till uponremoval welcftthetryal. But note, that the Leaves were fomewhat paler, and light-coloured then the Leaves u(e to be abroad. Note, that the fiift Buds were in the cad of Oclol/er, and it is likely, that if it had been in the Spring time, it would have put forth with greater ftrcngth, and (it may) be to havegtown on to bcarF owers. By this means, you may have (as it feemeth; Roles fstin thcmiJ(\ of a Pool, being fupportcd with (ome ftay ; which is matter of rarencfs and plcafure, though ot fmall ufe. This is the more ftrange, for that the like Rofe Stand- ard wa? put at the ftmc time, into Water mixed withHorfc-dunt', theHorfe- dung about the fourtli part to the Water, and in four Moneths fpace (while it wasoblcrvcd) put not forth any Leaf, though divers Buds atthefirit, asthe other. l^ 'Dutch FloT^-enhithndiBulbons Root, was likcwife put atthcfame time 4°^- all under W^ater, fome two or three fingers deep ; and Within feven days fprouted, andcontinued long after further growing. There were alfoput in, a Beet-root, a Borrage-root, and a iUM'ub-root, which had all their Leaves cut al- moft clofe to the Roots 3 and within fix weeks had fair Leaves, and fo con- tinued till the end of iVov^wAfr. • Note, that if Roots, or Peafe, or Flowers may be accelerated in their 4®9' comingardripcning, there is a double profit j the one in the high price that thofe things bear when they come early ; theorherin the (wiftnefs of their returns .• For in fome Grounds which ate flrong.you fliall have a Raddifh ,&c. come in amoneth, that in o:hcr Grounds will not come in two. and fo make double returns. Wncat alfo was put into the Water, and came not forthat all; fo as it 410. feemeth there muft be fomeftrength and bulk in the Bjdy,put into the Wa ter, asitisin Roorsi for Grams, orSeed.sthecoldot the Water w.Umorti- fie. But cafuailv fjinc Wncat lay underthePan, which was (omcwhacmoi- ftcned by the (uing of the Pan, whi:h in fix weeks (^s aforcfaid) looked mouldy to the eye, but it was (proutcd forth halt a fingers lengcli. It feemeth by thclelnihnccs ot Water, that for noiirinimcnt t'leWjtct ; 41 1 - isalmoitalhnall. and that the Earth doth but keep the Pi.nit upright, and lave it from over-heat, and over-cold > and therefore is a comfortable ; Experiment for good Drinkers. It provcth a'.fo that our former opinion, taat ; Drink 9^ 413. 41?. Expeiimcnts in Confottj touchingthe Putting back^ or l{ttiirdation of Cem.inx- thti' 414. 415. 41^. 417- 4ii 419. 420, J\Qitural hiflory ; Drink incorporate withFlefli or Roots (»s 'ii\C4p9n-Beer,&(.) will nourifh more eafily than Meat and Drink taken fevcrally. The Houfingof Plants (I conceive) will both Accelerate Germination, ind bring forth I'lowers and Plants in the colder Seafons : And as vsc Hou(c- hoc Countrey Plants, ^sLemmofn, Orenges, Myrtles, to Uwc them ; (o we may Houfe ciu own Country Plants to forward them, and make them come in the cold Scalons, in fuch fort, that you may have Fiolets, Stra-stbemes, I'e.'.fe, all Winter : So that you fow or remove them at fit times. This Hxpcriuunr is to be referred unto the comforting of the J/jrir oftiH-Plant bywarmrh as well as Houfing their Boughs, ice. So then the means to Accelerate Germi- nation, arc in particular eight, in general three. TO make Rofes orothcr Floyvers come late, it is an Experiment of Pleafurc. For the Ancients elieemed much of RofA Sera, and indeed t\\Q7^ovtmber Rofe is the fweetell, having been lefs exhaled by the Sun. The Mca^s arc thefe, Pirif, The cutting oft' their tops immediately after they havv done bear- ing, and then they will come again the lame year about iVorfmi/r; but they Will not come juft on the tops where they were tur, but outot thole Shoots which were (as it were) Water-boughs. The cauie is, for thatt.ieSap, which otherwjfe would have fed the top, (though after bearing) will, by the difcharge of that, divert unto the SioeTprouts, and they will come to bear, but later. The fecond is the TuUitig if the Buds of the Rofe, when they are newly knotted, for then the fide Branches will bear. The eaufe is ihe ftme with the former: For cmtwgo^ the Tops, and puBing off the Buds, work the fjme cfTecV, in Retenfionof thcSapfor a time, andDiverfionof it to the Sprouts that were not fo forward. The third is the cutting off fome few of the Top-boughs in the Spring time but fuft'cring the lower Boughs to grow on. The cauieis, for that the Boughs do help to draw up the Sap more ftrongty ; and we fee thac in Pouling of Trees, many do ufe to leave a Bough or two op the top to help to draw up the Sap. And it is repotted alio, That if you graft upon the Bough of a Tree, and cut oflYome of the old Boughs, the new Cion* will perifh. The fourth is by laying the Roots bare about Chrifimas fomc days. The caufe is plain, forrhatit doth arrefttheSap from going upwards foratimij which arreft, is afterwards releafcd by the covering of the Root again with Earth, and then the Sap gtttcth up, bur later. The fifth is thercmoving of the Tree fome Moncth before it Buddeth. The caufe is, for that fome time will be required after the Remove, for the Refetling, bctore itean draw the Juycei and that time being loft, the bloflom mullneeds come forth later, The fixth is the Grafting of Ro.fcS in Maf, which commonly Gardiners do not till July, and then they bear not till the next year -, but if you graft them in M.ij, they will bear the fame year, but late. Thcfcventh is the Girding of the Body of rhe Tree about with fbmc Packthred ; for thataifo in a degree reftrainechihe Sap, and maketh it come up more late, and motc llow!y. The eighth is the Planting of them in a Shade ot in a Hedge, The caufe is, partly the keeping out of the Sun, which haftneth the Sap totife, and partly the. robbing of them of Nourifliment by the fluff in the Hedge i thefc (^entury V, thefc means may be pradiied upon other, boch Trees, and Flowers, Mum'u mutandis. Men have entertained a conceit chat (lie weth prettily, namely. That if you graft a Late- comir g- Fruir, upon a Stock of a Fruit-tree that cometh ear- IVi theGraftwiilbcar F(uitearly, as aPcachupon a Cl.crry : AndconcrAn- wifc, if an Early coming-lruit upon a Stock of a Fru.t-trcc thatcomeih lato, the Graft will be ir F.uir lite ; as a Cherry upon a Peach, But thefc arcbut imaginations, and untrue. Thccaufc is> tor that the Cionsovcr-ruleth the Stock quite, and the Stock is but Paffive oncly, and givcth Aliment, but no Motion to the Graft. E will fpeak now, how to make Fruits, FloTners, and Rotts larger, in more plenty and fleeter than they uletobc; and how to make the Trees themfelves more tall, morefpred, and more hafty and fuddcii, than they ufe to be. Wherein there is no doubr, but the former Experiments of %yi(Celeratton will ferve much to chcfe purpofes. And again, riut thclc Expiriments'f/Wxcn wefliallnowlet down, doierve alfofor c/f ffWcr^/io,;, b:- caufc both Effects proceeds from the encreafe of Vigor in the Tree ; but yet to avoid confufion. Andbccaufefome of the Means arc more proper for the one effect, and (ome for the other. We wili;iandie them apart. It is an aflured Experience, That an heap of Flint or Stone, laid about the bottom of a wilde Tree, (as in Oak, Elm, Afh,&c.) upon the firit planting, doth make it profper double as much as without ir. ihccau;'cis, for that itrctaineththemoifturc which falleth at any time upon the Tree, andfufF,;r- eth it not to be exhaled by the Sun. Again, it kecpcth the Tree warm from cold Blalh and Froft?, as it wereinanHoule. It may bealfo,thcrcisromc- what in the keeping o^it Iteady at the firft . ^-er?, if laying of Straw fomc height about the Body of a Tree, will not make the Tree forwards : For thoughthc Root givcth the Sap, yetitistheBodythat tlraweth it. But you mu[f note, that If you lay Stones about the Stalk of Lettuce, or other Plants that are more fofr, it will ovet-moilkn the Roots, fo as the Worms will cat them. A Tree at thefirA fetting, fhouldnotbeihaken, until it hath taken Root fully ; And therefore fomc have put too little Forks about the bottom of their Trees, to keep them uptight ; but after a years rooting, then fluking doth thcTtcsrgoodby loofnmg of the Earth, and f perhaps) by cxercifing (as it were) and ftirring the Sip of the Tree. Generally, thecutting away of Boughs and Suckers atthcRoot and Body, doth make Trees grow higir, indcontrariwifc, the Polirg and Cut. ting of the top , makcth them grow, fpred, and bufhy ; aswc fee in Pol- lords, &c. It is reported, That to make haft/ growing Coppice wood, the way is, to take Willow, Sallow, Popler, Alder, of fjmelcven years growth ; and to fct them, not upright, but a-flope, a rcafonabic depth under the Ground ; and then inltcad of one Root they w 11 put forth many, and fo carry more Hi JotsuponaStcm. When you would have many new Roots of Frui-Trees, take alow Tree, and bow ir, and lay all his Branches a flat upon the ground, and call Earth upon them, and every twig wiiltjkc Root. AnJthisis a very profitable Experiment lot coftly Trees ; (for the Bough; will mike Stocks without charge) futh as arc t^prictts, Peaches, Almonds, Curneluns, Mulberries, Fi^, &c. 9 3 421. ExpciimcDts in Confort, touiliing the Mr'iorJV'in of Fruit TrciJi and Ftanii, 4^.2,, 4^3 424. 4: J. 42 6. 9+ 427- 42 8. 4:9- 430. 431. 4J1. ^I\Qitural Hijlory ; 433- 5fc. The like is continually pradifcd with Vines, Rofcs. Musk-Rofcs, &:c. From Afdi to lulj you may take off the Barkot any Bough, being; of the biencls ci Three or four Inches, and cover the bare place, lomcwhat above and below \cith Loam, well tempered with Horlc-dung, binding it faft dow n. T hen cut off the Bough about yllholUmide in the bare place, and fet it in Ground, and it will grow to be a fair Tree in one year. Thccaufc may be, for that the Bearing from the Bark, kccpcth the Sap from dele end- ing towards Winter, and foholdethitintheBough; and it may be alio, that Loam and Horfc-dung applied tothe bare place, do moiften it and chcrifli it, and make it more apt to put forth the Root. Note, thatthis may be a gcneralmeansforkccpinguptheSapof Trees in their Boughs, which may fcrve toother elleds. It hath been pradifcd in Trees that fhcw fair and bear not, to bore a hole thorowthc Heart of the Tree, and thereupon it will bear. Which may be, for that the Tree before hath too much Repletion, and was opprclfed with his own Sapi for Repletion is an enemy toGeneration. It hath been praftifcd in frees that do not bear, to cleave two or three of the chief Roots, and to put into the Cleft a fmall Pebble which may keep it open, and than it will bear. The caufc may be, for that a Root of a Tree may be ("as it were) hide bound, no left then the Body of the Tree ; but it will not keep open without fomewhat put into it. It is ufuallypradifed to fet Trees that require much Sun, upon "Walls againft the South ,• ^%i^fruoti, Reaches, Plumbs, Vints, figs, indihcWkc It hath a double commodity j the one, the heat of the Wall by reflexion ; the other, the taking away of the fhade : For when a Tree growcth round, the upper Boughs over fhaddow the lower, but when it it Ipred upon a Wall, the Sun comcth alike upon the upper and lower Branches, It hath alfo been praftifed cby fomc) to pull fomc Leaves from the Trees fo fpred, that the Sun may come upon the Bough and Fruit the bet- ter. There hath bccnpradifed alfo a curiofity, to fet a Tree upon the North fide of a Wall, and at a little height, to draw him through the Wall, and fprcd him upon the South fide ; conceiving, that the Root and lower part of the Stock fhould enjoy the frcfhncfs of the fhade, and the upper Boughs .ind Fruit, thccomfortof the Sun; but itfortednor. The caufe is, for that the Root requircth fbme comfort from the Sun, though under Earth, as well as the Body ; and the lower pare of the Body more than the^pper, as wc fee in compaffing aTree below with flraw- 1 helownefs of the Bough, where the Fruit cometh,maketh the Fruit greater, and to ripen better; for you fhall ever fee in Apricotes, peaches, or C^lelo-Comes upon a Wall, the grcateft Fruits towards the bottom. And in FruHce the Grapes that make the Wine, grow upon the low Vines, bound to fmall Stakes ; and ,the railed Vines in Arbors, make but Verjuyce. It is true, that in /w/)-, and other Countreys where thc\ have hotter Sun, they raifc them upon Elms and Trees : But I conceive, that if the French man- ner of Planting low, were brought inufe, their Wines would bcftronger and fu ceter : But it is more chargeable in refpeft of the Props. It were good to try whether a Tree grafted fomewhat near the ground, and the lo'vcr Roughs onely maintained, and the higher continually proyned off, would notmake a larger Fruit. To have Fruit in greater Plenty, the way is to graft, not onely upon young Stocks, but upon divers Boughs of an old Tree ; for they will bear great Century V. great numbers of Fruit ,* whereas if you graft but upon one Stock,the Tree can bear but few. Tiie digging yearly about the Roots of Trees, which is agreat rrieans, both to the Acceleration and Melioration of Fruits, is praftifed. m nothing but in Vines ; which, if it were transferred unto other Trees and Shtubf, (as Rofey, &c.) I conceive, would advance them likewife. It hath been known, that a Fruit-tree hath been blown up (alnipft) by the Roots, and fet up again, and the next year bare exceedingly. The eaufeof this wasnothingbuttheloofeningof the Earthy which comforterh any Tree, and is fit to be praftifed more than it is in Fruit-trees : For Trees cannot be fo fitly removed into new Grounds, as Flowers and Herbs may. To revive an old Tree, the digging of it about the Roots, and applying new Mould to the Roots, is the way. We fee alio that Draughi-Oxcn put into frcfh Palture, gather new and tender llefli j and in all things, better nouriflimcnt than hath been ufed, doth help to lenew, efpecially, if it be not onely better but changed, and differing from the former. If an Herb be cut off from the Roots in the beginning of Winter, and then the Earth be trodden and beaten down hard with the Foot and Spade, the Roots willbecome of very great magnitude in Summer. The reafon is, for that the moifturc being forbidden to come up in the Plant, ftayeth longer in the Root, and fo dilateih it. And Gardiners ui'e to tread down any loofc Ground after they have fown Onions, orlurnips, 3cc. If T/inicum be laid below, and about the bottom of a Root, it will caufe the Root to grow to an exccflivc bigncfs. The caufe is, for that being it fclf ot afpungy fubftjnce, it draweth the moilfuteof the Earth toir, andfo feedeth the Root. This is of gtcateft ufe for Ontont, Turnifs, Parfnips, and Cdrrcts, The fiiifting of Ground is a means to better the Tree and Fruit j but with this Caution, That all things do profper bell, when they are advanced to the better. Your Nurfery of Stocks ought tobc in a more barren Ground, than the Ground is wrcreunto you remove them. So all Grafiers prefer their Cattle from meaner Paftures to better. We fee alfo, thatharducfs in youth lengthneth lite, bccaufe it leaveth a chenfiiing to the better of the Body in Age : Nay, in exercifes it is good to begin with the hardcft, as Dancing in thick Shoocs, <Scc. It hath been oblerved that hacking of Trees in their Bark, both down- right, and acrofs, fo as you make them rather in llices, than incontinucd Hacks, doth great good to Trees, and efpecially delivereth them from being Hidebound, and killeth cheirMols, Shadeto feme Plants conduceth to make them large and prolperous more than Sun-, as in Strawberries, and Bay?, &c Therefore amongft Straw- befties.iow hercand there (omcBorrage-Sced> and you (hallfindeihe Straw- berries under thble Leaves, far more large than their fellows. And Bays you muft plant to the North, or defend them from the Sun byaHedg Row j and when you fow the Berries, weed not the Borders for the firft half year ,• for the Weed giveth them Siiade. Toincreafethe Crops of Plants, there would be confidercd, not onely thcincreafingtheLuft of the Earth, or of the Plant, but the laving alfo of that which is ("pile. So they have lately made a tryal to fet Wheat ; which nevcrthelcfs hath been left off, becaufc of the trouble and pains; yec fo much is true, that there is much favcd by the Setting, in comparifon of that 95 4M- 96 445. 444. 445- 446. 447. 44*. 449. 450. J\(jitural Hijiory ; that which is Sown > both by keeping it from being picked up by Birds, and by avoiding the fliallow lying of it, whereby much that is fown, taketh no Root. Itisprcfcribcdbyfomcof the Ancients, that you take fmall frees, upon which Figs or other Fruit grow, being yet Unripe, and cover the Trees in the middle of Autumn with Dung until thc^^pring, and then take them up in a warm day, and replant them in good Ground; and by chat means, the fotmcr years Tree will be ripe, as by a new Birch, when other Trees of the lame kinde do but bloflbm. But this feemetli to hive no gteat pro- bability. It isrcported. That if you take Nitre, and mingle it with Water, to the thicknefs of Honey, and therewith anoint theBud, after the Vine is cut, it will fprout forth within eight days. The caufe is like to.be (if the txpcrimenc be true ) the opening of the Bud, and of the parts contigu- ous, by the Spirit of the Nitre ; for Nitre is (asitwerc) the life of Vege- tables. Take Seed or Kernels of tyipples, *Petiri, Orenges', ox^^eAth, or a Tlumb- Stone &c. And put them into zSqtitU, (which is like a great On»o») and they will come up much earlier than in the Earth it felf. This 1 conceive to be as a kinde of Graftingin the Root ; foi as the Stock of a Graftyieldeth better prepared nourifhmcnt to tiie Graft, than the Crude Earth, fo thcSquill doth the like to the Seed ; and, I fuppofe, the fame would be done, by putting Kernels into a Turnip, or the like, fave that the Squill is more vigorous and hot. It may be tryed alfo, with putting Onion-Seed into an Onion Head , which thereby (perhaps) will bring forth a larger and earlier Onion. The pricking of a Fruit in fcveral places, when it is almofl at his big ncfs, and before it ripenech. hath been praOiled with fuccefs, to ripen the Fruit more faddenly. Wc fee the example of the biting of Wafps or Worms upon Fruit (whereby it manifeflly) ripeneth the fooncr. It isrcported, That tyllga Marine (Sed-iteed) put under the Roots of Cohvorts, and (perhaps) of other Plants, will further their growth. The ver:ue(no doubt) haih relation to Salt, which is a great help to Fer- tility. It hath been prafVifed to cut off the Stalks of Cucumbers, immediately aftct their bearing clofe by the Earth ; and then to call a pretty quantity of Earth upon the Plant that rcmaineth, and they will bear the next year Fruit long before the ordinary time. The caufe may be, for that the Sap goeth down the fooner, and is not fpent in the Stalk or Leaf, which remaiticth after the Fruit. Where note, that the Dying in the Winter, oftheRoocsor Plants that are Annual, lecmcth to be partly caufed by theover-expence ol the Sap into Stalk and Leaves ; which being prevented, they will fupcr aifnu- ate, if they ftand warm. The pulling off many of the Bloffomsfrom a Fruit-tree, doth make the Fruit fairer. The caufe is manifeft, for thatthcSap hath the lefs tonourifli. And it is a common experience. That if you do not pull off fome Blofloras, the firft time a TreebloomethjitwillblofTomitfelf to death. It were good to try what would be theeffeft, if all the Blofroms were pulled from a Fruit-tree, or the Acorns and Chefnur.buds.&c. fromawilde Free, for two years together. I fuppofe. that the Tree will either put forth the third year bigger, and more plentiful Ftuit ) or elfc, the fame years, larger Leaves, becaufeot theSapftored up. It Century V» It bath been generally received, that a Plant watred,with warm Water, will come up (ooner and better, than with cold Water, or with Showers. But the Experiment of watering Wheat with warm Water (as bath been faid) fuccecded not; which may be, becaufc the tryal was too late in the Year, vtz.. in the end of Odoker. For the Cold then coming upon the Seed, after it was made more tender by the warm Water, might check it. There is no doubt, but that Grafting (for the moft part) doth meliorate the Fruit. The caufe is manifeft, forthat the nourifhmcnt is better prepared j in the Stock, than in theCrude Earth: But yet note wcll,that there be fomc Trees that arc faid to come up mote happily from the Kernel, than from the Graft; as the Peach, 3nd CHelecotane. The eaufc, I fuppofeto be, forthat thofe Plants require a nourifhment of great moifturc ; and though the nou- rifliment of the Stock be finer, and better prepared, yet it is not lo moift and plentiful, as the nourifhment of the Earth. And indeed we fee thofe Ftuits are very cold Fruits in their Nature. It hath been received, that a fmaller Pear grafted upon a Stock that bearctb a greater Pear, will become great. Butl think it is as true, as that of the Prime- Fruit upon the late Stock, and e Cmtroverfo , which we rejeded before; for the Cions will govern. Nevcrthelefs, it is probable enough, that if you can get a Cions to grow upon a Stock of another kinde, that is much moiftcr than his own Stock, it may make the Fruit greater, becaufe it will yield more plentiful nouriflimenr, though it is like it will make the Fruit bafer. But generally the grafting is upon a dryer Stock j as the Apple upon a Crab, the Pear upon a Tbprn, &c. Yet it is repotted, that in the LeTi>' Coutitrejs thcy will grift an AppleTCions upon the Stock of a Colewort, and it will bear a great flaggy Apple ; the Kernel of which, if itbefer, will be a Coicworr, and not an Apple. It were good totry, whether an Apple-Cions Willprofper,if it be grafted upon a Sallow or upon aPoplar,oruponan Alder, or upon an Elm, or upon an Horle Plum, which are the moiffefi of Trees. I have heard that it hath beeiitryed upon an Elm, and (uccceded. It is manifeft by experience , That Flowers removed, wax greater, be- caufe the nouiifhment is mote eafily come by in the loofc Earth. It may be, thu oft rcgrafting of the fame Cions, may likcwifc make Fiuit greater; asif you take aCions, ^nd graft it upon a Stock the firfl year; and then cut it off, and graft it upon another Stock the fccond year, and fo for a third, or fourth year, and then Ice it reft, it will yield afterward, when it beareth, the greater Fruit. Cf Grafting, there are matij Experiments tiforth thenotinr, ht thofe D^e referve to a proper place. It maketh Figs better, if a Fig-tree, when it beginneth to put forth Leaves, have his top cut off. The caufe is plain, for that tne Sap hath the Icfs to feed, and the lcf> way to mount : But it may be the Fig will come fomc- what later, as was formerly touched. The fame may be tried likcwifc in other Trees. It is reported. That Mulbwrics will be fairer, and the Tree more fruit- ful, if you bore the Trunk of the Tree thorow in feveral places, and thruft info the places bored,' Wedgcsof fome hot Trees •, as Turpentine, Mdfiuk-trit, Quaiacum, Juniptr, &c. The caufe may be, for that Adventive heat doth cheat up the Native Juyceof the Tree. It isrcportcd. That Trees will grow greater and bear bettctFruir, if jou put Salt, or Lees of VfrncOr Blood to the Root.Thc caufe may be the en- ■ . K ^^ creafing 97 451. [ 98 458. 459. 460. 461. ^62. 4^3. 464. 4^5. D\Qitural htflory 5 crcafing the Luft or Spirit of the Root : 1 hcfc things being more forcible than ordinary compolts. It is reported by one of the Ancients, that Artichoaks will be lefs prick- ly, and more tender, if the Seeds have their tops dulled or grated off upon a Scone. Heyhi will be tenderer, and fairer, if you take them out of Beds when they arenewly come up, and remove them into Pots wich better Earth. The remove from Bed to Bed was fpokcn of before ; but that vas in fevcral ^vears, this isupon thcludden. Ihecaufeis the fame with other removes, formerly mentioned. ColeT>'orts are reported by one of the Ancients, to prolper exceedingly, and to be better tafled, if ibey be f. mrtimcs watred with ^alt-water, and much more wich Water mixed with Nitre; the Spirit of which islefsAdu- rent than Salt. It is reported, That O/cHwirn will prove more tender and dainty, if their Seedsbeftceped (litde) inMilkj the caufcmay be, for chat the ieed being mollified with the Milk, will be coo weak to draw thegroifcrjuyce of the Earth, but oncly the finer. The fame Experiment may be made in Arti- choaks, and other Seeds , w hen you would take away, either their Flafhi- nefs or Bitternefs. They fpeak alfo, that the like cffed followeth of flccp- ing in Water mixed with Honey ; but chat fccmeth to me not fo probable, bccaufe Honey hath too quick a Spirit. It is reported. That Cucumbers will be lefs Watry, and more Melon- like, if in the Pit where you fee them, you fill it (halfway up) with Chaff, or fmall Sticks, and then power Earth upon thenY; for Cucumliers, asitfeemeth, do extreamly affeft moiflure, and over-drink themfelves ; which this Chaff, or Chips forbiddeth. Nay it is further rcpolrted, That if when a Cucumber is grown, you fet a Pot of Water about five or fix inches diflance from ir, it -will in Four and twenty hours fhoot fo much out as to touch the Pot ; which if it be true, itis an Experiment of anhig'ner nature than belongeth to this ' itle : Foritdifcovercth Perception in Plants to move towards that which fliould help and comfortthcm.thoughitbe atadiftancc. The ancient Tradition of the Vine is far more fl:range : It is, thatif ycu fet a flake, or prop, fomed'ffancc from it, it will grow that way, vv hichis far flranger (as is f aid) than the other: For that Water may work by a Sympathy cfAt- tradlion : But this of the Stake fcemeth to be a rcafonftble dii'courle. It hath been touched bcforc,rhatTcrebrationOtTrecsdoch. make them profper better. But it is found alfo, that it makcth the Fruit f\veeCer, and better- Thecaufeis, for that notwithflandingthc Tcrebration, they may receive Aliment fufHcient , and vctno more than they can well turn, and difgcfb; and withal do Iweatoutthe courfeft andunpofitablefl juycc, even as it is in Living Creatures; which, by moderate feeding, and excrcifc, and fweac, attain the found cfl habit of Body. As Tcrebration dothmcliorace i ruit, fo, upon che like reafon, doth Letting of Pljincs Blood ; as Pricking Vines, or ochcr Trees, acer chcy be of fomegrowch, an.i chcrcby letting forthGum or Tears, though thisbenotto c intiinie, as it is inTercbration, butatfjtme Seafons. And it is reported, thatb • this artifice, Sitter j^lmondshzvc been turned into fwcet. The Ancients for the Dulcorating of Fruit, do commend Swines dung above all other Dung, w hich may be, becaufc of the moiftureof thatBeafl, whereby the Excrcmcnr hath lefs Acrimony , for w c fee Swines and Pigs Flcfhisthemoiftcltof fleflies. / .:_ ± It (^emury V, ids obfervedby fomc, that all Herbs wax Iwcecer, both in (mcll and ta'lc, if after they be grown up fomc realonable time, chcy be cue, and fo ycu rake the latter Sprout. The cauicmaybc-, for that the longer the J uycc fliyeth in the lloot and Stalk, the better it concofteth. Tor one of the chief caufes, why Grains, Seeds, and truits, arc morenourifliing than Leaves, is the length ot time, in which they grow to Maturation. It werenotamifsto keep back the Sap of Herbs, or the like, by fome fit means till the end of Summer, whereby (it maybe) they will be more nourifliing. As Grafting doth generally advance and Meliorate Fruits, above that which they would be, if they where let of Kernels or Stones, in regard the noutifhmentis better concodied. So ^no doubt) even in Grafting,for the (ame caufc the choice of the Stock doth much; always provided, that it be fomc- what inferior to the Cions. For otherwifc it dullethit. They commend much the Gtafting of Pears, or Apples, upon a Quince. r» Befides the Means of Melioration ot Fruits before-menfioned, it is fet down as frycd,that a mixture of Bran andSwines DungorChaft'and Swines- Dung (dpecially laid up together for a moneth to rot) is a very great nour. fli- er and comforter toaFruit-trce. It is delivered, that Or.ions wax greater if they be taken out of the Earth, and laid a drying twenty days, and then fct again; and yet mote, if the outer- moll Pill be taken otf all over. It is delivered byfomr, that if one take the Bough of a low Fruit-tree, newly budded, and draw it gently, without hurting ir, into an Earthen pot pertorare at the bottom to let in the Plant, and then cover the Pot with Earth, It Will yield a very hrge Fiuit within the Ground. Which Experiment is no- thing but potting of Plant?, without removing and leaving theFruit in the Eatth. I'he like (they fiy) will be cfFcded by an empty Pot without Earth in V, put over 3 Fruit.being propped up With a ftakc as it hangeth upon the Ttee, and the better, if fome few PertufionsbcmadeinthcPor. VVhcrein, befides the defending of the Fruit from extremity of Sun or Weather, (omcgivca reafon, tnat theFruit loving and coveting the open Air and Sun, is invited by thePcnufions to fpred and apptoachasnear theopen Airasit can, and fo inlargcth in Magnitude. AllTrecsnihigh and Sandy Grounds, ate to be fet deep j and in Watry Grotjnds morcfliallow. And in all Trees when they be removed (efpecially FruK-trces) care oiig'it to betaken, that the lides of the Trees bccoalled, (Nofth and Soutli&c.) as they flood before. Thefame is faid alloot Stone outot rlicQiurry, to make it more durable, though that feemcth to have lels rcai'on j becuifc the Stone lycth not fo near the Sun, as the Trcegrow- eth. Timber frees in a Coppice- wood, do grow better than in an open Field; both, bccaule they offer not tolprcd fo much, butfhoot up ftill in height, and chicfly,i)ccaure they arc defended from too much Sun and Wind, which do check the growth of all Fruit; and fo (no doubt) Fiuit-trces, or Vines, fjt upon a Wall, againft theSun, bctwcch Elbows and Buinfrcsof Stone, ripen mote than upon a plain Wall. lusfaid, that \i *Poi4do Jiaotf befct inaPotfilled withHarth, and then ihe Pot with Eatth be fetlikewile withm the Ground, fame two or thtee inches, theRoots will grow greater than ordmary. The caufe maybe, for ths: h.Tvmg Earth enough within the Pot to noutifli them ; and then being lloppcd by the bottom ot the Pot from putting lltings downward, they mult needs grow greater m breadth and thickncfs. And it may be ^ K 2 that 99 lOO 474- 475- 476. Experiments in Confoit) touching Compound Fruitt and M7' UsQaural Hijlory ; that all Seeds, Roots, potted^ and lb Ice inco the Eartii, u ill prolper the better. The cutting off the Leaves of Raddifli.orothcr Roots,in the beginning of Winter before they wither; and covering again the Ko. t, lonicthing high with Earth, wiH prcfervc the Root all Winter, and make ic bigger in the Spring following, as hath been partly touched before. So th.it there is tdoublculeof tl is cutting oft theLeavcs: lor in Planes, where the Root is the Efculent , as Raddifh, and Parlnips, it w ill make the Root the greater i anJfo icvrilldoto th e Heads uf Onions, and where the Fruit is the ^Iculent, byftrcngthning theRoot,it\villmakcthe Fruit alio the greater. It is an Experiment of great plcalure to mak e the Leaves of fhaddy Trees, Lirger than ordinarf . Jt hath been tryed ,'for ccrcain^ that a Cions of a Wccch Elm, grafted upon the ftockof anordinarv Elm will puttorrh Leaves, almoftai broad as the brim of ones Hat. And it is very likely, that as in Fruit-Trecs, the Graft maketh a greater Fruit ; lo in Trees that bear no Fruit, it will make the greater Leaves. It would bctrcd therefore in Trees of that kindc chief]y ; as Bnch, Afh., iVdlo-^, and eipccially the Shining fViIlotv, which they all SyvaUotf-Ztil , bccaufe of the pleaiure of the Leaf The Barrennefi of Tree> by accident (bciiJes the weakncfs of the Soil Seed, orK-o6t, and the injury of thcWcatner) coming cither of their overgrowing with Mofs, or tlieir being hide bound, or their planting too deep, orby iffuingo' the Sap too much into the Leaves : Forallthefc three are remedies mentioned before. WE fee that in Living Creatures that have Male and Female, there is copulation of feveral kindes, and fo Compound C reatures ; as the CMhU , chat is generated betwixt the H or fe and t^f; and feme other Compounds w hich we call Monllers . though more rare : And it is held, that that Troverb, t^ySfrica femper Altqu'td Monftri parit , Cometh, for that the Fountains of Waters there being rare, divers forts of Bcafts come from feveral parts to drink, and fo being rcfVefhcd fall to couple, and many timts with feveral kindes. Ihc compounding or mixture of Kindes in Plants is not found out ; which ncverthclcfs, if it be poflible is more at command than that of Living Creatures, for that their luftrequireth a voluntary motion; wherefore it were one of the moft notable Experiments toucliing Plants, tofindeitout, for lb you may have great variety of new Fruits, and flowers yet unknown. Grafting doth it not, that mendcth the Fruit, or doublcth the Flowers, &cc. But it hath not the power to make a new Kind. Forthc Cions ever over-ruleth the Stock. It hath been fet dovrn by one of the Ancient, That if you take two Twigs of feveral Fruit Trees, and flat them on the fides, and then binde them clofe together, and fct them in the ground, they will come up in one Stock ; but yet they will putforth intheir feveralFruits withoutany com- mixture in the Fruit. Wherein note (by the way) that Unity of Continu- ance, is cafier to procure, than Unitv of Species. Jt is reported alfo, That Vines of Red and White Grapes, being fet in the Ground, and the upper parts being flatted, and bound cloic together, will put forth Grapes of the feveral colours, upon the fame Branch ; and Grape^flones of ievcral co- lours ■within thefame Grape: Butthemorc, after a year or two, the unity (as it fecmeth) growing more perfed. And this will likewifehclp, if from the (^entury F, the firft uniting, they be often watrcd ; for all moifturc hclpeth to Union: And it is prefcribed alfo tobindc the Bud, as loon as it comcth forth,as well as the Stock, at thcleaftforatimc. They report, that divers bccds put into a Clout, and laid in Earth veil dunged, will put up /'//w/jcontiguous; which (afterwards) beingbound in, their Shoots will incorporate. The like is faid of Kernels put into 3. Bottle, with anarrow mouth, tilled with Harth. : .1 It is reported, thatyounaTrccsof leveralkindcs fct contiguous W'irli- outany binding, and very often watred in a fruitful ground, witi the very luxuryof the Trees, will incorporate and grow together. Which ieenieth tome the likclicft means that hath been propounded ; for that the binding doth hinder the natural fwclling of thcTrce, which, while it is in motion, doth better unite. THcre are many ancient and received Traditions and Obfervations, touching the Sjwputhj and t^ntipnthj o( Tlanis ; for that feme will thrive befl growing ncarothcrs, which thcV impute to J)w:/»;»r/{7; and fome worfe which they impute to y^«ri/>.<r/;;'. But thefe are idle and ignorant con- ceits, and f orfake the true indication of the caufes ; as the mortpart of Ex- per'mems, that concern Sj/mpathies and Antipaihies do. For as to Plants, neither is there any fuch Iccrcc Fricndfliip , or Hatred, as they imagine. And if we fhould be content to call it Sympathy and y^ntipathj ,\us utterly miftak en ; for their SjmpAthj is an (^/ntiputhy, and their j^ntipathy is a Sjmpat'n ; For it is thus, wlierefuever one Titnt drawcth fuch a particular juvce out of the Earth, as itquahlieth the Earth, fo as that Juycc which remaineth is fit for the other T/.»u, there the Neighborhood doth good, bccaufc thcnourifn- ments are contrary, or levcral : But where two TUnts draw (much) the famcjuyce, there the Neighborhood hurtcth 5 for the one deceivcth the other. / Fitfl:, therefore, nWTUnts that do dravr much nourifliment from the Earth, andfo foakthc Earth, and exhauft it, hurt all things that grow by them J as great Trees, (efpecially Afkes) and fuch Trees, aslprcd their Roots near the top of the ground. So the Q/^'ft'or/ij not an enemy (though that were anciently received) to the ^jnfonely; but it is an enemy to any ether PUnt , becaufc it draweth ftrongly the fatteil Juycc of the f arth'. And if it be true, that the yme, when it crcepeth near the co/f ri-orr, will turn away : J Iris may be, bccaufe there ic tindcth worfe nourifhment ,• for though the Root be >rhcre it was, yet (I doubt) the Plant will bend as it nouriflieth. Where TUmsztc of feveral Natures, and drawfevcral Juyces out of the Earth, there ^ as hath beenfaid) the oncfetby the other helpeth •■ As it is let do^n bv divers of the Ancients, that BeTv doth profpcr much, and be- | Cometh ftrongcr, if it bcfct bya jf^^-Trff ; Which (we conceive) is caufcd j not by rcafonof Friendfhip, but by Extradion of contrary Juvces; the one drawing j uvce fit to relult Kveet, the other bitter. So they have fet down likc^vi(c,that a. j^dfc iciby G^riul'ts (■-icccicr ; which likcwifc may be,bccaulc I the mere Fctidc juycc of the Earth gocth into the G^r/jcyt, and the more oderarc into the /iofe. I This wc lee manifclHy. That there be certain Cjrw-i7fl»;rJ vfhichcftmc feldom or never in other places , unlefs they be let , but onely amongft K 3 , . . . Corn: i 101 47^ 479- Experiments in Confoir. touchinethe Sympathy and S^ntlpathy of PUntt. 480. 481; 482. 102 4«3. 484. 485. 486. 487. 4$8. 489. 490. 491., 491. 49^. S^turd hillcry ; Corn: As the blew Bottle a kindc of yellow Miry-Gold. Wtlde Poppey, and Fumitory. Ncichci car. this be by realbn of tlie culture ol tlicGround, by Ploughing or I'urrowing, as (omc Herbs and Flowers tviU grow but in Ditches new caft , for it the ground lye fallow and un(own, they will not come: Soasit fhouldfecmtobc thcCorn thuqualifieth the Earth, andpre- pareCh it tor their growth. Thisobfcrvationif it holdeth (as ic is very probable) is of great u(c,for the meliorating of taftC in Fruits, and Hfculcnt Herbs, and of the (cnt of Ftowers. For I do not doubt, but if the Fig-cree do make tlie Rcw more ftrong and bitter, (as the Ancients have noted) good Hore of Rew planted aboutthe Fig-trce, will make the Fig more fweec. Now thetaftes thatdo mod offend in Ftuits.and Herbs, and Roots, are bitcer.harfii , ibur^ and watrifti ^ or fiafliy. Ir were good therefore to make the Tryals following. Take Wormwood orRcw, and let it near Lettuce/ or Coleflory, ot Artichoak j and fee whether the Lettucci or the Coleftory, 5cc. become not the fwecter. Take a Service-tree, or aCornelian»trce, or an Elder-tree, which we know have Fruits of harfli and binding Juyce, and fct them near a Vine ot Fig- tree, and fee whether the Grapes or Figs will not be the fwcetcr. Take Cucumbers or Pumpions, and fet them (here and there) amongfl Musk-Melons,and fee whether the Melons will not be more winy, and better tafted. Set Cucumbers (like wife) amongft Raddifh, and fee whether the Raddifh will not be made the more biting. Take Sorrel and fet it amongft Rafps, and fee whether the Rafps will not be the fweeter. Take Common Bryar, and fet it amongft Violets ot Wall-flowers, and fee whether it will not make the Violets or Wall-flowers fweeter, and lefs earthy in their fmell. So fet Lettuce or Cucumbers, amongft Rofemary or Bays, and fee whether the Rofeni'ary or Bays, will not bethcmoreoderate ot aromatical. Contrariwife.y ou muft take heed how you fet Herbs together that draw much the like ]uyce. And therefore I think Rofemary willleefein fweetnefs, if it be fet with Lavender or Bays> or the like. But y er, if you will corred the ftrcngthof an Herb, you fhall do well to fet other hke Herbs by him, to'take him down 5 and if you would fct T^nfey by Angelica, itmay be the Ange- lica would be the weaker and titter for mixture in perfume. And if you fhould/et Rew by Common Wormwood , it maybe, the Wotmwood would torn to be liker Roman Wormwood. This Axiom is of large extent; and therefore would be fevered, and re- fined by Tryal. Neither muft you expeft to have a grofs difference by this kinde of Culture, butoncly further Perfcftion. Tryai would be alfo made in Herbs, Poyfonous, and Purgative, whofe ill qtjality (perhaps) may be difchargcd or attempted, by fetting ftrongcr Poylons or Purgatives by them. It is reported. That the Shrub called Our Ladies Seal, ( which is a kinde of Briony) aiiii Coleworts, fct near together, one or both will die. The cau(e is, for that they be both great Depredators of the Earth, and one of them ftatveth the other. Thelikeis faid of Reed, and a Brake, both which are fucculcnt j and therefore the oi^deceiveth the other. And the like of Hemlock and Rew, both which draw ftrong Juyccs. Some of the Ancients, and like wife divers of the Modern Writers, that have labored iiT Natural Magick, have noted a Sympathy between the Sun, Moon, Century F, Moon, and fomc principal Stars, andccrtain Herbs, and Plants, And fo they have denominated fomc Herbs Solar, and (ome Lunar, and fuch like toys put into great words. It is manifcft, that there are feme F'owcrs chat havcrefped tothe Sun in twokindesi the one by opening and fhutting» and the other by bowing and inclining the Head. Per Marygolds, Tulippas, Pinfj- pcrnel, and indeed moft flowers do open or fprcd their Leaves abroad, when the Sun fhineth ("crenc and fair: And again, (in (bme part; clofe them, or gather them inward, cither toward niglit, or when the Sky is overcaft. Of this, there needeth no luchfolemnReaion tobcaffigned, astofiy, That they rejoyccatthe prcfencc of the Sun, and mourn a: theabfcncc thereof. For it is nothing elle, but a little loading of the Leaves, and fwellingthcmatthe bottom, with the moifture of the Air ; whereasthc dry Air doth extend them. And theymakeit apiece of the wonder, That Garden Claver willhi<fe the Stalk, when the Sun fheweth bright, which isnothing butafull expanfion of the Leaves; for the bowing and inclining the Head, it isfoiindin the great Flower of the Sun, in Marygolds, Wartworr, Mallow flowers, and others. The caufc is fomewhat more obfcure than the former : But 1 take it to be no other, but that the parr, againft which the Sun beatcth, waxeih more faint and flaccide in the Stalk, and thereby lefs able to fupport the Flower. What a little Moifture willdo in Vegetables,even though they be dead, and fevered from the Earth, appearcth well in the Experiment of Juglers. They take the Beard of an Oat, which (if you mark it well; is wreathed at the bottom, and one fmooth entire Itraw at the top. They take onely the part t lat is wreathed , and cut ofFthe other , leaving the Beard half the brcdthof a finger in length. Then they makcalittleCrofsof aQuilllong- ways, of that part of the Qtiill which hath the Pith; and Grofs- ways of that pieceof the Quill without Pith, the whole Crofs being the brcdthof a finger high ; Then they prick the bottom where the Pith is, and thereinto they put the 04tM-5f<frrf, leavin^halfof it fticking forth of theQuill: Then theytakea little white Box of Wood to deceive men, as if fomewhat in the Box did work the feat ; in which, with a Pin, they make a little hole, enough to takeBcard, but not tolct the Crofsfink down, but to flick : Then like- wife, by way oflmpofture, they make aqueflion: As, whois the fairell Woman in the company ? or who hath a Glove or Card ? and caufe an- other to namedivers pcrfons; and upon every naming, they flick the Crofs in theBox, having firfl put it towards their Mouth, as if they charmed it, and the Grofs flirreth not : But when they come to the perfon that they would take, as they hold the Ciofs to their Mouth, they touch the Beard with the tip of their Tongue, and wet it, and foftick the Crofs in the Box, and then you fliall fee it turn finely and foftly, three or four turns, which is cauled by the untwining of the Beard by the moifiute. You may fee it more evidently if you flick the Crofs between your fingers, inilcad of thi Box : And therefore you may lee, that this Motion, which is effeclcd by fo little wet, is llronger than theclofing or bending of the Head of a Mary- gold. It is reported by fome , That the Herb called Rof,uSolis (whereof they m.ikc StTong--9edters) will at the Noon-dav, when the Sun fhineth hot and bright, have a great Dew upon it. And therefore, that ths right name is R0S S'olis ; which they impute to a delight andfympathy that it hath with the Sun. Men favor wonders. It were good firfl to be furc, That the Dew that is found upon it, be not the Dew of the Morning prcfecved , when I'CJ^- 494. 495- 104 496. 497- 498. ^J\Qitural Hiflory ; 499. Expeiiincnts in Confoit, louchJDg the Making lierbi and fruiti Mtdkinablt. u hen the Dew of other Herbs is breathed awav : For it hath a imooth add thick Leaf that doth notdifchargc the Dew fofoon asotlicr Herbs, that arc more Spungy and Porous. And itmay be Furjlune, or ibme other Herb doth the like, and is not marked. Butifitbclb, that it hath more Dew at Noon than in the Morning, thcnfureit fccmcth to be an exudation of the //cr/' it fclf. As Plums fweat when they are let into the Oven : For you will not (I hope) think, that it is like Gideons Fleece of WooH, that the Dew (ho u Id fill upon that, and no where elle. It is certain, that the Hon)-f/^"»; are found more upon Oak Leaves, than upon /^i/j, or/^^ff^, or the like: But whether any caufc be from chc Leaf it felf, to concoftthe Dew, or whether it be oncly, that the Lcat is clofcand Imooth (and therefore drinkcth not in the Dew, but prefcrvcth it) maybe doubted. It would be well inquired, whether Manua the 'Drug, doth fall but upon certain Herbs or Leaves oncly. Floit/ers ihath:i\c deep Sock^etsi do father in the bottom, a kindc ot Honey; as Honej-S'uckles (both the IVoodbme, and the TnfoM) Lillies, and the like. And in them certaitily the Flowr bcareth part w ith the 'De'Sf, The Experience is, That the Froth, which they call U'oodfure, (being like a kinde of Spittle; is found but upon certain Herbs, and tliole hot ones ; i% Lavender, Lavender-cotton, Sage, Hyjfofe , &c. Oi ihc caulc of this enquire further, for it kemeth afecret. Iherc fallcth alfo Af//</f> upon Com, and fmuttcthit: 13ut itmay be, that the fame fallcthplfo upon other Herbs, and is not obferved. It were goody Tryal were made, whether the great confcnt between Plants and Water, which isaprincipalnourifhmcntof them, willmakean Actradionor Dilfcance, and not at touch oncly. Therefore take a VclTel, and in the middle of itmakc a falfc bottom of courfe Canvas ,- fill it with Earth above the Canvas, and let not the Earth be watred , then fow fomc good Seeds in that Earth : But under the Canvas, fomc half a foot in the bottom of the Veflel,lay a great Spunge, thorowlv wet in Water , and let it lie fomc ten days ; and fee whether the Seeds will fprout.and the Eartli become more moift, and the Spunge more dry. TheHxpcrimentformerly mentioned of the Cucumber, creeping to the Pot of Water, is far flrangcr than this. THe altering of the Sent, Colour, or Taftc of Fruit, by Infufing, Mixing, or Letting into the Bark, or Root of theTrec, Herb, or Flower, any Coloured, Aromatical, orMedicinal Subftance, are but fancies. The caule is, for that thofe things have palled their period, and nourilh not; and alf alteration of Vegetables, in thofe qualities, muftbcbyfonacwhat that is apt to gointo thcnourifhmentof thePlant. But this is true, thatwhercKine feed upon Wilde Garlick.their Milk tafled plainly of theGarlick. And the Flcfli of Muttons is better tafled where theShecp feed upon Wilde Thyme, and other w holfomc Herbs. Galtn alfo i'peakcth of the curing of the Scirrus of the Z/iv^r, by Milk of a Cow, that fcedcth upon certain Herbs; and Honey in Spain fmelleth (apparently) of the Rofemary, or Orenge, from w hence the Beegatheric: And there is an old Tradition of a Maiden that was fed with Napelltt.', (which is counted the ftrongcfl poyfonof all Vegetables) which with ufc, did not hurt the Maid, but poyfoned fome thathad carnal com- pany vrith her. So it is obferved by fome, that there is a vcrtuous BeT^ar, and another without vertue, which appear to the fhew alike ; but the vcr- tuous is taken from the Beaft, that feedeth upon the Mountains, where there (^entury V, chercarc Iheriaccl Herbs ; and that wicliouc vcrtuc, tiom thole that (cd in chcVallevs, where no fuch Herbs arc. Ihus tar lam of opinion, tliat as llccped Wines and Beers arc very Medici al, and li-cwiTc Bread tempered w ich divers powders ; f o of o^J/r/tr alio, (as Eesh, Fish, (Jif!li',ind Eggs) that chcymny be made ot great ufc for Medicine and Diet, it thd^eafi, Foiifl, or Fish, be fed v\ ith a IpciSflfffndcot fo- d, fitforthc difcalc. It wcreadan- oerous thing alfo for fccret cmpoyionmcnts. But whether icmaybcap- pHcd unto iMants, and Herbs, J doubt more, becaufc the nourilhmentof them is a more common Juycc ; which is hardly capable of any fpccial quality until the I'lant do aflimilate it. But left our increduJity may prejudice any profitable operations in this kinde (cfpccially fincemany of the Ancients havefct them down) wc think £Tood briefly to p opound the four Means, which thev have dcvifcd of makincr Plants Medicinablc. Thcfirft is by Hitting of thcRoot, andinfufing into it the Medicine, as Hellebore, Ofium, Scammomj, Triucle 6~c. and then binding it up again. Ihisfecmcth tome thcleaf1:probable,becaufcthc Root dr.-iwcth immediately from the Earth, andlo the nourifliment isthcmore common and Icfs qualified ; andbeiidcs, it is a long time in going up, ere it come to the Fruit. The fecond way is, to perforate the Body of the Tree, and there to infulc the Medicine, ithaththelcfs way, and the Icfstimctogo up. The third is, the fteeping of the Seed or Kernel in fome Liquor wherein the MeJicinc is infuled ; which I have little opinion of, becaufc the Seed (I d >iibt) will not draw the parts of the matter which have the propriety ; but it will be far the more likely, it you mingle ths Me licine with Dung, for tint the Seed, naturally drauingchc moiflurc of the Dung, m.^y call in withal lomc of the propriety. Thefourthis, the Watcringof the Plant oft, wiih an infuiion of the Medicine. This, in one refpcot may have more force than the reft, becaufc the Medication is oft renewed , whereas the ret are applied, but at onetime; and therefore the vcrtue may thcfooncr vanifli. Butftillldoubt, that the Root is fomcwhattoo flubborn to receive thofc fnc Impreffions ; andbcfldes (as I have faidbeforc' they have a great Hill to go up. 1 judge therefore the likelielt way to be the pctf iration of the Body of the Tree, in fevcral places, one above the other^ and the filling of the Holes with Dung mingled with the Medicine. And the W.itring of thofe Lumps of Dung, with Squirts of an Infuiion of the Medicine in dunged Water, onceinthrecor fourdays. lOS NATURAL 5O0. ""'^(IS^^^^i^ |'^,?^^?§^^_?§^^^^:^:>^:^?§---'^?|^^?$^^?^^,^^^^ ic57 NATURAL HISTORY Century VI, Ur Experiments we take care to be (as we have often faid,) either Expertmentit FruHifera, or Lucifera; eichcr of Ufc , or of Difcovery : For we hate Impofture , and dcliaife Curiofitiex. Yet becaufe we mufl: apply our felvcsfome what to others, wc will ict down fomc Curiofitics touching Plants. I It is a Curiofity to have fcveral Fruits upon one Tree j and the more, I when fomc of: them come early, andfome come late: So that you may ' have, upon the fame Tree, ripe Fruits all Summer. This is eafily done by Grafting ot fevcral Cions upon (everal Boughs of a Stockjin a good ground , plentifully fed. Soyou may havcall kindcs of Cherries, anj allkindcs of rlumbs, and Peaches, and Apricots upon one Tree : Bat, I conceive the Divcrfity of Fruics muft be luch, as Nvill graft upon the fame Stocks. And therefore, I doubt, whether you can have Apples, or Pears, or Orengcs, j upon the fame Sc'jck, upon which you graft Plumbs. It is a Curiofity to have Fruits of divers Shapes and Figures. 'I h's is cafily performed by Moulding them, when the Fruit is young, with Moulds j of Earth or Wood. So you may have Cucumbers, Sec. as long as a j Cane, or as round as a Sphere, or formed like a Crofs. You may have { alfo Apples in the form of Pears or Lemmons. You mav have alfo Fruit ' in more accurate Figures ; as we faidof Men, Beafh, orBirdi, accon-iing
as \ou make the Moulds, wherein you muft underftand, that you make
the Mould big enough to contain the v hole Fruit, wien it is groT\n to the grcatefl: ; for tlfc you will choak the fprcding of the Fruit , which other- I wife would fprcd icfclf, and fill the Concave, and lobe turned intor :efhape idciircd ; as ic is in Mould-worksof Liquid thing's. Some doubtmay becon- ceivcd. Cxpeiimenis in Confoit, touching Ciiriofiiiei about FrMUi and I'ttnti. ■501. 503. t io8 503. 504. 505, 506- 507. Cf\Qitural hi/lory ; 508. ccivcd, that the k ccping of tlic Sun from the Fruit, may hurt it : But there isordinary experience of Fruit thatgrowcth covered. Jlu^realio, whether fomcfmall holes may not be made in the "Wood, to let intiie Sun. And note, that it Were beft to make the Moulds partible, glued, or cemented together, that you may open them when you takeout the Fruit. It is a curiofity to have Jnfcriptitns or Engrxvings, in Fruit or Trees. This is cafily pctformed, by writing with a Needle, or Bedhjn, or Kntfc, or the like, when the Fruit or Trees arc young -, for as they grow, fo the Letters will grow more large, and graphical. Tenerifque mecs incidere Amores tyirboribui., crefcint ilia, crefietis Amorts. You may have Trees apparelled with Flowers or Merbs by boring holes in the Bodies of them, and putting into them Earth holpcn with Muck,and fettlng Seeds or Slipj, of Violets, SerxTfbernes, JVilde Tnnr, C^imQiml, andfuch like in die Earth, wherein they do butgrowin thcTrcc, as they do in Pots, though (perhaps) with fome feeding from the Trees- As it would be tryed alfo with Shoots of ^<««, and ROots of j/^f^i-^o/f; ; foritmaybe. they being of a more Ligneous Nature, will incorporate with the Tree it felf. It is an ordinary curiofity to form Trees and Shrubs (as RofeniArj, 'Juni- per, and the like) into fundry fhapcs ; which is done by moulding them within, and cutting them without. But they are but lame things, being too fmall to keep Figure ; great Caftles made of Trees upon Frames of Timber, with Turrets and Arches, were anciently matters of magnifi- cence, Amongft curiofitics, I fhall place Colouration, though it be fomcwhat better ; for Beauty in Flowers is their pre-eminence. It is obicrved by fome, that Gillf-FleWrs, STmeet-WUliamsy Violets^ that arc coloured, it theybcneg- leftcd, and neither Watered, nor new Moulded, nor Tranfplanted, will turn White. And it is probable, thatthc White, with much culture, may turn coloured > for this is certain. That the white colour cometh of fcarcity of Nourishment; except in Flowers that arc oncly white, and admit no other colours. It is good therefore to fee what Natures do accompany what colours ; for by that you (hall have light, how to induce colours , by producing thofc Natures. Whites are more inodoratc (for the mofl part) than Flowers of the fame kindc coloured ; as is found in fingle White Violets, White Rofes, White Gilly-Flovvers, White StockGilly-Flowcrs, &c. We findc al- fo, that Blolfoms of Trees that are White, are commonly inodoratc ; as Cherries, Pears, Plums, whereas thofe of Apples, Crabs, Almonds, and Peaches, are blufliy, and fmell fwect. ihecaufeis, for that thefubftancc that maketh the Flower, is of thcthinneflandfinclt of the Plant ,• which alfo maketh Flowers to be of fo dainty Colours. And if it be too fparing and thin, it attaincth no flrcngth of odor, except it be in fuch Plants as arc very fucculent ; whereby they need rather to be fcanted in their nourift- mcnt,than repleniftied, to have them fwect. As we fee in White Sacyrion, which is of a dainty fmell ; and in Bcan-fiowers, &c. And again, if the Plant be of Nature to put forth White Flowers onely, and thofc not thin or dry, they are commonly of rank and fulfome fmell j as May-Flowers and White LiUics. Contrariwife, in Berries, the White is commonly more delicate and fwect in tafte, than the Coloured ; as wcfce in white Grapes, in white Raipes^ in white Strawberries, in white Currans, &c. The caufc is for that the Century VI. the colaured arc more juyccd, and courier juyccd ; and therefore not fo well and equally concodcd, but the white ate better proportioned to the diigcftion of the yUm. Butin Fums the white commonly is meaner, as in Fe.xr-flumhs, lyama^ fins, &c. and the choiceft Plumbs arc black; the Mulberry, (>»'hich thouoh they call it il Berry, is a Fruit) is better the Black, than the White. The Hurveji Whitc-PIumb, is a bafe Plumb, and the ^frrfotdo and White Date- Plumb, are no very good Plumbs. The caufc is, for that they are all over-vvatry : Whereas an higher Conco<^ion is required for fwcetncis, or pleafure of tafte ; and therefore all your dainty Plumbs, are ajittic dry, and come from the Stone ; as the C^lwkle-eiumb, the 'Ddtntfin-yiumb, the Teaih, the tyipruot, &(■ Yet fomc Fruiti which grow not to be Black, arc of theNtture of Berries^ fwcctcftfuch aj are paler, as the Gr«r-CAfm, which inclincth more to White, is fwceter than the Red i but the £^^ne; is more lowrc. Take Gillifio^'ers Seed, of one kinde of CJil//^fl>*ry (as of the Chve-Gilli- fia'^er which is the moft common ; and fow it , and there will come up Gilliflottcrs. fomc of one colour, and Ibme of another, cafually, as the -eed mectcth with nouriflimcnt in the Earth : SothattheGardinersfinde, that they may have tvvoorthrce Roots amongfl: an hundred that arc rare, and ol great price, as Purple Ctrnation of feveral ftripcs. The caufe is (no doubt) that in Earth, though it be contiguous, and in one Bed there are very levcral Juycesi andat the Seed doth cafually meet with them, fo it comcth forth. And it is noted efpecially, that thole which do come up Purple, do alwavscomcupfinglc; the |uycc, as itfeemcth, notbeingable to lutficc a fucculent colour, and a double Leaf Ihis^srf^rjwfnt of feveral colours, coming up trom one Seed, would be trycd alfo in Larh.foot, Monkshood,
  • Poppj, and HoUioAk.
Few Fruits are Coloured Red within ; the ^leen-JIpfleis, and another Apple.callcd the Rofe- Apple ; CMulberriedikcvi^cind (7f<*/>«, though molt to- u-ardthc skin. There is a y^^t/; alfo, that hath a circle of Red towards the ftone ; and the tgriot- Cherry is fomcwhat Red within: But no fwr, nor fVarden, nor Plumb, nor i_y3pruot, although they have (many times) Red fides, are coloured Red within. The caufe may be enquired. The general colour of /'/<««;/ is Green, which is a colour thatno/7e'»rr is of There is a grccnilh Trme-Kofe, but it is pale, and fcarcc agreen ; tlie Leaves of (ome Trees turn a little Murrey or Reddifh, and they be com- monly young Leaves that do lo i as it is in Odkj and Vines. And Htfie- Leuves rot into a VtUow; and feme Hollies had part of their Leaves Yellow, that are (to all iccniing) as frcHi and Ihining as the Green. 1 fuppofe aifo, that Yellow is n icfs fucculent colour than Green, and a degree nearer White, for it hath been noted, tha: thofc Yellow Leaves of Ho//;, ftand cvertoward the North or North-Eaft. Some Roots arc Yellow, as Ctrr#w; and (ome lUnts, Blood-red, Stalk and Leaf, and all; as ^^mdranthuu Some Hetbs'xncWnc to Purple andRcd; as akindc of ^4?^ doth, and a kinde of oT/(«if, and Rofi ^oUs,&c. And (ome have White Leaves, as another kinde of i'j?^ and .mother kiude cf o^ini ; But tyiT^re and a fair furple ;irc never found in Lcives. Th«s fticwcth, that flatters arc made of a refined Juyce of the Earth, and fo are Fruits, but Leaves of a more eourfc aod common. It is a curiolity alio to make FloMeers double, which is cfFciied by often removing them into new Earth j as on the contrary part, double /'/•»m, L by 109 509. 510. ^I!. jia. 5^3. MO 5x4. 515. 516. JI7- 518. £ xpcrimcnts in G6nfort> couchingtbe Dtgentrating of Planti^and oftht Tranf- mutation of them, one into anothtr. ^atural hi/iory 5 519. 520. by ncglc£ling,and not removing .prove finglc. And the way tado it fpecdily, is to tow or (tt Seeds, or Slips ot Flowers', and is foon as chcy tonne up, to removctheonintoncwgrcund that is good : Enquire al(o, whether inocu- lating of Flowers, (asitock-Gilliflowers, Roies, Mubk-Kor.s.&c.) duth not make them double. ThereisaChcrry-Tree that liach double iSlcfloms, but that Treebearcth noFruit; and, it may be, c lat the fime means which .applied to the TreCj doth cxircamly accelerate the Sap to rife and break forth, would nuke the Tree (pend it (elf in Flowers, and thofc to become double, which wercagrcat pleafuretofee, efpecially in Applc-trccs, Peach- trees, and Almond-trees, that have Bloffoms Blulh coloured. The making of Fruits without Core or Stone^ isLkcwjle acuriofiiy, and forhewhat bcttei:; becaufc wh^itlocver makcththemlb, is like to make them rhorc tender and delicate. If a Cions or Shoot fit to be Tec in the Ground, have the Pith finely taken forth ('and not altogether, but feme of it left, the better tofave the life) it will bear a Fruit with little or no Core or Stohe.And the like is laid to be of dividing a quick Tree down to the Ground, and takingout the Pith, and then binding it up again. It is reported alfoj thataCttron grafted uponaQaince will havcfmall or no Sf ods ; and it is very probibic, that any fowre Fruit grafted upon a Stock that becireth a fweeter Fruit, msy both make the Fruit Tweeter, and more void of the harfh matter of Kernels or Seeds. Itisrcpoitcd, that not onely the taking out of the Pith, buttheftopping ofthe Juyceof the Pith from rifingin the midft, andtutning it to rife on the outfidc, will make the Fruit withou' Core ot Sionc; as if you ftiould borea Tree clean thorow, and put a wedge in. It is true, there is fome affinity be- tween the Pith and the Kernel, becaufe they are both of a hatfh fubikncc, and both placed in the midft. It is reported, that Trees watered perpetually with warm Water, will make a Fruit with little orno Core or Scone. And the rule is general, That whitfoever will make awilde Tree, a Garden Tree,will make a Garden Tree to have lefs Core or Stone. TH; Rule is certain. That Plints for want of Culture, degenerate to be baler in the fame kinde ; and (ometimcs fu far, as to change into another . kindt. 1. The rtanding long, and not being removed, makcihtliem dege- nerate. 2. Drought, unlefs the Farth of it felf be moilf, doththelike. 3. So doth irelfi'ioving into worfe Earth, orforbearing tocompoft the Eatth j aswe fee, that ^XTatet-Mintturncth into Field Mint, and the Colcwoit into Rape by ncgletf J &c. Whatfoever Fruit ufeth to be fet upon a Root, or a Slip, if it be fown. Will degenerate ; Grapes fown. Fig , Almondf, Pomegranate Kernels fowr, make the Fruits degenerate, and become wilde. Andagain,moft of thole Fruits that ufe to be grafted, if they be fet of Kernels, or Stones degenerate. It is true, thit Peaches (as hath been touched before) do better upon Stones (cty than upon grafting : And ihe rule of Exception fhould feemtobethis. That wharloever Plant requireth much moifture, profpereth better upon the Stone or Kernel, than upon the Graft. For the Stock, though it givsth a finer nourifhmenr, yet itgivcth a fcantcr, than the Earth at large. Secdf, if they be very old,qnd yet have If rength enough to brin^ forth a Plant;, make the Plant degenerate. Aad therefore skilful Gardiners maketry.il of thcSccds, before they buy thcm^ whether they be good or no, by putting \ , them (^entury V L I cheoi in Water gently boiled ; and it they be good, they will fprout within haJf an hour. ' • Itisftrangc- which is reported, ThuB.tftl too much cxpofed to the Sun, doth turn into ff^ilde Tune : Although thole two Hctbs fcem tohave Imall Affinity; butBafilis almoft thconcly hot Herb that hnthfat andfucculcnt Leaves; which Oyliiiefs if it be drawnforth by tbeSun, it is like it will make 1 very great change. Thereis an old Tradition, that Boughs of Oak put into the Earth, wiliput forth fVilde Fines ; which if it be true, (no doubt) it is not the Orf/^that turncth intoafin^, but the C'4;^-t«7«^AputrJfying, qualifieth the Earth to put forth a Fine of it (elf. It is notimpoffiblc, and I have heard it verified, that upon cutting down of an old Timber-Tree, the Stub hath put out fometimes a Tree of another kindc; as that Beech hath put forth Birch : Which ifitbe tructhecaufe may be, forthat the old Siub is too fcantof Juyceto put forth the former Tree; and therefore putteth forth a Tree of fmaller kindc, that ncedeth lefs Nou- rifliment. There is an opinion in the Countrey , That if the fame Ground be oft fown with the Grain that grew upon it, it \vill, in the end, grow to be of a bafcr kinde. It is Gcrtaini that in Sterile Years, Corn fown will grow to an other kindc. GtMd'u fipe quibui mandavimm Hordea Sulcitf Infalix Ltltum, &Jleriles dominatur Aven£. And generally it is a Rule, thatPlants that are brought forth by Culture, as Corn, will fooner change into other Spccies.than thofe that comcof thcm- felvcs : For thatCulture givcth but an Adventitious Nature, which is more eafily put off. This work of the Tranfmutdtionoi Plants, one into another, is inter Mag- HAlUlfaturd: Icot ihcTranfmutatioHif Species is, in the vulgar Philofophy, pro- nounced impoflible : And certainly, it is a thing of difficulty, and requireth deepfearchintoNature : But feeing there appe« fomemanifcftinftancesof ir, the opinion of impoflibility is to be rejcfted, and the means thereof to be found out. We fee that in Lif »«f Creatures, that come of Putrcfaftion, there is much Tranfmutation of one into another. AsCaterpillersturn into Flies, &c. And it fhould fecm probable, thatwhatfocvcrGreature having life, is generated without Seed , that Creature will change out of one Spe- cies into another; for it is the Seed, and the Nature of it, which locketh and boundcth in the Creature, that it doth not expatiate. So as we may well conclude, that feeing the Earth of it felf, doth put forth Plants with- out Seed ; therefore Plants may well have a Ttanfmigration of Species. Wherefore wanting Inftances, which do occur, wefhallgiveDircftionsof the mofthkely tryals : And generally, we would not have thofe that read this work of Sylv* Sjlvarunty account itftrange, or think that it is an over- haftc, thatwehavelet down particulars untried : For contrariwifc, in our own cftimation, we account fuch particulars more worthy than thofe that are already tryed and known. For thcfe latter mult be taken as you finde them, but the other do level point blank at the inventing of caufes and Axioms. L 1 Firft, 1 I 1 5 30. 531- J\Qttural fii/lory ; Firft, therefore you muft make account, thit if you will have one Plant change into another, you muft have the Nouriflimcnt over rule the Seed : And therefore you arc toprafliie it by Nourifbments as contrary as may be, to the Nature of thcHcib; loneverihclels as the Heib biay gtovv, and like- wife with Seeds that are of the weakeft forr, anJ havcleaft vgor. You fhall do well therefore to take Marfli Herbs, and plant them upon tops of Hills and Champaigns; and fuch Plants as require much muillure, upon Sandy and very dry grounds. As for example, Marfh-Mallows, and Sedge upon Hills, Cucumber and Lettuce Seeds, and Colcworts upon a Sandy Plat; To contrariwife plant Bufhes, Heath, Ling, and Bcakesupon a Wet or Marfli Ground. This Iconceivcalfo.that ailEftulent andGardenHerbs.lctupon the tops of Hills, will prove mote Medicinal, though lels Hfculent, than they were before. And it may be likewife, (ome Wilde Herbs you may make Salet Herbs. This is the firft Rulefor Tranfmutation of Plants. The fecond Rule fliould be to bury (ome few Seeds of i he Herb you would change amonglf other Seeds ; and then youfhallfec whetherthe juyce of thole other Seeds do rot fo qualifie the Earth, as it will alter the Seed whereupon you work. As forexample.Put Parfly-lecd amongttOnion-leed, CI Lctttace-feedamongft Partly feed, or Bafil-feed amongft Thymc-fced, and fee the change of taftc or otherwife. But you fhall do well to put the- Seed you would change into a little Linnen Cloth, that it mingle not with the Foreign Seed. ... re u The third Rule fhall be the making of foraemedly, or mixture ot tarth, withfomcothctPlantsbruifed.orfhaved, either in Leaf or Root: As for ex- ample make Earth, withamixture of Colewort Leaves damped, and fct m it Artichoaks, ot Patfnips : So take Earth made with CMajorm, or OngAnnum, or Wilde 7hme, bruifed, or ttamped, and fet in it Fennel-feed, &c. In whicfi operation, the Proces of Nature (lill will be, (as I conceive,; not that the Herb YOU work upon, fhould draw the Juyce of the Foreign Herb; (for that opinion we have formerly rejcacd ) but there will be a new conkaion of mould, which perhaps will alter theSced, and yet not to the kinde of the former Herb. t- l j r i The fourth Rule fhall be to mark what Herbs fome Earths do put forth of themfclves, and to take that Earth, and toPotir.ortoVcfTel it ; and into that, fct rhe Seed you would change •• As for Example, take from under Walls or thelike; where Nettles put foith in abundance, the Earth which voufliall there finde, without any String or Root of the Nettles; and pot that Earth, and fet in it Stock-GiUv-flowers, or Wall- flowers, &c. Or low in the Seeds of them, and fee what the event will be ; or rake Earth, that you have prepared to put forth C^lufhrotms of it felf, (whereof you fhall hndc fbme inl\ances following ,) and fow it in Purflane-feed, or Lettuce- feed ; for in thefe Experiments, it islikely enough, thatthe Earth being accuflomed to (end forth one kinde of Nourifliment, will alter the new Seed. The fifth Rule fhall be,tomaketheHcrbgrow contrary to his nature, as to make Ground Herbs rife in height •• As for example. Carry Camomile, or W ildc Thyme, or the Green Strawberry, upon fticks, as you do Hops upon Poles, and (ec what theevent will be. The fixth Rule fhall be to make Plants grow outot the Sun, or open Air; for that is a great mutation in Nature, and may incuce a change in the Seed • As barrel up Earth, and fow (ome Seed in it. and put inihc bottom of a Pond, or put it in (ome great hollow Tree ; try alfo the fowing ' or Centnry V I. of Seeds in the bottoms of Caves ; and Pors with Seeds (own , hanged up in Wells , fomc diftancc from the Water , and lee whdt the tvent will be. 113 IT is certain, that Timber-Trees \n Coppice JVoods , grow more upright, and more free from under Boughs, than thofe thatltand in the l-jelda. The caufe whereof is, for that PUnts have a natural motion to get to the Sun ; and bcfiJc?, rhey are not glutted with too much nounfliment ; for that the Coppice ftiarcth with them, and Repletion ever hindrcth Lon-ne/i^ «nrf itaturc. Liftly, they arc kept warm, and that ever in Plants hclpeth '^Ztf^nlof mounting. Expciinicntt ; in Confoit. i touching tbc ; Vyoicyiiy, and I Trees that arc of thernfclvcs full of Heat, ( which heatap[icarethby their icflamable Gums) as Firrs, and Pines, mount of themlelves in hcigl.tli without Side-boughs, till they come towards the top. The caufc is partly heat, and paitly tenuity of Juyce; bothwhichfend theiap upwards. As for Juniper.itisbut aShrub, and groweth not big enough in Body touiaintain a call Tree. It is reported, that a good ftrong Canvas, fpred over a Tree graft- ed low. foon after it puttcth forth , will dwarf it, and make it iprcd. The caufe is plain ; for that all things that grow, will grow astheyfindc room. Trees arc generally fet oi Rton or Kernels; but if you fet them of Slips, (as of (ome Jrccs von may, by name the C^lulLerry) iomt of the Slips wiU take 5 and thole that take, (as is reported) will be 1)jtiarf'trees The caufe is, for thataf/'/' draweih nourishment more weakly, than either a /?por or Kernel. fii\lFUnts that put forth their Sap haftily, have their Bodies not propor- tionable to their length, and thetefore they are Winders and Creepers ; as Ivjf, Briony, Hops, IVoodbine : Whereas Dwarfing requireth a flow putting forth, and lefsvigorof mounting. 5l>- 51^ 5J5' 536. PUrftSy And of tbt Jixcrifcm- (i: of PUntt, or SuftT- THe Sctipturc faith. That Solomon Wrote a Natural Hiitory, from the lExperiments Ceddr ot Lihnus, to the cj^fo/Tgrowing upon the Wall ; for fo thebeft 1'" Confott, i Trunjldtions have it. And it is true, ihatMofiis but the RudtHient of aP/unt, and f°„"<«J,m! tf ! (as ii were) the Afould of Edrt/f or B<tr/'. m/o/ growcth chiefly upon Ridges of Houfcs, tiled or thatched , and upon the Crcfts of Walls , and that Mols is of a lightfome and pieafant | *""" Green. The growing upon Slopes is caufcd for tnat Mofs , as on the 537. one fide it comcth of Moiiiurc and Water , fo on the other fide the Water mult but flidc, and not Itand or pool. And the growing upon Tiles, or Walls, &c. is ciufed, for that thofc dried Eart.s, having nor moiiiurc fufticient to put fortfi zFUnt, do practice Geimination by put- ting forth Mofs ; though when by age, or otherwife, t\-\cv grow to re- lent and refolvc , they fomefimcs put forth Plants , as Wallflowers. And almofl: all Mofs hath HvTC and there little Stalks , bcfides the low Thrum. cJJ/i?/ growctii upon Alleys, cfpecially fuch.tslvecold, anduponthc North; as in divers Tarralcs. And again, if they b.- much trodden 1 orif i they were nt the fifll gravelled: For whercfoevcr Flants arc kept down, the j Earth putteth forth Mofs. . L^j Old } 53?. 114 1 539. 540. 542. 545. 544' 545? 546. ^J\Qitural Hillory ; Old Ground, rhac hath been long unbroken up, gatiiercth Mo(s > and therefore Husbandmen ufc to cure their Paftuce-fitounds, when they grow to Mofs, by Tilling them for a year, or two: Which alfo de{)endcih upon the fame caufe ; for thic the more fparing andltarving Juycc oi the Earth, inlufficicnt for Plants doth breed Mofs. Old Trees arc more Moffie, (fjr) than young ; for th^t the S.ip is not fo frank a* to rilo all to the Boughs, but ticeth by the way. anJ puuccli out \ /••Kurxiw have ^3/ growing upon the Ground about them; f'l-j,.: CHufcoft Pontes Thccaufeis, for that the /="o«nMmJ drain the Water from the Ground adja- cent, and leave but fufficicnt moilture to breed iV/o/; and bclidcs, checold- nefsof the Water conduccthto thefacnc. ThcMofoi Trees, IS a kindeof Hlir ; for it is the juyce of the Tree, that is cxcerncd, and doth not aflimilatc, and upon great Trees the Mols gather- er h a Hgurc, like a Leaf. The naoifturc fort of Trees yield little Mofs, as we fee in t^Jps, TopUrs, IP'^tUoTts, Beeches, &c. Which is partly caufed for the reafon that hath been given of the frank putting up of the Sip into the Boughs j and partly, for tint the Barks of thofc Trees are more clofe andfmooth, than thofe of Oaks, and Aflies, whereby the Mofs can the hardlicr ill'ue out. In Clay Grounds, all Fruit Trees grow full of Mo(s, both upon Body and Boughs; which is caufed, partly by the coldnefs of the Ground, whereby the Plants nouriflilcfs » and partly by thetoughnefs of the Earth, whereby the Sap is fliut in, and cannot get up , to fpred fo frankly as it fliould do. Wc have faid heretofore, that if Trees be hide-bound, they wax le(s fruitful and gather Mofi ; and that they are holpen by hacking, (Sec. And therefore by the reafon of contraries, if Trees be bound in wich Cords or fotrc outward Bands, they will put forth more Mofs : Wliich (I think) hapneth to Trees that ftand bleak, and upon the cold Wind?. Ic would alio be tried, whether, if you cover a Tree , feme what thick upon the top, after his powiing, it will not gather more Mofs. I think alio, the Watring of Trees with cold Fountain Water will make them grow full of Mofs. There is a Mofs tht'Perfuviers have, which comcth out ot Apple-Trecs, that hath an excellent fent. Ou^re, particularly for the manner of the growth, and the nature of ir. And for this Experiments fake, being aching of price, I have fet down the lad: Experiments, how to multiply and call on Mofles. Next unto Mof , I will fpeak of CMushreoies , which ate likewife an unperfcft Plant. Tne Mufhtomcs have two ftrange properties; the one, that they yield fo delicious aMeat; theother, that they come upfohaflily, as in a night, and yet they arc unfown. And therefore fuch as arc Upftarts in State, they call in reproach, A^tushromes. It mull needs be therefore, that they be made of much moif^ure; and that moifture fit, grofs, and yet fomewhat coneoded. And (indeed) we findc , that Mushromes caufc the accident, which we call /ncz/iw, or the C^/rfr*- in the Stomach. And there- fore the Surfeit of them may (uflfocate and empoyfon. And this fheweth, that they are windy ; and that windinefs is grofs , and fwelling , not ftarp or griping. And upon the fame reafon Mmhromes are a venercous Meat. It (^entury V l. It isreporced, cljac the Bark ot wliireor i\ed Poplar, (whicn areoftlie moifteft of Trees) cut fmall, and caft into Furrows well dunged, will caufc the ground to put forth Mushromei, at all (ealbnsof the year fit tobceatcn , Ibme add to the mixture Leaven of Bread, rcfolved in Water. It is reported, thnt if a Hilly-field, where the ftubble is ft^nding, be fet on fire, in theftiowry (c.Kon, it will put forth great Itore of Mmhromes. It is reported, that jF/jw-f/or» fliaken, or in rmall pieces, mixed with Dung.ar.d watred, putteth up Mmhromes. And we know that Haw-Horn is of a tat nad clammy fubftance : And it may be 0?:-Horn would do the like. It hath been reported, though it be fcarce credible.that Ivy hath grown out of iStags^Horn; which they (uppofe did rather come from a confrica tion of the Horn upon the Ivy, than from the Horn it fclf. There is not known any fubftance, but Earth, and the Procedeurs of Earth , (as Tile- Stone, &c.) chat yicldethanyMo(s,otHerby fubltancc. There may betryal madeof (bme ^eeds, asthat Fcnnel-Sced, Mu(iard-Seed, and Rape-Seed, put intofomeiirtle holes made in theHornsof Stag?, or Oxen, to fee if they will grow. There is alfo another unperfed Planr,that (in fliew; is like a great Mufli rome : And it is fometimes as broad as ones Hat, which they call a Toads- flool; but it is not Hfculent, and it growcth (commonly) by a dead Stub of a Tree, and likcwifc about the Roots of rotten Trees; and therefore fcemeth totakchis juytcfrom Wood putnhcd. Wnich fliewcch by the way, that Wood puirificd vieldetha frank moirture. TncreisaC^ke that gtoweth upon the fide of a dead Tree, thathath gotten no name, but it is large and of a Chcfaut colour, and hard and pithy ; whereby it fhouldfccm, that even dcadTrces forget not their purtingfotth, no more than the Carcaffes of Mens Bodies that put forth Hair andNails for a time. There is aCodoc Bag that groweth commonly in the Fields ; that at fitft is hard like a Tennis-Bali, and white; and after growth of a Mufhromc colour, and full of light duft upon the breaking ; and is thought to be dan- gerous for the eyes, if the Powocr get into them, and to be good for Kibes. Belike it hath aCorrofive, and fretting Nature. There is an Herb called y«w-£<jr, that groweth uponthcRoots, and lower parts of the Bodies of Trces,cfpecially of Elders, and fometimes Afhcs. Ic hatha ftrange propriety ; for in warm Water, it fwelleth, and opencthex- treamly. It is not green, but of a dusky brown colour. And it is ufed for fquinancie.s and inllamations in the Thtoat, whereby it feemeth to have a mollifving, andlenifvingvertue. There is a kinde of Spongy excrefcence, which groweth chiefly upon theRootsof theLafcr-Trce, aad fometimes upon Cedar, and other Trees. Itisvciy white, and light, and (ryablc; which we czWu^garuk^. It is famous in Pnyfickfor the purging of tougli Fkgm. And it is alio an excellent opcm t for the Liver , but oftlnfivc lo the Stomach j and in tafte it is, at thetiift fwcct and sf.cr bitter. We finde no Siiper-Plant, that is a formed Plant, hu^ A fijfdioe. They have an idle Tradicion, that there is a Bird called a Ulftjfei-Bird, rhat fecdeth upon a Seed, which many tmies flie cannot difgeft, and lo cxpclleth it whole With her Excrement •, which falling upon a Bough of a Tree, that hath lomc rite, piufcth fotth Miffeltoe. But this is a Fable ; for u is no: probable, that Buds fliould Iced upon that they cannot difgclt. Bat allow that. uti5 547- i 1x6 5 57- 5S«- 559- 560. ^atUral hi/lory ; that, yet it cannot be for other R^eafons : For firft, it is found but upon certain Trees} and thole Trees bcarnofuch Fruit, as may allure thatB td to fit andfccd upon them. It may be, that Bird feedeth upon the MilVelcoc- B -Tries, and fo is often found there ; which may have given occafion to the talc. But that which makcth an endof thcqueftion is, that Mifleltoe hath been found to put forth under the Boughs.andnot (oiiely)abovcthcBuugh>; foitcannot be anything that filleth upon the Bough. M fldtoc growcth chiefly upon Crab trees, Apples tret s, fomctimcs uponH tl.s, and rarely uponO-ks i the Milfeltoe whereof is counted \ary Medicinal. ]i js ever green. Winter and Summer, and bciteth a white gliftcring Berry -, and it is a Plant, utterly differing from the Plant, upon which it growcth. Two things thetctorc may be certainly fct down : Firft, that Supcrfxtacion murtbcby abundance of Sap, in the Bough that puttcth it forth. Secondly, that that Sap muft be fuch as the Tree doth cxcern, and cannot aQimihtc, tot eifc it wouidgo into a Bough; and bcfides.it feemeth tobcmoref3tandun£\uous, than the ordinary S-ip of the Tree ; both by the Berry which is clammy, and by that it continucth green Winter and Summer < which the Tree doth not. Th'iS Expefim^trttf Mffcltoe m^y gwc light toother praftices; therefore tryal would be made, by ripping of the Bough of a Crab-tree in the Baik , and watering of the Wound every day, with warm water dunged , to fee if it "A'ould bring forth Miflcltoe, or any fuch like thing. But it were yet more likely, to try it with fome other watering or anointing, that were not fonatu- ral tothe Trceas Watcris; as Oyl, or Barm of Drink, &c. So they be fuch things askillnotthc Bough. It were good to try, what 'Plaius would put forth, if they be forbidden to putfortb their natural Boughs : Powl therefore a Tree, and cover ir, (cmc thicknefs with Clay on the top, and fee what it will put forth. I luppolc it will put forth Roots ; for fo will a Cionr, being turned down into Clay. Therefore in this Experimentalfo, the Tree would be clofed withfomcwhat that is not fo natural to the Plant as Clay is ; try it with Leather, or Cloth, or Painting, lo it be not hurtful to the Tree. And it is certain, that a B. ake h.ith been known to grow out of a Pollard. AMan may count thcPrickcsof Treestobeakinde of Excrcfccnce.for they will never bcBoughs, nor bear Leaves. The Plants that have Prickles, are Thorns, Black and White ; Bryer, Rofe. Lcmmon-trecf, Crab-trcc5, Goosbcrry, Berberry 5 thefe have it in the Bough. The Plants that have Prickles in the Leaf arc, Holly, Juniper, Whin bufli, Ih'llle ; Nettles alfo have a fmallvenemous Prickle ; (ohathBorrage, but harmlefs. The caufc muft be, haftv putting forth, wantof moifture.and thcclolcnefs of the Batk: For the hafte of the Spirit to put forth, and the want of nourifliment toput forth a Bough, andthe clofencfsof theBark, caufe Prickles in Boughs; and therefore thev ate ever like a Tjramis, for that the moiliure fpendeth after a lit. tie putting forth. And for Prickles in Leaves, they come aKoof putting forth more Juyce intothe Leaf, th^t can fprcd in the Leaf fmooh; andtherefore the Leaves otherwife arc rough,is Burrage and Nettles are. As for the Leaves of Holly, they arcfmooth, but never plain, but asitwere wichfolds for the fame caufe. There be ^\{oTu%ts. that though they have no Prickles yet they have a kindc of Downey or Velvet Rine upon their Leafes; as Etfr Campion Stocks GiU'tfloTters, Co/r*-/m ; which DoWn orNapcometh ofafubnle Spirir, in a foft or tat lubftancc. For it is certain, that both St9ck.'Gi!lifloT»ers, and Rofe- Camplens, Century V I. \\1 I CdmpioHt, ftampcd, have been applied ( witli fuccefs ) bo the Wrcflis of j thoic that have had 'Tertun or Qturttn /Igues ; and the Vapor or Colts-foot 'have a (anative vcrtuc towards the Lungs, and the Leaf aho is healing in Surgery. \ Another kindc of Fxcrcfccncc is an Exudation of Plants, joyncd with i Putrcfadion , as wcfecin Oak-Applcs, which 4rc found chiefly upon the I Leaves of Oaks, and the like upon Willows : And Countrcy peoplfc hare a kinde of Predidion, that if the Oak- Apple, broken, be full of Worms, it is afignof apcflilentycar ; vchichis a likely thing, becaufc they grow of cor- ruption. There fs alfo upon .S"i(»*«, or other Brjer, a fine Tuft, or Brafliof Mofs of divers colours ; which if youcuCj you rtiallever findc full of little w hitc Worms. I Tis certain, that f^r/A taken out of the Foundations of f'^ults and Houfes andbottomsof fVelh, and then put into Pots, will put forth fundry kinde of Herbs : Butlbme time if required tor the Germination ; for if it be taken but from a Fathom deep, it will put forth the firfl: year, if much deeper, not till after a year or two. The nature of the Tldtits growing out of the Fartb fo taken up, doth fol- low the nature of the Mould it felf, as if the Mould be ioft and hne, it put- tetli forth foit Herbs ; as GrA/T, 'PlaHtine, and the like : If the Earth be harder and courfer, it puttoth forth Herbs more rough, as Tbljilis, Firs, &c. It is common Experience, that where c/^tf*^/ arc clofc gravelled, the Earth puttcth forth the firft year Knot Graf, and after SfireGraf. The caufc is, for that the hard Gravel or Pebble at the firft laying, will not fuffcr the Graf to come forth upright, but turncth it tofindc his way where it can ; but after that the Earth is fomewhat loofened at the top, the ordinaty Grafs Cometh up. It is reported, thatFarthbeing taken out of fliady and watry Woods, feme depth, and potted, will put forth Herbs of a fat and juycy fubftance; as Pennyteort, Fur (lane, Houfleek, Tenny Rtyal, &t. The Water alio doth fend forth Plants that have no Roots fixed in the bottom; but they arc lefspcrfed Plants being almoft but Leaves, and thole fmallones: Such is that wcaWT) tick Treed, whi<?h hatha Leaf no bigger then a Thyme Leaf, but of a frcfher Green , and puttcth furth a little firing into the Water, far from the bottom. As for the Water-Lillv, it hath a Root in the Ground; and fo have anumbcr of other Herbs that grow in Ponds- It is reported by fome of the y^«n>H/x, andfome o^j</fr>» Teflimony like- wife, that there be fome Plants, that grow upon the top of the Sea; being fuppofed to grow of fomc concretion of Slime from the Water, ^x'hcre the Jiwi heateth hot, and where the y*<iftirrcth little. As for the t^ Ig a Olt anna, I (Sea-lteed) 2nd ErtHgtum {Sea'ThiffW) berth the Rooti ; but have Sea-Tteed un- der the Water, the Sea Tlnftle but upon the Shore. j The i^naenis have noted, that there arc fome Herbs that grow out of Sno-k, laid up dole together, and putritied ; and that they arc all bitcer, and '. they name one efpecially, Flunus, which we caWuHoth-AMtta. It is certain, j that Worms are found in ShoTv commonly, like Earth-worms •, and there- fore it is not unlike, that it may likcwife putforth Plants. The 5^1. 562. f6j. Experiments in Confort, touching (he ! frod'Hinq of [ ferleli Hlantt nithout Seedi, ■ 564. 565- 5^<J. 567. 568. 569. ii8 570. 571. 5 7i. 573. 574. . Expeiimcnts in Confoit, touching fntignPUnti 575' 576. !h(jttural Hi/lory The Ancients have affirmed, that there arc fome Hirbs that grow out of Stone, which may be, for thatitisccrta ii, that Toads liavc been found in the middle of a 1-reeftone. We fee alio, that Flints lying above ground gather Mufs; and Wall-flowers, and (ome other Flowers grow upon Walls. But whether upon the main Bnckor Stone, or whether out of the Lime, or Chinks, is not well obfervcd. For Elders and Aflies have been ftcn to grow out of Steeples-, but they manifeftly grow out of Clefts, infomuch as, when they grow big, they will disjoyn the i)tonc. Andbefides.it is doubtful, whe- ther the Mortar it fclf putteth it forth, or whether fome Seeds be not let fall by Birds. There be likewife Rock- Herbs, but I fuppofc thofe arc , where there is fome Mould or Earth. It hath likewife been found, that great Trees, growing upon Quarries, have put down their Root into the Stone. In feme Mines in Gem/iny, as is reported, there grow in the bottom Vegetables; and the Workfolks ufcto fay, Tney have 0^rf^»f4/ Fertue, and will not (uffer men together them. The Sea-fands feldom bear Plants. Whereof the caufc is yielded by fome of the Ancients, for that the Sunexhaleththe Moifture, before it can incorporate with the Earth, and yield a Noutifliraentfot the Plant. And it is affirmed alfo, that Sand hath (always) his Root in Clay ; and that there be no Veins of ^and, atiy great depth within the Earth . It is certain, that fome Plants put forth for a time of their own ftorc, without any Nouriflimem from Earth. Water.Stonc, &c. Of v/hkh,videtht Experiment 2^. IT is reported. That Earth that was brought out of the 7»(/i«, and other remote Countreys fotBallaftfor Ships, call upon fome Grounds in Jtalj,did put forth Foreign Herbs, tons in £«repe not known ; and, that which is more, that of their Roots, Barks, and Seeds, contufed together, and mingled with other Earth, and well watred with warm Water, there came forth Herbs much like rhe other. Plants, brought out of hot Gouiitrcys, will endeavor toput forth at the fame time, that they do ufually do in their own dimatc j and therefore to preferve them, there is no more required than to keep them from the injury of putting back by Cold. It is reported alfo, that Grain out of the hotter Countreys tranflated into the Colder, will be more foreward than the ordi. nary Grain of the cold Countrey. ,, It is likely, that this will prove better in Grains, than in Trees j for that Grains are but Annual, andfothc vertucof the Seed is not worn out j whereas in a Tree, it is embafed by the Ground, to which it is removed. Many Plants, which grow in the hotter Countreys,being fet in the colder, will neverthelcfs, even in thofe cold Countreys , being fown of Seeds late in the Spring come up and abide mofl part of the Summer ; as wc finde it in Orengc, and Lemmon Seeds, Sec. The Seeds whereof, fown in the end of K^pril. will bring forth excellent Sallets, mingled with other Herbs. And I doubt not , but the Seeds of Clove- Trees, and Pepper- Seeds &c. If they cowldconie hither Green enough to be fown, would do the like. There Century V I. u? T Here be fomc f/oli-erf, Blofims, Grdtns, and Fruits, which come mot<i 577. cariy , and others which come more lace in the year. The Flowers Experiments that come early with us, arc, Frime-Rafes, Fislets, t^nemmes, fVater'*Daffa '"Confoit, <fjC/«, Cr$(H4 Virnm, and fome early Tultppa's. comtforihi A J -- touching the . , .- /^nd they arc all cold Plants, se^ron.in which therefore (as itfiioald fccm) hive a quicker Perception ot the heat ''>""' of the Sun increafing, than the hot Herbs have, as a cold hand wjU (ooncr finde a little warmth, than a hot. And thole th:itcome next after, arc Wall- Flowcrs, Gowllipf, Hyacinths, Rofemary-flowcrs, (Sec. And after them Pinks, Rofcs, Flowerdeluccs, &c. And the latcll are, Gillv-flowers, Holly- Oaks, Larks-Foot, &c. Thcearlieft Bloffomsarc, the Blciromsof Pca^.^es, Almonds, Gjrnelians.Mczerions, &c. And they are of luch Trees, as have much moifture, either Watery, or Oyly. And therefore Cr^cwrfrww alfo, being an fjcrb that hath an Oyly Juyce, puttcch forth early. For thole alfo* finde the Sun Iboncr than the dryct Trees. The Grains are, firft Rvc and Wheat, then Oats and Barley, then Pcafe and Beans; for though Green Peafc and Beans be eaten fooner, yet the dry ones thatareufed fotHorfc- ment, are ripe laft ; and it feemeth, that the fatter Grain comethfirlf. The carlieft Fruits are, Strawberries, Cherries, Goofeberries, Corrans ; and after them early Apples, early Pears, Apricots, Rafps ; and after them, Da- , mofins, ind moll kuide of Plumbs,Peaches,(5cc. And the lateft are, Apples, Wardens, Grapes, Nuts, Quinces, Almonds, Sloes, Bricf-berries, Heps, Medlars, Servicer, Cornelians, «Scc. Ic is to be noted. That (commonly) Trecjs that ripen lateft. blofTom fooncrt J as Peaches Cornelrans, Sloes, Almonds, &c. And'it fcemcth to be a work of providence that they bloflbm fo foon, for otherwifc they could not have the ^un long enough to ripen; There be Frwits (but rarely) that come twice a year; asfomc Pears, Strawberries, &c. And it fcemcth, they are fuch as abound with oourifli- ment, whereby after one period, before the Sun waxeth too weak, they can endure another. The P'lolet alfo, amongft Flowers, cometh twice a year, efpecially the double White j and that alfo is a Plant full of moi- fture. ^o/w come twice, but it is not without cuttii>g, as hath been formcrlv faid. In CMttfcovid, though the Corn come not up tilUate Spring, y« their Harvell is as early as ours. Tiie caufc is, for that theftrengthof the Ground is kept in with the Snow ; and we fee with us, that if it boa long Winter, it is commonly a more plentiful year: Andafterthofe kiode of Winters likc- wifc, the Flowers and Corn which are earlier and later, do come com- monly at once, and at the fame time ; which troublcch the Husbandman many times : For you null have Red-Rofes and Damask-Rofcs comctogc- thcr, and likewile the Harvell of Wheat and Barley. But this hapneth ever, for that the earlier ftayeth the later, and not that tire larcr cometh fooner. There be divers Fruit Trees, in the hot Countreys, which have Blof- foms, and young fruit, and ripe fruit, almoft all the year , lucceeding one another. And it is faid, the Orenge hath the like with us, for a great part of Summer, and fo alfo hach the Fig. And no doubt, the Natural Motion of Bhiits is to have fo: But that eithetthcy want juycetofpend, or they meet with the cold of the Winter. And therefore tfaisCirdtof ripening cannot be, but in fuccnlent Plants, and hot Conntrcys. j'LauI il. Some no J\Qitural hi/lory ; 5S;. Expeiimcnts in Con(oit, tauchii\gthe Ltfling of Httbt and Trtis. 584. 585. 586. 587. Some Herbs are butt/annual, and die Root and all once a year ; as Bot- rage, Lemce, Cucumliers, Almk: Melons, Bafil, Tobacco, Mu^/dritfeed, andall kinccs of Corn ; fomc continue many years, ^^Hyffope, Cermander, Lavender, Fennel, &c. The caule of" the Dying is double ; the firft is, the tcndcrncls and weakness of the Seed, which maketh the period in alrrall time, as it is in Borrage. Lettuce, Cucumbers, Corn, &c. And therefore none of thcic arc hot. The other caufe is, for that fome Herbs can worlc endure cold, is Safil, Tobacco, Muftard feed ; and thclc have (all) much heat. THe lafting of Plants, is moft in thofc that arc largeft of Bodv, as Oaks, Elm.Chefnut.thc Loat~tTee,&c. And this holdeth in Trees, but in Herbs it is often contrary ; for Borrage, Coleworts, Pompions. svhich are Herbs of thclargeft fize, are of fmall durance; whereas Hjjfopc, li^tnter-Savorj, Germander, Time, Sage, will laft long. The caufe is, for tlut Trees hft ac- cording tp the ftrength, and quantity of rficir Sap and Juvce, being well munitcd by their Bark, againft the injuries of the Air : But Herbs draw a weak juycc, and have a loft Stalk ; and therefore thofe a- mongft them which laft longcft, are Herbs of ftrong fmcll, and with a fticky ftalk. Trees that bear Mali and Nuts, are commonlv more lafting thnn thofc that bear Fruits, efpeciallythemoifter Fruits; as Oaks, Beeches. Chcfnuts, Walnuts, Almonds, Pine trees, ice. laftlonger thanApples, Pears, Plumbs, dec. Thecaufcis.thefatnefs, andoylinefs oftheSapj which ever wafteth lefs, than the more Watry. Trees that bring forth their Leaves late in the year, and caft them like- wife late, arc more lafting than thofc that fprout their Leaves early^, orfhcd them betimes. The caufe is, forthatthclatccoming fortb, fl^eweth a moi- fture more fixed > and the other loofc, and more calily relolved. And the fame caufe is, that wildc Trees laft longer than Garden-trees ; and in the fame kinde, thofc whofe Fruit is acide more than thofe whofc Fruit is fwce^ Nothing procureth the laftingof Trees, Bufhci, and Herbs, fo much as often cutti.ig ; for every cutting caufeth a renovation of the Ju\cc of the Plant; that it neither goeth lb far, nor rifcth fo faintly, as when the Plant is not cut : Infomuch, as tyinnual 'Plants, if you cut them fca- fonably, and will fpare the ulc of them . and fuffer them to come Up ftill young, V'ill laft more years than one, as hath been partly touched ; fuch as is Lettuce, Purflane, Cucumber, and the like. And for great Trees, we fee almoft all overgrovrn Trees in Church-yards, or near ancient Building, and the like, are Pollards or Dottards, and not Trees ac their full height. Some Experiment would be made, how by Art to make Plants more laftinw than their ordinary peri d; as to make a Stalk of Wheat, &c. laft a whole year. You mufteverprefuppcfe, thatyou handle it fo, as the Winter killethitnot; for we (peak oncly of prolonging the Natural Period. I con- ceive, that the Rule will hold.That whatfoevcr maketh the Herb come later, than at his time will make it laft longer time : It were good to trv it in a Stalk of Wheat, &c. fctin thefliadc, and encompalfed withacafcof Wood, not touching the Stra^ryto keep out open Air. As for thePrelervation of Fruits, as well upon the Tree or Stalk, as gathered ,we ftiall handle it under the Title of Confervation of Bodies. The (^cntury V L Ut He Particular Figures of T/^Hrnvc leave to their dtfcripcions, butfbmc 5^8 ^ few things in general, \vc will oblcr/c. Trees and Herbs, in the grow- ' ^"i"'""'^" ing forth ot cV.eir Boughs. ind Branches, arc not figured, and keep no order. ' io^hma'th; The caufc is, for chat tnc Sap, being rcflraincd in the Rinde and Bark.break- j \'---trai °fi- ethnot forth at all, (as in the Bodies of Trees, and Stalks of Herbs,) till I |"^,7./^ they begin to branch, nnd then, when they make an eruption, they break | forth calually, where they Fnde beij way in the Bark or Rinde. It is true, ' thatfome Trees arc more fcattcred in their Boughs-. ^% Sullo-^ trees, PFurden- trees, Quince-trees, Aledlar-trces, Lemmon trees, &c. Some arc more in the form of a Tpamis, and come almoftto tod j as the Pear-trees (which the C i- ru/'/ will have to borrow his name of wtTj Fire) Orenge-trees, Fir-trees, Service trees, Lime-trees, &c. And fome arc more fpred and broad, as Beeches, Horn- beAm,&c. The rcfl arc more indifferent. The caufc of fcatterihg the Coughs is, the haffy brc.iking forthof thcSap j and therefore thofc Trees rife not in a B< -dy of my height, but Branch near the Ground. The caufc of the Tyrawisis, the keeping in of the Sap long before it branch, and the fpend- ingof it, whcnic bcginneth to branch, by equal degrees : The fprcding is canfed, by the carrying up of the Sap plentifully, without expencc, and then puttingit forth fpeedily, and at once. There be divers Herbs, but no Trees, that may be faid to have fome 5 ^'-^• kinde of order, in the putting forth of their Leaves : For they have joynts, or Knuckles, as it were ftopsin their Germination; as have Gilliflo-^ers, Pinks, Fennel, Corn, Reeds, and Canes. The caufc whereof is, for that the Sap afcend- cth unequally, and doth (as it were) tire and flop by the way. And it fcem- cth, they have fome clofcnels and hardnefs in their Stalk, which hindereth the Sap from going up, until it hath gathered into a knot, and foil more urfTed to put forth. And therefore, they arc mcflof them hollow, when the Stalk is dry J ^s Fennel Stalkj, Stubble, andC<ene.r. Flowers have (allj cxquifite Figures, and the Flower numbers arc 590. (chiefly) five and four; i$ in Trime-Rofes, Brjfer-Mofes.fwgle (JHtuk:JRofes, fingle Pinks, and CiHifls'Ti?ers,&c. which have five Leaves j Lillies, Florter-de-/itces, Borage, Bitglofi &c. w hich have four Leaves. But fomeputforth Leaves not numbrcd, but they are ever fmall ones ; as Marigalds, Trifole, &c. We fee alio, that the Sockets, and Supporters of Flowers, arc Figured ; as in the five Brethren of the IRofe, Sockets of GiUiflo'^ers,&c. Leaves alio are all fi^Lired, (ome round, fome long, none fquare, and many jagged on the (Ides ; which Leaves of Ftoteers fcldom arc. For, I account, the jagging of rink.s, and Gil- hjioTiers, to belike the incqualityof Oak.leaves, of Ftne'leaves,otthc like ; but they fcldom or nsver have any fmall Purls. OF rUnts fome few put forth their Bloffoms before their Leaves ; as t^lmomis, reaches^ Cornelians, BUck-Thtrn,&c. But mofl put forth fome Leaves before their Blolfoms ; as (Apples, Pejrs, Plumbs, Cherry, fVlute-'thorn, U'c The caufc is for thatthofe thaCput forth their BlofTomsfirft.have either an acute and fiiarp fpirit ; (and there!orc commonly they all put forth early in the 5";rm^, and ripen very late, as mofl of the particulars before mention- ed) orellcan oyly Juyce, which is aptcr to put out Flowers than Leaves. Ot P/j«rj fome arc Green all Winter, othcrscall their Leaves. There areGrccn all "W'intcr, Holly, hy, Bo.v, Firr. Hugh, Cyprei?, Juniper, ^ays, Rofe- »>.i)K &i. The caufc of the holding Green, U theclofe andcompaa fub- ' M rtance 591. Evpciiments in Confoit, touchiog S',mt principal iiifferencti ;'■ PUntt. 5 9 2-. 122 59h 594- 59<5. J\(atHral hijlory ; ftancc of their Leavc«,and the Pedicles of them. And the diifc of chat again, is, cither the tough and vifcous Juycc of the Plant, or the ilrci gih and heat thereof. Of the firft fort, is HoUj\ which isof To vifcou> a luyce, as they make Birdlime of the Bark of it. TheSiaikof /f; is tough, and not fragile, as wc fee it in other fmall Twigs dry. Fm yieldeth I'icch. Box is a iati and heavy "Wood, as we fee it in Bowls. Eugh is a flroiig and tough Wood, as we fee it in Bows. Of the fccond fort,is7«»>/'*r, whichisa Wood odoratc, andmaketh a hot Fire. Bujs is likowife a hot and aroojarical Wood, and fo if RofemAtj for a Shrub. As tor the Leave?, their dcnfity appeareih in that, cither they are Imoothand fhining, asin^rf^J, HoJlj, Ivj-,Box, &c. or in that they are hard and fpirv, as in the reft. And tryal would be made of Grafting of .ffoyeHwr;', and ^4^;, and Box, upon a Ho//; Stoek,becaufc they are Plants that come all Winter. It were good to try it alio with Grafts of other Trees, either Froit trees, or Wild-trees, to fee whether ihey will not yield their Fruit, or bear their Leaves later, and longer in the Winter j bccauli? t!ie Sap of the Hollj puctethfotth molt in the Winter. It may be alfo a Mezerion-trec grafted upon a Holly, will prove both an earlier, and a greater Tiee. There be fome Plants that bear no Flower, and yet bear Fruit ; there be fome that bear Flowers, and no Fruit ■■> there be fome that bear neither Flowers nor Fruit. Moft of the great Timber.trecs, (as Oaks, Becches,&c.; bearno apparent Flowers ; fome few (likcwi(c) of the Fruit-trees, as Mul- berry, Walnuts, &c. And fome Shrubs, (as Juniper. Holly, &c.) bear no Flowers. Divers Heibs alfo bear ^eeds, (which is as the Fruic,) and yet bear noFlowerf, asPurllant',&c. Thofe that bear Flowers, and noFmit, are few, as the double Cherry, theSallow, &c. But for the Cherry, it is doubtful, whether it be not by Art or Culture j for if it be by Art, then tryal would be made,whether Apples and other Fruits Bloflbms may not be doubled. There are fome few, that bearneither Fruit, nor Flower; as the Elm, tine Poplars, Box, Braks,&c. There be fome Plants that fhoot ftill upwards, and can fupportjhcm. felves, as the greateft part of Trees and Plants: There be fome other, that creep along the Ground, or wind about other Trees, or props, and cannot fupport thcmfelves ; as Vines, Ivy, Bryar, Briony,' Wood-bines, Hops, Climatis, Camomil. &c. The caufe is, (as hath been partly touched) for that all Plants, (naturally) moveupwardsj but if the Sap put up toofaft.itmakcth a flendcr Stalk, which will not fupport the weight ; and therefore thefe latter fort are allfwift and hafty comers. THc hrrt and moft ordinary help is Stercoration. ThtSheeps-inng isoneof the bcft; and next, the 'Dung oi Kitie; and thirdly, that of Horfes, which is held to be fomewhat too hot, unlefs it be mingled ; that of ^Pigeons for a Garden, as a fmall quantity of Ground, excelleth. The ordering of Pungis, ifthc Ground be Arabic, to Ipred it immediately before the Plough- ing and Sowing, and fo to Plough it in : For if you fpred it long before, the Sunwilldrawoutmuchof the fatnefs of the Dung; If the Ground be Grazing Ground, to fprcd it fomewhat late towards Winter, that the Sun msy have thclcis power to dry it up. Asfor fpecial CompoHs for Gardens (as a Hot Bed,&c.) we have handled them before. Tiicfcond kindeofCompoftiSjihefpreding of divers kindes of Earth j as mitrl, CLtll^, Sea Saml, Earth vipon Earth, Pond- Earth, and the mixtures of them. Olf,trl is thought to be tlic bcfl, as having moft fatnefs. And not heating i (Jcntury V^ L heating the Ground too much. The next is Sea-fuHH^ which (no doubt) obtained a fpccial vertuc bv the Salt; for Saltisthc firll rudimenc ot lite. Chalk ovcr-ncatcth the Ground a little; and therefore is belt upon cold Clay Grounds, or moift Grounds : Butlheard a great //wtW lay, thatitwas a common error to think that Chalk helpeth Airable Grounds, but hclpcth not Grazing Grounds, whereas (.indeed) it hrlpcch Grafs as well as Corn. But that which brccdcth the error is, bccaufe after the chalking of the Ground, they wear it out with many Crops, without reft ; and then (indeed) afterwards it will bear little Grafs; bccaufe the Ground is tired out. Ic were good to try the laying of Chalk upon Airable Grounds, a little while before Ploughing, and to Plough it in, as they do the Dung ; bucthenirmuftbc' Friable firft, by Rain or L\ ing : A'J for Earth it compaffeth ic Iclf j for I knew a, grcA.t Garden, that had a Field (m amannerJ poured upon k, ahdit did bear Fruit excellently the firft year of the Planting; for the Surface of the f/rr/jis ever the fruitfullcll:: And farth lo prepared hath a double Sur- face. But it is true, as I conceive, that fuch^jr;/; as huth S" Alt-Peter brtdin it, it you can procure it without too much charge, doth excel. The way to haflcn the breeding of S'alt-reter, is to forbid the Sun, and the growth of Vegetables. And therefore, if you make a large Hovel, thatched, over fome quantity of Ground ; nay, if youdo but planck the Ground over, ic will breed Salt-Peter. As (otTond-earth or River-earth, it is a Very goodcompoft, cfpccially, if the 'Powfi have been long uncleanfed, and fo the Water be not too hungry j and I judge it will be yet better, if there be Itfflie mix-ture, of Chalk. The third help of Ground is, by fomc other Subftances that have ver- tuc to make Ground Fertile, though they be not meerly Earth, wherein Afhcs excel ; infomuch as the Coimtreys about c/iCrw^ and /^t'/wviw have akindeof amerds made them, for the milchief the eruptions (many times) do, by the exceeding fruitfulncfs of the IbyL caufed bv thcAftcs fcattcrcd about. Soot alfo, though thin, fprcd in a/vVW or Garden, istrycdto be a very good compoft. For Salt it is too coftly ; butitistryed, that mingled with Sccd- corn, and fown together, it doch good: And I am of opinion, that Chalk in /■oWtr, mingled with Sccd-corn,woulddogood; perhaps asmuch as Chalk- ing the Ground all over. As for the ftccping of the Seeds in fevcral mixtures with Water, togive them vigor, or watring GrounJs withCompoft-watcr, wc have fpokenof them before. The tourth help of Ground is, the fufFcring of Vegetables to die into the Ground, and fo to fatten it ; as the Stubble of Corn, efpccially Peafe. Brakes cart upon the Ground in the beginning of Winter, will make it very fruitful. It were good {alfo)totry whether Leaves of Trees fwept together, Vvith tome ( halk and Dung mixed, togive them more heart, would not -make a good Corrpoft : For there is nothing loft, fomuch as Leaves of Trees, and as they lie Icattercd, and without mixture, they rather make the Ground four, thanothervxifc. The fch help ot Ground is, Heat and Warmth. It hath been arcicntly pra(f^ifcd to burn Heath, and Ltng and Sedge, with the vantage of the Wind, upontheGrounJ. We fee, that Witmth of Walls and Inclofurcj, mendcth Ground; wc fee alfo, that lyjng open ro the .?<;«»/;, mcndeth Ground ; we fee again that the Foldings of ihecphelp Gound as well by their warmth, as by their compoft: And it may be doubted, whether the covering of the Ground with Br.ikfs, in the beginning of the Winter (whereof we fpakc in the laft Experiment) hclpcth it not, by reafon of the Warmth. Nay, fomc very good M 2. Husbandi J 124 ^oo. ^Q? !J\Qitural Hiftory ; Husbands do fufped, thatthc gathering up of Flints in Flinty Ground, and laying them on heaps (uhich is muchuled) is no good Husbandry forthat they would keep the Ground warm. The fixth help of Ground is, by Watring and Irrigation, which it in two manners ; The one by Letting in, and iihutting out Waters, at fcafon- ablc times \ for Water, at lome fealbns, and with rcafonablc ftay, doth good ; but at fomc other fealbns, and with too long Iby, doth hurt. And this fcrveth oncly for Meadows, which are along lome River. The other way is to bring Water from fome hanging Groundt, where there arc Springs into the lower Grounds, carrying ic in fome long Furrows ; and from thole Furrows, drawing it traverfe to fprcd the Water : And this makcth an excel- lent improvement, both for Corn and Grafs. It is the richer, if thofe hang- ing Grounds, be fruitful, becaufe it walheih oft fomc of tlic fatnefs of the Earthj but howfoever it profitcth much. Generallywherc there arc great overflows in Fens, or the like, the drowning of them in the Winter, makcth the !>ummer following more fruitful: Thecaufemaybefor, that it kccpeth the Ground warm, and nourifheth it. But the Fen men hold,that the Sewers muft be keptfo, as the Water may not ftay too long in the Spring , till the Weeds and Sedge be grown up ; for then the Ground vfill belike a Wood which kecpeth out the Sun, and focontinucth the wet ; whereby it will never graze (to purpolc) that year. Thus much for Irrigation ; but for Avoidances, and Drainings of Water, where there is too much, and the helps of Ground in that kinde, wc (hall (peak of tk«m in another place. NATURAL ',■*■. - iiCA^ i^ixi ^' 'V ic_iiS i'V.V mj-- •J't-'J^ :i;^U/;i>ia9» JCVtiiHiSK if^T Oi.'Oi» JC,-^ vu_'^ *i;«J <«.'.y j?,' .iJ*iiVi4IW NATURAL HISTORY Century VII, He differences between ylmmate and Inanmate Bodies, wc fliall handle fully under the Title ot Lift, and Zipjw/ Spirits, and 'Po-wers. We fhall therefore make but a brief mention of them in this place. The main differences are two. All Bodies htve Spirits, and Pneumatical parts within them ; but the main differences between Ani- mate and Inm'mate are two. The firft is, that the Spirits of things animate, are all contined with themfelvcs, andarebranched in Veins, and fecretSanales, as Blood is: And in Living Creatures, the Spirits have not oncly Branches, but certain Sells or Scats, whcrethe principal Spirits do refide, and wheceuntothcreftdo refort ; But the Spirits in things Inanimate are fhut in, and cut offby the Tangible pnrtfe'; and are not pervious one to another, as Air is in Snow. The fecond main dificrencc is, that the Spirits of Animate Bodies are all in fome degree (more or Icfs) kindled and inflamed;, and have a fine commixture of Flame, and an iErial fublfance : But Inanimate Bodies have their Spirits no whitin- flamed or kindled. And this difference confiffeth not in the Heat or Cool- ncfs of Spirits ; for Cltvcs and other Spices, Nupthu and ^Petroleum, have ex- ceeding hot Spirits (hotter a great deal than Oy/, PViix, or T-iUo^v, &i.) but not inflamed- And when any of thofe weak and temperate Bodies come to be inllamed, thanthcy gather amuch greater heat, than others have unin- flamcd, bcfides their light and motion, &c. The differences which are fecondary, and proceed from tlicfe two ra- dical differences are, firft, 'Plants arc all Hguratc and determinate, which inanimate Bodies arc not; for look how far the Spirit is able tofpred and continue it felf, lo fargocth the fhapc or figure, and then is determined. Secondly, pl4l^s do nourifh, inanimate Bodies do not ; chcy have an Accre- tion, but no Alimentation. Thirdly, P/4«tJ have a period of life, which in- animate Bodies have not. Fourthly, they have afucccflion aiid propagation of their kinuc, which is not in Bodies inanimate. M :; The •l-'2i5 501, Experiments in Coofoit, touching the affinities and Differences, hetueen Plants and I nanimate Bodies. 602. \l6 6-0;. 504. 605. 3\Qitural hifiory • 6c6. &0.7' i Experiments in Con(6it> kouchingthc ^fjinilici and I IJiffertmei of Pttcnti, and I Liiiw^Crei- the Confinet and I'arl'tciples 1 of them. 60S. 1 he dilVcrcncfs between />/.««». and 3/a.iA. or Fofiles bcfidcsthofc four bcforcmcntioncd, (tor^^M// I bold inanimate) arc thdc : Firft, Cl/etals are more durable than Tims : Sccondlv, they arc more lolid and hard : -1 hirdly, dicv arc wholly lubtcrrany, whcrcns J'Ums :irc part above Jrauh, and part iindfr £(i:r/;. r t -kt r j ' There be very few Crr^r^rf^ that participate ot the Nature ot Ilanis, and Metals both; Cor^iiscnc of the ncarefl of bothkindcs, another is Fitriol, forthatisaptclltolproutwithmoifture. .,, , cd r . '■ Another Ipccial Affinity is between rims and Mould, or tutrefM.ton: ! ForallFutrcfaaion, (if it diifolTe notih Atcfaftion) will in thecndifTiicin- i to/'^»;»orL.v/«if C.<«r»mbredofPutrefaaion. 1 account (L;^^/, andA////^- romes and J'rauck, and other of thole kindcs, to be but Moulds of the GrouDd, ' Walls andf rcct.and the like. As for Flcsb. and/,;/;, and UUms thcmielvcs, and a number oi other things, after a ol/oz-W/^f/, ox Roucmcji, ot Corru^ttng. they will fall to breed JVorms. Thefc Putrefadions, which have Jffimty v^ith /^/4»rJ. have this difference from them; that they have no lucceffionorpro- pagation, though they nourifh, and have a period ot Lite, and have Jlkc^»'iic fume Figure. , ,. r .1 c Ileftoncc bv chance, aCirroHCUt in a cloicroom, for three bummer- moncths. that i was abfent ; and at my return, there ycre gro^^ n forthout of the Pith cur. T«/f^ot Hatrs,zn inchlong, withlittlc black Heads as it they would have been fome Herk » ri-»Hc"Atfinitics and Differences between •P/rf«r^ andZJvi>j? Cremresy arc I tUcfc that follow. They have both of them Jfirif; continued and branched and alfo inflamed. But lirl^ in Ltymg Creatures the Sfmts have a Cei or Seat, which Plants have not, as was alfo formerly laid. And fecondly, the SpnUsoiUvmg Creatures hold more of Flame, than the Spiritsoi Plants 60 i and thcfe two are the Radical differences. For the Secondary differences, thev arc as follow. Firfl, Plants arc all fixed to the Earth ; whereas all Living Creatures arc fevered, and of themfelvei. Secondly. Living Creatures have Local Motion. Plants have not. Thirdly, Living Creatures nounni from their upper parts by the Mouth chiefly •, Plants nourifh from below, namely fnom the Roots. Fourthlv, PlantshavcthcirSecd and Seminal parts upper- mol^ Livincr Creatures have them lowcrmoft ", and therefore it was laid, not lilc'^inth alone, butPhilofophically: Horns eft Plants inverfa . ^fanishh a Planttwud .,pi>^ards ; For the Root in Plant;, isas the Head in Living Crea- tures ri;thly, LtvitKT Creaturesh:xvc a more exaa Figure than Plants. Sixthly, ' Uvinc'^ rcatureshaVc more diverhtyof Organs within their Bodies and (as ' it were; inward Figures than Plants have. Scventhly.Living Creatures have ! ^cnlcwhich Plant^havenot. Eigiitly, Living Creatures have Voluntary I Motion^ which Plants have not. For thediflcrcnccof Sexes inTlants, they arc oftentimes bv namediflin- ' cruifllcd j as A^ale-Pioiiy, Female- Fiony ; O^ale Rofeinary, Female-Rofemarj ; Hr- ' Holly,' She-Holly, &<. But Generation by Copulation (certainly) cxtendeth hot to Plants. The ncareft approach of it, is between theHe-Palm. and the
8bc-P.ilm, which (.IS they report) if they grow near, incline the one to the
i othcrv infomuch.is, (that which is more flrange; they doubt not to report, •: that to keep the Trees upright from bending, theytye Ropes or Lines trom ' tliconeto the other, ;that the contad might be enjoyncdby the contadtot a middle iiody. But this may be feigned, or at leafl: amplified. Neverthdcls, 1 Century V 1 1. J. I am apt cnungh to think, that this fame Biiuiriiim of a flrongcr aad a weaker, I like unto JMafcuUnc and Fnnivim', dotli hol.i in all Living Bodies. It is con- founded (omciimcs ■., as in fome Creatures of I'utrebcliun, wherein no mark? . of diftindion appear ; and it is doubled lomctimcs, asinHcrnuiphrpditcs: • but ffcncrally there is a dcgrceof ftrength inmoftS'pccies. . ' The Participles or Confincrs between Flants and Living Creatures, are fuchchiefly as are fixed, and have not Local Motion of remove ,- thougia diey have a Motion in their parts, luciias arc Oyfters, Cockles, andfuch like, Thercis atabuIousNarration, Thatinthc NorthernCouninys there fliouldbe an Herb that growethin the likenefs of a L.niib, and feedcth upon the Grafs, infuch fort, as it will bear thcGrais round about. But, I i'uppofe, that the Figure makcth the Fable 5 for lo wcfce there beBcG-flovvcrs, &c. And as for the Grafs, it fccmcth the Plant, having a great ft.ilk and top, doth prey upon the Grafs a good way about , by dra\ving the Juycc ui the £rfr//; from it. j (Joq. THcIndiAit f/g bowcth his Roots dosvnfolov^'in one year, asof itfelfit raketh Root again ; and lb multiplieth from Root to Root, making ol
one Tree a kindcof Wood. Tiiecaufeis, the plenty of the Sap, and the
j foftnclsof theftalk, which maketh the Bough, being over-loaien, andnot l.ftiffly upheld, weigh down. It hath Leaves as broad as a little Target, but I the Fruitno bigger than Beans. The caufe is, for that the continual fhade in- crealcththeLeavcs, and abateth the Fruit; which neverthclcfs is of a plea- fant tafte. And that tno doubt) is caufed, by the fupplcnefsandgcntlcnefs of the juycc of that Plant, being that vrhich maketh the Boughs alfo fo flexible. It is reported by one of the t^ttcknts^ that there is a certain Indian Tree, ha ring few, but very great Leaves, three cubits long, and two broad ,• and that the Fruit being of good tafte, growethoucof thcBark. It may be. there be Plants thatpour out the .Sap Id faft, as they haveno leifure, cither to divide j into many Leaves, or to put forth St dks to the Fruit. With us Trees genc- 1 rally have Imall Leaves in comparifon. The /j^ hath the greatcft, and next it the Pirtf, Mulberry, Sind Sycamore, andthe leaftare thofeof thc/^/ffoTi^, Birch, , and Umn. But there be found Herbs with fargrcater Leaves ihan any Tree ; as the Bnr, Gourd, Cucumbe", and Colexvort. The caufc is, (like to that of thtJn- dian %) the hafty and plentiful putting forth of the Sap. There be three things in ufc for iVcctnefs, Su^ar, Honey, Mmna. For i Sugar, to the indents it Was fcarcc known, and little ufed. It is found in j Cane J ; Qu^re, whether to the firft Knuckle, or further up? and whether the very Bark of the Cane ic fclf do yield Sugar, or no ? Yov Honey, the See
makedi it, or gathereth it ; but I have heard from one, that was induftrious
j in Husbandrv, thatthelabor of the Bee is about the Wax, and that he hath I known in the beginning of ;!</:«/, Honey-Combs empty of Honey, and within a fortnight, when the iwect Dews fall, filled like a Cellar. It is reported by fome of the t_/incients ,t\^Oit there is a Tree called Ofc/j(M, in the Valleys o; Hyr- cania, that diftilleth Honey in the Mornings. It is not unlike, that the Sap and Fears of fome Trees maybe fweet. Itmaybealfo,thatl"omcl"vveet juy- ces, fit for many ufcs, may bcconco(Scd out of Fruits, to the thickncfs of Honey, or perhaps of Sugar ; the likelicfl are Rafins of the Sun, Figs, and Corrans : The Means may be enquired. Thz^incientt report of a Tree, h'^tht PerfianSeA, upon the Shorc-fands, which 6 let. Experiment! PromlTcuous touching I'Un.s. 611. 612. 61^. 62 1. 6iz. ^7\(att4ral Hijlory ; which is iiourifhcdwiththc^alt-watcr ; and \\ hcntnc Tide cbbcth, you Ihall (ccfhe Roots, as it were, bue without Bark (being, asicfecmetli, corroded by the Salt) and gralping tliu Sands like a Crab , which ncvcrtheicis bcarcth a Fniir. It wcrcgoodto try fomc hard Trees, asg -Sctvicc-Trccor Fir-Tree, by fetting tnem within the Sands. Thtrcbc of Plants which they ulc for Garments, chcl; that follow, Hemp, Flax, Cotton, Nettles, (whereof they make Nettle Cloth) Sericum, which isa growing Silk; they make alfo C4W« of ihc B/irk^oi Lnne-Trees. Itisthc 5f4/;^ihat makcfh the FtUtceom matter commonly, and fomctmics the^o-an that grovveih above. Tney have in fomc Countreys, a Plant af a Rofe-colour, which fhurteth in the Night, openeih in the Morning, and opcnech wioc at Noon ; which the Inhabitinisof tholc Countreys fay, is a Plant that flecpcth. 1 here be Slecp- crsenough then; for almofl all blowers do the like. Some Plants there arc, but rare, chat Iiavea Moflle or Downy. Root, and likewife that haveai, umber ct Threds like Beards, s^UMandral-es; whereofi Witches z\\6lmpofti)rs make an Ugly Image, giving itthcformot a face at the j top of the Root, and leave thofe firings to make a broad Beard down to the I foot. Alio there is a kmdcof A'^zriim Creet (being a kinde of Thu) thathatii ' a Root hairv. hke a Rough-footed Dovc?^ toot, So as you may fee, there are of Roots, BnlbtiK Roots , I'tbrou^ Roots, and Hirfute Roots. And, 1 take it, in the BHtbous, the Sapivilluetb moltto the Air and ^un : hMhc Fibrotis, the S.tp de» lighfcth more in tht Earth, and therefore puttcth downward ; and the Hir- fute hi m\M\f.:bct^cii\ both, that befides the puttmgforth upwards and downwards, puttcth fortn in round. ThtitZKciomtT ears oi Trees which are kcmbcd fiom the Beards o^ Goats; for when theGo/ifJ bite and crop them, dpecially in the Mornmgs, the Dew beir g on, the Teat cooicth forth, and hangeth upon taeir Beards ; Of this fort islome kinde ot XrfrfjwKwl The irrigation of the Plane-tree by Wine,: rs reported by die t^ticients, to make it fiuitful. It wouldbe trycd likcwifeti'ithKoots; for upon Seeds it worketh no grcatifFeO:, The way to carry Foreign Roots-, a long way. is to v<flcl themclofe in Earthen vefTels ; but if tlie Vtflllsbenot very great, you mud make fome holes in the bottom, to give fomc rcfrcfiiment to the Roots; which other- wife (.IS it feemeth) will decay, an'd lutlbcate. The ancient Omamm, was, of all other Plants, while it grew, the diycfl ; and thofe things which arc known to comtort other Plants , d-id make that more flcril ; for in fhovvcrs it profpcred Wuril : It grew alio amongft Bufhcs of other kindts, where commonly Plantsco rot thrive, neither did it love the Sun. There might be one caule of all thofe effcds , namely, j the fparing nourifhmcnt, which that Plant required. ^x.re, how fir ! CVr/fw, which is now the lubflitute of Cinnavtott, doth participate of thefe t'hings. ■ j ' itisrcpbrted by oneof thcc/^«"Wf,ihati74/»i«, when itisgathered, is put into the Skins of Beads newly fleyed ,• and that the Skins corrupting, I and breeding Worms, ifie Worms do devour the Pith and Marrow of it, and fo mafec it hollo w> bai nveddle not-'with the Bark, bccaulie to them it is bvtt-er. ..'■-■'•■■'. j There were in anciient.time, f^iaes of far greater Bodies, then we know i any ; tot there have been Cups made of them, and an Image of Jupiter. But ! ifislike ihcy were witde Vines,- for the Vines that they ulefor Wine, are Co ' o!tcn Century VIL often cut; and fotnuchdiggcd and dreffcd, that their Sap fpendethinto the I Grapes, and fo the iitalk cannot increafc much in buJk. 1 he Wood of Vines .j is very durable, without rotting. And that which is ftrange, though no Tree hath the Twigs, while they arc green, fo brittle, yet the Wood dried is cx- ( trcam tough, and was ulM by the Captains of Armies amorgllthc Romans j for their Cudgels. It is reported, That in fome places. Vines arefuffcred to grow like Herbs fpreJing upon the Ground, and that the Grapes of thofc Vines arc I very great. It were good to mnketryal, whether Plants that ufe to be born up by props, will put forth greater Leaves, and greater Fruits if they belaid along the Ground ; as Hofs,Irji, IVoodb'me, &c. ^iiuesotjlpptfs &c. if you will keep them long, drown them in Hme^ ; but becaufc Honey (perhaps) will give them a taftc over-lufhious, it were good to make tryal in Powder of Sugar, or in Syrrup of Wine oncly boiled to height. Both thcfe would likewife be tried in Orenges, Lemmons, and Pomegranates; for the Powder of Sugar, andSyrrupof Wine, willfcrve for times more than once. The Confervation of Frnit would be alfo tried in Veflels, filled vrith fine Sand, or with Powder of Chalk, or in Meal and Flower, otinDuftof Oak-wood, or in Mill. . Such Fruits 3s you appoint for long keeping, you muftgather before thev be full ripe, and in a fair and dry day, towards Noon > and when the Wind bloweth not South, and when the Moon is under the Earth, and in decrcalc. I Take Grapes, and hang them in an empty VcfTel, well flopped ; and fct j the Veflcl not in a Cellar, but in fome dry place, and it in faid, they will laft long. But it is reported by fome, they will keep better in a VcfTel half full of Wine, fo that the Grapes touchnotdhe Wine. I It is reported, that the preferving of tlie^talk. hclpcth to preferve the j Grape-, cfpccially, if the Stalk be put into the Pith of Elder, the Elder not ' touching the Fruit. ! It is reported by fome of the c/Zufi^w/y, that Fruit put into Bottles,' and I'thc Bottles let down into Wells under water, will keep long. ! Of Herbs and Plants, Ibme are good to eatRaw ; as Lettuce, Endive, Purflanc, TarragonjCrelfes, Cucumbers,Musk-Melons, Radifh.&c. Others onclv after they are^boiled, or have pafl'ed the Fire; as Parfley, Clary, Sage, Parfhips, Turnips, Afparagus, Artichoaks, ^though they alfo beingyouhg are eat^n raw.) Butanumber of Herbs are not efculent at all ; as Worm- wood, Grafs, Green-Corn, Ccntory, HyfTupc, Lavender, Balm, &c. The caufes arc, for that the Herbs that arc not cfculent, do want the two tafles, in which nourifhmcncrcflcth ; which arc fat and fweet, and have (contrari- wifc) bitter and ovcr-ffcrong taflcs, or ajuycelo crude, as cannot be ripened to the degree of Nourifhmcnt, Herbs, and Plants, that arc Elculcnt raw, have fatnefs, or f\veetnefs (as allEfculent Fruits.) fuch are Onions, Lettuce, &c. But thenitmufl be fuch a fatnefs (for as for fweet things, they arc in efTed al- ways cfculent) as is not over-grofs,as loading of theStomack ; for Parfnips and Leeks have fatnefs ; but it is too grofs and heaxy wichout boiling, IC muff be alfo in a fubftancc fomcwhat tender; for we fee Whcat,Barlev, Arti- choaks, arcnogoodNourifhment, till they have pafTcd the Fire ,• but the Fire c*oth ripen, and makcth them foft and tender, and fothey become efculcnt. AsforRaddifli, and Tarragon, and the like, they are forCondi- ments, and not tor Nourifiiment ; and even fome of thofe Herbs, which arc not 129 6z;. <>24, 625, 6:6, 627. 618. 629. 630. 130 631. 6r- 635- <?34. 635' 0\(atural H'tflory ; notcfculent, xrc notwidirtandinjr poculcnt j us Hops, Broom, &c. ^/uj-f, what Herbs are good for Drink, bcfides the two aforenamed ; for tliac it may (perhaps) cafe the charge of Brewing, if they make Beer to require id's Malt, or make it lafl longer. Parts fit forthe nourifhment of LManin Tlants, arc Seeds, Rosts, and Fruits; but chiiBy Seeds and Boots. For Leaves,thcy give no nouriOimentatali, or very little ; no more do Flo-^ers, or Blojfoms, or Stdlkj. The reafon is, for that Roots, and Seeds, and Frutti, (in asmuch as all Vl.tnis conlift of an Oyly, and Watry fubftance commixed) have more of the 0>lv ilibflancc, and Leaves, EoTiers,&c. of the Watry. And fccondly, they are more concodcd. for the Root, •which continueth ever in the E.irth, is flill conceded by the Earth; and /"rtt/M and G <»/«»( We fee) are half a year, or more in conceding ; whereas Leaves are out, and pcrfed in a Moneth. I'Unts (for the moft part) are more flrong, both in taftc nnd fmell in the Seed, than in the jLf<«/ and iZoo/. Thecaulcis, for tliatin / lantsthn arc not of a fierce and eager fpirit, the vcrtuc isincrcaled by Concodion and Ma- turation, which is ever moft in the Seed ; but in I'Unts that arc of a fierce and eager fpirit, they are ftronger whileft the fpirit is incloled in the Root ; and the fpirits do but weaken and diflipate, when they come to the yfinnd Sun ; as v('c fee in Onmis, Garlkk., *DrAgon &c. Nay, there be Plants that h*ve their Roots very hot and aromatical, and their Seeds rather infipidcas Gtn^er. I he caufcis (as was touched before) for that the heat of thofe f/^wf^ is very difli- pable; which undcrthe£4«/j is contained and held in, but whenit cometh tothc Air.itcxhalcth. The J uy cc J of /r«irJ, are either Watry or OyJy. I reckon amongft the Watry, all thc/VK/«, outof whichj Drink is cxpteircd; atthcGrapt, mcjif- fie, the Peer, the Cherry, the Pomegranati, &c. And there arclome others, whi.h thouoh they be not in ufe for Drink, yet they appear to be of the fame nature ; as Plums, Services Mtilherr its, Rajps, Qrenges, Lemmons, &c. And for thofe Juycej that arcfbfiefhv, as they cannot make Drink by Expreflion, yet perhaps) they may make Drink by mixture of Water. TocuUqtte Aimijlii imitantur vitea Sorb is- Anditm.iy hcHeps iud Brier- Btrries would do thclike. Thofe that have Oyly Juycei, arc Olives. Jlmonds, Nuts of all forts. Pme-Jpples, &c. and their Juyces arc alj infiamablc. And you muft obfcrvc alfo,that ibme of the Watry j uycss, after they have gathered fpirit, will burn and enflame, as Wine, There is a third kinde of frK/tthat is Iwcet, without cither fharpnefs or oylinefs ; fuch as is the Tig and the l^ate. It hath been noted, that mofl Trces.and efpccially thofe that bear Af^/, arc fruitful but once in two years. The caufe, no doubt, is the expence ot Sap i for many Oithiiri, Trees well cultured , will bear divers years toge- ther. There is no Tree, which bcfldes the Natural Fruit, dothbear lomany Baflard Fruits as the Oal^ doth ; for bcfides the c/f«r», it beare^h GaUs, Oak^ Apples, and certain Oak^^Nuts, which are infiamablc ; and certain OA'. Berries (ticking clofc to the Body of the Tree without Stalk. It beareth alfo Mifeltee, though nrcly. The caufcofall thefe may be. the clofencfs, and fohdnefs of the Wood, and Pithc of thcO.«^; which makcth fcvcral juyces finde fcvcral Eruptions. Arid therefore, if you will dcvifc to make any Super-Plants , you mufl ever givc che Sap plentiful rifing, and hard There Cemury V IL ! 13 i There are two Excrefcenccs which grow upon Trees, both of them ' ci6, in the nature of cJ^w/jroww, the one the i?o>»x»J called 5ff/««f, which grow- ! j cth upon the Roots of Oiks, and w;is one of the dainties of chcir T.ible: 1 The other is Md'imul, that is called ^fgartck (wheto^jf we have fpoken before) which giowech upon the tops of Oaks ■> though it be affirmed by fome, that it groweth alio at the Roots. I do conceive, that many Ex- i ctefcences of Trees gtow chiefly, where the Tree is dead or faded ; for j that the Natural Sap oi the Tree, cortupteth into fome Prenacural fub- j ftancc, ! The greater part of Trees bear mofV, and bcft on the lower Boughs ) ^17- as Oaks, Figs, W*l*iuts, Tears, &(. But fome bear beft on the top Boughs, as Crabs, &c. Thofe that bear beli below, are fuch, as fliade doth more good to than hurt : For generally all Fruits bear bcflloweft, becaufc the Sipitrcth, not having butafhorc way. And therefore in Fruits Iprcd upon Walls, the lowed; arethegrcateft, as was formely faid ; So it is, the fhade that hindveth the lower Boughs, except it be in fuch Trees as delight in fliade, or at kail bear it well. And therefore they are either (Vrong Trees, as the Oak, or clfe they have large Leaves, as the Walnut and Fig, or elfe they grow inPyramis as the Pear. But if they require very much Sun, they beat beft on the top; as it is Crabs, Apples, Plumbi,&c. Tnere be Trees that bear befl when they begin to be old ; as Almonds, 6^ 8. Pears, Vines, and all Trees that giveMaft. Thecaulcis,for that all Trees that bear Maft have an oyly Fruit ; and young Trees have a more watry Juyce,3nd lels concofted ; and of the lame kinde alfo is the Almond. The Pear like wife thowgh ic be not oyly, yet itrequirethmuch,Sap, and well concodcdj for we fee it is a heavy Fruit and folid, much more than Apples, Plumbs, &c. As for the Vine, it is noted that if beareth more Grapes when it is young j but Grapes that make better Wine whcnitisold, for that the Juyce is the better conco£led : And we fee, that Wine is inflamable, fo as it hath a kinde of oy li- nefs. But the mod part of Trees, amongft which arc Apples, Plumbs, &c. bear bcft when they are young. There be Plants that have a Milk in them when they are cut j as Figs, 539, Old Lettuce, Sow-thiftles, Spurge, &c. The caufe may be an Inception of Pucrefadion : Fort hole NFilks have all an Acrimony, though one would think they fhould be Lenitive. For if you write uponPapct with the MUk of thj Fig, the Letters will not be feen, until you hold the Paper before the fire, and then they wax brown ; which fhewerh, that it is a (harp or fretting juyce. Letmce is thought poyfonous, when itis fo old as to have Milk : Spurge is a kinde of poyfbn in it fclf j and as for Sow-thiftles, though Coneys eat them, yet Sheep and Cattel will nottouch them ; and befides, the Milk of them, rubbed upon Warts, in fhort time weareth them away .- Which fheweth the Milk of them to be Corrowfive. We ice alio, that Wheat and i other Cocnfown, if you take them forth of theGround, before they fprout, arc full of Milk ; and the beginning of Germination is ever a kinde of Pu- trefadionof the Seed. Euphorhum alio hath a Milk, though not very white, whichis of a great Acrimony. And S.-il.tdine hath a yellow Milk, wl.ich hath likewile much Acrimony, tor it clcanfcth the f^yes ; it is good alio for Catarafts- Musbrovies are reported to grow, as well upon the Bodies of Trees, as | 6^0. upon their Roots, or uponthc harth, and efpccially upon the Oak. The caufe is, for that ftrong Trees arc towards fuch Excrefcenccs in the nature of Earth, and therefore put forth Mof, Mtshromes, and the like. The \3^ J\(jU{ra! Hijhry 641. ^43. ^44. ^45. 6+6. 647. There is hardly found a lUnt thatyicldccha red Jnyccinthe Blade or Ear, except it be the Tree that bcarcth Stnguu ^Dracom; which gfweth chiefly in the Ifland fioquotr^ : i he Herb >^ramantlm (indeed) i$ red all over -, and hrafil is red in the Wood, and io is Red Sanders. The Tree ot SaHguu DrAioH.i growtth in the form of a Sugar-Loaf" ; it is like the Sap of that Ham concodcth in the Body of the 1 rec. For we fee, that Grnpcs and Pomegranates are red in thejuy cc, but arc Green in the Tear. And this makcth the ' rec of StnguU^DraconU IcfTcr towards the top, becaufe the Juycc haflnethnot upj and beiidcs, it is very Aftringcnt, and therefore of flow motion. It is reported, that Sweet Mofs, bcfides that upon the Apple-trees, growcth likewiic (fometimcs) upon Poplars, and yet (generally) the Poplar is aiinoot'". Tree of Bark, an ' hath little Mofs. ThcMolsof theLarix-tree burnethalfolweet, and fparkleth in the burning, ^ire, of the Moffes of Odorate Trees; as Cedar, lypreji, Lignum Aloes &c. The Death that is moft without pain, hath been nc ted to be upon the t^kingof the Pc tion ot Hemloik, which in Humanity was the form of exe- cutionof capital offenders in Athens. The Povftn of thcAfpe, that Cleopatra ufedjhath fomc atiinitv with if. The caufeis, for that the torments of Death arc chiefs > raifed by thclirifc of the Spirits ; and thcfe Vapors quench the Spirits by degrees ; like to the death of an cxtrcam old Man. I con- ceive it is lefs painful then Opium, becaulc Opium hath parts of heat mixed. There be Frttif/ that arc fwcet before they ripen, as L^Iirahlanes -, Co Fennel-feeds arc fweet before they ripen, and after grow^ fpicv ; and Ibmc never ripen to be fweet ; as Tamarinds, Barberries, Crabs, Slees, ^(. The caufe is, for that the former kindc have much and fubtilc hear, which caufeth early fwcctncfs," the latter have a cold and acide Juyce, which no heat of the Sun can fwceten. But as for the Mirab^lane, it hath parts of contrary natures, for it is fweet and aftringent. There be few Herbs that have a Salttafte ; and contrariwifc, all Blood of Living Creatures hath afaltnefs -, the caufe may be, for that Salt, though it be the Rudiment of Life, yet in Plants the original tafte remaineth not; for you fhall have them bitter, fovvre, fweet biting, but leldom fait : Butin Living Creatures, allthofe high taftes may happen to be (fometimes in the humors, but are ieldom intheflcfh, or fubftance; becanieitisof a more oyly Nature, which is not very fufccptible of thofe taftes ; and the faltnefs itfelf of Blood, is but a light and fecret faltncls : And even among Plants, fomc do participate of i'altnefs, as t^lga Alarina. S.mpbire, Scurvy Graf, (jrc. And they report ch re isinfome of the/«rfw« J?/«, a Swiming Plant, which they ci\\ Salgaz.us, Ipredingoverthc Sea, in fort, as one would think it were a Meadow. It is certain, that out of the Afhes of all Plants, they extrad a Salt whichtheyufc in Medicines. It is reported by one of the ty^nclents, that there is an Herb, growing in the Water, called /.;»«/?», which is full of Prickles: This Herb putteth forth another fmnll Herb out of the Leaf, which is imputed to fome moifturc, that is gathered between the Prickles, which putrified by the Sun, germinateth. But I remember alfo, 1 have feen, for a great rarity, one Rofe grow out of anothcr.likc Honey Suckles, that they call Top and Top-gallants. B.irlej (as appeareth in the Malting) being frecped in Water three days, and afterwards the Water drained from it, andthe Barley turned upon a drv Floar, will fprout half an inch long, at leaft : And if it be kt alone, and Century V IL njt turned, much more, until the heart be out. Wh.ac will do:hcl'.;mC ; try it alfo with Fcafc and Beany. This Experiment is not like that of the Orpin and .S'fw/'tv-viv'ir ; for there it is of the old ftorc, tor no Water is added, but here it is nourilhcd from the Water. The \ xpcrimcnt would bc further driven ; for it appcareth already, by that whidi liath been laid, that Hart i is notneccilary to the lirlirproutintrcf PlJnts> and we lee. that Role-lSuds let in Water, will blow : Therefore try whether the Sprouts of fuch Grains may h jt be railed to a further degree, asto an Herb or Flower, with Water onely, or lome imall commixture of Earth : For if they will, it (houldiccni by the Experiments before, both of the Malt, and of the Roles, that they will come far farter on in Water then in Earch; for the nourifliment is eafi- lier drawnoutof VVaterthcnout of Earth. Itmaygive fomc lij^litaUb that Drink infuied with Flefh, as that With the Capon. &c. will nourifh falter and cafilicr, then Meat and Drink together- Try the fame txperimcnt with Roots, as well as w itli Grains. As for example, take a Turnip andftecpit a wbile, and then dry it, and fee whether it will fprout. -^ C^Lltin the Drenching willfwcll, and that in fuch a manner, as after the putting forth in fprouts.and the drying upon the Kiln, there will be gain- ed, at lealf, aBufliclin eight, and yet the fprouts are rubbed off, and there willbc a Bufliel of Dull befidcs the Malt ; which Ifuppofeto bc, notoncly by the loofc and open laying of the Parts, but by fome addition of lubllasscc drawn from the Water, in whichitwas ftccped. cJli'j/tgathcrcth a iwectnefs tothc taftc, which appeareth yet more in the Wort. The Dulcoration of things is worthy to bctryed to thcfull ; for that Dulcoration importeth a degree to nourifhmcnt. And the making of things inalimcntal to become alimental, may bc an Experiment cf great proht for making new vidua]. ^ Moft "^eedsin the growing, leave their Husk or Rind about the Root ; but the Onion will carry it up, that it will belike a cap upon the top of the young Onion. The caufe maybe, for that the Skin or Husk is norealie to break i as v\c Ice by the pillingof Onions, wliat a holding fubftance the Skin is. t TImis that hive curled Leaves, do all abound with moifture , which comcth fo fart on, as they cannot fprcd themlelves plain, but mull: needs gather together. 1 he wcakert kindc of curling is roughnefs, as in Clary and jBur. Thelecond is, curling onthc fides j asin Lettuce and young Cabbage. And the third is, folding into an Head, as in Cabbage full grown, and Cab- bage Lettuce. It is reported, that Firraud Pine, efpccially if they bc old and putrefied, though they i\^ inc not as fomc rotten Woods do, yet in the fuddcn breaking they will fparklelikc hard Sugar. The Roots of Trees do (fomc of them"! put downwards deep into the .Ground; as t!;e Oai-, Pme, Fur, &c. Some Ipred more towards theSurtacc of the Earth; as the lyhh, Cyprefi-tree, Olive, &c. The caufe of this latter may be, for that liich Trees as love the Sun, do not willingly dcTcend far into the Harth; and therefore they are (commonly) Trees that flioot up muchi for in their Body their defire of approach to the Sun maketh" them fprcd the Icis. And the fame reafon, under Ground, to avoid recefs fron^ the 'iun, maketh them fprcd tlie more, Andwcfccic comcth to pals in fome Trees which have been planted to deep in the Ground, that tor love of approach to the Sun, they forfake their tirrt Root, and put out another more towards the top of thcEirth. And wc fee alio, that N the ^Pj 134 ^J\(atural Hljlorj ^ ^54. tf5 5. 657- 658. the Olive is full of Oily Juycc, and Afli makcth the bcft Fite , and Cyprcfs is an hot Tree. As for the Oak, which is of the former forr, it lovcth the Earth, and therefore gtowcth flowly. And for the Pino, "and Firrlikcwifc, they have \o much heat in thcmfelvev-, as they need ids the heat of the Sun. There be Herbs alfu, that have the fame difference; as the Herb they call (JHorfm'Dial/oti, which putteth the Root down fo low. as youcanuot pull it up without breaking; which gave occafion to the name and fable, for that it was (aid it was fo wholefome a Root, That the Devil Ttben it Ttas ^uthered, bit it for envy. And fomc ot the t_/4ncieHts do report, that there was a goodly Tirr ( which they defired to remove whole ) thn had a Root under ground eight cubits deep , and lothe Root came up broken. It hath been ob(erved, that a Branch of aTrcc beingunbarked fomc fpacc at the bottom, and fo fet into the Ground , hath grown even of inch frees, as if the Branch were fet With the Bark on, thev would not growj yet contrariwife we fee, that a Tree pared round in the Body above Ground will die. The caufe may be, for that the wnbarkt part draweth the noutiihment beft, but the Bark continueth it oncly. Crapis will continue trcfh and moifl all Winter long, if you hang them clulUrbycluflcrintheRoof of awarm Roon^, erpecially, if whenyouga- thcrthe clufter, you take off with the clufterfomeof theftock. The Reed or Cane is a watry PJanr.and growerh not but in the Witer. It hath thefe properties. That it is hollow, that it is knuckled, both Scalk and Root, that being dry it is more hard and fragile then other "Wood, that it putteth forth no Boughs, though many Stalks out ot oneRoor. Itdiffcr- ethmuchin greatntf?, the fmallelf being fit for thatching of Hoiifes, and topping the chinks of Ships better then Glew or Pitch. The fecond bigncfs is uled for Angle rods and Staves, and in ChirtA for beating of offenders upon the Thigns. The differing kindes of them are, the common Reed, the Cafiia BfuU, and the Sugar-Reed. Of all Plants it boweth the eafieff, and rifeth again. Itfeemcth, that amongfl Plants which arenourifhed with mixture of Earth and Water, it draweth moftnounfhment from Water; which maketh it the fmoothcftof all others in Bark, and the hollowcft in Body. The Sap of Trees, when they are let Blood, is of differing Natures. Some more watry and clear, as that ot Vines of Beeches, of Pears; fomc thick, asApples; fome Gummy, as Ctierries; fomefrothy.asElms; fomemilky, as Figs. In Mulberries, the Sap fcemeth to be (almoft) towards the Bark onely ; for if you cut the Trrt a little into the Bark with a Stone, it will come forth, if youpierce itdeeper with a tool, itwillbedry. The Trees which havethemoiftcft|uycesintheirFruit, have commonly themoifteftSap in their Body ; for the Vines and Pears are very moifV , Apples fomewhat more fpongy : the Milk of the Fig hath the quality of the Rennet, to ga- ther Cheefe , and fo have certain four Herbs wherewith they make Cheefe in Lent. The "Timber and fVeod are in feme Trees more clean.in fome moi e knotty ; and it is a good tryal , to try it by fpeaking at one end, and laying the Ear at the other: For if it be knotty, the voice will not pafs well. Some have the Veins more varied and Chamloted ; as Oafr, whereof "Wainfcot is made ; Maple, whereof Trenchers are made : Some more fmooth , as Firr and ^Etlnuti fome do more eafily breed Worms and Spiders ; fome more hardly , as it is faid oi Iri/h Trees. Befides, there be a number of| differences Century Flh '/'■ (iiffcrcnccs that concern their ufe : As Oak, Cedar, and ChclFnur, are the bc'ft builders. Some ate bell tor Plough- timber, as AHi; fomc for Peers that are fomctimes wet and fometimcs dry, as him ; fome for Plancher^, as Deal; ("omefor Table?, Cupboards and Deskf, as Walnuts; fometorShip. timber, as Oaks that grow in moift Grounds for that maketh the Timber ! tough, and not apt to rift with Ordnance, wherein Hnglifli and Irifti Timber j arc thought to excel) (omc for Madsof Ships, as Firr and Pine, bccaufeof j their length, rtraightnefs, and lightnefs ; fome for Pale* as Oak > fome for I Fuel, as Afli : And lb ot tlie relt, ! The coming of Trees and Plants in certain Region.s and not in others, ! is fometimcs caluii ; for many have been tranllatcd, and have profpcrcd • well ; as T)amAik^Rofes, that have not been known in EngUnd above anj j hundred years, and now are To common. But the liking of Plants in; j certain Soyls mote then in others, is mcerly Natural • as the Firr and Pine love the Mountains ; the Poplar, "Willow, Sallow, and Alder, love j Rivers and moiil places; the Aflilovcth Coppices, but is befl in Standards j alone; Juniper lovcth Ghalk, and fo do moll Fruit-trees ; Satnpirc < gtowerh but upon Rocks 5 Reeds and Oficrs grow where they are waflicd j with Winter ; the Vine loveth fides of Hills turning upon the Somh-Eaft Sun, &c. The putting forth of ceitain Herbs, difcovereth of what nature the Ground where they put forth is ; as wilde Thyme fhevvetb good Feeding Ground for Cattel , Bcttonyand Strawberries flicw Grounds fit for Wood; Camomile fhewcth mellow Grounds fit for Wheat; Mulkrd-feed growing ! after the Plough, fhewcth a good If rong Ground alfo for Wheat,- Burnet I (hewech good Meadow, and the like. There arc found in divers Counttcys, fome other Plants that grovout I of Trees and Plants, befidcs Miffeltoe: As in SyrU there is an Herb called t CijfpM, that growcth out of tall Trees, and windeth it fclf about the fan^c Tree where it groweth, and fometimes about Thorns. There is a kinclc \ of Polypodc that groweth oucof TrccF, though it windeth nor. So like- wife an HerU called FAtmos upon the Wilde Olive • and an Herb called Hip- fopbifioH upon the Fullers Thorn, which, they fay, is good for the Falling - i ficknefs. It hath been obferved by fome of the tyfHcients , that howfoevcrcold and tadcrly winds are thought to be great enemies to Fruit, vet neverthe- lefs South-winds are alfo found to do hurt, efpecially in the Blofloming i time , and ihc more, if fhowcrs follow. It (eemeth thcv call forth the moiiturc toofaih The Weft winds are the bclf. It hath been obferved alio, that green and open Winters do hurt Trees, infomuch, as if twoor three luch Winters come together, Almoad. Trees, and fome other Trees will die. The caufc is the fame with the former, becaufe the Lufl of the Earthovcr- fpendeth ic fclf ; howloever fome other of the ^tuientfhive commended warm Winters. Smits lyin? long caufc a fruitful year. For firft,they keep in thcflrcngth of the Earth .- Secondly, they water the, Earth better then Rain ; tor in Snow the Earth doth (as it were) fuck tlie Water asout of the Tear: Thiid- ly, the moillure of Snow is the fincit q^oifture, for it is the Froth of the ' Cloudy Waters. , Sho^en, it they come a little before the ripcningof Fruits^ do good td
, all fucculcnt and moift Fruits, a Fmes, olives , T»mcj^ranMes\ yctitis rather
fforplenty then for goodnefs, for the bcft Wines at«' in the dryeft Vintages. N z Small «M5 136 ^6^. 666. 667, 668. 6<39. !J\(atural Hifiory ; Small (hovvers are likcwilc good for Corn , to as parcbini hca'S come not upon them, Gcner^illy, Nighffhowers arc better then Day flluwcrs; for that the Sun follow eih not lo fait upon ihcm : And we fee, even in watering by the Hand, it is belt in Summer time to water in rhc Evening. The differences ol Earths , .ind the tryalb of them, arc worthy to be diligently enquired. The Earth that with fhowcrsdoihcafilyfoftcn, is com- mended i and yet fomcHatth of that kindc will be very dry and hard before fhe ftiower5. The Earth that calteth up from the Plough a great clod, iS nor fo good .IS that which cafteth up a (mailer clod. Tne Earth that purteth forth Ml r eafiiy, and may be called Mouldy, is not good. The Earth that fmel- krh well upon the Digging, or Ploughing, is commended j as containing thcjuyceof Vcgecables almoft already prepared. It is thought by fome. that the ends of low Riin-bows fall more upon one kindc of batch then upon another: As it may well be, for that Earthis molt tofcidcj and thetefore it is commended for a fign of a good Earth. Thepoornefsof the Herbs (it is piair) ftieweth thepooruefsof the Earth, and efpeci;lly, if they be in colour more dark : But if the Herbs ftiew withered or bia!ted"at the top, it fhewcth the Earth to be very cold ; and fo doth the Moflirefs of Trees. The Earth whereof the Grafs is foon parched with the Sun and toafted, is commonly forced Earth, and barren in his own nature. The tender, cht {Torn, and mellow Larth is the beft j being meer Mould, between the two extreams of Clay tnd Sjnd, cfpecially, it itbe not Loamy and Binding. The Earth that after Rain will fcatce be Ploughed, is commonly fruiilul; for it is cleaving, and fuUcf Juycc. L , 1. is ftrange, which is obferved by fome of the t^nciems, that Duft helpcuh the ftuiifulnefs of Trees, and of Vines, by name ; infbmucb, as they calf Dull upon them of purpofe. It fliculdfe'em that that pcwdrirg, when i fhowcr cometbj makcth a kindc of loylirg to the Tree, bving Earth and Water finelyilaid on. Andtheynotr, that L^cuntreys where thcFieldsand Ways arc dufty, bear the befl Vines. It is commended by t[cj4ttcients for ancixcellenthelp toTrecs to lay iheStaiks and Leave* of Lupives about the.Roots, or to Plough them into •he Groun J, where you will low Corn. The burning alio of the cuttings of V.nes, and cafling thi m upon Land, doih much gocd. And it was general- ly received of old, that dunging ot Grounds when the Weil-wind blowcth, andinthedecreafcof the Moon, doth greatly help; the Earth ^asitfeemeth) being tiicn more thirfly, and open to receive the Dung. TheGraffipgcf Vines upon Vines (as Itake it) is notnowinufe. The i^ncietits had it , and that three ways ; the firft wa^ lnfm«n, which is the ordinary manner of Graffing : The (econd was TereltAtton , through the middle of the Stock, and putting in theCions there: And the third was Paring of twoVines that grow together to the Marrow, and binding them tlofe. . The Difeafes and ill Accidents of Corn, arc worthy to be enquired, and Wroulii he. more worthy to beenquitjcd , if it were in Mens power to help them i whertas many of them are not to be remedied. The Mildew isone of the greareft, which ( out of qutltion ) comtth by clofenefs of Air 5 nd therefore in Hills, or Iirge Champain Grounds , it leldom comcth, fuch as is with us Tork's Woald, This cannot be remedied, otherwifc then that in CountreyS of fmall enelofure the Grounds be turned into hrgcr F.ctds : Which I have known to do good in fome Farms, j Another | (^entury V IL \ii .uiother DiLalcis rhe puccm^ torch ot WiMcOats, vvnereintoCorn otccn- cimes ( efpecially Barley) Jotli dcgcncrace. Ir hapneth cHicily from the weakncfsof the Grain that is Town 5 for if it be either too old or mouldy, It will bring forth vvilde Oats. Another difeafe is the faticty of the Ground ; for if you fow one Ground IHll with the fame Corn (1 mean not the fame Corn that grew upon the fame Ground, but the fame kinde ot Grain, as Wheat, Barley, &c. ) it will profpet but poorly ; therefore be fides thereft'Hgot theGround, you muft vary iheSecd. Another ill A.ccident is from the Winds, which hurt at two times > at the flowring by fhaking off the Flowers, and at the full ripening by fhaking out the Corn. Another ill Accident is Drought at the fpindling of the Corn , which with us is rare, but in hotter Countreys common , infomuch as the word Calamitas was firft derived from Cdlamm, when the Corn could not get out of the (talk. Another ill Accident is Over-wet at fowing time, which with us breedeth much Dearth, infomuch as the Corn oever cometh up ; and (many times) they arc forced to re-fovv Summer-Corr, where they fowcd Winter-Corn. Another ill Accident is bitter Frolfs, continued without Snow, efpecially In the beginning of the Winter, after the Seed is new fown. Another Difeafe is Worms, which fometimes breed in the Root, and happen upon hot Suns and fliowers immediately after the fowing; and another Worm breedeth in the Ear it felf, efpecially when hot Suns break often out of Clouds. An- other Difeafe is Weeds j and they are fuch, as either choak and over- fhadow theCorr, and bear itdown, or ftarve the Corn, and deceive it of nourifh- racnr. Another Difeafe is, over-ranknefs of the Corn, which they ufe to remedy by Mowing it after it is come up, ot putting Sheep into it. An- other ill Accident is, laying of Corn with great Rains near or in Harvcft. Another ill Accident is, if the Seed happen to have touched Oyl, or any thing chat is (az ; for thcfc lubftanceshave an antipathy with nourifliment of Water. The remedies of the Difcafcs of Corn have been obfcrved as folio wcth. The Steeping of the Grain before Sowing, a little time in Wine, is thought a prefei vative ; the Mingling of Seed-Corn with Afhes, is thought to be good; the Sowing at the wane of the Moon, is thought to make the Corn found. Ithathnoc been praftifed, but it is thought to be of ufe to make fome MifTel- lane in Corn ; as if you (ow afewBcanswith Wheat, your Wheat will be the better. It hath been obferved, that the fowing of Corn with Houfleek doth good. Though Grain that toucheth Oyl or Fat rcceiveth hurt, yet the fkepingof it in the Dregs of Oyl, when itbeginncthtoputrefic, (which they czW jlmurcA] is tlioug^t toaffureic againll Worms. It i> reported alfo, that if Corn bo moved, icwiU make the Grain longer, but emptier, and having mote of tne Husk. It bath been noted, that Seed of a year old is the beft, and of two or three years is worfe; and that which is more old is quite barren, though (no doubt) bme Seed and Grain la(t better then others. The Corn which in the Vanning licthlowcftis the beft; and the Corn which broken or bitten, retaineth a little ycUownefs , is better then that which is very white. It hith been obfcrved, that of all Roots of Herbs, the Root of Sorrel gocth the furtheft into the hiarthjinfomuch asithath been known to go three cubits deep ; and that it is the Root that continueth fit (longeft) to be fee again, of any Root that groweth. It is a cold and acideHerb, tnac (asitfeem- cth) lovcth theHarth,andisnotmuch drawn by the Sun. . N 3 It / 138 673. tf74- ^75. €76. 0\Qitural hiftory 5 It hath been obfcrved, that fomc Herbs like bcft being watered with Salt-water ; as Radi{h, Beet, Rue, Penny rojal. This tryal would be cxrc-ndcJ to fomc other Herbs; elpccuUy fiKti as arc Ilrong, as TtrrAgoa, LMuJiard- feed,Jiociei, zndlhe hke. It IS itrangc, that it is generally received, how fomc poyronous Beafts atFeftodorate and wholfomc Herbs j as, that the Jn^/^e lovcth Fennel, that the 7().id\v't\\bc much under Sage, thati='ro^JWillbein Cinqucfoil. It may be it is rather the Shade, or other Coverture, that they take liking in, then the virtue ot the H.rb. It were a matter of great profit, ( five that I doubt it is tooconjedural to venture upon) if one could dUeern what Corn, Herbs, or Fruits, are like to be in Plenty or Scarcity, by fomc Signs and Prognofticks inthebegm- nii g of the year : For as for thofe that are like to be in Plenty, they may be bargained for upon the Ground ; as the old relation wasot Thales, who to fhevv how eafie it was for a Philofophcr to be rich, whcnheforclawagreat plenty of Olives, made a Monopoly of them. And for Scarcity, Men may make profit in keeping better the old ftore. Long continuance of Snow is believed to make a fruitful year of Corn ; an early Winter, pr a very late Winter, a barren year ot Gorn> an open and ferene Winter, an ill year of Fruit. Thelewe have partly touched before} but other Prognofticks of like nature are diligently to be enquired. Tnere leem to be in fome Plants fingularitiCF, wherein they differ from all other. The Ohve hath the oylypart onely on theoutfide, whereas all other Ftuits have it in the Nut or Kernel. TheFirrhath (ineffcft) noStone, Nut, nor Kernel j except you will count the little Grains, Kernels. The Pomegranate and Pine-Apple have onely, amongft Fruits, Grains, diftinft in Icveral Cells. No Hcibs have curled Leaves, but Cabbage and Cabbage- Lettuce. None have double Leave?, one belonging to the Stalk, another to thcFruitorSeed, but the Artichoak. No Flower hath rhatkindeof fprcd that the Woodbinehath. Tbismay be a large Field of Contemplation; for it fhcwcth, that in the Frame of Nature there is, in the producing of fome Species, a compofuion of, Matter, which hapnethoft, and may be much diverfitied; in ofhers, fuch as hapneth rarely, and admitteth little variety. For fo it is likewiCe in Beafts ; Dogs have a refcmblancc with Wolves and Foxes, Horfes with Affes, Kinewich Buflcs, Hares with ConcyF, See. And loin Birds J Kites and Keftrels have a refcmblancc with Huvks ; Common Doves with lling. Doves andT-urtles 3 Black-Birds with Thruflies and Ma- viffcs ; Crows with Ravens, Daws, and Choughs, &c. But tlephantsand Swine amongft Beafts, and thcBird ofParadife, and the Peacock amongft Birds, and fome few others, have fcarce any other Species that have affinity with them. We leave the Dcfcription of TUms and their Virtues to Herhals, and other like Books of Ndtuial Hi(iory . wherein Mens diligence hath been great, even to Curiofity. For out Experiments are onely fueh, as do ever afcend a degree to the detiving ofCaufesiand extrading of Axioms,whieh we ate not ignorant, but that fomc, both of ihe./f»«r«/ a^d Modern V^riters havealfo labored; but their Caufes and Axioms are fo full of Imaginati<jn, and foinfcded with the old received Theories, 3j they are mcer Inquinati- ons of Experience, and concoct it not. It Centttry V IL IT hath been obferved by fomeof the t^ticims , that Skins cfpccially of J?^>«/ newly pulled off, acd applied to the Wounds of Stripes, do keep them from fwelling and cxuLcraiing , and likewifc heal them , ard dole thena up; and chat the Whites ot bggs do the fame. Thecauleis, a tem- perate Conglutination j for both Bodies are clammy and vifcous, and do bridle the Deflux of Humors to the hurts, without penning them in too much. YOu may turn (almoft) all Flefh into a fatty fubftance ,~ if you take Flcfh and cut it into pieces , and put the pieces into a Glafs covered with Parchment, and fo let the Glafs i-tand fix or feven hours in boyling Water. It I may be an experiment of profit, for making of Fat or Greafe for many ufes : But then it muft be of fuch Flefh as is not edible j as Horfes, Dogs, Bears, Foxes, [ Badgers, &i. IT is reported by one of the tyindents, that new Wine put into Veffels well ftoppcd, and the Veffels let down into the Sea, will accelerate very much the making of them ripe and potable; the fame would betrycd in Wort. B Hafts are more Hairy then Men j and Savage Men more then Civil i and rhe Plumage of Birdscxccedcth thcPilofity of Beafts. Thecaufeof the fmoothnefsinMcn, is notany abundance of Heat and Moifture, though that indeed caufcihPilofity; buttherc isrcquifuetoPilofity, not fo much Heat and Moifture, as Excromcntitious Heat and Moifture; (for whatfoever aflfi- milateth goech not into the Hait) and Excrementitious Moiftureaboundeth moft in Beafts, and Men that are more favage. Much the fame Reafon is there of the Plumage of Birds ; for Birds affimilate lef<, and cxcern more then Beafts, for their Excrements are ever aliquid, and their Flcfh (generally) more dry ; b^fide, they have not Inftruments for Urine, and foall the Excre- mentitious Moifture goeth into the Feathers : And therefore it is no mar- vel though Birds becommonly better Meat then Beafts, becaufe their flefh doth aftmiilate more finely, and fc-cerneth more fubtilly. Again, the Head of Man hath Hair upon the firftBitrh, which no other part of the Body hath. The caufe may be want of Perfpiration -, for much of the matter of Hair, in the other parts of the Body goeth forth by infenfible Perfpiration. And be- fides, theS'kull bcin^of amorc folid fubitance, noutifhethandallimilateth lefs, and cxcerncth moce; and fo likcwife doth theGhin. Wefeealfo that Hair Cometh not upon the Palms of the Hands, nor Soalsof the Feet, which at'e parts mote perlpirablc. And Children hkewifc are not Hairy, for that their Skins are moreperfpitablc. 139 677- Experiment Solifaty, touching fJciling of Wtundf. 67S. Experiment Solitary) touching Fat dijj'tiftdin Fltjh. 679. Experiment Solitary, touching Hiptnlng of r>rln\btfoTt the time, 680. Experiment Solitary, touching Pilnftty and Plnmagt, B 6ii. Experiment Irds ate of fwifter motion then Beafts ; for the flight of many Birds is (wiftcr then the race of any Beafts. The caufe ij, for that the Spirits in SoiiwI^, B rds ate in greater proportion, in comparifon of the bulk of their Body, touching the i then in Beafts. For as for thercafou that fomc give, that chey arc partly car- ^l\^"„i„ ricd, wheteas Beafts go, chat is nothing ; for by that reafon.fwimming fhould Biris. be fwifter then tunning : And that kinde of carriage alfo, is not without labor of the Wing. The 140 6&1. Experiment Soiitaiy, touching the cltitrncji of the Stt. 683. Expeiiment Sohiaty, touchiiigthc Differtnt Heats ef Fire hd BoUiug Heater. [l\Qitural Hijlory ; 6S4. Expeiiment Solitaif; touching the ^a/ip nation of ffejt by MoiJSuro. 685. Expeiiment Solitiry, luoching \TaTvning. 686. Experiment Solirary, touchineihe FJiuou^i, THc Sea is clearer when thcNorth-vvindbloweth, then wlunthcSouth- vvind. Thccauleis, forthat Sdf^Ater hath a htileOylincfb in the Surface thereof, as appeareth in very hot days : And again, for that the Southern- wind rclixcch the Water fomewhat ; as no Water boyling, is fo (.Icar as cold Water. F Zr<r burneth A^#9<f, making it firft Luminous, then black and brittle, and lallly, broken and incinerate; fcalding Water doth none of thefc. The caufe is, for that by Fire the J>pirit of the Body is firft refined, and then cmit- tcJ ; whereof the refining or attenuation caufeth thehghc, and theemiflion; lirrtthc fragility, and after the diflblution intoAfhes, neither doth any other Bod V enter. But in Water, the Spirit of the Body is not refined fo much ; and befides, part of the Water entreth, which dothincreafe the Spirit, and in a degree extinguifli it ; therefore we fee that hot Water will quench Fire. And again, we fee that in Bodies wherein the Water doth rot much enter, but onely the heat pafleth, hot Water workcth the cffeds of Fire: As in Eggs boiled and roaited, (into which the Water entreth not at all) there is fcarce difference to be difcetned ; but in Fruit and Fkfti, whereinto the Wa tct entreth in fomcpart, there is much more difference. THe bottom of a VelTcl of boyling Water (as hath been obfcrved) is not very much heated, fo as men may put their hand under the Vcflel, and remove ir. The caafc is, forthat the moifture of Water, as it quencheth Coals where it entreth, fo it doth allay heat where it toucheth. And thctc- fore note well, that moirturc, although it doth not pafs through Bodies with- out Communication of fome fubftance (as heat and cold do) yet it worketh manifeft cffedts ; not by entrance of the Body, but by qualifying of the heat and cold, as we fee in this inftancc. And wcfee like wife, that the water of things diftilled in water, ^which they call the Bath) differeth not much from the water of things didilled by Fire. We fee aho, that Pewter-Difhes with Water in them will not melt eafily, but without it they will. Nay , we fee more, that Butter or Oyl, which in themlelves are infiamable, yet by the vir- tue of their moifture will do the like. IT hath been noted by the yincUnts, that it is dangerous to pick ones Ear whileft he Yawncth. The caufe i.% for that in Yawning, the inntr Parch- ment of the Ear is extended by the drawing in of the Spirit and Bieath ; for in Yawning and Sighing both, the Spirit is firft ftrongly drawn in, and then ftiongly expelled. 1 T hath been obfcrved by the jfncitms, that Sneezing doth ceafc the Hic- cough. The cauie if, forthat the Motion of the Hiccough is aliftingup of ihcStomach ; which Sneezing doth fomewhat deprefs, and divert the moti- on another way. Forfitft, we fee that the Hiccough cometh of fulnefs of Meat, (efpecially in Children) which caufeth an cxtenfion of the Stomach : Wc lee alio, it is caufed by acide Meats or Drinks, which is by the pricking oi the Stomach. And this motion is ceafed, either by Diverfion.or by Deten- tion of theSpirits: Diverfion, as in Sneezing; Detention, as we fee holding of the Breath doth help fomewhat toceafe the Hiccough, and putting a Man into an catne.l; fludy doth the like, as is commonly ufcd : And Vinegar put to theNoftrils crGargarizeddothitalfo; forth=ititisAftringent,and inhibiteth the motion of the Spirit. Looking (^cntury V IL L Ookinga^ninnrthc.Siin doth indiice Sn'etzing; ' T^e cS'iiTe IsT.ilot tlic _ , hencing of tlic Noftrils; fcrtlicn the holdingiipof the Nollri's again't the Sun, til: ugh one wink, would do it, but the drawing down of fhc moi- fturcof the Brain : For it will make the Eyis run U'ith W'atch andrhcdraw- ingof moifture to the Eyes, doth draw it to the NoftHIs by Motion ofCon- fcnt, and lo tollowcth J5ncczing. As contrariwilc, the TickliH* of the Noftriis uitl^.in doth draw the moifture to the Noftrijc, and to the Eyes by confent, for they alio vriH water. But yet it hath been obfcrvcd,' thacif one be about to fncezc, the rubbing of the Eyes till they run w ith uairer, ^ill prevent it. Whereof the caufe is, forthat tlKliumor which wascfcfctddine cothcNoftrilsJsdivcrted tothc < yes. i./"l?u :;>. . : THg Teeth arc moreby cold diink, or the like, affcded, thenthc other parts. The caufe is double ; the one, for that tile rcfiftance of Bone td cnlJ, is greater then of Flefli ,• for that the Flefli fhrinkcth, but the B tnecc- flftcth, u hereby the Coldbecometh more eager. The other is, forrharthc Teeth are parts without J-Joid, whereas Blood hclpeth toqu.ili c the cold. And therefore we fee, that the Sinews arc much affedcd with Cold^ for that they are parts without Blood. So the Bones in fliarp Colds wax brittle ; jind therefore it hath been {ctxi, that all contufions of Bones in hard \VeatHcr,'lre more difficult to cure. '" . - ! . .i... ^G ; J7uilirtfn lo ?3:; n IT hath been noted, that the Tongue rccciveth mor^G eafif^-ftik'e^'o'f Difcafcs then the other parts ; as of heats within, which appear m jft in the blackncfs of the Tongue. Again, Pied Cattcl are fpottqd irf their Tongue^, &:c. The caufe is (no doubt) the tendcrncfs of the parp, whicH thereby receiveth more eafily all alterations then anir other parts' df til fc' Flcfli. ' , .' . ,. ^•"■^' .-'■•■i-p^---'-^ WHen the MouthiVoutoY t'fle;'iVma1<kht!imgselifcf4fe^"m^^^^^ chiefly bitter, and fometimcs loathfomc but never fwect,"The caufe is, the corrupting of ihe moifturc about the Tongue, which miny times turncth bitter, nnd fait, and loathfome, but fwect never ; for tbcVCll: arc degrees of corruption. "'no " riijov;
} \int. zilciR
TTwas obferved in the Gredt VUgue of the lafl vcar, that there were fcen in A divers Ditches, nn.l low Grounds about /LWwi, mai y To.ids tH^t hdd Tails two or three inches long at the leal , whereas Tcx?ds (ufuallyj'h'av'^ /lO Tails at all ; v hich argueth a great difpofition to putrcfadian \\\ t^hc Soil and Air. It is reported hkcwifc, that Roots (fuch as. CirrotJ and rtrfnip/) are n)(i)re fwcct.and lufcious in inftdious ycafs then in o'ttier .fiJirs. ' ' W'.fc Thjffuuns [hould with all diligence inquit^twhatSimplcsNjturc yieldcch, that have cxcream fiabtilc parts without any Mordication or Acrimony ; fcr they undermine that which is hard,thcy open that w hich ' is Itoppcd and /hut, and they rxpel that which is offenfivcgcntl > , w ithbut ' too much perturbation. Of this kind^- arc Eldtr-floTtns, which therefore are proper for the Stone ,- of this kinde is the 'Dycavf-pme, which is proper for the Jaundics ; cfthis kin.^c is Ihrtstmn ^ which is propci or Agues and Infeftionsi of thiskindeis Titny, which is proper forStop- pings in the Head ; of th skindc is Fumitory which is prr j^crfor the Spleen ,' •' •" • and 141 6^7 Efperiincnt Soli'ary, truihii.g S mixing. <588 E.vpf rirat'nt Solitaiy, touching Tcndcrncfi «/ ifce Teith. , <?8 9. Fx|Cijm»nt Solitaiy, toufhing ihc T or.gut. 6qo. Experiment Soiiiary, louching the Tape. 691. Experiment Solitary, touching Somi Progno- fli\ii>f Ftfli- lintiat Sia- fottl 69Z. '^xpetimein Snlinrjr, touchnip Sftiiil Sim- pUiforAttd!- I tint I, ^ \\x 69h Expciimcnts in Confoit, ! touching 694. .'{iRiiIrt? iH V .At?, >i4^5k J\(aturd hi/iory ; and J number of others. Generally, divers Creatures bred of Putrcfaillon, though tlicy be lomewhat loathfome to take, are of this kindc ; as Edrth- ■norms, Tmhcr-foTfs, Stmts, &c. And I conceive, ti.at the '7rot/)«/"« oi Vipcu (whicharcfo muchmagniKeJ) and the iicfiiof Snakes fjmc ways conuited and corrc(5lcd (which of late are grown into fomc credit) arc of the fame nature So the parti of Bcafts putrefied [as Cajloreim and aW-, uhich have cxtreiam fubtil parts) *rc to be placed amonglt them, ^z Ice aho, that putr.tfatlion of Plants {as ^g>tricle^ and 'JeMs-tar) arc of greatcft vertue. TKe»:aufe is, for that putrefaction is the i'ubtileftof all motions in the parts of Eodi(:s, Andfince vvc cannot take down the lives of Living Creatures (w hich fome of the 'PrfJ'/i«//i'»n-f fay, if they could be taken down, would make us Immortal,) the next is, for fubtilty of operation to take Bodies putrehed.fuchas may be fafely taken. IT hath been obferVcd by the Mc'ients, that muchufc of f'enus doth dim the fight, and yet Eumdn, which arc unable to generate, are (neverthelefs; alio diip-fightcd- The caufc of dimnefs of fight in the former, is the ex pence cf Spirits •, in thp latter, the over-moifture of the Brain ,- for the ovcr- moiflurci of the Ik.ain doth thicken the Spirits vifual, andobflrudeththe^r paftigGj , as we fee by the decay in the fight m Age , where alfo the dimi- nutipnof tJhc Spirits concurreth as another caufe. We fee alio, thatblind- ncfs cometh by Rheums andCatarad^s Now in Eunuchs there are all the notes of moifture ; as the fwdling of their Thighs, the loofncfs of their B^liy,- thefnipothne|s,pf iheir skjnj &c. , * . V.tTieiakafur^iip. t)be Ad of Vemu, is the greatcft: of the plcafures of the ^,<n^5';' ,t|he pnatchin^bf itvrith Itch is imptoper, though that alfo beple«- fingtqtke touch, but the caufcs are profound. Firfl, all the Organs of the Senfcs qiialif^c the motions of the Spirits, and makefo many fcveral fpeqes of motions, and plcafures or difpleafures thereupon, as there be diverfities of Organs. The Jn.ftruments of Svght, Hearing, TaJ?e, and Stnetl,ire of teyera^ frame, and fo ar^.the parts for Generation -, thersfore Jr-j/i^fr doth well to oiaK.q.thc' pjc,ifuj:e 9^ Generation a fixth Senfe. And if there were any other dijfef|ng Organs^ gild Qualified Perforations for the Spirits to pafs, there would beWore then the rive Senfes .Neither do we wcllknow,whetherfomc Beafts and Birds have not SenfiS thxt we know not, and the very Sent of Dogs is almofl a fcnfe by itfelf. Secondly, the Pleafures of the Touch, are erepter and deeper then thofe of the other Jwi/fj, as wcfecin/i^rfrwineup- QXi Cold, or Reft igeTAtionVi^ox} Bat: For as the Pains of theToucharc greater tiie^ tHe offences of other Senfcs, fo likewifc arc the Pleafurei. It is ;rue, tjj.^t t^e^ffeifiing of the Spirits immediately, and (as it were) without an Organ,^' is^of tiiegrcatcfipleafure J which, is but in two things, Sneetfrnells and^'jwf. andthelike^S'^m vdpars. For Smells, we fee their great and fudden effpft jn fi;tc;hing N^cn^again when they fvvown ; for Drink, it is certain, iJbai; tj^e'pjlcafure of Drijnk'cnnef? isnext thepleafurc of /^twtf; and great Joy^s (fecwit^' j make thc^ '.Spirits moVjC and touch themfclves ,• and the plcafiire (jir^VNfw'is fonriewhat of the fame: kinde. ..'!'". 1 It hathi been always obfefved, that Men are more inclined to ^«»^in tjie.V? inter, an<i Women in the Summer. The caufe is.for that the Spirits in acotl'ymore hotanddry, ^as the Spirits of Men are) by the Summer arc mote' coaled andUiffipated, and in the Winter more condenfcd and kept entice ; but in Bodies that are cold and moifl, (as Womens are) the Sumnner
"'"""~' '■ ■ ' ■- -^ ' '■ •' doth
H3 I 696. Century F I J. doth cherifti the Spirits ^nd calleth them forth, the Winter doth dull them. Furthermore, the Abftincncc orlnrermiflion or the nicoi yenm, in moill and well habituate Bodie<,brccdcth a number of Dil'cafes ; and eipecially danger- cusimpolthumations. The rcafon is evident, forthat itisa prmcipiltvaeua- lion, efpeciilly ot theSpirits ; for of the Spirits, there is fcarce any cvacua. tion, but in ^«j/^ and excrcife. And therefore the omifllon of cither of them ' breedeth ail difeafes ol Repletion. THe nature of Vivification is very worthy the enquiry ; and as the Nature Expe.imcnts ot things is commonly better perceived infmall then ingrcar, and in '" Confort. unperfea then in pcrfed, and in parts then in whole ; fo theNatureof Vi- /°/Sr.'"" Vitieation is bcft enquired in Creatures bred of Putrefaaion. The contem- ' plation whereof hach many excellent Fruits. Firft, in difclofing the original ot Vivification. Secondly,in difelofing the original of Figuration. Thirdly, 1 in difclofing many things in the nature of pcrfcft Creatures, which in them ' lie more hidden. And fourthly, in traducing by way of operation, fomc cbfervations inthe/«/"f<?x, to wotkcffeas upon pcrfcft Creatures. Note, that the word Infeaa agreerh not with the matter , but wc ever ufe it for brevities fake, intending by it Creatures bred of Putrefadion. Tiic Infea^ave found to breed out of feveral matters : Some breed of Mud or Dung 5 aj the EArth-ttoms , Eels, Snakes, &c. For they are both Putrefaftions : ForWaterinMuddo purrcfie.as notabletopreferveit felf ; and for Dung, all Excrements are the rcfufe and putrefadions of nourifh- ment. Some breed in Wood, both growing and cut down. ^utre. in what Woodsmoft, and atwhat feafons. We fcethat the Wormswith many feet, which round thcmfelves into Balls j are bred chiefly under Logs of Timber, but not in the Timber, and they arefaid to be found alfo (many times) in Gardens where no Logs are. But it feemeth their Generation requireth a coverture bothfrom Sun, and Rain ot Dew, as the r.wi«?r is,- and therefore they are not venemous, but (contrariwife) ate held by the Phyfitiansto clarific the Blood. It is obfetved, that C»m;«/ are found in the holes of Bed- fides. Some breed in the Hair of Living Creatures 5 as Lice and likjs, which are bred by the fwcat clofe kept, and fomcwhat airified by the Hair. The Excrements of Living Creatures do not onely breed hfellx when they are cxccrned, but alfo while they arein the Body; as in Worms, whereto Chil- dren are moft fubjctt, and are chiefly in the Guts. And it hath been lately obferved by Phyfitians, that in many TefiUem Tttfeafes there are Worms found in the uppet parts of the Body, where Excrcmentsare not, but onely humors putrefied. Fleas breed principally of Straw or Mats.where there hath been a little moifture, or the Chamber and Bed-ftraw kept clofc, and not aircd.ltis rcceived,thattheyarekilled by ftrewing Wormwood in theRooms. And it is truly obferved, that bitter things are apt rather to kill then en- gender Putrefaaion, and they be things that arc fat or fvveet that are aptdt to putrefie. Tnere is a Worm that breedeth in Meal of the fliape of a large white Maggot, which is given as a great dainty to Nightingale?. The Moth breedeth upon Cloth, and other Lanifices, elpecially it they be laid up dankifli and wet. Itdelighteth tobc about the flamcot a Candle. Theteisa Worm cal.cd a ITeni bred under Ground, and that fccdeth upon Roots, as Parfoips, Garrots.&c. Some breed in Waters, cfpeciallv fhaded, but thev mulf beby ftanding Waters; as tie Waiter- Spider that hath fix Legs. The Fly called the Grfrf/;^ breedeth of lomewhat that fwimeth upon the top of the Water, and 13/ X4-4 J^tural Hiflory ; 6^7. 69i' is moft about Ponds. There is a Worm that breeocih of the Dregs oJ Wine ! dccavc.',\\hichafccrwards (asisobfervetlbyfome of thcy/na^uj-) tiirneih in-
to a (Jv.iit. It hath been cbl'crved by the Ainients, that there is a Worm that
, breedcth in old Snow, and is of colour redd. fli, and dull of motion, ind dieth (oon after itcomethout otbnow % which fliouldfliew thatinovv hath in it a Iccret warmth, for elfc it could hardly vivitic. And thereafon ot the dying of the Worm may be the hidden exhaling ot that little Spirit , asfoonasit comcthoutof the cold, whichhad fiiutitin. Tor as Butter llies quickui with hear, which were benummcd with cold ,• fo Spirits may exhale with heat, which were preferved in cold, Itisaftitmcd, both by the /.vcknt znA Modern obfctvation,thatin Furnaces of Copper and Brafs, where Chalcites is (which is Vitriol) often caft in tomend the working.thererifcthfuddcrly a Fly wliich fometimes movcth, as if it took bold on the Walls of the Furnace ; feme- times is (ecn moving in the fire below, anddieth prefently asfoonasit isoiit of the Furnace. Which is a nobleinftaace, and worthy to be weighed i forit fiicweth that as well violent heat ot fire, as the gentle heat of Lwing Crea- tures will vivifie, if it have matter proportionable. Now the great axiom of Vivification is, that there mulf be heat to dilate the Spirit of the Bod \v an Active Spirit to be dilated, matter vifcous or tenacious to hold in the Spiiir, and that matter to be put forth and figured. Now a Spirit dilated by fo ardent a fire as that of the Furnace.as (oon as ever it cooleth never (o little, congeal- eth prefently. And (no doubt) this action is furthered by the Cbalcite5,which hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate, asv/efee inGhyniicalTryals- Briefly, molt things putrefied bring foith//»/f^<«ot fcvcral names, but we will I'iOt take upon us now to enumerate them all. The /«/f(7<<have been noted by the Ancients to feed little: But this hath not been diligently obferved 5 for Grafhoppers eat up the Green ot whole Countreys, and Silk- worms devour Leaves iwiftly.and Ants make great pro- vifion. It is true, that Creatures that fleep and reft much, eat little, as Dor- mice and Bats, &c. they arc all without Blood i which may be, for thac the Juyceof their Bodies isalmoft all one ^ not Blood, andFlefh, andSkin, and Bone, as in perfect Creatures ; The integral parrs have extream variety , but thcfimilar parts little. It is true, that they have (fome of them) Diaphragm, and anintefline; and they have all Skins, which in moif of ihe/nfea.i, ate caft often. They are not rgcneially) of longlifc; yet Bees have been known to live feven years; andSn^ikesare thought, the rather for the calling of their fpoil, to live till they be old; and Eels, which many times breed of pucre- fa£tion,will live and grow very long;.9tld thofethatenterchange from Worms to Flies in the Summer, and from Flics to Worms in the Winter, have been kept in Boxes four yearsat iheleaft ; yet there arecertainFliesthat are called Ephemera that live but a day. The caufe is, the exility of the Spirit, or per- haps theabfenceof the Sun 5 for that if they were brought in, or kept clofe, they might live longer. Many of the Infe^a (as Butter-flies and other Flies) revive eafiJy, when they fcem dead, being brought to the Sun or Fire. The caufe whereof iy,.thediffufion ofthe Vital Spirit, and the eafie dilatingof it by alittle hear. They ftiragood while after their heads are off,ortbat they be cut in pieces ,• which is eaufcd alfo, for thac their Vital Spirits are more dif- fufed throughout all their parts, and lefs confined to Organs then in perfeft Creatures. The Infeila have voluntary Motion, and therefore imagin^ition. And whereas fome of the yf>u/w.f have [aid, that their Motion is indeterminate,3nd theix imagination indefinite, it is negligently obferved.i for Ants go right forwards. Century FII.
forwards to their Hills ; and Bees do (admirablv) know the way from a Floury Heath, two or three miles off to th.ir Hives. It may be Gnats and Flies have their Imagination more mutable and giddy, as (mall Birds likc- wil'ehave. It is faidby (bme of the Ancients, that they haveonely the Senfe of Fetling, which ismanifeftly untrue ; for it they go forth right to a place, they mull needs have Sight: Befides, they delight more in owe Flower or Herb, then in another, and therefore have talle. And Bees are called with found upon Brals, and therefore they have hearing. Which fheweth like- wife, that though their Spirits be diffufed, yet there is a Seat o{ their Senfcs in their Head. Other obferyAtions concerning f/;f Infeda, together ivith the Enumeration of them^ •»•? refer to that pLtceynhereJte mean to handle the Title of Animals iff ^rn#M/. A Man Icapeth better with weights in his hands, then without. The caufe is, for that the weight (if it be proportionable; ftrcngthncth the Si- news, by contradingthcm; for orherwife, where no contradion is needful, weight hindrcth. As we fee m Horfe Races, Men ate curious to iorcfee that thercbenot the leaft weight upon thconeHorfe more then upon theother. In Leaping With Wcights,thc Arms are firftcaft backward',and then forward?, with fo mi-ch the greater force ; for the hands go backward before they take their raile, Qiure, if the contrary motion of the Spirits, immediately before the Motion we intend, doth not caufe the Spirits as it were to break forth with more force j as Brfeath alfo drawn, and kept in, cometh forth more forcibly : And in cafting of any thing, the Arms, to make a greater fwing, are firft catt backward. OF Muftctl Tones and unequal Sounds, we have fpoken before, but touch- chc plealureanddifplealureot the Senfes not fo fully. Haifli founds, as ot a J^TJ'whcnitisfharpned, Grindingof one Stone againft another, fqucak- ng orlcricchingnoifcs, make a fli;veringor horrorin the Body, and fet the Teeth on edge. Tnc caufe is, for that thcobjedsof the F.ar do afFcft the Spirits (immediately) moft with pleafure and offence. We fee there is no colour tnat affedeth the Eye much with difplcafure. There be fights that are horrible, bccaufe they excite the memory of things that are odious or featful; but the famcthings painted, do little affeft. tKs (ot ^m ells, T aft es. 2nd 7 ouches, they be things that do affcd by a Participation or Impuifion of the body of the Object. Soitis Jo«nrf alone that doth immediately and incorpo- re3llvaff(.cf ino'h This is molt manifeftin Mk/ic/^ and Concords, zndTDifcords in L^luftck^: VoiaW Sounds, whether they be fharp or flat, if theybefweer. havearoundiielsand equality j and if they be harfli, are unequal : For zDif cord it (elf, is but a harfhnels of divers founds meeting. It is true, that in- equality, not Itaid upon, but paffing, is rather an increafe of I'wcetnefs ; as m thePurlingof a Wreathed String, and in theraucity of ^Trumpet, and in the 7^ighting.tle-^ipe of a Regal, and in a 1)tfcord (traight falling upon a Cncord : Bu: it you ftay upon it, it is offenfivc. And therefore thetc be thcfc three degrees of plcafing and dilpleafipg in Sounds ; Street founds, 'Difcords, and Harfh founds, which we call by divers names, as Scriechwg, or Crating, fuch as we now Ipeakof. Asforthe fettingof the Teeth on edge, we plainly lie what an imcrcourfc there is bet ween the Teeth, and the Organ of the Hearing, by thctakingof the end of a Bow between the Teeth, and fttiking upon the String. O NATURAL 145 699- Expciimcnt Solitaiy, touching Le«fing. 700. Experiment Solicaryi touching «he Pleafuttiand Dlfplffurtt of the Stnfttt e(ptciaUy of Hearing, i 147 ^^"^p^y^1-'^NK^1^='V f^'S^^f^f NAT d R A L HIS TOR Y^ Ceniury Fill. Wh rt i (Here be CMinerAh and Fof'tles in gtckt fariety , biii of I Veins oi Earth Medicinal but fcw- The chief arc. Terra Lemnii , Terra. SigiHat* ctmmunis , aild Boltu Arnuntis ; whcfcof TertA LemnU is the chief. The Vcrtues of them are for Curing of fVourtdt, .StanchinjT of Bj9od , Stoppins; of Ftttxes ind Rbeumt, and Arrefting the Sprcd- ingof Veji fan, Infidion, and Putrefaclitn : And they have of all other Simples the pcrfcdlelt and pureft quality of , 'Drvm"', with little or nu mixture of any other quality. Yctit is true, that tho^Bole yirminiii! is the nioftcoldot ticm, and that 7#rrrf Lemnii is the moil: 'hot; for '«'hichcaufc the lOand Lemnos where it is djf»^cd, ^as in'the oid 701. Experiment Solitaiyi touching" Vtinlif Nit-- dkinxl F.irtf:. Fal>n!custy^"es confccratcd to Vulcan. 1 o^ij,-)» ] .;; JCililoilf I 1 ' A Bout the Bottom of the Serei^rhtt arc gathered grcittjuaHtiti'cs ofS^hgts^ V^^vVhich arc gathered from the fiJcs ot Roth, bcirtg as it were a lirgc, ' but tough o1f^,(i. It is the more to be noted, becaufc'thJit there be but few* ' Subllancc J, Plant-like, that grow deep within the^ca for they arc gaclicrcd ibmitrrtie Fifteen fathom deep ; And when they arc hid on Shore, they feirh to b<»df great Bulk 5 but crullidd togcthdr, will be tcanlported in a-vcr^ ImaUTbom. ; n iiv'.npiiuxi 1 "ibniM iciii ' ?'- .no:* IT f<ftmeth That F/jfc that ire ufcd to tlic Salt-water, doncvcrthclcrs de- lightmorein tPcHi. Wc fee thati"-</>no«rand5'>"f/j/lovctogetintoRiTcrs, though it be agdinft the Stream- At the Haven of Cun/iantrntflexoM fliall I have great quantiries of Fish that come from thd Euxtnt Se^, that when they j come into the Frefh-watcr, do inebriate and turn up rneit Bellies, foasyou jmajrfftke them With your h*nd. Idoubttherc hathnotbccnfulHcicnt Ex- 7CZ Expeiiment Solitiry, touchingthe Croanh if 701. Experiment Solitary, touching Sta F'lfb put in Frtlh tr.x O 2 pc cnmcnt 148 !J\(atural Hi/lory; 704. Expctimcnc Solitaiyi couching ^tiraciionhy Similitude 0/ Subjitnce. 705. ExpcfimCnt Solid 17. touching Certain drink^t in Turkfyt •706. Expeiiments in Con(ott, touching SiVMt. pcrimcntmadcot putting Jm y/jfr into Frcfh-watcr, Ponds, and Pools. Itis a thing oi great ulc and pleafurc j for io you may liavc them new at fomc good diltancc from the Sea : And bciidcs, it may be the Filh will eat the plcafantcr, and may fall to breed. And it is laid, that CaUheJler 0)lters. which arc put into Pits, where the Sea goeth «nd comcth, (but yet \o that there is a Frcfli-watcr coining alio to them "when the Sea voidcth) become by that means fatter, and more grown. THc Turkish ^(»> givctli a very forcible Shoot, infomuch asit hath been known, that the t^rrtip hath pierced a Steel Target, or apiece of Brals of two Inches thick : But that which is more ftrangc. the <<<frroTi-, if it be headed w ith Wood, hath been known to pierce through a piece of W ood of eight Inches thick. And it is certain, that wc had in ulc at one time, for Sea- fighc, ihovt ^rr»Tn, which they called J/iri;g/;r/, v jthoiit any other Heads, five Wood /harpncd ; w hich were difcharged out of Muskets, and would pierce through the fides of Ships, where a Bullet would not pierce. But this depcndeth upon one of the greatcft fecretsin all Nature j v hich is, that S'imil'nude of Sub^/drict'ifiU caulcAttradion, where the Eody is wholly freed from the Motion of Gravity : Forif that were taken away, Lead would draw Lead, and Ge/rf would draw Gold, and iron would draw /row without the help of the Load-// ON f. But this f.ime Motion of Wcightor Gravity (which is a meet Motion of Matter, and hath noaliinity with the Form or Kinde) doth kill the other Motion, except it fclf be killed by s violcntMotion ; and in thefe inflanccs of Arrows, for then the Motion of Attra^ion by Simili- tudeof oubflancebcginncthtoflicwitlcll. But Wc fhall handle thispcint of Ntiiure fully in due place. THcy have in Turi^t and the Fnft, certain ConfeHitvs, vhich they call Servcts, \fhich arc like to Candid Ccnftrves , and are made of Sugar srd Ltmmetis, or Sugar and Citrttis, or Sugar ard Violets, aed feme other Flowers j and fomc mixture of c/^witr for the more delicate perfons: And thole they difTolvc in "W ater, and thereof make their Dririk,becaure th ey are f oi bidden Wire by their Law. Butl do much marvel, that no 1 ngl/slmAn,cr'Dut(lrti^ti, otCetwan, doth fet up Brewing in ConjlAntwofle, cc rlidcritig they have luch quantity of Barley. For as lor the general Icrt cf Men, frugality maybe the caufe of Drinking Water ; for that it is no fmall laving to pay nothing for ones drink : But the beitcrfort might well be at the cofl. And yet 1 vender thelcfsatit, becaufc ] (cc France jialy, or Spain, have not taken into ufcBccr or Ale ; which ^perhaps) if they did, would better both their Healths and their Complexions. It is likely it Would be matter of great gain to any that fhould begin it in THrkfj. IN Bathing in hot water, fweat rnevcrthclefs) ccmcth not in the parts un- der the Water. The caufe is, firfl, for that fweat is a kinde of Colliqua- tion. And that kinde of Colliquation is not made either by an over-dry Heat, oranover-moiftHcat. For ovcr-moiflure doth lomewhatcxtinguifh the Heat; as we fee, that cvenhot water quencheth Fire, and over-dry Heat fhuttcfh ihcPorcs^ And therefore Men will fooner fweat covered before the Sun or Fire, then if they ftood naked : And Earthen Bottles filled ^r ith hot water, do provoke in Bed a Sweat more daintily then Brick-bats hot. Secondly, Hot- water doth caufe Evaporation from the Skin > Co as it fpendeth the matter in thofc parts under the Water, before itifTucth in Sweat, Century F I II. Sweat. Again, Sweat comethmbrc plentifully, if the Heat beincrcalcd bv degrees, then if it be grcn.tcfl; atfirft, or cqiinl. Thecaufc is, for that the Pores are better opened by a gentle Heat, then by a more violent; and by their opening the Sweat, iilueth more abundantly. And therefore Phyftdant may do well, when they prorokcSxveat inBed by Dottles, with a Decodion' of Sudorifui' Herbs in Hot Hater, tomakc two degrees oi' Hciit in the Bottles, and to lay in the Bed the Icls-heatcd firft, and atccc half an hour the morc- heatcd. 5nf.«risffllt intafte. Thecaufc is, tor that tiiat pact of the Nourifliment which isfrelh and fweet, turneth into Blood and Flefii ; and the Sweat is onely that part which is feparate and cxcerned. Blood alio raw, hath fome faltnefs more then Flelli ; becaule the Aflimilation into Flefh.isnot without a little and fubtile excretion from the Blood. SM'eat Cometh forth more out of the upper parts of the Body then the lower. The reafon is, bccaufc thofc parts arc more rcpleniflie-i w ith Spirits, and the Spirits arc they that put forth Sweat; befidcs, they arc lels ilefhy, and Sweat iffucth (chiefly) out of the parts that arclefs fiefhy and more dry, as the Forehead and Breft. Men fweat more in fleep then waking, and yet flccp doth rather flay other Fluxions, then caufc them; as Rheumt, Loofnef of the Bodj, &c. 'I he caufeis, for that in Slctp the Heat andSpiritsdo naturally move inwards, and there reft. But when they arecoUcded once within,the Heatbccomcth more violent and irritate, and thereby cxpelleth S'wut. Cold STueats arc (many times) Mortal mdnco.t'Dejth, and always ill and fufpefted; as in great /"f^r/, Hypocbondruul *Pafions.&c. The caufeis, for that CoW5»'f.</i^ come by a relaxation or forfaking of the i'/iirir^, whereby the M oifturc of the Body, which Heat did keep firm in the parts, fcvcreth and ifllieth out. In thofe ©i/f-t/w which cannot be difcharged by Syteat, S^cAt is ill, and rather to be flayed •, as in T>ifcafes of the Lungs, and Fluxes of the Belljf, but in thofc Z)«/<r<</« which arc expelled by Sfoent, it cafeth and lightneth ; as in K^gues, Peji'ilences, &c. The caufc ii, for that Ssveat in the latter fort is partly Critical, and fcndcth forth the Mttter that ofFendcth : But in the former, it cither proccedeth from the Labor of the Spirits, which fhewcth them oppreitcd ; or from Motion of Confent, when Nature noz:xh\c to expel the 'Dtfeafe wherc itisfcatci, movcth to an Expullion indifferent overall chc Bodj. THe Nature of the Glotiorm is hitherto not well obferved. Thus much we fee, thatthey breed chiefly in the hotted Moncths oi SMmmer ; and thatthey breed not in Cbamp.tign, but in Bushes and Hedges. Whereby it may be conceived, that the Spirit of them is very fine, and not to be refined but by Summer heats. And again, that by reafon of the hnenefs, it doth eafily ex- hale. In /ta!j, &nd the Hotter Countrcys, there is a File they call L«aJo/^, that fhincth as the Glo-^orm doth, and itmay bcisthe/'/f»n?-G/aTJ:or>« -. but that Flic is chiefly upon Fens xniiCMarishes. Butyctthe two former obfcrva- Cionshold, for they arc not fccn but in the heat of Summer; and Sedgt, or other Green of the rr«f give asgood IhadeasBurties. It maybe the C7 /«"»;»;»;; of chc Cold Countreys ripen not fo far as to be winged. THe Paflions of the CMmde work upon the Body the impreflionv fol- lowing. Fwr, caufeth Taltnef.JremLimg, the S'tunding of the H^-r up- O } li.jht, 149 7O7. 708. 709. 710, 711. 712. Experiment • Solitary, touchincthc ' G'.iJmrm. , 715. Experiments in Conforc, Itouthing (he ImDrciiiim rvWiMthe Pjf- , I'lons of tin AlinJt mjl^e Mfnniht B'idj. i50 714. 715- 716. 3\Qitural hi/lory j righr, Starting, and Scfieching. The PalcncTs is caufcd, for that the Blood lunncth inward to fuccor the Heart. The Trcitibling is cau(ed, for that through iheihghc of thcSpirits inward, the outward pares are denitutcd,and notfuftained. Standing upright of the Hair is caufcd, for that byfhutting of the Pores of theSkin, the Hair that lyeth afloap muft needs rife. Starting is both an apprchenfion of the thing feared, (and in that kinde it is a motion of (hrinking 5) and likcwife an Inquifuion in the beginning what the matter fhould be , ( and in that kinde it is a motion of Eredion ;) and therefore when a Man would liften fuddenly to any thing, heftartcth; for the Part- ing is an Hredion of the Spirits to attend. Scrieching is an appetite of ex- pelling that which fuddenly ftrikcth the Spirits. For it muft be noted, that many Motions, though they be unprofitable to cxpei that which hurrcth, yet they are Oflfcrs of Nature, and caufc Motions by Confent j as in Groan, ing.or Crying upon Pain. Grief and Pain, caufe Sighing,Sobbing, Groaning,Screaming,and Ro^r ing, Tears, Diftoriing of the Face, Grinding of the Teeth, Sweating. Sighing is caufcd by the drawing in of a greater quantity of Breath to refrefli the Heart thatlaboreth; like a great draught when one is thirfty. Sobbing is the fame thing Ihonger. Groaning, and Screaming, and Roaring, are caufcd by an appetite of Expulfion, as hath been faid ; for when the Spirits cannot expel the thing that huiteth in their ftr;fc to do ir, by Motion of Confent rhev expel the Voice. And this is when the Spirits yield, and give over to refift; for if one do conflantly refill Pain, he will not groan. Tears arccaulcd by a Contradion of the Spirits of the Brain ; which Gontraftion by confc- qucncc aftringcththc Moifture of the Brain, and thereby fendcth Tears into the Eyes. And this Contraftion or Comptefllon eauleth alfo Wringing of the Hands; for Wringing is a Gefturc of Expreffion of Moifture. ThcDif- torting of the Face is cauled by a Contention, fitft, to bear and r efift.and then toexpel; which makeththePartsknitfirft, and afterwards open. Grinding of the Teeth is caufed (likewife) by a Gathering and Scrring of the Spirits together to refift ; which maketh the Teeth alio to fet hard one againlt an- other. Sweating is aUo a Compound Motion by the Labor of the Spirits,firft to refift, and then to expel. Joy caufeth aChearfulnefsand Vigor in the Eycs.Singing, Leaping, Dan- cing, and fometimes Tears. All thefc arc theelfedsof the Dilatation and coming forth of the Spirits into the outward parts , which maketh them more lively andftirring. We know it hath been feen, that Exccfllve fud- dcn Joy hath caufcd prefent Death, while the Spirits did (pred fo much as they could not retire agiin. As for Tears, they are the effeds of Comprcf- fionof the Moifture of the Brain, upon Dilatation of the Spirits. For Com- prcflionof the Spirits worketh an Exprcftionot theMoifture of the Brain by confcnr, as hath been faid in Grief : But then in Joy it worketh it diverfly, rii.By Propulfionof the Moifture, when the Spirits dilate, and occupy mote room. Anger caufeth Palcnefs in fome.and the going and coming of the colour in others ; alfo Trembling in fomc. Swelling, Foaming at the Mouth, Stamp- ing, Bending of the Fift. Palcucis, and Going, and Coming of the Colour, are cauted by the Burning of the Spirits about the Heart ,- which to refrefh themfelvcsi call in more Spirits from the outward parts. And if the Palencfs be alone, without (ending forth the colour again, it is commonly joyncd with fome feat ; But in many there it no Palcnefs at all, but eontrariwifc Redncfs about the Checks and Gils } which is by the fending forth of the Spiritf, Century ^ lit. t5l Spirits, in an appetite fo Revenge. Trcmblingin Anger is llkcWire by »cali ing in of the Spirit?) and is commonly when Anger is joy ned with Fear. Svk'iel- ling is caulcd borli by a Dilatation of the Spirits by ovcr-hcariiig, and by a j Liquefadtion or Boiling ot the Humors thereupon. Foaming at the Mouth I isirom thel'amecaufe, being an Ebullition. J>tamping and Bending of the Fift arc cauled by an Imagination of the Ad of Revenge. Light Difpleafurc or Diflike caulcth lliaking of the Head,Frowning,and I Knitting of the Brows. Thefc cffcds arifo from the fame caufc that Ticm- bling and Horror do s namely, from the Retiring of the Spirits, but in a kU degree. FortheShakingof the Head, is but aflow and definite Trembling ; and is a Gefture of flight refufal : And we fee alfo, that a diflike cau(cth often that Gefture ot the Hand, which we ufc when we refufe a thing, or warn ic away. The Frowning and Knitting of the BtovvJ, isaGarhering orScrring of the Spirit-s torefift in fome meafurc. And wc fee alfo, this Knitting of the Brows will followuponearneftStudyingjOr Cogitation of any thing, though it be without diflike, ShamecaufethBlufhingjand caftingdoWnoftheEyes. Biufliingis the Refort of Blood to the Face, whichinthePaflionof Shame, is the part that laboreth moft. And although the Blufhing will be fcen in the whole BrcfV, if it be naked , yet that is but in paflagc to the Face. As for thccclfting down of the Eyc5, it proceedcth of the Reverence a Man beareth toother Men, whereby ,when he is afhamed, he cannot endure to look firmly upon others : And we lee, that Blufliing and the Calling down of the Eyes both, are more when we come before many j Ore PtrnpenquidmelHtu ? NHtiquamnon coram plicribus erubutt ; and likcwifc, when we come before Grtit or Reverend Per fens. Pity caufeth fomctimcs Tears, and a Flexion or Caft of the Eye afide. Tears come from the caufc, that they do in Grief : For Pity is but Grief in anothers behalf. The Caft of the Eye, is a Gcflurc of Averfion or Loihnefs to behold the objcft of Pity. Wonder caufeth Aftonifhmertt, or an Immovable Pofture of the Body, Calling up of the Eyes to Heaven, and Lifting up of the Hands. For Aftonilh- menr, itiscaufedby thePixingof theMindc upon one object of Cogitation, whctebv it doth not fpatiatc and tranfcur asitufeth: For in Wonder the Spirits flie not, as in Fear,- but onely fettle, and are made Icfsapc to move. As forthc Calling up of the Eyes, and Lifting up of the Hands, itisakindc of Appeal to the Deity, which is the Auchor, by Power and Providence of ftrangc Wonders. Laughing caufeth a Dilatation of the Mouth and Lips ; a continued Ex- pulfion of the Breath, with the loudNoife, waich makcth the Interjedion of Laughing ; ihaking of the Brell and Sides; Running of the Eyes with Water, if it be violent and continued. Wherein firft it is tobe underftood, that Laughing is fcarce (properly) aPafTion, but hath his Source from the In- icllcft; for in Laughing, there ever preccdcth a conceit of fomcwhat ridicu- lous. And therefore it IS proper to Man. Secondly, that the caufe of Laugh- ing, is but a light touch of the Spirits, and not fo deep an ImprcfTion as in other PafTions. And therefore fthat which hath no Affinity with the Pafli- ons of the Minde") it is moved> and that in great vehenicncy, oncly by Tick- lingfomc parts of the Body. And wefce, that Men even ina grieved ilarcof Minde. yet cannot lomctimesforbear Laughing. Thirdly, it iscvcr joyned withlomcdcgreecf Delight: And therefore Exhilaration hath fomc Affinity With Joy, though it be much LightcrMotion. RtsfeverA eji rerumGn-ihum. ^__ Fourrhlv/ 717, 718. 719- 7Z0. 72 I. 151 722. 7^3- Expeiimemi in Confofti touching Drunkfttntf, 724- 72-5 ■ S\(atural hi/lor) ; Fourthly , That the objc£l of it is Deformity, yibfurdtiy, SbreTt d rwrHy.and the like. Nowtofpeakof thecauics of the clfcdts betorcmcntioned.whcrcuntothcic general Note^ give feme light. For the Dilatation of the CMouth and Ltps, continued Expulfion of &x Breath and p^'ouc, and Shaking ol ihc Brejls and Sides, they proceed (all^ from the Dilaracion of i\\tSi>trns, cipecially beirg fudden. So likevvile the /?«»»»;/ of the £;« with Water, (as hath been for- tnerly touched, where we (pake of the7*^nof Jo^indCrief) is an cfFed of Dilatation of the Spirits. And for Suddennefi, it is a groat part of the Matter : For we (cc that any Sbretad turn that lightctli upon another, or any 'Deformity, &c. movcth Z4«j/j/frin theinllanr, which after a little lionc it doth not. So we cannot Laugh at any thing after it is ilalc, but whilcfl it is new. And even in 7«)^/«n^,if you tickle the tides, and give warning, or give a hard or con. tinued touch, it dotli not iwovc Laughter fo much. Lufi caufeth a tUgrancy in the Ejs, and Frtapifm. The caufc cf both thcfe is, for that in Lufl the Sight and the Touch, arc the things defited; and therefore the Spirits refort to thofe parts which are moll affeded. And note well in general, (for that great u(e may be made of the obfcrvation) that (evermore) the Spirits in all Papons refort mofl to thepaits that labor molf, or ate moft affedcd. As in the laff, which hath been mentioned, they refort to the Ejes and Vtnereous parts ; in Fear and Mgcr to the Heart', in Shame to the Face ; and in Light diflikes to the Head. IT hath becnobferved by the t^Anciems, and is yet believed, That the -S>?m of Drunkeit'Tnen is unfruitful. The caufc is, for that it isover-moiftned, and wantcth Spiflitudc. And wc havf a merry faying, 71m they that go drtmk to Bed, git ^Daughters, 'Drunken-intn are taken with a plain Defed or Deftitution in Volunt4ry Motitm they reel, they tremble, they cannot ftand, nor fpeak ftrongly. The caufc if, for that the Spirits of the V^ine opprefs the Spirits Animal, and oc cupatepattof the place where they are, and fo make them weak to move; and therefore 'Dj'««jiLf)»-»jf» arc apt tofaliaflccp. And Opiates zudStupefaBives (as ^oppf, Henbane, Hemltck' &(.) induce a kaide of Drmkennejihy the grofsncfs oi thtxi Fapor , as Wine doth by the quantity of thtVapor. Bcfideji, they rob the Spirits Animal of their Mxwr whereby they arenourifhed ; for the Spirits of the Wine, prey upon itas well as they, and fothey make the Spirits lefs lupple and apt to move. 'Druttkett-men imagine every thing turncch round ; they im?gine alfo, that things come upon them; thiy fee not well things afar off; thofe things that they fee near hand, they fee out of their place ; and (fooietimes) they fee things double. The caufe of the imagination that things turn round is, foe that the Spirits thcmfelvestutn, being comprcflcd by the Vapor of the Wine ;(for any Liquid Body upon Comprcflionturneth,as we fee in Water:) And it is all one to the fight , whether the hfual Spirits move, or the Objcft moveth, or the Medium moveth ; and we fee, that long turning round breed, eth the fame imagination. The caufe of the imagination that things come upon them ir,for that the Spirits Vifual themfelves draw back, which maketh the Objeft feem to come on ; and befides, when they fee things turn round and move, Fear maketh them think they come upon them. The caufe that they cannot fee things afar off, istheweaknefsof the Spirits; for in every (Jliegrim or Vertigo, there is an Obtcnebration joyned with a fern- blance of Turnin? round, which we fee alfo in the lighter fort of S-^oonirtgs. The (^entury Vlll. 155 Thccau(cof feeing things oiuoF their place, is the rtfradion o[ tlie ipiritj vifual ; for the vapor is as an unequal i^/ff/iww, audit is as the (ighr of cin-os our of place in Water. The caufjof Iccing things double, isthciwift and unquiet motion of the Spirits (being oppi-elieti) to and fro; for (as vVas laid before) the motion of the Spirits Vifual, and the morion of the objcdniake the fame appearances ; and tor the fwitt motion of the objcft, tt-e fee that if you fillij) a Lwt ftring, it fllcweth double or trcbble. Men -ire (oonct DrUnk with (mall draughts then ^iih great. Arid again, Wine fugired, inebriatcth lefsthcn Wine pure. Thecaufe of the former is, for that tne Wine defccndcth not lo fait to the Bottom of the Stomack, but maketh lotigcr ftay in the upper part Of the Scomackj and fcndeth Vapors fallet to the Head, and therefore inebriatethfooncr. And for the fariic rcafon. Sops in Wine (quantity tor quantity) inebriate more then Wine of it felf Thecaufe Of theUtter i.s, for that the iiugardoth inrpifTitc theSpiri;s of the Wine, and maketh them not foeafie to refojve into Vapor. Nay Ihrrher, it is thought tobcfome remedy again(\ inebriating, it Wine fug itcd betaken after Wine pure. And the lame etfcdli5Vvroughr>eithet by Oylor Milk taken upon much Drinking. THcufeof Winein dry and confiiihed Bodies is hurtfiil, in nioirt' arid full Bodies 11 is good. Thecaufe is, tor that the Spirits of the Wincdopiey upon ttie Dew or radical moifture (is they term it) of the Body. and To deceive the Animal Spirits. But where thereismoiftUrc enough, or fupertkious.thcfe Wine helpeth to digcd and dcficcatc the moiftilrc. THe CuterpiUer Is one Of the mbft general of Woirms, and brcedctR of Dcw and Leaves 5 for ^t fee infinite number of Cditerpillers which breed upon Trees and Hedges, by >^hich the Leaves of the Trees or H .-dgcs are in great pare corfumcd; as well by their breeding out of the Leaf, aS by tliCir feeding upon the Leaf. Thcybteed in the Spring chieflv, becaufc then there is both Dew and Leaf. And they breed commonly when the Eait Winds havcmuch blown : The caufc Whereof is, the drynefs of that Wind; forto ail Vivjtication upon Putrefiftion, it is requifite the matter be nor too rhoif^ : And therefore Wc fee they have CohTvfhs abotit them, which is q fign of a flimy dryncfs ; as we fee upon the Ground, Whereuf)on by Dew .ind Sun CibTtftlts breed all over. We fcealfo the Green Catterpilitr breedeth in the in- ward parts of Rofes, efpecially not blown where the Dew ftitkcth .• But cfpccially CatttrpiUerS , both the greateft and the moft, breed upon CuLbages, which have a fat Leaf, and apt to pUtritie. The CuterpiUer toward the end of Summer >V3xeth volatile, ind turnech toaB«/rfr^;V, or perhaps fomc other Flie. ThcrcisaC4»fr/i//#r that hatha fur or Down upon him, andfcemcth to have affinity with the Silk Tttrm. THc Fltes Cdntharidei, ire bred of a fp^erm or Catterpiller , but peculiar iti certain Fruit'trees ; as are the Fig-tree, the Pine-tree, and thcWildc Bryar; all which bear (weet Fruit, and Fruit thathathakindeof fccrct biting or fharpnefs. For the Fig hath a Milk in it that is fwect and corrofivei the Pine-Apple liath aKernel that is Ikong and ablferlive ; the Fruit of the Bryar is faid jomakcChildren, or ihofe that eat them, fcabbcd. And there- tore no marvel though Cmtharides hive (uch a Cortofivc and Cauteri- zing quality j for there is not one other of the Infeilu , but is bred of a duller matter. ThcBody of thcCantharidcsis bright coloured; dnditmjy be. 73 «j. 727 Experiment Solitarj", touching ih< | fr/elp or hurt of Wint J. thvugh A/ode nttly ufid. 728. Experiment Solitary, touching VatttrfiUm. 729. Expeiimfnt Solitarji touching the Fliti C*mha~ ridts. 154 750. ExperimcntJ ' in Confoit. tuoching i Lijiitudt. 1 - -' t '.• 3^atHrd hijhr^ ; 111- 73J. I Experiment ISolitafy, I touching the I C J fling of the \ Skf" «"^ •£'» in{omt Crtx- turts. 7?3- Expeiiincnts in Confott, touching the J'opmeitftht Bedj: 'H- 73 y bc) that the delicate coloured Dragon Flics mrv have likevvirc fomc Cor- rolivc quality. Lylfttudi- is remedied by Bathing or An; inting with Oyl and warm Wa- ter. The cjiukii, ior thuiM Lafnudi' is akindcof Contufion and Com- f)rcilionot the Parts ; andBathing and Anointinij give a RtrJaxion or Emol- ition : And the mixture of Oyl and Water is better then cicliet of them a- lone, becaulcWatcrentrclh better into the Fores, and Oyl after entry foft- ncth better. It is found alio, that the taking of Tahacio doth help and diichargc Ljjiiittde. The reafon whereof is partly, becaufc by chcaring orcomforc- ing of the Spirits, it opcncch the Parts c omprcllcd or contulcd : And chiefly, becaufc It rcfrcflicth the Spirits by the Opiate Vcrtuc thereof, and fo dil- chargcih Wcarincfs, as Sleep hkewilc doth. Jngoingup a HilltheAnef^vvillbe moflweary ; ingoing downaHill, Hughs. The caufc is, for that in the Lift of die Feet, when a man goeth up the Hill, the weight of the Body bcareth moll upon the knees ; andin going down the Hill, upon the Thighs. THc calling of the Sk.in, is bv the Ancients compared to the breaking of the Secundme or Call, but not rightly ; for that were to make every call- ing of the Skin a new Bii-th : And.bflidcs, the Secuudine is but a general Cover, notfhapcd according to the Parts ■■, butthcSkin is fhaped according to the Parts. The Creatures th^tcaft their Skin arc, the 5n<i^e, the Viper, the Grushoppcr, the L'tz.ard, the Silk-y»otm, &e. Thole that cail their .'-hell are, the Lohjler, the Crab, the Cr/i-fish, the Hodvundod or 'Dodm.in, the Tortoife, &c. The old Skins arc found, buttheold ^hellsncver : So as itislikcthcy fcalc off, and crumble away by degrees. And they are known by the extream tcndernels and iofcncfs of the new Shell; andlomcwhatby the frcfhnefs of the colour of it. The caufc of the calling and Skin and Shell fhould ieem tobethe great quantity of matter in thole Creatures, that is fit to make Skin or Shell : And again, the ioofnefs of the Skin or Shell, that ftickcth not clofc to the rlefli. For it is certain, that it is the ncvrSkin or^hcU that piitterh oflF the old. Jo we Ice that in *Deer, it is theyoung Horn that putccth off thcold. Andin Birds, the young Feathers put oflF the old ; and lo Birds that have much matter for their Beak, call their Beaks, the new Beak putting off the old- , ,. ') I 2"i><f riot Fred but Hollow, which is inthcmakingof the Bed, or wiiih ^ the ^f^-s gathered up, whichis inthcpoilureof thcBodv, is the more wholcfome, ihcreafonis thcBettcrcomtortingof theStomack, whichis by rhatlefspenfile ; and we fee, that in weakStomacks, theJayingupof the Legs high, andthc Knees almoll to the Mouth, liclpeth andcomforteth. ^e fee alio, that Gally-jUves, notwithllanding their mifery otherw iie, arc commonly fat and flefny j and tJxe j eafon is. bccaule thcScomackisfCfp'- ported fomtwhatin fitting, andis peqlile in Handing or goingi And there- fore for Prolongation of Life, itisgood to chufethofe Izxercifcs where the I Limbs move more then the Stona,acK;ta.dBeUyi; as. in Rowing and in Saw-- ing, being fct. , : •■ .: .. ' C^legr'iiHS and Q\ddinefi arc rather v hen wey?i/^„ .after long fitting, then while we fir. The caufc it, for that the Vapor^ •which were gathered by fitting, by the ludden il/^fjosfiie more upintothc M'<«rf. Lunmg upon any Part makcth it Num , a'tid, as we call it , tylfleip'. The Century Fill. I 155 The caufcis, for that the ComprciGon of the Parts fufTercth not the Spirits j to have free accefs ; andthcreiorc, when we come out cf ir, we feclalting- { ing or pricking, which is the re-entrance of the Spirits. I IT hath been noted, Thatthofe Years are peftilential andunwholfomc, _.g when there arc great numbers of Frogs, Flies, Locufts, &c. The caufe is Exptiiment plain; for that thole Creatures being ingendrcd of Putrefaction, when they Solitary, abound, ftiew a general difpofition of the Year, and conrtitutionof theAir '^^S,/ to Dilcales of Putrcfadion. And the fame Prognollick (as hath been faid TtAn. before) holdeth, if you finde Worms in Oak-Apples. For the Conrtitution i of the Air appearcth more fubtilly in any of ihefe things, then to the fcnfe of I Man. j IT is an obfervatlonamongft Country people, that Years of (lore of f/**/ 1 737. and Hefs, do commonly portend cold Winters; and they alcnbe it to ^"P*""*" Gods Providence, that (as the Scripture faith) reacheth even to the falling of a 'wuSgthc Spirrow; and much more is like to reach Co thePrefervation of Birds in fuch PT»gn„puktof Seafons. The Natural caule alfomay be the want of Hear, and abundance of ^"<^^'"^'^'- Moiilure in the Summer precedenr, which putteth forth thole Fruits, and murt needs leave great quantity of cold Vapors not diffipa^e, which caufeth the cold of the Winter following. THey have in Tttri7 a Drink called Cojfet, made of a Berry of the fame name, as black as Soor, andof alfrongfent, butnotaromatical, which they take, beaten into powder, in Water as hot as they can drink it .- And they take it, and fit at it in their Ctfee-Honfet, which are like our Taverns. This Drink comforteth the Brain and Heart, and heipcth Digeftion, Cer- tainly this Berry Coffee, the Root and Leaf Bent, the Leaf Tobacco, and the Teare oiVopfy, (Of»«wi) of which, theJHr/vare great takers ((uppofing it expelleth all fear ; do all condence the Spirits, and make them ffrong and aleger. But it feemeth they are taken after (everal manners ; for Coffee and OpiHtH are taken down, Tobticco but in Smoak, and Betel\% but champed in theMou'h withalittleLime. It is like, there are more ottiem, it they were well found out, and well corrc£ted, ^tre, oi Henbane-feed, of dUndrah, of Sdffron, Root and Flower, of Folium Indum, of t^mbergreece, of the Af- fjr'un t^momum, if it may be had ; and oi the Scarlet 'Polcdcr which they call Kermez. 5 and (generally) of all fuch things as do inebriate and provoke flccp. Note, that Tobacco is not taken in Root or Seed, which arc more forci- ble ever then Leaves. THe Turkt have a black Powder made of a Mineral called t^Uebtle, which with a fine long Pencil they lay under their Eyelids, which doth colour thcnr. black, whereby the White of the Eye is fct off more white. With the fame Powder they colour alfo the Hairs of their Eye-liis, and of their F^ye-brows, whichthcy draw into embowed Arches. You fhallhndc that j^'(r»o/»ft(>« maketh mention, that the CMedes ufed to paint their byes. The Txr^jufe with the fame Tindure to colour the Hair of their Heads and Beards black : And divers with us that are gtown Gray, and yet would appear young, findc means to make their Hiir black, by combing it (astliey fay) wuh a Ledcn Comb, or the like. As for theC/;i»f/"",whoarc of an ill Complexion, (being Olnajler) they pilnc their Cheeks Sculet , cfpecially their King and Grandees. Generally, Barbarous People that go naked, do not oncly paint ,— . them- 73s. Experiment Solicaij, I touching Atedicinti thtt Condcnctand , Keliev* tht Sfitlti. 7J9. Expciiment Solriaiy, toucliiog Pttntinii tf iht Sad^: t$6 740. Experiment Solitary, touchingthe yft ef Bath- ing and ^n- ointing,' 74^- Experiment SolicarjTi touching Chtmotetting if Paper. 742. Experiment Solitary, touching CMllt-InJ^; 743- Experiment Solitary, touching Encreafe .of freight in Earth.. 744- Expetitnents in Confottj touching Slitp. [hQitural Hijlory ; I themfclvcs but they pouoce and rafe their skin, that the Painting may no( be taken forth.and make it into Works : So do the Wefi-lndtans ■■, andfo did the ancient yiiStj znd Britons , So that itfcemcth Men would have the colours ot" Birds Festhers, if they could tell how,oi at lead they will have gay bkms in ftcadof gay Cioaths. T is ftrange that the ufe of Bathing as a part of *Diet is left. With the A*- ^ntAns and the Grecidns it was as u(ual as Eating or i^leeping ; and loisit amongd the Turks at this day ; whereas, with usjtremaineth but as a parr ot Phyfick. 1 am of opinion, that the ufe of it as it was with the Ramans, was hurtful tohealth ; for that it made the Body foft and eafie to wafle. tor the Turk^ it is more proper, becaufe their drinking Water, and feeding upon Rice, and other Food of fmall nourifhment, makcth their Bodies lofolid and hard, as you need not fear ihzt Bathing fhould make them frothy. Be- fidef, the T«r;^^are great fitter?, and fcldom walk ; whereby they fwcat lefs, and need Bathing more. But yet certain it is, that Bathing, and cfpccially Ah' ointingy may be fo ufed, as it may be a great help to Health, and prolongation of Life. But hereof we fliall /peak in due place, when we come to handle Experiments Medicinal. THe Turis have a pretty Art of Chamoletting of *Paftr, which is not with us in ufe. They take divers Oyled Colours, and put them feveraliy (in drops) upon Water, and iBr the Water lightly, and then wet their Paper (being of lome thicknefs) with it ; and the Paper will be waved and veined like Chamalet or CMArile. IT is fomcwhat ftrange, that the Blood of all Birds, and Beads, and Fifhe?, flioiildbeof a Red colour, and onely the Blood of the Cuttle ftiould be as black as Ink. A man would think that the caufe fhould be the high Con- codion of that Blood ; for we fee inordinary PuddingSj that the Boyling turncih tiie Blood to be black ; and the Cuttle is accounted a delicate Meat, and is much in rcqueft. IT is reported of credit. That if you take Earth from Land adjoynlng to the River of iVj/f, andpreferve it in that manner, thatit neithjsr come to be wet nor wafted, and weigh it daily, it will not alter weight until the Se- venteenth of Jtme , which is the day when the River beginneth to rile, and then it will grow more and more ponderous till the River cometh to his height. Which if it be true, it cannot be caufed but by the Air , which then beginneth to condenfe ; and fo turncth within that fmall Mould into a degree of N^oifture, which produceth weight. Soil hath been obfcrved , that Tobacco cut and weighed , and then dryed by the Fire , lofeth weight ; and after being laid in the open Air , recovcreth weight again. And it fhould fcem, that as foon as ever the River beginneth to increafe, the whole Body of the Air thereabouts fulFereth a change : For (that which is more ftrangcj it is credibly affirmed, that upon that very day , when the River firft rifech , great Plagues in Cairo ule (uddenly to break up. THofe that are very cold , and efpecially in their Feet, cannot get to Sleep. The caufcmay be, for that in Sleep is required a free refpiraKon, which cold doth fliut in and hinder: For we fee, that in great Colds, onecanfcarce draw Century V II L \%1 draw his Breath. Anorhcrcaiifo mny be, for time Cold callcch the Spiritsto fnccor , and therefore thcv cannot fo well clofc, ;ind go tcgctlier in the Hcjd, which is ever rcquilltc to Sleep And fortliclamc caule. Pain and noifc hinder Occp, anddarkncfs (contrariwilc)fLirthcrcth flccp. -Some noifcs f whereof vvc ipakc in the T12 f.v/;t7i?«t7;/) help Sleep ; as the blowing ot the Wind, the trickling of Water, humming of Bees, fofc linging, reading, &c. Thccniilcis, forthat theymovc inthe Spirits a gen- tle attention ; and whatlocver moveth attentio'i. without too much labor, ftilleth the natural ani difcurlivc motions of the Spirits. Sleep noui-i(hcth, or at leaft preferAech, Bodies a long time, without other nourifhmcnf. Beal^s that lleep in Winter, (as it is noted of \rilde Bears) during their flccp wax very fat, though they eat nothing. Bats have been found in Ovens, and other hollow clofc places, matted one upon another •■, and therefore it is likely that they fleep in the VVinccr time, and eat nothing. Q^slu whether Bees do not fleep all Winter, and {pare their Honey. Buttcr-llies, and other Flics, do not oncly flccp, but lie as dead dl Winter; and yet with a little heat of Sun or Fire revive .igain. A Dormoufe, both Winter and Summer will fleep fome days totrethcr, and eat nothing. TO reftore Teeth in Age, were CMagmk Ndttir£ , it may be thought of; but howfoever, the nature of the Teeth dcfcrvcth to be enquired of, as well as the other parts of Living Creatures Bodies. There be five parts in the Bodies of Living Creatures that arc of hard Tub- ftanccs ; the Skjill, the Teeth, the Boues, the fj(orns, and the Nuils. Thcgrcatcfl quantity of hard fubftance coilttnued, istoUlirds the Head ; for there is the Skullcf one entircBonc, there are the Teeth, there are Maxillary Bones, there is the hard Bone that is the Inftrumcnt of Hearing, and thenccifTuc the Horns. So that the building of Living Creatures Bodies is like the build- ing of aTimber-houfc, "where the VValls and other parts have Columns and Beams ; but the Roof is in the better fort of Houfcs, all Tile, or Lead, or Stone. As for5(rrf^,they have three other hard fubftanccs proper to them ; the Bill, which is of the likemattcrwith thcTecth.forno Birdshavc Teeth; the Shcfl of the Egg, and their Quills ; for as for their Spur, it is but a Nail. ButnoZ-h'(«^CrMfKrrJ that have Shells very hard (as Oyfteri, Cockles, Aliijlles, Shalops, Crabs, Lobjlers, Ctat» fish, Shrimps, 2nd cipcchlly the Torioifej have 5o»« within them, but onely little Grj/?/f.f. Bones, after full growth, continue at a flay, and fo doth the Skull. Horns, infomc Creatures, arc caft and renewed: Teeth ftand at aftay, except their wearing. As (ot Nails, they grow continually, and Bills 3ind Beaks will over- grow, nnd lomctimcs be caft, as in Eajes and Parrots. Moll of the hard fubllances flic to the cxtreams of the Body ; as Skull, Horns, Teeth, Nails, and Beaks ; oncly the Bones arc more inward, and clad with Flefh. As for the Entrails, they arc all without Bones, favc that a Bone is lomctimes found in the Heart of a Stag, and it may be in fome other Creatures. The ^kii^hzth Brains, as a kinde oi Marrotv within it. The Back-bone h.uh one kinde of Marrow, which hath art affinity with the Brain ; and odier Bones of the Body have another. The y.<Ti--ioi;n have no //.<rre> fe- vered, but a little Tulp of Almolv difTufed. Teeth likewifc arc thought to have a kinde of Mirre-^ diffuied, which caufeththc Scnfe and Pain : But it P_ H5. 74.5. Experiments in Confott, touching Teeth and hard Subfian ■ eei in the Bodies of Li- ving Cteat tHrii. 7-^7. 74' 7VJ' 750 158 ^7\(atural Hijiory Is ruber Sine*.v 3 (or Marrow hach no Scnle, no more then iilood. Horn is alike throiigliouc, and io is thcNsil. None oihcr cf tiie hard fublianccs have Scnfe, buc the Teeth ; and the Tccrh have Senlr,not onelyof Pain, but ot Cold. But \vc Will leave the Enquiries ot other Hard Snbjlmits unco their fcve- ral pi ice;, and now enquire oncly of ihc7m/;. Tic Tctth are in Men of three kindcs, Sharf, as the Fore-ieetb j Brond, as the Buck-teeth, which wc call the Cj?/fl/<*r-ff«*, or Gnwirn; ind Pointed-teeth, or CAmr.e, wliich arc between both. But there have been (omcMcn that have had their Teeth undivided, as of one whole Bone , witii fome little maik in the place of the Divifior, as 'Pyrrhm had. Some Creatures have over-long or cut growing Teeth , which we call Fangs or Titsks; as Boars, Pikes, SdlmoKS, and T)ogs, though Icfs. Some Living Creatures have Teeth againft Teeth, as Men and Horfes <■. and (ome have teeth, efpecially their Af4/?fr- teeth indented one within another like SaMfs, as Liens \ and fo again have Dogs. Some Ftshesh^xt divers Rows of Teeth \n the Rtofs of xhcix Moutht; IS ^ikes, Salmons, Trouts, &c. and many more in Salt- waters. Snakes ^v^dt other Serpents have vcncmous Teeth , which are Ibmetimes milbken for their Sting. No Bead thit hath Horns hath uppertecth ; and no Bealt that hath Teeth above, wanteth them below. But yetif they be of the fame kinde, it follow- eth not, that if the hard matter goeth not into upper-teeth, it will go into Horns ; nor yet e cinverfo , for ^oes that have no Htrns, have no upper- teeth. Horfes have, at three years old, a Tooth put forth which they call the Colts-tooth; and atfour years old, there comcth the ^jr^-re^/J, which hath a hole fo big as you may lay a Pcafc within it ; and that wearcth fliortet and (hotter every year, till that at eight years old the Tooth is fmooth , and the hole gone j and then they fay, ^)^3X the MArk.is tut of the Horfes LMouth. The Teeth of Men breed firft ,• when theChildc is about a year and half old, and then they caft them, and new come about feven years old. But divers have Backward-teeth come forth at twenty, yea, fome at thirty, and forty, ^/rtf of the manner of the coming of them forth. They tellatale of the old Countefs of 1)efmond, who lived till fhe was SevenCcore years old, that flic did Dentire twice or thrice, cafting her old Teeth, and others coming in their place. Teeth are much hurt by Sweet-meats, and by Painting with ,i^er(«ry, and by things over-hot, and by things over- cold, and by Rheums. And tne pain of thcTeetbjisoncof the (harped of pains. Concerning Teeth, thefe thingsarctobeconfidercd. i.Thc preferving of them. 2. The keeping of them white. 3. The drawing of them with Icafl pain. 4. The (laying and eafing of the Tooth-ach. 5. The binding in of Artificial Teeth, where Teeth have been ftruckcn cut. 5. And laft of all, that great one, of reftoring Teeth in Age. The inftances that give any likelihood of reftoring Teeth in Age, are, The late coming of Teeth in fome, and the renewing of the Beaks in Bird?, which are commaterial with Teeth, ^uare therefore more particularly howthat comcth. And again, the renewing of Horns. But yet that hath not been known to have been provoked by Art ; therefore let tryal be made, whether Horns may be pro- cured to grow in Beads that are not horned, and how; and whether they may be prccured to come larger then ufual, as to make an Ox or a Deer have' Century Fill, have a greater Head ol" Horns; and wheihcrThe Head of aDm~diac bv , age IS more fpitccd. may be brought agV.n to be more brandi'cd For! thefc tryals and thclike will Hiew. Whc.hcr by art fuch h,ird matter can! be called and provoked. Ic maybe try cd alio, whether Birds may not have ^ fomethmgdonc to them when chcy are ycung, whereby they may be made i tohavegrcaier or longer Bills, or gre.rer and longer Talons : And whc- , ther Children may not have fome W.fli . or lomething to make their ' Teeth betccr and ftronger. Cord is in ufe as an help to the Teeth of! Children. i 159 qOme Living Creatures gcTierate but at certain feafons of the year; as OT)cer, Sheep JVtlde Coneys, &c. and moft forts of 5irrf. and F»/;,/- Ot'iers at any tmie of ^^e year as a^r,, . ,,^ ,„ Domcftick Creatures , as Horf.s. H.^.^©.^.,C.r..c^.. Thecauleof Generation atallfeafons^fcemet^ rulnels; tor Generation ,s from Redundance. This Fulnefs anfeth from two caufe.s Either from theNaturc of the Creature, if it be Hot, and Moift. and Singume. or from Plenty of Food. For the firft, Mer,, Horfa T>o^, ^c i which breed at a! (ea ons. are full of Heat and Moifture; W« ^rethe 'full-' eft of Heat and Moillure amongft Ends, and therefore breed often the r.m.'Dov.almoft continually. But'D^.r are a Mdancholick dry Crea'mre as appcareth by their learfulnefs. and the hardnelsof their Fl^fli sheep are l cold Creature as appeareth by their mildnefs. and for that they .eldom dnnk. Moft lorts ot Ends are of a dry fubftince in companfon of ^.X- i^a/;..3rccold. Forthe econd caule, Fulnefs of Food. Cilen. K,ne, sij Vogs, 6^. feed full And we fee. that thofc Creatures which, being W.Ide generate feldom, being tame, generate often ; which is from warmth and iulncfsof food Wehndethat the time of going to/f,« of T^eelTsZTet wnher, for that they need the whole Summers Feed and Grafs to make them fit for Gen^erat.on 3 and if Rain come early about the middle of Septcnbn thcygotoautfomewhatthefooner; if Drought, fomewhat the later sJ 5heep mrefpeaoltheirfmallheat. generatea'Loutthefametimc.or/jme^ what before. But for the molt part. Creatures chat generate at cmaio Tea- fons generate in the Spring; as Birds and Fifhes : For that the end of the Winter, and the heat and comfort of the Spring prepareth them. There is alio another reafon why fome Creatures generate at certain fealons, and h IS the Relation of their timeof Bearing to thctime of Generation ; for no Creature gocth to generate whilclt the Female is full, nor wh.lelt flieisbufie mhceing or rearing hcryoung; and therefore it is found by experience that if you take thchggs or Young-ones out of theNeftsot Birds they will fall to generate again three or four times one after another. Of Living Cteatures, fome are longer time in the Womb, and fome Ihortcr. Wonien go commonly nineMoneths. the Cow and the H we about hx Moncths. Doesgo about nine Moneths. Mares eleven Moncth?. Bitches mne Weeks ; tlephants are faid to go two years, for the received Tra- dition often years is fabulous. For Birds there is double enquiry; the di- ftance between the treading or coupling, and the laying of the Hag , and agam between the hgg laid, and the difclofing or hatching. And amongft Birds there isles djverfity of time then amongrt other Creatures, yet fome hctcMs; for.theHcn futeth but three weeks, the Tutky-hen .^ Goofe a^d DiKk, a moneth. ^«,,, of others. The caufe of the great difference of times among^l L.ving Creatures is, cither frotn the oatureof theK.nd! P 2 758. Expcfiracnts in Confott, touching the Generation and Beating of Living Creatures in the lV,mb. 7 '^9. 160 i J\Qitural hi/lory ; 760. 761. Experiments inConfort, touching SptcUi vifibU. 762. 76^' Ex(if liments ! in Confoit, ' touching the Jmfu!f">n and ftnu(sion. orfromiheconditutionof the Womb. For thcfjrmcr, thofcthat arc longer in coming to their maturity orgrovvtb,arc longer in the Womb , as is chiefly iceninMcn; and (o Hicphanis, which arc long in the Womb, ire long time incfvmingro their lull growth. But in moft other Kinds the con!iitiuion of tiieWomb (that is, the hardnefs or drynels thereof) is concurrtiu W'th the former (.nule. ForthcColt hath about four ycarsot growth, and io the Fawn, ^nd to the Calf; butWiiclps, which come to their «. rowch (Cominonly) with- in three quarters of a year, arc but nine weeks in the Womb. As for Bird?, as there is lels diverfity amongft them in the time of their bringing forth, lb there is k(s diverlity in the time ol their growth, moll of them coming to their growth within a twelvc-monetl) . Some Creatures bring forth manyyoungoiies at a Burthen; as Bitches, Hares, Coneys, &c. fome (ordinarily) butone; as Women, Lioncflcs.&c. i'r.is may be caufed, either by the quantity of Sperm required to the pro- ducing one of that Kind ; whichiflels be required, may admit greater num- ber •> if more, fewer: Or by the Partitions andCells of the Womb, which mayl'tver the Sperm. THcre is no doubt but Light by Refra£iion will fliew greater, as well as things coloured; tor like asafliilling in the bottom ot the Water will fliew greater, fo will a Candle in a Lanthorn in the bottom of the V/atcr. I have heard of apradlice. that Glo worms in GlaCTes were put in the Water to maketheFifh come. But I am not yet informed, whether when z'Divtr divctb, having his eyes open, and (wimmeth upon his back, whether (I fay) he feeth things in the Air, greater or lefs. For itismanifeft, that when the eye ftandeth m the finer medium, and theobjett is in the gtofllr, things fliew greater) but contrariwife, when the eye is placed inihcs^wH'ct medium, and theobjeftinthe^ner, howit vvorketh I know not. It would bewellboulted our, whether great Refra£tions may not be made upon Reflexions, as well as upon dired beams. For example, we fee, that take an empty Bafon, pur an C/^ngel of Gold, or what you will into it ; then go (o far fiom the Bafon till you cannot fee the Angel, becaufe it is not in a right Line > then fill the B ifon with Water, and you (hall fee it out of his place, becau(e of the Reflexion. To proceed therefore, put a Looking- glafs into a Ba(on of Water ; 1 fuppofc you fhall not fee the Image in a right Line, or at equal Angles, butafidc. Iknownot whether this f-v/mwrar may not be extended fo, as you might fee the Image, and not the Glafs ; which for beauty and ftrangenefs were afine proof, for then you fhall fee the Image like a Spirit in the Air. As forexamplc, if there be a Cilkrn or Pool of Water, youflidll place over againlt ita pidureof the Devil, or what you will, foas youdo notfee the Water, thenputa Looking glafs in the Water: Now if vou can fee the Devils pifture afide, not feeing the Water, it will look like a Devil indeed. They have an old tale in Oxford, That Fryer Bxcon walked be- tween two Steeples^ which was thought to be doae by Glalles, when he walked upon the Ground. A Weighty Body put into Motion , is naorecafily impelled thenatfirft vvrien it rellcth. The caufe is, partly becaufe Motion doth dilcufs the ) orpout of folid Bodies, which befide their Motion of Gravity,haveinthem a Natural Appetite not to move at all ; and partly, becaufe a Body that reft- cth doth get, by the refinance of the Body upon which itrefteth, a ftronger comprcflion Century Fill, comprcflion of parts then it hath of it felf, and therefore nccdeth more force to be put in motion. For if a weighty Body be pcnfile, and hare, but by a, thred, thepercuflion will make an impulfion very near ascafily asil i. were already in motion. A Body over-great or ovcr-fmall, will not be thrown fofjr asa Body of amiddlefize; io that r't fccmeth) there muit be accmmcnfuration or pro- portion between the Body moved, and the force, to make it move well. The c^ufc is, bccaufc to the Impulfion there is requifitcthe force of the Bo dy that moveth , and the refilhnce of the Body that is moved ; and if th«  Body be too great, it yieldcth too little ; and if it be too Imall, it rcfifteth too little, ' It is common experience, that no weight will prefsorcutfo ftrong be- ing laid upon a Body, as falling or ftrucken from above. It maybetheAir hath feme part in furthering the pcrcufllon : But the chief caufe I take to be, for thai tiK parts of the Body moved, have by impulfion, ot by thcmotion of gravity continues, acomprefiioninthcmas well downwards.as they have when they are thrown or fhot tnrough the Air forwards. 1 conceive alfo, thatthequivkloofeof that motion preventeth thercpltance of the Body be- low; and priority of the force (always) is of great efficacy, as appcareth in infinite inftances. Tlckjing is mcft in the Soles of the /"w, and under the tylrm-holes, and oni^cSides. Thecaufcis, thethmncfs of theSkin Inthofi'parisjoyned wnh the rarenefs of being touched there ; for all Tickling is a light mo ion j of the Spirits, which the tl.innefsot tie Skin, and fuddehncfs and rarenefs of touch do further : For vvc Re a Feather or a K'ufh' drawn alongthe Lip or Cheek, doth tickle ; .whereas a thing more obtufe, or a touch more hard,dothnor. And for luddennefs, we Ice no man canticklehimfelf: We fee alfo, that the Palm of the H<)nd. tiicugh it hath as thin a Skin as the othej: parts mentioned, ycrisnot tlckl.fh, bccaufiiTis accuffomed to be touched. Tukling alfo caufcth Laughter. The cau(e may be the emiffion of the Spirits, and lb of the B eath, by a flight from TitiUatitn ; for upon Tickling , we fee there is ever afti cing or fhrmking away of the parr to avoid it ; and we fee alfo, that if you tickle tnc Noflrils with a Feather or Srraw; it procurcth SneeT^ng , w hich is a fu.^den em.fllon of the Spirits, that do hkewiie expel tnc moifturc. And Tukling is ever painful, and not well endured. -jitioj 1 M r. ITisftrangp, thatthe River of .^i/«^ overflowing, as it doth theCountrey of Fgjpt, there fliould bcncvcrthclefs little or no Ram in that Countrey. The cauie mud be, cither in the Nature of the Water, or in the Nature of the Ar, or or both. In the Water, it may be afcribed cither unto the long race of the Wa-^er; for fwift. running' Waters vapor not To much as (landing Waters, ortife [othecr>ncodiOn of the Water; for Waters well concoftcd, vapor not fo much as Waters raw, no more then Waters iipoll the fire do vapor fo much, after fome time of boyling, as at the firfV. And it is true, thit fhc Water of A'i'w is fwceter then other Waters in tafVc; and it is excellent good for the Sme , and Hypochondriacal Melancholy, which fhcweth it is lenifying ; and it runneth through a Countrey of a hot Climate, and flat, without fhade either of Woods or H lis, whereby the Sun muft needs have great power to concodl ir,. As for the Air (frona whence I conceive this want of Showers comcth chief?-,) the caufe mufl be, P 3 ' for 161 7^4- 765. 766. Experiment Solitary, touching TitiSntion, 767. Experiment Solitary, touching the Sanity of R4//1 in x62 768. Expeiiment Solitaiy , touching 7^9- Expeiiment Soliiaiy, touching PUnti with- out Letvts. 770. Expeiiment Solitaiy, touching the Aiatctials of cup. 771. Expeiiment Sohtai^i touching Prohibition of Putrtfafliou, and the long Confeniatiun of Boditi. U\(aUiral Hijhry ; for that the Air is ot it Iclf thin and thirity, and iU iuon ascvcr it gctttcli any moifture from the ^J/atcr, it imbibcth, and cln"i[id:cth jt in the vi'holc Body ot the Air, and lufferttii it not to ctmain in Vapor, whereby ic migiu breed Rain. IT hath been touched in the Title- of Perlocations, (namely, fuchas arc in- wards) that the Whites of Eggs and Milk do clarifie; and it is certain, that in Egypt they prepare and clarific the Water ot T^^ile, by putting it into .great Jars of S rone, and itirringit about with afewftamped Almond* , where- with they alfo bcfmear the Mouth ot the Veffel ; and lb draw it off, after it hath rcik'd fomctime. It were good to try this Clarifying with Almonds in newBccror Muill, tohaikn and perfed the Clarifying. THerc be fcarcc to be found any Vegetables that have Branches and no Leaves, except you allow Coral for one. But there is alfo in thcDefarts ot S.A£tcario in Egjfpt, a Plant which is long, Leaflefi.brownof colour, and branched like Coral, favethat itclofeth at the top. This being fct inWatcr within Houfe, fpredeth anddifplaycthftrangely ; and the people thereabout have a fuperftitious belief, that in the Labor of Wonieiiit hclpeth 10 the cafie Deliverance. THe Cryfialline Vtmce-GuJ? is reported to be a mixture, in equal portion?, of Stones brought from /'rfvj-c, by the River TJfinww, and the Afhesof a Weed called by iht tyirabs. Kail, which is gathered inaDcfart between x^lexandria 2nd Jltfettai and is by the £^j;pfJ4«f ulcdfirfl for Fuel, and then they crufli thcAfliesinto lumps like a Stone, aadfofellthem to the ytnetians for their Glals-works. IT is ftrange, and well to be noted, how long Carcaflcs have continued uncorrupt, and in theit former Dimenfions j as appeatcth in the Mummks of Eg)pt, having lafted, as is conceived ( fome of them) three tl.oufand years. It is true, they findc means to draw forth the Brain,', and to tjke forth the Entrails, which are the parts apceft to corrupt. But that is no- thing to the wonder; for we fee what a foft and corruptible fubftance the Ficfh of all the other parts of the Body is. Butitfhould feem, that accord- ing to our obfervation and axiom, in our hundredth Experimentt, 'Putre- failion, which we conceive to be fo natural a Period of Bodies, is but an accident, and that Matter maketh not that haftc to Corruption that is conceived j and therefore Bodies in (hining Amber, in Quick-filver, in Balms, c whereof we now fpeak) in Wax, in Honey, inGumsj and (it may be) in Corfervatories of Snow, &c. are prefetved very long. It need not go for repetition, if we refume again that which wefaid in the afore- faid Experiments concerning t^nnihiUtion, namely. That if you provide againft three caulcs of *Putrefa(lion , Bodies will not corrupt'. The firft is, that the Air be excluded ; for that undcrmincth the Body, and confpireth with the Spirit of theBody todifTolveit, Thelecondis, that the Body a^dja- cent and ambient be not Commaterial, but meerly Heterogencal towards the Body that is to be prefervcd ; for if nothing can be received by the one, nothing can ifTue from the other ; fuch are Quick-filver and White Am- bcr to Herbs andFhes, and furch Bodies. The third is, that the Body to be prcfcrved. be nor of thatgrofs that it may corrupt within it fclf, although no part of it ifTue into theBody adjacent ; and therefore ic muft be rather thin and and ImiUl lie, lot Bulk. Tnerc is a fourrh Remedy aUcj, whiciiis, Ihat if thcBodyto be prelcrvcd, be of bulk, as a Corps us tlien the Body thac in- clofeih It muft have a virtue co draw forih and Jry the nioiitureof the in- ward Body i for ell'c the Putrefaftion vv ill play within, tfiough nothing ilTuc forth. I remember jLJv^ doth relate, that there were found at a time two Cotfins of Lead in a lomb, whereof the one contained the Body of King iV«;H4, it being fomc Four hundred years ahcr his death > and the other, his ijooks of Sacred Rites and Ceremonies, and the Difcipiine of the Pontiffs : And that in thcCofTin that had the Body, there wasncthing (at all) to be Ren but a Uitle light Cinders about the fides ; but in the Coffin that had the Books they were found as frcfh as if they had been but newly written, being written in Parchment, and covered over with Watch-candles of Wax three or four fold. By this it feemeth, that the Romans in iV«ni.;'stimc were not fo good Embalmcrs as the Egyptians were ; which was the caufc that the Body was utterly confumed. But I hnde in Plutarch indoihcxs, that when t^ugu(]us C^f^r vifucd the Sepulchre of Alexander the Great in y^lexandrta, befouiid the Body to kccphisDimcnfion 5 but wuhal, that notwithltanding all the Embalmingf'which no doubt was of thebeff) the Body wasfotender, as C<£/!ir touching but the Nofe of it, defaced it. Which maketh mefindc it vcrv Ilrange, thjt the f-gyptian Mummies fhould be reported to be as hard as Sronc-pitch : For I hnde no difference but one, which indeed may be very material > namely, that the ancient Egyptian Mummies were flirowded in a number of folds of Linnen, befmeared with Gums, in manner of Sear.cloth ; which it doth not appear, was pradifcd upon the Body ot {Alexander, NEar the Caftic of Catie, .ind by the Wells Ajfan, in the Land of Idumta, a great part of the way, sou would think the Sea were near hand, though it be a gooddilfancc of: And it is nothing, butthcfhining of the Nitre upon the Sea-fands ; fuch abundance of Nitre the Shores there do put forth. THc T)ead^Sea , which vomiteth Up Bitumen , is of that Cr.^lTitude, as Living Bodies, bound hand and foot, and caft intoit, have been borne up and not luiik : Which fhewcth, that all (inking into Water, is but an over* weight of the Body put into the Water, in refpedt of the Water; (b rhit vcu may make Water follrong and heavy of j^icl-flver, ( perhaps) or the like, as may bear up Iron i ot which I fee no ufc, but Impolfurc. We fee alfo, that all Metals, except Gold, for the fame reafon fwim upon Quick filver. IT is reported, that at the Foot of a Hill near the tJ^.ire mortuum, there is a Black Srone(whcreof Pii^riw; make Fires) which burneih like a Coal and diminifhcth not, but oncly waxcth brighter and whiter. Tnat it fhould do To, is not tfrangc ; for we fee Iron red hot burneth arvd confumcth not. But the flrangcn(fs is, rhat it fhould continue any time fo ; for Iron, as foon as ic is out of the Fire, deadeth (fraight-wavs. Certainly, it were a thing of great ufeand profit, if you could tinde out Fuel that would burn hot, and yet U(t long : Neither am I altogether incredulous, but there may be fuch Candles as(thcyfay) are made of Salamanders Wool, being a kinde of Mineral w hich wriitencch alfo in the butnini. . and confumcth not. ThcQu-ition is ihi:.F.amemu:f be midcof Ibmewhat •, and commonly ic 16 772. Experiment Solitary, touching (he yfbunianct of Kit re in certain Sea. jberei. 771- Expctirnent Solitary, touching /lodies that are br,rne up by loiter. 774- Experinnenc Solitary, touching Fuel thai con- fumeth liisle or nothing. 164- JJ\Catural hli/lorj ; \ 775' Expcjiment Solita'y. OeonoDiical fetvet. 776. Expi iinicnt Sniiiaiy. touching 'he Gathering of I find for Frejhnef. 777- Expeiimcnt Solitaiy, touihing the TrytU of 77^ ■ Expriiment Solitary, touchirg Imreajing of fltuk <■» Milh^BtaJii. 779. Ex^'Ciimciit Sclitny, touchir.g Sand of ihe JVettire of is made of fome tangible Body which hath weight ; but ic is not importible, perhaps tlucic fliouldbcmadc ot Spirit or Vapor in iBoilx, (which Spirit or Vapor hath no weijrhi) luchas is chcmaticrot I^nn futuiu. JUic then you will fay, thatthat Vapor alio can lallbut a fliorttimc. Tocha'^ it maybcan- Iwered, That by the help ot Oyl and Wax, and other Candledult, the flame may continue, and the wick not burnt. SEa-coal laft longer then Char-coal ; and Char-coal of £oots , being coaled into great picce-S laft longer then ordinary Charcoal. Turf, and Teat, and CoT}?-/Z;e;<rflff are cheap Fewels, and laft long. Small. coal or Char-coal pour- ed upon f/z/tr-co^/ make them laft longer. Sedge is 3 cheap Fcwcl to Brew or Bake with, the rather, bccaufe it is good for notiiinjr elfe. Tryal would be made of fome mixture oi Sea-coal with Earth, or Chalk^; fonf that mix- ture be, as the Sea-coal-men n\t it privily , to make the Bulk cf the Coal greater, it is deceit; but if it be uled purpofely, and be made known, iris laving. IT is at this day inufe 'mGaz.a, to couch Pot-sherds or Veffels of Earth in their li^aUs, togither the Wind from the np, and topofs it down in Spouts into Rooms. It ii a device tor frefhnefs in great Heats. And it is faid, there are fome Rooms m/w/yand J/^d/n torfrcfhnefb', and gathering the Wuids and Airintiie Heais ot Summer ; but they be but Pennings ot the Winds jnJ enlarging them again, and making them, reverberate, and go round in Cir- cles, rather then this device of Spouts in the Wall. THere would be ufed much diligence in the choice of fome Bodies and Places (as it were) for the tailing of Ait, to difcover the wholefomcnefs or unwholeibmnefsaswell of Seafons, as of the Seats of Dwellings. Itis certain, that there be fome Houfci wherein Confitures and Pics, will gather Mould more then in others; and 1 am per.fwaded, that apiece of raw FU Hi or Fifh, will fooner corrupt in fome Airs then in others. They benoblc Experiments that can make this difcovery ; for they ferve for a Natural Divination of Scafons, better then the Allronomers can by their Figures; and again, they teach men where to chuie their dwelling for their better health. THere is a kinde oi Stone about Bethlehem which they grinde to powder, and put into Water, whereof Cattel drink, which makech them give more Milk. Surely, there would be fome bct'er Tryals made of Mixtures of Water n Ponds for Cattel, to make them more Milch, or to faitcn them, or to keep them from zJHimain. It may be, Chalk, ind Nitre are of the beft. IT is reported, that inthe Valley near the Mountain Carmel injudea, ihcie isai>and, which of all other, hath mod affiniiy with Glal^, inlomuch, as other Minerals laid in it, turn to a glafTie fubftance without the fire ; and again, Glafs put into it, turneth into the Moiher-fand- The thing is very ftrangc, if it be true 3 and itis likelicft tobecaufed by fome natural Furnace of Heat in t he Hart h, and yet they do not fpeak of any Eruption of Flames It were good to try in Glafs works, whether the crude Materials of Glafs mingled with Glafs, already made and rcmouUen,do not facilitate the making of Glafs withiefs heat. la Ccntnry V I Ih 1^5 I
7S0-
EiCpctimcnt Soli'atyi rouihing the Orojrth if Coral. 78r. Ex|Kiimcnt Soiiraiy, touchiiigrhe Gathering cf Mtnni. N theSca, npon i.\\Q South-JVeJi of SicUy, much Coral is found. Ir is 1 ^ub- ^ niiriuc Plant, it hath no leaves, it branchcth oncly when ic is under Wj- tcr; it is fofr, and green of colour; but being brought into the A:r, it bc- comerh hard, and Ihining red, as wc fee. It is faid alfj to have a whirc B.-rry, but wcfinde it not brought over with the Coral: Belike it is call; away as nothing Worth. Idquirc better of ir, (or ihe dif.ovcry of the Nature of thePbnr. THec;j/^«»i.«ofC<</.>Wjisthe bcfl-, and in mof^ plenty. Tiicygnher it from the Leaf of the LPlitilbeTry-tree ; but not ot flich (iyllidberrj- trees as grow in the Vallevs : And Manna tjileth upon the Leaves by mghr, as other , Dews do. li fliould feem, that before thof : DwWs come upon Trees in the 1 Valleys, theydiffipate and cannot hold our. Itfhould feem al(o, rlicMul- bcrry-kaf it fcU hath fomc coagulating virtue, which infpiQTateth the Dew, for (hat it is not found upon other Trees : And we fee by the bilk worm, which feedeth upon that LcaG what a dainty fmooth luice it hath ; and the Leaves alfo cefpecially of the Black Mulberry) arefomcwhac bri(\ly, which may help topreferve the Dew. Certainly, it were not amifstoobferve a lit- tle better the Dews that fall upon Trees or Herbs growing on Mnmums ; for it may be, many Dews fall that fpcnd before they come to the Valleys. And I fuppofc, that he that would gather the bclf M^y Dew for Medicine, fliould gather it from the Hills. IT is faid, they have a manner to prepare thcit Greeks fVines, to keep them from Fuming and Inebriating, by adding fome Sulphnr 01 lylllum ; whereof '51 ,3, the one is Uncluousj and the other is Aftringent. And certain it is. that 'wuciii g the thofe two Natures do rcprefs the Fumes. This Experment would be tranf- S""(i'^i «[ fcrted unto other Wine and Strong-Beer, by putting in fomc likeSub'lanccs 1 while they work; which may make them bothtoFumciels, and to inflame Icfs. 781. Experiment I T is conceived by fome, (not improbably) that the reafon why Wild- j ^s?. fires f whereof the principalingredient is Bitumen) do not quench with Expiiiment Water, is, tor that the fir(\ concretion of Bitumen, is a mixture of a fiery and f°yjh,'^' ,[,e I watry fubilance; fois noiSulfbur. This appeareth, for thjr in the place near AUtcrhu <./ I Tutetlt, which they call the Court of yulcan, you (hall hear under the /^#'-'. r Earth a horrible thundring of Fire and Water confliding together ; and 1 there break torrh alfo Spouts of boiling Water. Now that place yield- cth great quantities of ^ir«fHe»; whereas o^^Etna, and Fefuvius, andtlielike, which confift upon Sulphur, fhoot forth Smoak, and Afhcs, and Pumice, but no Water. It is reported alfo, that bitumen mingled with Lime, and put under Water,willmake,as itweie,an artificial Rock, the fublfance bccometh fohaid. 'Here is aCcment compounded of Flower, Whites of Eggs, and Stone 784- powdrcd, that bccometh hard as Marble, wherewith 'P»/<ri"4 Ji»Mt</*f, 501^"""^"' iiury, near Cuma, is fiid to have the Walls plaiftcrcd. And it is cercain, and tried, touching that the Powder of Load-Hone and Flint, by theaddition of Whites of Eggs f„'^f ^/J"^ | and Gum- dragon, made into Paftc, WiU in a few days harden to the hatdncfs AUrbic j of a Stone. j ' 166 Jtxpeiimcnt Srjlinry, touciiinj! lud'iment of ihe Cure in fume I 'Let I and Hutu. Natural fii/lory 5 7S5. I Experiment I Solitary,
louching the
Healthfiihuli or l^rthiaitb- fulrtefi of the Southern IVind. 787. Experiment Solitary, loiiching Wmnd,. 788. Experiment Solitary, touching Alortificathn by Cold. IT hath been noted by the tylnttems, that in full or impure Bodies, U'ccrs or Huns in the Legs are hard to cure, and in the H'^dd morecafio. The [ caufc is, tor rhat Ulcers or Hurts in the Legs require Dcficcation, which by ■ thedcliuxion of Humors to the lower parts is hir.dred, whereas Hurts and Ulcers hi the Head require it nut; bus contrariwir.-, Dry neis malccrh them , more apt to Confolidate. And in Modern ob(ervation, the hkc dift'crcnce ! hath been found between French men and F.nghfli men ; whereof the oneg < Conftii ution is more dry, and the others more moilt : And therefore a Hurt o\ thcHe^dis harder to cutcinaFrcnch-man, and of the Leg in an hnglilL. man. IT hath been noted by the ty^nuents, that Southern Winds blowing much without Rain, docauTc a levorous Dijpo/iuon ot the Tear ; but Withaain, nor. Thecaufeis, for that Southern fVmds do of themfelvcs qualifie the Air to be apt to caufc fevers ; but when Showers arc joyncd, they do refrigerate in part^ and check the foultry Heat of the Southern Wind. Therefore this holdcth not in the Sca-coafts, becaufe the vapor of the Sea without Sliowcrs doth refcefli. 789. i Expeiiment I Solitary, loucliing mhht. 790. Expirrimcnt Solitary, touching the Sifetnatiin of 6odiii, I T hath been noted by the yincients, that Wounds which ate made with Brafs heal more eafily chen Wounds made with Iron. The caufe iy, for that Brafs hath in it felf a Sanative virtue, and fo in the very inftant helpeth fomewhat ; but Iron is Corrollve, and not Sanative. And therefore it were good that the Inftruments which ate ufcd by Ghiturglons about Wounds were rather of Brafs then Iron. N the cold Countreys, when Mens Nofcs and Ears are mortified, and (as it were) Gangrened with cold, if they come to a Fire, they rot off prc- fently. The caufe is, for that the few Spirits that remain in thofe parts are fuddenly drawn forth, and fo Putrefaction is madccotwpleat. But Snow put upon them helpeth. forthat itprefetveth thofe Spirits that remain till they can revive ; and befidcs. Snow hath in it a fecret warmth ; as the Ol€fnii proved out of the Text, ^tii dat Nivemficut Lanam, Celii ficut Cineres Jpargit > whereby he did infer, that Snow did warm like Wool, and Froft did fret like Afhes. Warm Water alfo doth good, becaufe bylittle and little it opcneth the pores, without any fudden working upon the Spirits. This Experiment may be transferred unto the cure of Gangrenes, cither coming of themfclves, or induced by too much applying of Opiates ; wherein you muft beware of dry Hear, and refort to things that are Refrigerant, with an inward warmth and virtue oi chcrifhing. 1 "^ 7 High Iron and Aqua-fonts fevcrally, then diflblve the Iron in the Aqua- V V fortis, and weigh the DilTolution j andyoufhallfindeit to bear as good weight as the Bodies did feverally, notwithftanding agooddeal of wafte by a thick vapor that iflTueth during the working i which fheweth, that the openingof a Body doth increafe the weight. Tbis was tryed once or twice, but I know not wliethet there were any Error in the Tryal. TAkc of Aqtta-fortis two Ounces, of ^ick-fiiver two Drachms, cfor that charge the f^ qua fortis will beat) the Diifolution will not bear a Flint as big as a Nutmeg ; yet ( no doubt ) the increafing of the weight of "Water Century Fill. Vi/atcr Will incrcale his power of bearing; as we fee Broyn, when it is (.ilr enough, will bear an Egg. And 1 remember well a Piiyfirian, that ufjd to give lome Mncral Baths for the dout &c. And the Body when it w,is put into the Bun, could not cct down fj eafily as inordinary Water. Biuit fjcm- cth, the weight of thcQnickfilver, more then tiic weight of a Stone, dotli not compenf^; the weight of a Stone, more then the weight oi the Aqua-foni/. LEt there be a Body of unequal weight, (as of Wood and Lead, or Bone and Lead;) it yoiithrowitfrom you with thelight end forward, it will turn, and thcweightierend will recover to be forwards, unlcfs theBody be over-long. 1 he taufe is, for that the more Denfe Body hath a more violent prclFurc of the parts from the firft impulfion ; which is the cauf: (thcut^h heretofore not found out, as hath been often fiid) of ill Violent Motions : And when the hinder parr moveth fwifter (for that it k f. endureih prcfTure of parts) then the forward pare can make way for ir, itmuft needs be that the Body turn over; for (turned) it can more eafily draw forward the lighter parr. C74/i//<tf notcthit well, That if an open Trough, wherein Water is, be driven ialter then the Water can follow, the Water gathcrcth upon an heap to- wardsthe hinder end, where the motion began j which he fuppofeth (hold- ing confidently the motion of the Eatth) to be the caufe of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Ocean, becauf.-theEarth over-runneth the Water. Which Theory tiiough it be falfe, yet the firft Experiment is true ; as for the incqua- i^v of the picflTure of parts, itappearcth manifcltly in this. That if you take aLiodyof Stone or Iron, and another of Wood, of the famemagniiude and fliape, and throw them with equal force, you cannot poffibly throw the Wood io faras the Stone orlron. 167 Y r IS certain (as it hath been formerly in part touched) that Water maybe 1 ^ he c^f^</ittOT of Sounds. If you dafii a Stone againft aStone in the bottom of the Water, it makes a Sound ; fo a long Pole ftruck upon Gravel, in the bottom of the Water, maketh a Sound. Nay, if you fhould think that the Sound Cometh iipby the Pole, and not by the Water, you (hall findethat an Anchor let down by a Rope maketh aSonnd; and yet the Rope is no folid Body, whereby the Sound can alcend. A LI objefts of the Senfes which are very ofFenfive, do caufc the Spirits to retire ; and upon their flight, the parts are rin fomc degree) deflitute, and lb there is induced in them a trepidation and horror. For Sounds, we fee, that the grating of a Saw. or any veryharfli noife, willfet the Teeth on edge, and make all the Body fhiver. ForTafles, we lee, that in the taking of a Potion, or Pills, the Head and the Neck fliake. For odious fmells, the like cfFed followeth, which is lefs perceived, becaufe there is a remedy at hand, by flopping of the Nofc. But in Horfes, that can ufe no fuch help, we lee thefmell of aCatrion, efpecially of a dead Horfe, maketh them flic away, andtakeonalmoft, as if they were mad. For Feeling, if you comeout of the Sun fuddcnly into a fliadc, there followeth a chilncfsorfhivcring in allthc Body. A d even in Sight, which hath (in cfFcd) no odious objed, coming in tofudden datkncfs, induccthanoflfcrto fhivcr. THere is in the City of Tictnum in luly, a Church that hath Windows onely from above; it is in Length an hundred Feet, in Bredth twenty Feet, and in ^Height near fifty, having a Door in the midft. Itreporteth, . the 791. Experiment Solitdiy, touchln" the F!p>:g.fun. cijual Bodiit in the ^ir. 792.. Experiment Solitary) touching U^aitr, ihsi i may he the Medium of Sounds, 793. Experiment Solitary , of ihe Fiighi of the Spirits upon odiout OLjeni. 794- Experiment Solitity, touching the SnptT-K}flexi-\ on c/ Echoei. i68 SJ\(jitiiral Hiflorj ; the voice cwclvc or thirteen times. If you Hand by tlie dole n-nd-waJl over a(niiiiftthe Door, the Echo flidcth anddiechby little and little, as the Eclio ac 'Puin-ClhireiitoiidotU, and the voice loundah as it itcametrom nbove the Door •, and if voulknd at the lower end. or on either ilJe of the Door, the hch ) holdcthi' but if yourtand in the Door,orin the midlljiilt ovcragainft the Door, not. Note, that all Echoes jound better againft old U'alls then ncw,bccaulc they arc more dry and hollow. THolc cffeds which are wrought by thcperciiflion of the Senfe, and by things in lad, areproduccd likewise in fome degree by the imagina- tion : Ihereforc if a man fee another eat four or acide things, which ict the Teeth on edge, thisobjed taintcth the Imagination ; lb that he that feeth thethingdoncby another, hath his ovrn Teeth alio fet on edge. So if a man fee another turn fwiftly and long, or if he look upon Wheels that turn, him- iclf waxeth Turn lick, ^o if a man be upon a high place, without Rails, or good hold, except he be uled to it, he is ready to fall ; for imagining a falh itputtethhis fpirits into the very adionof afall. Romany upon the feeing of others Bleed, or Strangled, or Tortured, thcmlclves are ready to faint, as if they bled, or were in ftrife. TAkc a StocksGillifiiTter, and tie it gently upon a flick, and put them both both into a Stoop-glafs full of Quick-lilvcr , fo that the Fluwcr be covered -, then lay a little weight upon the top of the Glafs, that may keep the flick down ; and look upon them after four or five days, andyoufliall findc the Flower frefh, and the Stalk harder andlefs flexible then itwas. If you compare it with another Flower, gathered at the lame time, it will be the more manifefl. This fheweth, that Bodies do preferve excellently in Ouickrf'iv'r ; and not preferve oncly, but by thecoldncfs of the QuUk-filver, imiurate. For the frelhnefs of the Flower may bcmecrly Conlcrvation, (which is the more tQbeobferved,becaufethe.QHi(^-/t/r/rprcireth the Fto-iver) but the ftifnefs of theSralk cannot be without Induration from the cold (as it iecmeth) of the Qulik filver. 798. Experiment Solitaiy. toucbingihc DrcT^ning of the more Safe Metal, in the more yncliiM, IT is reported by fome of the t-/^«cjf«r/, Thatin(r7/)r«tfthereisakii Iron, that being cut into little pieces, and put into the ground, if itl inde of „^i,^.w..w...w~ pieces, and put into the ground, it it be well watered, will encreafc into greater pieces. This is certain, and known of old, that Lead will multiply and encrcale 5 as hath been Icen in old S'tatues of Stone, which have been put in Cellars, the Feet of them being bound with Leden bands ; where (after a time) there appeared, that the Lead did fvvell, infbmuch, as it hanged upon the Stonelike Warts. I Call that drowning of Metals, when the bafer Metal isfoincorpor.itc with the more rich, as it can by nomeansbefeparaced again; which is a kindcof Verfion, though falfe ; as ii Stiver fhould be infcparably incorpo- rated withGo/<i. ot Copper ^nA Led with S'ilver. The Ancient EUartm had ,in it a fifthof^i/vfr to the GoW, and made a Compound Metal, as fit for Vnofl ufcs as Geld, and more refplendent, and more qu.ahficd in fome t)ther properties 5 but then that was eafilv feparatcd. This to do privily, or to maketheCompoundpals for the rich Metal fimple, is an adulteration or counterfeiting ; but if it be done avowedly and without dilguifing, it may be a great faving of the richer Metal. I remember to have heard of a man skilful in Metals, that a fifteenth part oisiher incorporate with Gold (^cntury Fill. Gold is tlic onely Suhft.incc which harh nnrhing in ic Volatile, and ycc mclccth widioutmiich dirficulc . . The Mclcino^ fiicWcth, chat ic is not jcjiinr orfcarcc in Spirit, "'o thatte fixingof ic is nocw.ihcofipirit to flic out, but the equal fprcding of the Tangible parts, and the clofe coacerva- tion of (hem ; whcrcbythcy havcthclLb appetite, and no means (at all) to ilUic forth. It were good therefore to try '.vhcthcr GlalsRc-inoltcn, do lofe an \'U' eight •> for the parts in Glals arc evenly fpred, but they arc not ib clofe as in Gold ,■ as we lee by the ealie admiilion of Light Heat, and Cold, and bv the fmalncls of the weight. There be other Bodies fixed, which have lit- tle or no pirit,l"o as there is nothingtof^ie out; as we fee in the SciifF,\vhcrc- of Coppcharcmade.which they put into Furnaces, upon which Firework- ethnot. So that there arc three caufcs of Fixation -, tlic £vf ?;-j^>-fr/»;^ both o( the Spirits and TAngible parts ; the Clnfenef oi the Tangible pans ; and the 7f- jiinmieji or txtrexm Comminution oi^ spirits ; Ot which three, the twofitft may be joyncd wicha Nature Liqucfiiihk, chclaft not- IT is a profound Contemplation in Nature, to confiderof thcEmptinefs (as wc may call it) or Infatisfadion of fcvcral Bodics.and of their appetite to take in others. Air takcth in Lights, and Sounds, and Smells, and Vapors : And it is moftmanifcft, that it doth it with a kindc of Thirfl, asnotfatisficd with hisowntormer Confidence ; forclfe icwould never receive them in fofud- denly and cafily. fVattr and all Z-ii/Mon do hallily receive dry and more ler- rcftrial Bodies proportionable; andDry Bodies, on the other fide, drink in Waters and Liquors : So that (as it was well fiid by one of the yincientt, of Earthy and Watry Subftanccs) one is a Glue to another. Ttirciments.^hns, Cloth, &c. drink in Liquors ; though themfelvcs be entire Bodies, and not comminuted, as Sand and jlfhes, nor apparently porous. UUeials thcmfcl ves do receive in readily Strong tvaters, and S'trong-Tt>aters\ikc\vi(cdo readily pierce into Afetals a.nd Atones; snA t\\MStrong-T»4ter will touch upon CTo/ii, that will not touch upon Silver, and e converfo. And Gold, \»'hich feemeth by the weight tobct-hcclofffi: and moflfolid Body, doth grcedilydrinkin^i<i(.-/i/v^r. And it fccmcth, chat this Reception of othcrBodiesisnotviolent; for it is (many times; reciprocal,' and, a<- it were, with confent. Of the caiifc of this, and to wliat Axiom it may be referred, confider attentively; for as for the pretty afl'ertion, T hat CAUtter is like a Common Strumpet that defireth all Forms, it is but a WandringNotion. Onely Flame doth not content ic fclf to take in any other Body; butcither to overcome, and turn another Body into ic fclf. as by vidory, or itfelf to die and go out. ti i6g , 799- E.vpcrimcr.! Solitary, Touching Fixation O; Sodiei. S 00. Experiment I Solitary, I touching the 1 f^cliUft Na- j tii/eof Thingii in ihtmftlxitii ! and their De- firc to Cbtnge. NATURA L '% NATURAL HISTORY Century IX, ^^■^^^^^^T is certain, Th^it all Bodies ^hztfocvcr, though they 0^/]^ t-'^V^ have no Scnlc, yet they have Perception : For when one 504? is applied to another, there is a kindc of Eledi- on, to embrace that which is agreeable, and to exclude or expel that which is ingrate : And whether the Body be alterant or altercd,cvermore a Perception precedcth Operation ; for clfc all Bodies would be alike one to an- other. And fomctimes this Perception in fome kinde of Bodies is far more fubtil then the Scnfc ; fo that the Senfeis but a dull thing in compirifon of it. We fee a IFeather-gUf will findc the Icaft difference of the Weather in Heat or Cold, vrhen Men findc it not. And this Perception alloislbmccimcs atdiftancc, as well as upon the touch; as when the Lm</- //(?nf drawcth Iron, or Flame fireth iVa/>/;f/;4 of Babyltn a greatdilianccofT. It is therefore a fubjc<f^of a very Noble Enquiry, to enquire of the move fubtil Terceptions ; for it is another Key to open Nature, as well as the Stnfct and fomctimes better : And befidcs, it is a principal means of Natural 'Divination ; for that which in thelc Perceptions appcareth early , in the great cfieds cometh long after. It is true alfo, that it ferveth to difcover that which is hid, as well as to forctcl ihatwhich is to come, asitisin vazny fubtil TrjaU : As to try w hcther Seeds bcoldornsw, the Senfe cannot inform ; but if you boil them in Water, the new Seeds will fprout fooner. And fo of Water, the taftc will notdifcover the bcft Water ; but the fpecdy confuming of it, and many orh r means which We have heretofore fet down, willdifcover it. So in :ill Tlnfio^^mmy. ihc /-i"f."»fnr/of the ^cf/; will difcovcrtiiofc Natural Inclinations of the Nlinde, which Diflimulation will conceal, orDilciplinc will fuppnfs. We fhall therefore now handle oncly tlufe twoTerceptions which pertain to T^AturM 'Dtytnitian and T>ifcgverjf, leaving the handling of 1 Q^^ Ftreeptton \ 171 Expeiimeots in Confoito touching Ptrctftittn in Budits Inftn- ftble, lending to Naturai Divination or Subtil Tryali. I'JZ 80 1, So: S03. S04. 805. J\(jttural hiflory ; Terctpiion in other things to be difpofcd clfifthcre. Novr it is true, that 'Di- vm.uion is attained by other weans ; as if you know the caufcs, if you know the ConcomttAuts, youmay judge of the cffcft to follow ; and the like may be (aid of Difcovery. But vvc tye our lelvcs here to that 'Dhitiution and T)iJcovery chiefly, which is caufedby ancarly or lubtil Peneption. The aptnefs or propcniion ot Air or Water to corrupt orputrefic, (no doubt) is to be found before it break forth into manitcft cfTcds ct Dil- cafes.Blafting, orthelike. Wc will therefore let down romePrognolficks of Pellilcntial and unwholfome years. The Wind blowing mgch from the South without Rain, and Worms in the Qjk-Applc, have been Ipoken of before. Alio the plenty of Frogs, Grafhoppcrs, Flies, and the like Crc^iturcs bred of Putrcfadion.doth portend Pcftilential years. Great and early Heats in the Spring, (and namely in (JJfaj) without Winds, portend the fame. And generally (o do years with little Wind or Thunder. Great Droughts in Summer, laffing till towards the end of t^u^usl, and fome gentle Ihowers upon them, and then fomc dry weather again, do portend a Peitilent Summer the year following : For about the end of Auguji, all the fwcctnefs of the Earth which goeth into VUms or Irca is exhaled ■-, (and much more if the Augufl be dry } fo that nothing then can breath forth of the Earth but a grofs vapor, which is apt to corrupt the Air; and that vapor by the hrfl: Ihowers, if they begentle, is releafeJ, and Cometh forth abundantly. Therefore they that come abroad foon after thofefliowcrs are commonly taken vrith ficknefs. And in Afnck no Body will flir out of doors after the firflfliowcrs. But if the firll fho\rers come vehemently , then they rather wafh and fill the Earth, then give it leave to breath forth prclently. But if dry weather come again, then itfixeth and continueth the corruption of the Air upon the firil: fhowers begun, and maketh it of ill influence even to the next Summer, ex- cept a very Frofty Winter difcharge it, which feldom fuccecdeth luch Droughts. ThelcfTerlnfedionsof the^fH-i/Z-fov, Purple FcAvers, y^^«« in the Sum- mer precedent, and hovering all Winter, do portend a great Pejitlence in the Summer following : For Putrcfadion dothnot rife to its height at once. It were good to lay a piece of raw Flefli or Filh in the open Air ; and if it putrcfie quickly, it is a fign of a dilpoiition in the Air to Pu- trefadion. And becaule you cannot be informed, whtherthc Putrefadi- on be quick or late, except you compare this Experiment with the like Experiment in another year ; it were not amifs in the lame year, and at the lame time, to lay one piece of Flefli or Fifli in the open Air, and another of the fame kinde and bignefs within doors : For I judge, that if a general di pofition be in the Air to putrefie, the Flefli or Fifh "will fooner putrcfie abroad, where the Air hath more power then in the Houfe, where it hath Icis, being many ways corrected. And this Experi- ment would be made about the end of c^/:<rf A ; for that fealon is likeft to difcovcr what the Winter hath done, and what the Summer following will do upon theAir. Andbccaufcthe Air (nodoubt) receivcth greattindurel and infufion from the Earth , ic were good to try charexpofuig. of Flefli I Or' I (^entury 1 X, or FiHi bochupona Jjtakeot Wood , (ome height above the Harth, and upon the flat of the Earth. Take cJI/i/ Dew, -and fee whether it putrcfic quickly, orno; for that likewifemay tiiiclole the quahtyof thsAir, and vapor oi the Earth, more or Icfs corrupted. A dry AUrch, and a 6iy M*j, portend a wholefume Summer, if there be a fhowring Apnl between j but othcrwifeit is a fign of a TsJliltnudytAx, As the dilcovery ol thcdifpofitionof the Air i? good for tiie trogno^iiki of wholclomc and unwholcfome years ; fo it is of much more ulc tor the choiceof placesto dwell in; at cheleart for Lodges andRetiring-placcs for Health, (for ManfionHouf.s ri-ipca provifions as well ashcaltii) wherein ihe Exferiments above mentioned may lervc. Bur for the choice cf Places or Scats, it is good to make tryal, notonely of aptncfs of Air to corrupt, but alio of the moifture and drynefs of the Air.and the temper of it in heat or cold ; for that may concern health diverily. Wc rv;cthatthcfebcfome Houf:swaerein^ar«^M/j will relent, and B4ks<i .W^'jf/ will mould, more then in others; zn<i fVainfcots will alfj fwcat more, f> that they Willalmoftiun with Water: Af. whicii(no doubt) are ciufcd chief- ly by the moiftnefs of the AirintliofcSeacs. But bcciufi it is better to know it before a Mm buildcth his Hour.-, then tofinde it after, take the Exferimeuis following. Lay Wool, or a Sponge, or Bread in the place you would try," comparing it with fomc other places, and f:e whether it doth not moiften. and make the Wool or Sponge, iScc. mote ponderous then the other : And if it do, you may judge of that place, asfituatcinagrcfs andmoiltAir. Becaufj it is certain thit in fome place',eithcr by theNauirc of the Earth, or by the firuation ol Woods and Hills, the Air i$ more unequal then in others; and inequality of Air is ever an enemy to health : Itweregood to take two Weathcr.Glifles, matches in all things, and tof:t them for the fame hours of onedav infcveral places where nolhadeis norenclolutcs j and to mark wiien you fee them, how far the Water cometh ; ^nd to compare them when you comeagain, how the Watcrllandeth then. And if you findc them unequal, you miy befure, that the place where the Water is lowcft is in the warmer Air, and the otherin the Colder. And the greater the inequality is of the aLent or def.cnt of the Water, the greater is the inequality ot the temper of the Air. Ihc Prcdtcliojis likewifv: of cold and long Winters, and hot and dry Summers, arc good to be known, as well for thedifcovety of the caufcs, as for divers Provifions. That of Tlentyof Huyts, and Heps, and Bryar-Berries^ hath been fpokcn of before. If li'amfcot ot St$ne, that have uf.^d to fwear, be more dry in the beginning of Winter, or the drops of theEavs of Houfes come more llowly down then they ui\, it portcndeth ahard and frofty Win» ter. The caufe is.forthatitfliewech an inclinationof the Ait to dry Weather, which in Winter isevcr)oyned With Froft- Generally a moiif anda cool Summer, portcndeth a hard Winter. The caufe is, for that the vapors cf theHatth arc noj diflipaccd in the Summer by the Sun J and fo they rebound upon the Winter. A hot and dry Summer and Autumn, and cfjecially jf the heat and drought extend fir into ?(ftembeT, portcndeth an open beginning o' Winter, and colds to fucceed toward the latter part of the Winter, and tac beginning of the Spring. For till then the former heat and drought bear the Iway, and the vapors arc not fufficicntly multiplied. 9^ An / 174 815. %l6. 817. $18. 819. 10. ail. (21'. J\(jitural hillory ; An open and warm Winter portcndcth a hot and dry Summer : Fpr che Vapors dilpcrfc into the Winter ftiowers ; whereas Cold and Froftketp- ecn them in, and tranlporttth them into the late Spring and Summer fol- lowing. ' Birds that u(e to change Countrcvs at certain Seafons if flicy come earlier, do fliew the temperature of Weather according 10 that Countrcy whence they came: As the Winter Birds, (namely, /^'o»rftofJ;^r, Fddefures C^o if they come earlier, and out oi KhcT^orthtmCountreySy wuh us Ihcw cold Winters. And if it be inthe fame Countrey, then they flicw atemperiture of Seafon, like unto that Seafon in which they come ; as SD'aHotis Buts Cucktes,6-c. that come towards Summer, if they come early, Ihcw a i.oc Summer to follow. The Trognofiuks more immediate of Weather to follow foon a:er, are more certain then thofeof Seafons: The Refoundmgof the Sea upon the Shore, and the Murmurol Winds inthe Woods, without apparent Wmc', fliew Wind to follow. Tot (uch Winds, breathing chiefly cut of the Harth, are not at the fitft perceived, except they be pent by Water or Wood. And thereforc-a Murmur out of Caves likewifc portendeth as much. The Upper Regions of the Air, perceive the Colleftion of the mitrer of Tempefl and Winds before the Air here below. And therefore the obfcuring of thefmallerStars, isafignof Tcmpel^s following. And of this kinde you fliall findc a number of inltanccs in our Inquifuion de Ventis. Great Mountains have a Perception of the dilpofition of the Air to Tern- pefts fooncr.then the Valleysor Plains below. And therefore ihcy fay in yfAlcs^ Vf'hen certain Hills hAvt tbeir Night-caps on, thej me :.n mfdief. The c^ufc i«, for that Tempers which are for the moft part bred above in the Middle Region, (as they call it) arcfoonefl perceived locoUed in thcplacesnextit. The Air and Fire have fubtil Perceptions of Wind rifingbefotcMen finde ir. We fee the trembling of a Candle will difcover a Wind, that other- wife we do not feel; and the Flexious burning of Flames dothflicw the Air beginneth to be unquiet j and fo do Coals of fire, by calling of!" the afhes more then they ufe. The caufe is, for that no Wind at the hnt, till it hath ftruck and driven the Air, is apparent to the Senfe $ but fljme iscafier to move then Air. And for the Afhes, itis no marvel though Wini unperceived fli jke them off ; for we ufually try which way the Wind bloweth, by cafling up Grafs or Chaff, or fuch light things int;o the Air. When Wind cxpireth from under the Sea, as itcaufeth feme refound ings of the Water, cwhereof wefpake before) fo iccaufeth feme light mo- tions of Bubbles, and white Circles of Froth, The caufe is, for ihatthe Wind cannot be perceived by the Senfe, until there be an Kruptionof agreat quantity from under the Water, and fo itgettethintoaBody, wiiereasiuthe firft putting up, itcometh in little portions. Wtfpakeof theAfhes thatCoalscait off, and of Grafs and Chaff car- ried by the Wind ; fo any light thing that moveth when we find no Wind, fhewcthaWindat hand: As when Feathers or Down of Thilllcsflie to and froinrheAir. For ProgHi^icksoi VVeatherfrom Living Creatures, it is to be noted. That Gueatn'res that live in the open Air {fubdio) mult needs have a quicker impreffion from the Air, then Men that live moft within doors ; and cfpe- . cially Birds who live in the Ait frceft and clcareft, and are apteft by their voice to tell talcs what ihcy findc, and likewile by the motion of their flight to exprefs the fame. FTuter- Qntpirj IX. . I VyAter-fo-Vfls (at Set-Gulls, C^Ioir-Henf, &c.) when they flock and file ' together from the bca cowards (hci>horcs ; and contrariwifcLaiid Birds, (as I CroTn SwulloTts, &c. when thev flie (ronithc Land to the Waters, and beat I the VVitcrs with their Wings, doforcfhew Rain and Wind. The caufc 15,' Pkai'ure that both kindcs take in the moiflnefs and dcnfuy of the Air,' and fo defite to be in motion, and upon the Wing) whither-foever they would othctwifc go : For it is no marvel chat Water fowl do joy molt in that Air which is hkeft Waters ; and Land Birds alfo (many of them) delight in B ithir.g and moilt Air. For the fame rcafon alto, many Birds do pranc their Feiihers, and Geeie do gaggle, and Crows fecm to call upon' Rain. All w hich is but the comfort they fecm to receive in the relenting of ; the Air. The Hifrow when fhcfoateth high, (foasfotnctimes file is fecn to pafs I over a Cloud) fhcweth VV^inds : But Kitet flying alofr, fhew fjir and dry weather. Thecaullmay be, for that they both mountmoft into tlic Air of that temper wherein they delight. And the Heron, bemg 3 Waterfowl, taketh pleafurc in the Air that is condenfcd ; and belides, beingbuc heavy of Wing, ncedcth the help of chegruiVerAir. But the ATrrtr afledeth not fo much the groffiuf. of the Air, as the cold and (cefhnefs thereof j for be- ing a ^ir;/ 0/ /'rr/ , and therefore hot, Ihc delightcth in the frefli Air, and (many times) Hicth againll: theVVind; as Trouti ai\d Salmons fwim againft the dream. A",d yet it is true alfo, that all Birds firldcaneafeinthc depth of theAir, as Swimmers do in a deep Water. And therefore when they arc alfo, they can uphold themfclves with their Wings fpred, fcarce moving them. Fi/lces when they play towards the top of the Water, docommonly foretcl Ram. The caufc is, for that a Fifh tiating the dry, will not approach the Air till it groweth moilt ; and when it is dry will fl.c it, and fwim lower. ^^■j/?/ do take comfort ^generally) inamoift A,r, and it makechthcm cat their Meat better ; and therefore Skep will get up betimes in the moinngto feed againft Rain -, and Cattle, and Deer, and Coneys will feed hard before Rain ,- and z Heifer will put up his Nofe. and fnatf in the Air again '^ Rain. Ttie Trifiil againft Rain, fwclleth in the Scalk, and fo ftandcth more uprigu ; for by wet, Stalks do creft, and Leaves btrW down. Tnereisa fnall Red Flower in the J^tubble-fields, which Couuitey people call the ^Vnuoplpt J which, it it open in the Morning, you may be fureof a fair day to follow. Even in cJl/fg. y^fi«, znAHuns, and Corns, do engrievc cither towards Rair, or towards Froft • for theonemaketh the Humors more to abouad, and I he other makcth them fliarpcr. So we f^c both extrcams bring- the Gout. fVonm, Verwuie, &c. do forcfhcw (likewi(c) RJin j for Edrth-ltorms will come forth, and <J]{ol(S will calt up more, and Fleat bite more againlV Rain. Solid Bodies likcwife forcfhcw Rain : As Stones and Wainfcot when they Iwear, and Boxes and Pegs of Wood When they draw and wind hard ; rhough the former be but from an outward caufe, fortha:the Stone or Wainfcor torneth and bcatcth bacR the Air agiind it felf ; but the latter is ati 'inward iwcllmg of the Body of the Wood it felf. xy^pfei'ttt 82J. 821. 176 III. Expciimcnt Solitary, touching the Niturt of ^ppeiitt in tht Slomick^ 8}2. Experiment Solicai]r> touching STvettnifi of Odor from the R^tnhow. J\(atural Hijlory ; 8n. lExpeiinncnt JSolitujr, Itouching ISv/tct Smelts, ir A appetite is moved chiefly by things that are cold and dry. The caufe is, for that Cold isakindeot indjgcnceof Naturc.atHlcallcthuponfuppiv, andlo is Dryncls : And therefore all lour things (as FlntgAr, Juymf Lemmons, Oil of Vuriol, &c.) provukc Appetite. And the Dilealc wnich they call i^ppetnut CAmnus, confiileth iathe Matter of an AciJe andGlafliePhlLgm in the Mouth ot theStomack. y^/)/)ffj/f is alio moved by lour things, tor that four things induce a contraftion in the Nirves, placed in the Mciuh ot the Stomack, which is a great caufeof Appetite. As for thecaufe wny Om- ens, and Salt, and Pepper in Baked Meats move Appetite, it is by Vcilicarion of thofc Nerve: > forMotion whettcth. Ab for fVortmatod, Olivet, Capers, and others of thatkindc, which participate of Bitternefs they move Appetite by Abfterfion. So as there be four principal caufcs of Appetite ; the iic fri gcration of the S:omack joyned with fotne Drynef?, Contradion, Vcllicati- on, and Abfterfion; bcfides Hunger, which is an cmptincfs; and yet over- falling doth (many times) caufc the Appetite to ccafc; for that want of Meat maketh theStomack draw Humorr, and fuch Humors as are light and Cho- Icrick, which quench Appetite moll, IT hath been obfervcd by the i_Anc'tents, that where a Ra'mhott fecmcth to hang over, or to touch, there breathcth foich a fweet fmcU. The caufe is, for that this happeneth but in certain matters which ha^^e in themfclves lome Sweetnefs, which the gentle Dew of the RainboTif doth draw forth j and the like do foft Showers, for they aUo make the Ground fweet: But noncarcfo delicate as the Dew of i)\cRA'mho-^ where it fallcth. It may bcalfo, that the Water itfelf hath fomc Swcctncfs,- for the RAtnbo'\ifcov\i\&cih of a Glomera- tion of Imall drops , which cannot poffibly fall but from the Air that is very low , and therefore may hold the very SweetneJs of the Hetbs and Flowers as aDiftillcd Water : For Rain and other Dew that tall from high cannot prefcrve the fmell, being dillipated in thedrawingup; neichcrdowe know, whether fome Water it lelf may not havefome degree of Swectnefs. It is true, that we finde it fcnfibly in no Pool, River, nor Fountain ; butgood Earth newly turned up, hath a frcfhnefsand good fcnt ; which Water, il it be not too equal, (for equal objefts never move the Scnfc) may alfo have. Cer- tain it is, that Bay fait, which is but a kindc of Water congealed, will fome- times fmcU hke Ftolets. TO fweet Smells, heat isrequifitc toconcoftthe Matter, and fomc Moy- fture to fpred the Breath of them: Forheat, wefeethat Woods and Spi- ces-arc more odoratc in the Hot Counttey s, then in the Cold. For Moifturc, wc fee that things too much dryed lole their Sweetncfs ; and Flowers grow- ing fmell better in a Morning or Evening, then at Noon. Some fweet (mells are deftroyed by approach to the Fire ; as F'loletsJVaU-floTtiers, GilUfloTters. Pinks. and generally all Flowers that have cool and delicate Spirits. Some continue both on the lire, and from the fire, as Rofe-T»ater, &c. Some do £arcc come forth, oratlcaft not fopleafantly, asby means of thefire; sls Juniper, S-^eet Gums, &c. and all fmells that are cnclofed in a faft Body ; but (gcnetally) thofe Imells arc the molt grateful where the degree of heat is finall, or whci^c the fkength of the fmell is allayed ; for thefe things do rather wo chg-S.cnfe, then fatiate ir. And therefore the fmell of holets and Rofes exceedeth in fweei- ncfsthat of Spices ; and Gums, and the ftrongefl fort of fmells, arc belt in a weft afar off. It Century n^- yx. 177 ITisccrtiin, thatnofmcU ifTueth but with cmifllon of fomc corporeal Tub- 8J4-. ; ftcincc-, nocasitisin LiG-hr, andColomsandSoiinds: Far wclcc plainly Expc""!"!' ■ thatfmcll doth fprednoihiiig that didancc that thcoihet do. it is true, that .outhmg ihe Tome Woods of Orenges, and Henths of Rofenury, will liiiell a grta: way into corportai the Sea, perhaps twenty M Icb ; but what is that, fiiice a peal of. Ordnance j^^f'"^' "' vriUdoas much, which nioveth in a (tnallcompals, whereas t'lofe Woods i and Heaths are of vail (paces ? Bcfides, we fee that fmclls do adhere to hard Bodies ; as in perfuming of Gloves, c^f. which flieweththcm (.orporeai; and I do laif a orreat while, which Sounds and Light do not. THe Excrements o'i mofl Creatures fmcll ill, chiefly to the fame Creature that voideth them : For we fee, bcfides that of Man, that Pigeons and Hoilosthrivebeft, if their Houfcs andSrables bckept fweet, and fo of Cage- Birds ; and the Cat burieth that which fhe voideth. And it holdcth chiefly in thof'c Beafts whichfccd uponricfli. Dogs (almoft) onely of Beafts delight in fetide odors ; which flieweth there is fomewhat in their fcnfc of fmell differ- ing from the fmells of other Beafts. But the caufc why Excrements fmell ill is manifelf, for that the Body it fclf rejcdeththcm, much more theSpirits: Andwefce,thatthofe£.vaf»»e>.'/Jthatarcof the fitffdigeftion fmell the worlf, as ihcExcremems from ihcBclly j thofe thatarefrom the fccond digelfion, lefs \\],zsFrtne; and thofe that are from the third, yet lefs; forSwcarisnot fo bad.asthc other two, efpecially of fome perfons that are full of hc^t. Like- wife mofl Putreficlions are of an odious fmell, for they fmcll either fertile or mouldy. The caufemaybc, for that Putrefadion doth bring forth fucha confilfcnce as ismoft contrary to the confiflicnce of the Body whilcft it is found, for it isameerdiirolutionof that form. Befidcs, there is another rea- fon, which is profound: Anditis, That the objeds that plealeanv of the fenfcs, have (sll) fome equality, and cas it were) order in their compofition, but where thofe arc wanting theobjeftiseveringrate. So mixture of many difagreeing colours is never unplcafant to the Eye ; Mixture of difcordant Soundsisunplcafant tothe Ear; mixture or hotch-potch of many taftes is ui^pleafant to the tatfe 3 harflincfs and ruggedncfsof Bodies is unpleafantto the touch. Nowitisccrtain, thatallPutrefadion, being adifTolution of the firlHorm, isameerconfufion, and unformed mixture of th^' part. Kcver- thelefs, it isftrangc, andfcemcthtocrofstheformer obfervation, that fome Putrcfaftions and Excrements do yield cxccllcntOdors j as Qvii and ^/i«j<^,ind, as fome tW\uV., ^mbtr-greece , for divers takcit (though unprobably) to come from tb.e Sperm ot F.lh ; and the Mofswe fpakeoi from yff pie-trees \s litrie better then an Excretion. The reafon may be, for that there paifeth in tlic Exctcments, and rcmainethinthcPutrefadions.lomegoodfpirits, efpcciaUy j where they proceed from Creatures that are very hot. But it may be alfo j joyned wichatutthcrcaufe, which is more fubril; and it 15, that the Scnfes \ love not to be over-plcafed, but to have a commixture of (omewhatthat is I initfclf ingratc. Certainly, we fee how Dilcords inMufick, falling upon ' Concords, make the fweeteftflrains : And we fee again what If range taftcs delight the laile ; as Red-herrings, Caviare, P/irmefM, &c. And it may be the fame holdcth in fiiiells. For thofe kindcof fmells that we have mentioned j arc all ftrong, anddopuU and vcllicate the Sciife. And wefiridealfo, that j places where men Urine commonly have fome fmell of Vtokts. *And Urine, ■ if one hath catcu Mucmcg, hath fb too. I The : Experiment SoIitaijTi touching Feiide and FrjgraniO- dors. r 178 0\(jitiiral H'tjlory ; S3 5. Experiment Solitary, touching the Caufcs of Ph- trefaflijn. S'3 7. Experiment Solitaiyi touching Bodies unpcr- ftSltj' milt. »36. Experiment Solitary, touching ConcoHion and Crudity. The ilothful. general, and indefinite Contemplations and Notions of the Elements, and their Conjugations ct" the Influences of Hedvtn, of Hot. Cold, OVloifiiire, T^rou^ht, ^dittes jiclive, 'Tafive and the like, have (v\allow- cd up the true Parages, and trocejfa, .ind j1}[ec\s, and Confijlenaes of M-tter, and Ndtural Bodies. Therefore they are to be let alidc, being but notional, and ill limited ; and definite axioms arc to be drawn out ot mcalured inllances, and lb aflent to be made to the more general axioms by Scale. And of thefc kindes of I'rocejfes of Nature, and Charaiters of AiAtter, we will now fet down fomc inflanccs. A LI Putrcfiid:ions come chiefly from the inward Spirits of the Body, and partly alfo from the tyimbiemBody, be it Air, Liquor, or what- ibevcrclfc. And this lafl:, by two means; cither by Ingrefs of the fubftancc of the Ambient Body into the Body putrefied, or by excitation and folici- tationof the Body putrefied, and the parts thereof, by the Body Ambient. As for the received opinion, that Putrcfadicniscanlcd cither by Cold, or Peregrine and Preternatural Hi at, icisbutnugation : For Cold in things inanimate, is the greateft enemy that is to Putrefadion, though it extin- guiflieth Vivi' cation, which ever Gon^ftcth in Spirits attenuate, which the Cold doth congeal and coagulate. And as for the leregrme l/e^d, it is thus far true That it the proportion of the c//'(i>'<rMr«r^/'frf/, be greatly predomi- nant to the Natur,tl heat, and J'/'»r»y 0/ 1/^^ ^ur//, it tendeth to difTolution, or notable alteration. But this is wrought by tmiflion, or Suppreflionj or Suft^bcation of the Native Spirits, and alio by the Diiurdination and Dif- compofure of the Tangible parts, and other pallkges of Nature, and not by aconfiid of Heats. IN verfions or main Alterations of Bodies, there is a Medium betw cen the Body, a» it is at firft, and the Body refulting j v hich Medium is Corptu im- perfecle Mtfttivt, and Is traniitory, andnot durable; ^.sC^Iifts Smoaks faporSy ChjUis in the Stomack,, Living Creatures in\.\\tf[rfk Fivi^cdtion ; and the middle aftion which product th fuch hnperfeil Bodies, is fitly called (bylomeof the K_ylncients) Inquination or Incontsclion, which is a kinde of Futrefailion 5 for the parts are in tonfuiion till they fettle one way or other. T He word Concoction or 'Digejlion, is chiefly taken into ufe from Living Creatures, and their Organs, and from thence extended to Liquors and Fruit5;,&c. Therefore they fpeak of Meat concoded. Urine andExcre- mcnts concodcd; and the Four Digcff ions tin the Stomack, in theLiver,in the Arteries and Nerves, and in chefevcral parts of the Body) are likcwifc called Co»«Sifl«^. andthcy areallmade tobe the works of //e jr. All which notions are but ignorant catches of a few things , which are moft obvious to Mens obfervations- 7 he conflanteft notion of CowcoSwb is,thaticftould fignifie the degrees of alteration of one Body into another, from Crudity to t erf eel Concoclion, which is the ultimity of thatadion orprocefs. And while the Body to be converted and altered is too ffrong for the efficient that flioul J convert or alter it, (whereby it rcfifleth. and holdeth fail in fbme degree the firfl: Form or Confiftence) it is ( all that while) Crude and Inconcodl, and the Procefs is to be called Cnidtty and In concoclion. It is true, chat Conco«ftion is in great part the work oitieat; but Hqc the work of Heat alone : For all things that further the Converfmi or t^ Iteration (as Reft, Mixture of a Body already concocted, Sec.) arc allb means to ConcoHion. And there ' Cf^ntury IX. there nre ot Concodtion twu FeriuiJs ; the one Airinulation, or ablblutc Convetfion ilndSubadion 5 the other Mnuration : Whereof, the former is motlconlpicuous in the Bodies of /.iv<"j Crcunres^w. which there is an jibfolute Converfion and t^ftmiittion of the T^our'tshment intothcBody, and likcwile in thei3odies of Plaat.s; and agiin. in Mctils, where there is a full Tranfmu- cation. The other (which is Maturation) is fccn in Liquors and Fruit? ; wherein there is not defircd, nor pretended, an utter Converfion, but onely an Alteration to that Form whicn is mo'i^ fought for Mans ufej as in Clari- fying of Drinks Ripeningof Fruit', &c. Butnote, that there be two kindes of tyibfoltiieCmverJions. The one is when a Bjdy ijconvertcd into another Body which was before; as when Nourifhment is turned into Flefli : That is it w.iich we call i^fftiniUtion. The ocheri?, when the Converfion is into a Body mccrly new, and which was not before ; .is if Silver (h juld be turned to Gold, or Iron zoCjpper. \nd ih'is Converfion is better called, bydiftindion fake, TrAnfmut4tiOtt. T Here are alfo divers other great attentions of Matter and Bodies, be- fides hoe that tend loCjmodion and C^f-tturmon ; for whatfoever doth To altera Bod7, asit returncth nocagiin to that it was, may be called o^//r- rang Mijor : As waen M. -at is Boiled, or Rofted, or Fried, Sec. or when Bread and Meatare Baked ; or whenCheefc is made of Curds, or Butter of Cream, or Coals of Wood, or Bricks cf Earth ; and a number of others. But lo 3pp\y Notions Phtloftjph'ual to pUbeianlerms\ or to fay, where the A'o- tions cannot fitly be reconciled, that there wantech a Term or NtmencUture for It, (asthe ^^/((f/j/jufed) tliey be but fliifts of ZgHflr.iHfr : For KnoTtrled^e \\'\\\ be ever a Wandnngand lndige!l:ed thirg, if ir be but acommixfure of a few iVofionj that arc at hand, qfnd occur, and not excited Irom fufficicnt number of instances, and thole well collated. The Confiftencies of Bodies are very divers i Denfe, Rare, Tangible, Tneu^ m.iticd \ VoUtile, Ftxid ; ^Determinate, not 'Determinate; Hard, Soft; Cleaving, not Cleaving i CongeUble, not Congelable i Liqtttfiuble, not Luiuefiable ; Fragile, Tough 5 Flexible, Inflexible ; Tradile, or to be drawn forth in lengh, IntraHile -, Foroiis, i'ilide; Equal and Smooth, Vntqual ; Fenttts and Fibrous, and with (7r4W, Entire, and divers others. All which to refer to //f;ir and CoW, and Mo iff are and Drought, i<; a Compendious and Inutile Jz-ffn/^rro/i. Butof chefe fecprin- cipally onx Abe cedar ium Naturt, and otlierwife j^^r/H;» in this Our SyWaSyl. varum. Nevcrthclei>, in lome good parr, we fliall handle divers of them now preicnily. L/qucfi.ible and nor Liqutfiahle proceed from thcfccaufcs. Liquefailion is ever caufed by the Detention t f the Spirits, which play wiihin the Body, andopcn it Therefote fuch Bodies as arc more lurgid of Spirit, or that havetheir Spirits moreftrcij^htlv imprifoncd, or agiin, that hold them bcr- tfrpleafcd and content, jiTc Lijuefiable : For thcic three 'DtfPofmoHs of Bodies oo arreit the HmiflTion of the Spirits. Aneximplcof the lirli two Properties IS in M'tals, and ol thela:t inGreale, Pitch, Sulphur, Butter, Wax, &c. The n ipolirion n6t to Liqucfie , procecdcih from the cafie Emffion of the Sp rir?, whcrcbv the E^rolfer parts contract •- and therefore Bjdies^r/«n< of Spirir*;, or^'hichpart with their Spirits more willirgly, 2Ti- not Liquefiable ; asWood, Cliv, Frecifone, &c. Butyct even many of thole Bodicsthat will not melt, orwillhardlv melr, will notwichftandir g folten ; as Iron in the ' Forgo, 1^9 S3 9- Experiment Solitary* couthuig ^Uerjtiotit which may be tilled Atipri. 840. Experiment So'i'aiy, touchino Huditt Lijue fjabit, tnd not Li^ktfiabU. i8o S41. Expftinicnt Solit3iy> touching the Boditt I- ragUe >id T$ugh, 842. Fxpctimcnt Sohtary, touching the Tito l{indei 0, I'ncumaticais in Badiu. 843- fxptn'trent SolitJiyi touching Ccncrt tiott and Diffolutiun of Bod'its. J\(atwal Hijlory; ForcTc, and a Stick bathcJ in hot Aflics, which thereby bcconnech more Flexible. MoreovxT, there arc ibmc Bodies which do Ltqnejie or dillblvc by Fires as Affuls, Ik'dx^ &c. and other Bodies which diirolvc in Water, as Salt, SugdT, &c. The caule oi the former procecdcth from the Dilatation ot thcSpirits bv Heat: The caufc of the latter procecdeth from the opening of the Tangible Parts, which dcilrc to receive the Liquor. Again, there arc fomc Bodies thatdiffolvc with both; as Gum, &c. And thofc be fuchBodiei as on the one lide have good florc of Spirit, and on the c ther fide have the Tangiulc parts indigent of Moifturc; forchc former hclpcthto thedilating of the Spirits by the Fire, and the latter ftimulateth theparts to receive the Liquor. O' F Bodies fomc are Fragile, andfomearc ToUgh and not Fragile j and in tic breaking, fomc Fragile Bodies break but where the force is, lomc flia rter and ilic in many pieces. Of Fragility, thecaufeis an impotency to be extended ; and therefore Stone is more Fragile then Metal; andfo Fidile Earth is more Fragile then Crude Earth, and Dry Wood then Green. And thecaufeofthisunaptncfsto I xtenfion, is the fmall quantity of Spirits(forit is the Spirit that furthcreth the Extcnfion or Dilatation of Bodies ;) and it is ever concomitant with Forofity, and with Drincls in the Tangible parts. Contrariwife, Tough Bodies have more Spirits , and fewer Fores , and Moifler langibic parts : Therefore we Ice, that Parchment or Lea- ther will ftrctch , Paper will not ; Woollen-Cloth will tenter , Linncn fcarcely. ALL folid Bodies confifl of Parts of two leveral Ndturts ; Ttieumaikal, and Tangible : And it is well to be noted, that the Tneuntdtical Sublfance is in fome Bodies, the Native Spirit of the Body ; and in fome other^ plain Air that is gotten in; as in Bodies dcficcatc, by Heat, or Age: For in them, when the Native Spirit goeth forth, and thcMoilturc with it, the Air with time gt ttcth into the Pores . And thole Bodies are ever the more Fragile , for the Native Spirit is more Yielding and Extenfive (efpccial- ly to follow the Parts) than Air. The Native Spirits alfo admit great divcrficy , as Hot, Cold. Adlivc, Dull, &c. Whence proceed mofl of theVertucs, and Qualities (as we call them) of Bodies : But the Air in- tcrmixc, is without Vertuesj andmakcth things infipid, and without any extimula ion. THc Concmion »f Sodies is r^commonly) folved by the contrary; ias Ice, which is congealed by Cold, is diflblved by Heat ; Salt and Sugar, which are cxcoiSed by Heat, arc difTolvcd by Cold and Moifture. The caufc is, for thatthcfc operations arc rarher returns to their former Nature, than alterations j fo that the contrary cureth. As for Oyl, it doth neither eaiily congeal with Cold,northickenwith Heat. The caufe of both Effedi, though they be produced by contrary efficients, fccmeth to be the fame j and that is, bccaufe the Spirit of the Oyl, by either means, exhalcth little •• For theColdkecpcthit in, and the Heat (except it be vehement) dothnotcall it forth. As for Cold, though it take holdot the Tangible Parts.yct as to the Spirits it doth rather make them fwcll, than congeal them : As when Ice is congealed in a Cup. the Ice will fwcH inftead of contracting, andfome- times rift. Of Qcmury IX, OF Bodier.fome (\vcfec)are hard, and fome foftt The hardnefsis'caufcd (chiefly) by the Jcjunenifs of the !)JJirits ; and their impariiy with the Tangible pans : Boch which, if they be in a greater degree, makcth them notoncly hard, but fragile, and Icis enduring ot preflurcJ is yteel. Stone GUjT, "Drj jVoii,&c. Softnels tomcih (contruuviff) by t le greater quantity 6t Spirit*, (which ever hilpcth to induce yielding and CelFionj) and by the more equal fpreding of the Tangible parts, wh cli thereby are mure Aiding, and following; as inGo/rf, Leti, fVax, &c. But note, that lottB^>dics (as We ufe the word) arc of two kjndes ; the one, chit eafily giveth place to an- other Body, but altcrcih not Bulk by rifmgin other places i and thcretore wc fee that Wax, if you put any thing into ir, doth nor rife in Bulk, bur oncly giveth place : For you may not thinJr, that in Print. ftg of Wax. the Wax rifeih upatall •> but onely the de prcifcd part giVeth place, and the othcrrcmaineth as it was. The other that akcrcth Bulk in the Ccfllon, as Water, or other Liquors, if you put a Stone, or any tning into tiicm. they give place (in- deed) eafily, but then they rile all dverj which is a falfe Ceffion, foritisih place, and not in Body. .; . <ii c-d Y .'• A LI Bodies Duclile, and Tenftlf, (as Metals) tha't willbe drawn ir.toV^ires ; Woo', and Tow that will be drawn into Yarn or Thred j have in them tne Ajpi-fitc of Not difcontinuirg, flrong ; w.iich maketh them follow the force thatpnlcih them our ; anu vr; fo, as not difjontmuc or forfakc their own Body. Vilcous Bodies (likcwilO^s Pi/f*, PT^x, Birdlimt, Chrfe to3l\cd. Will draw forth .nJ roap. Bat the difference between Bodies fibrous, and Bodies vif^-ous, is plain V Forail Wooll, and Tow, qnd Cotton, and Silk (cfpccially raw Silk) have, bcfidcs their dtfi.e of continuance, in regard of the tcnu ly of their Tiired , a grcedincfs of Moiflurc, and by Moifliirc to joyn and incorporate with other Thred, efpecially, if thcrcbea little Wreath- ing, as appearctii byriic twifting oi Thred , and the pradice of Twirling about of >ipindles. And wcfee alfo, that Gold and Silver Thred cannot be made without Twifting. THediflfcrences of imprcfTibV, and riot impreflible ; figurable. arid not hgutable; mouldable, andnot mouldable ; feiflible, and not fciflible; and many other Paillons of Matter, arc Plebeian Notions, applied unro the Inftruments and Uf:s which Men ordinarily pradile; but they arc all bur the effcftsof fomcofthcfecaulcs tollowirg, which we wiltenumcratc without applying f hem, becauic that would be too long. Tficfirlt isthcOflTon, or not CeHion ot Bodief, into a (mailer (pice, or room, keeping theoutWard Bulk, and not flying up. The fecond n,, the Itrongcr or weaker Appetite, in Bodies, to continuity, and to fliedifcontinuity. Ihc third is.thc dii'pofition ofBodies, to conrrad.orrot contract? and again, toextcnd. ornot extend. The fourth i.c, the f.nall quantity, or great c^uanCity of the Pncumatical m Bodies. Tne fifth is, the nature of the PncuQuiical. whether it be Native Spirit of tne Body, or common Air. The fixth is, theNature of the Native Spirits in the Bo<dy, whether they be AdtiVe, affd Eager, or Dull, and Gentle. The feventh is, the cmilUon or detenfion of the Spirits in Bodies. The eighth is. the c'iiaration or contrition of the Spirits in Bodies wbile they arc de- tainee. Tneninethis, thecoUocation of the Spirits in Bodies, whcfhcrthc collocation be equal or unequal ; and again, whether the Spirits be coacer- vatcor dirtufjii. The tenth is, thedenfity ot rantv of the Tangible part^ K The t8i 844. Experiment Solic^ry, touching fJard and Soft Rodit'. 845. Expeiimeot Solitaiy. touching Bod'm DuUilt tnd Ttnfilt. 84^. Experimcot Solitery. (oucbing OthtT Pt(li- ,ni tf AUtitr, of Boditi, i%z JSQuufd Hijlory ; 847- Expciimcnt Solitary, touching ' tndHtJiion bj ,?^8 848. Solitary, touching Hontf end Sugjr. S49. Expciimcnt Solitacy, touching the \ Finer fort of \ Baft Metals. the ckvcnth is the Equality or Inequality of the Tangible pairs T thcj twelfth is the Difgcftion br Crudity ot the Tangible pirts ; the thirtcciuli! is the Nature o( the Matter, whccherSulphurcous, or Mercurial, or Watr^,; orOily, Dry, and Tcrreftrial, or Moid andLiquid ; which Natures of; Sulphureous and Mercurial, feem to be Natures Radical and Principal ; chcj fourteenth is the placingof the Tangibleparts, in Length or Tranlver{c(asl it is in the Warp, and the Woot cvf Textiles;) more inNvard or more out -| ward, &:«. The fifteenth is the Poroficy or Jmporofity betwixt the Tanciblcl pares, andthcgreatnefsorlmallncfsof the Pores ; the llxt^cnthis thcCoK! location and poftureoi the Fores. There may be more caufcs, but thcfe dq occur for the prefent.. ( ! TAkcLeadandtncItit, andinthemidl^ of it, vfhcnit boginncth cocon-^ geal, make a little dint or hole, and put Quick-fiIVk.r wrapped in a| pieceof Linncn into that hole, and the Quick-lilver will fix, and runnel more, and endure the Hammer, li.is is anoble inltance of Indiir.nian, by confent of one Body with another, and Motion of Excitation to imitate ; for to afcribe it onely to the vapor of the Lead, is Icfs probable. Ou4re, whether the fixing may be in fuch a degree, as it will be figured like orhcr Metals ? For if lo, you may make Works of it for fomcpurpofcs, fo tbey come not near the Fire. SUgar hath put down the ufc of Honey, inlbmuch, as we have loft thofc obferVJ.tions and preparations of Honey, which the lyinciems had, when it « as.morc inprice. Firft.itfcemeth, thatthcre Nvas inoldtimeTrec-honey, as well as Bee-honey, which was the Year or Blood iifiiing from the Tree 5 infomuch, as one of the Ancients rclateth, that in 7 ubefond, there was Honey iffuing from theBox trees, which made Men mad. Again, inancicnt time, there was a kinde of Honey, which either of the own Nature, or by Art, would grow as hard as Sugar, and was not lo lufhious as ours ; they had alio a Wine of Honey, which they made thus. They cruflied the Honey in- to ar great quantity of W atcr, and then ftrained the liquor , after they boil- ed it in a Copper to the half ; then they poured it into Earthen VclRls for a fmall time, and after turned it into VelTcls of Wood, and kept it for many years. -Iheyhavealfo, at this day in iItt/J;4, and thofe Northern Countrevs, C^iifli Simple, which (well made and feafoncd) is a good wholefom Drink, and very clear. They life alfo in JVales, a Compound Drink of Meud,)i/iih. Herbs and Spices. But nK-an while it were gooJ, in recompcncc of th?t we have loft in Honey, there were brought in ufc a Sugar-M.-Ad (for io we may call it) though without any mixture at all of Honey ; and to brew it, and keep '\% itale, as they ufe Meud j for certainly, though it would not be fo abfterfive, and opening, and folutive a Drink as Mead ; yet it will ' be more grateful to the Stomack, and more lenitive, and fit to be ufed in fliarp Difeafes : For we fee, that the ufe of Sugar in Beer and Ale.hath good cffe»3;s^infuch cafes. . , IT \% reported by the c_^nf»f«w, that there is a kinde o(S'teel, in fome places, which would polifh almoft as white and bright as Silver. And that there was in J«ii4 a kinde of Brafs, which (being polKTicd] could fcarce be , difccrned from Gold- This was in the Natural Ore, but I am doubtful, whether Men have fufficiently refined Metals, which wc count Bale : As, whethei: Iron, Brafs, and Tia, bcieiincd to the height ? But when they • come Eh- .S..M. «ni ! CcnUiry IX. 1B3 ■ come to fuch a fincncfs, as fcrvcth the drdinary iifcr'tficy try nd ' (further. ' ' THerC have ocen found certain Cements under Farth, that arc verj- Toft, 850. and yet taken forth in o the Sun, harden as liard as Marble: There arc- alio ordinary Quarries in S'ommcrfet-shirc, which in the C^iny cur loft to any bigntis, andin thcBuildin^proveflrm, and hard. Living Creatnr a (generally) do change tlicr Hair wth Age, turning rb 8^;. be Gray and White; as is fcen in UVrn, thougli (omt earlier, lome ^ 'fi'^'""'^'it later; in Wor/Vjc, that are Dapple J and turn White ; in Old Squtrrtlt, that turn tou'jimii.iie Grilly, and many others. So do (omc Birds \ as Cy^neis troni Gray turn -^i-iTi>.^'i White; H*'*kl from Brown turn more White: And fomc S/rrfj there be, '^X'.'lnd"' that upon their Moulting, do turn Colour ; as Robin- Redbrep^ attcr their i-uihtn; Moulting grow to be Red again by degrees ; fo do Gold-Fmchcs upon the j Head. The caufe is, for that Moifture doth (chiefly) colour Hair and Fca- ' thers ; and Dryncfs turneth them Gray and White; now Hair in Agesvax- cth Dryer, fo do Feathers. As for Feathers, after Moulting, thcv arc young Feathers, and io all one as the Feathers of young Birds. So the Bear J is youngerthanthcHairof the Head, and doth (for the moft part) wax hoary ' later. Out of this ground, a Man may devife the Means of altering the co- i lour of BirM,mi the Retardation of Hoary- Hairs. But of this Ice the Fifib Experiment. THc difference between M>ile and Female, in fome Creatures, is not to be dilccrncJ, other wife than in the parts of Generation ; as in//cr/r/and '^"i (Jl^nres, T)ogs and Bitches, T)eveshc and fhe, and others. But fomc differ in [jCfiiilcriC Solitiry, magnitude, and that divcrfly ; Forinmoftthe A/«/<?ischcgrc3tcr, asin.^4H, ^Diff,r,mei.f Theafants, Peacocks, Turkjes, and the like j and infdmc feu', asin//,nv^/, the f^^'^i"^,'/"" /vwrf/<r. Some differ in the Hair and Feathers, both in the quantity.crifpation, and f»»,4.>. and colours of them ; as Hc'Ltons arc Hirfuitc, and have great Mains ; the I She's are fmooth like C^;/. BuUs are rriorccrifpupon the Forehead than Cotf/; the Pe'^cock, and Phefunt-cockjind Goldfinch-cock^, havcglorious and fine colours ; the Heni have nor. Generally, the he's in Birds have the fiireft Fcathcrs.Some differ in divers features ; 2% Bkckjbzvc Horns, r»« none ; ifjm; have more Wreathed Horns than £vvs ; Cockj have great Combs and ipurs, Hens lirtlc ornone; ^o^rj have great fangs, 5ovfy mucli Icfs i the Twrj^f^-fof;!^ harh great and fwellingGills the //rnhathlefs ; ^^nhavcgenerally deeper and rtrrngcr voices than f'Umen. Some difter in faculty, as the Co£/;_amongfl Sin^in^ Birds, are the bcft fingers. The chief caufc of all thefe (ho djubt)is, for that the .<*^*.Vjhave more ilrcngth of hear than the FenuU'si which appearcth mani- fcftlv in this, that all young Creatures yJ/^/fj are like Ffw.tV;, and foarcfu- nHcht, and6'f//rr^4ftf)f^of allkindcs. likcr FemMes. Now heat caufeth grcat- ncfs of growth, generally, where there ismoillurc enough to work upon : But if there be found in any Credturt (u hich is fccn rirely) an over great heat in proportion to the moifture , in them the Femule is the greater ; as iuHdyvkjind S'pMro\'\'S. And if the heat be ballanced with the moifturs, then there is no difference to be fcen between ov/j/r and f^m^/f ; as in the jnftances of Horfes^nd T)o-s. We fee alfo, that the Horrisof Oxenzni Qovvs, for the moff parr, arelargcr than the B«.'//. which is c.iLifd by abundance of moirture, which in the Horns of the B«/r tailctH, Again, Hcatcauf-th Pilofity, and Crjfpation 3 and folikcwifc B-arJs in rJ]Un. It alio cxo Jlwth R 2 bner , 18+ 0\(atural Hiflory ; 8n'- Ex(iciimcnt Soiitaiy, touching the Compataii'M ■ fltx<<nitini* of Living Crta-. S54- ExpetinicDt Solitary, touching Eiofjtion of Fruits, ^55- Expciiment Solitary, touching the McUomtian of ToLaub, tiller moil^Urc, which want of heat canno: expel $ and that is the- caufc of t!ie beauty and variety of Feathers: Again, Heat doth put forth manyEx- crefcenccs, and mucii fohdmattcr, which want of Heat cannot do. And this is the caufc of Horns, and oi the greatnefs of them ; andof tlic greatncis of the CotnbF, andipurs ot Cocks, Gills of TurkeyCocks, and Fangs of Boars. Heat alio dilatcih the Pipes and Organs which c3u(eth cne detpncfvof tiit Voice. Again, Heatrctincth the Spims, and that CdUkihthc Cotk lir.ijing Bird to excel the Hen. THerc be Filhcs greater than any Beafis ; as the Whale is far greater than the ElcpLtnt. And Beaftsare (generally) grc-iicr than linds. For Filhcs the caulemay be, that becaufc they live not in the Air, they have not their moifture drawn, and loakcd by the Air, andiiun-Bcams. Alfo they reft al- ways, in a manner, and are fupported by the Water j whereas Motion and Labor do confume. As for the greatnefs of Bealls, more than of Birds, it is caufcd, for that Bealts ftay longer time in the Woiiib than Birds, and there nourifli, and grow ; whereas in Birds, after the Egg laid, there is no further growth, or nounfhmeni from the Female ; for the luting do«h vivifie, and not ncmrifli. WE have partly touched before the Means of producing Fruits, with- out Coarsj or Stones. And this we add further, that the caufe muft be abundance of moifture; for that the Coar, and Stone, are made of a dry Sap : And we fee,thatitispofIibie to make a Tree put forth oneiy in BIofTcm Without Fiuit ; asinC/;fwa with double Flowers, much more in Fruit with- out Stones, or Coats, It is reported, that a Cions of an Apple, grafted upon a Colewort-ftalk, fendeth forth a great Apple without a Coar. It is not unlikely, that if the inward Pith of a Tree were taken our, lothatthejuyce cameonely by the Bark, it would work the cffed. For it haihbcen oblerved, that in Pollards, if the Water get in on the top, and they become hollow, they put forth the more. We add alfo, that it is delivered for certain by f ome, that if the Cions be grafted, the fmall ends downwards, it will make Fruit have little 6i no Coats, and Stones. TOhccd-is a thing of great price, if it be in requcft. For an Acre of it will be worth (as is affirmed) Two hundred pourds by the year to- wards charge. The charge of making the Ground, and othctwifc, is great, but nothing to the profit. But the En^iish Tobacco hath Imall credit, as be- ing too dull and earthy : Nay, the ftr^infan Tobacco , though that be in a hotter climate, can get no credit for the fame eaulc. So that a tryal to make Ttf/'xae mote Aromatical, and better conceded herein England, were a thing of great profit. Some have gore about to do it, by drenching the English Tobacco, in a Dccoftion or Inftlfion o( Indian Tobacco. Butthofeare but fophiilications andtoyesj for nothing that is once perfect, and hath run his race, can receive much amendment j you muft ever rcf jrt to the beginnings of things for Melioration. The way of Mituration of Tobacco mult (xs in other Plants) be from the Hear, either of the Earth, or of the Sun. We fee feme leading of this in Musk-Melons, which arc fown upon a hot Bed, dunged below, upon a Bank turned upon the South Sun, to give Heat by Refleftioni laid upon Tiles, which increafeth the Heat; and covered with Straw, to keep thcmfromCold ; they remove them alio, which addcth fome Life: And by thefe helps they bccooie as good fh England, (^enlury IX. EngUnd, as in itnly, or 'Provence. Ihclc and the like means mav be tried in Tobacco. Enquire alio of rhc'ftccping ot Roo:s, in (omc (uch Liquor, a^ may give tiicm Vigor to put forth ftrong, H Fat of theSun, for the Miturition of Fruits; yea, and the hearot Vi. vification of Living Creatures, are both reprcfcnccd and fiipplicdby cbc heat of Fire; and likewife, the heats of ih- Sun, and life, arc rvprdvnted one by the other. Trees, fct upon the Backs of Chimneys, do ripen Fmit tooncr. hnes, that have been druvn in at the Window of alvitchin, have fcnt forth Grapes, ripe a moneth (at ieaft) before others. Stoves, at tjc Back of Wallf, bring forth Orf«»fy here with us. Eggs, as is reported by fotne, have becnhatchcdin the warmth of an Ovf». It is reported by ihc Ancients , that the E^hUh Uycch her Eggs under Sand, where the heat of the Sun difclcf Jth them. BArley in the Boyling fwcUetlinot much ; ^A<r4/ fwcllcihmore, RiT^cx- treamly. infomuch, as aquarttrof a Pint nmboiled) will arife to a l-'int boiled. Thecaufe (no doubt) is, for that the more clofe and compaclthe Body is, the more ic will dilate. Now Barley is the moit hollow, ff^be.tt more foUd than thar, and 7?;ce moftfolid of all. It miv be alio, th.K (cm.- Bodies have a kinde of Lentor, and more depertibic nature than others ; as we fee it evident in colouration ; for a (mill quantity of Saffron, willtind more, than a very great quantity oi Breftl, o:Wine. F/?tti/growcthfweet by Rowling orPrcfling them gently with the Hind j a Rortling Pears,'Danufins,&c. By Rottennef; 3$ C^edUrs, Services, Sloes, Heps,&c. By 7fme ; as tipples, ff^anlens, Ttmtgnttites, &c. By certain (^QZ\-\\ Maturations i as by l-iying them in Hay, SiraTi>,(^c. And by Fire; as \n Roajlmg, SteTving, Baking. &c. The cauJc of the fwcctnf fs byRowhng, atiri Prcffi:igis, Emollitioii, which they properly cnduce; as in beating of Stocksf.sh, flesh, &c. By RottenntJ? is, fur thar the spirits of the Fi uit, by Putre- fad;or), gather hear, and thereby difgeft the harder part : rorinallPuirtfadti- ons there is a degree of heat. By Tmezr\<i Keeping \$, bccaufe the Spirits of rhe Body, do ever feed upon the tangible parts, and attenuate them. By feveral Maturations is, by fomedegrec of hear. And by Fircis, bccaufe it is the proper work of Heat to reHne, and to incorporate j and all fourr.efi confifteth in fomcgrofsncfsof the Body: And all incorporation doth make themixcurcof the Body, more equal, in all the parrs, which cvcrcnduccth a milder tade, OF Fleshes, fome arc edible; foinc, except it be in Famine, not. As thofc that arc not edible, the caufe is, for that they have (commonly) too much bitterncfs of tafte i and therefore thofe Creatures, which are fierce and cholcrick. arc not edible; 3S Lions. ITolyes, Squirrels, 'Dogs, Foxes, Horfes, &c. As for Kine, Sheep, Goats, T^eer, STfme, Conniys, Hares, &(. Wc fee they arc mildc, and fearful. Yet it is true, ihii Horfes which arc Beaftsofcourasc, have been and arc eaten by feme Nations; zsiht^cythuni were cnllcd Hippopbagi ; and the Cbinefes cat Horf-fieih at this day ; and fbmc Gluttons have uf?d to have Colts -flefli baked. In Birds, fuch as are Carniyora, and Birds of Prcy, arc commonly no good Meat ; but therca- fon if, rather the Cholcritk Nature of thole Birds than tlieir Feeding up- on Flcfh; for Tuits, Galls, Sbovelers.Buckj, do fccd upon Flcfh, and yet arc - R 3 good 185 Expcnmcnt Solitiiy, touthiiig St-jtril Htats worljm tht famcf-ftHi, 857. Expfiimcnt Solitary, ' touching SwtUing and ni!at:iiii.n in Sojfihig. 8fS. Expciioaent 3olicaiy, toachingthe DuUotetMH of fruiti. 859. Expctimcnf Solinrj) couching flijh Edlb/t, and n»i Edi- lU. l86 Natural hi/lory ; 8<fo. Expeiimcnt Solitary) touching the ! Sglarftandcr. 861. Expetiment Soiitaty, touching the Cir.trary off rttionsof Time, upon j Fruits and I Liqtieri, j 862. Experiinent I Soiitaty, touching Isloniand £ruijt3. good Meat. And vrc fee, that thofc Birds \xhich arc cf Prey, or tied upon Flcih, arc good Meat, when they.nrcveiy Young; as l!a\ ks^.Roots , out of the Ncft, (J-^ls. Miinsflelhisnot eaten. The Rcafcns arc three. Firll. Lkcaule Men in Hum.mity do abhor ir. Secondly, Becauie no Living Creature, that dicth of itfclf, is good to eat; and therefore the Ci«'jit/-f (ihemlelvcs) eat no Mans ficfli , ol thofe that die of thcmfch'es, but of fuch as are (lain. The tiiirdis.Bccaule there mult be generally) fomedifparity bctu'cen the Nouri(hmcnt, and the Body nourifiicd; and they mull nc tbeovcrnear, or like: Yetwefce, that in great vveaknclfes andConlumptions, Men have been (uftained with Womans Milk. And Pinnw fondly (as 1 conceive) ad- vifeth, for the Prolongation of Life, that a Vein be opened in the Armcf fome wholfome young man, and the blood to be fucked. It is faid, that Witches do greedily eat Mans flefh, which if it be true, befides adtvillifli Appetite in them, it is likely to proceed ; for that Mans Hefh mav fend up high and plcaling Vapors, vrhich may {fir the Imagination , and Witches fehcity is chiefly in imagination, ashath been faid. THcre is an ancient received Tradition of the SMmmder, that it liveth in the Fire, andh.irh force alfo to extinguifh the fire. It muft have two things, if it betrue, to this operation, iheone, a verv clofeskin, whereby flame, which in the midfl is not fo hot, cannot enter : For we lee, that it the Palm of the Hand be anointed thickwithWhiteof Eggs, and then r:quaviu be poured upon it, and cnflamcd, yet one may endure the flame a pretty while. The other is fomc extream cold and quenching vertue, in the Body of that Creature wlxich choakcth the fire. We fee that Milk qucnchech Wildfire better than Water, becaufe it cntreth better. Time doth change Fruit (as tipples, Pears, Pomegranates, &c.) from more four to more fweec ; but contrari wife. Liquors (even thofe that are of the juyce of Fruit) from more fwcet to more four; as, /f'^ori, Ot^iifi, Aext Verjuyce, &c. The caufe is, the Congregation of the Spirits together i for in both kindes, the Spirit is attenuated by Time •> but in thefirftkinde, itis more diffuicd, andmoremafleredbythe grofTcr parts, which the Spirits do butdigel^: But in Drinks the Spirits do reign, and finding lefsoppofition of the parts, become themfclves more ftrong, which cauleth alio more ftrcngth in the Liquor ; fuch, as if the Spirits be of the hotter fort, the Li- quor bccometh apt to burn ; but in time, it caufeth likewifc, when the higher Spirits arc evaporated more fournefs. IThathbecnobfervedbytheyf«««r»w, that Plates of Metal, and cfpecially of Brafs, applied prefcntJy to a blow, will keep it down from fwelling. The caufe is Repercuflion, without Humedf ition, or entrance of any Body ; For the Plate hath oncly a virtual cold, which doth not fearch into the hurt j whereas all Plaifters and Oynmentsdo enter. Surely, thecauf : that blows and bruifcs induce fvvellings is, for that the Spirits reforting to fuccor the part that laboreth, draw alfo the humors wit h them : For we lee, that it is not the repulfe, and the return oftKc humor in the part ftruckcn that caufeth it; forthatGouts,-andTooch^chs caufe fwelling, where there is no Per- cuflfionataiL ,. , . , _,.,,. ft ne Century IX. 187 lomliMig the I Oriii Knot, I 8&4 nxpiii:iu-nt Sohta'y, louduiv^ I he THc nntiirc cf t! c Orris Roof, is alniofi flngiilar , for thctc be few odo. "^ J- . rik-rousRooiN-, and in thofc th.i!: nrc in .my degree iWccr, ic is bnc the Soi,^!',""*"' T.mic fvvcccncis v^ ich the Wood or Le.if : Bac the Orrw is notlWccC in the Leaf, nciclicr is the i lower any thing lb (vvcecas the- Root. The Rootfccm- jCthtohavc a tender dainty heat, which when it comctii above ground to j the Sun, and the Air, vanilhcth > For it is a get at MoUiticr, and hath a Icriell likea Viokt. i IT hath been obfcrvcd by t\\z Avdenis tliatagreat VefTel full, drawn info -* poetics; and then the Liquor putagiin into the VclTel, will not fill the I Vcfll-1 again, lo full as ic w as, but chat it may take in more Liquor ; and that this holdcch more in Wine, than in Water. The caufc may be trivi.d, name- ly, by the expcncc of the Liquor, in regard lome may ftick to the lidcs of the Bottles : But there may be a cauie more lubtil, which is, that the Liquor in the Vefl'eL is not io muchcompreffed, as in the Bottle; bccaufe in the VeH'cl, the Liquor mcctcth with Liquor chicHy i but in the Bottles, a (mall quantityof Liquor meetctii with the iiJcs of the Bottles, whiehcomprcfs it lb, that it doth not open again. W\tcr being contiguous with Air coolethit, but moifteneth it not, 8(^5 cxcjpt it Vapor. The caufi- is, lor tha HcatandCold have a Virtual Expcnmfnt Trandtion, wiihout Communication of lublLuicc, but nioifturc not ; and ^°'"k'J,1 ,hc to all madefadion there is required an imbibition: But where theBodics ^n^ori^r,g'i are of I'uchleveral Levity, and G avicy, as they mingle not.they can follow j^-""".*.""^ no iiv.bibition. And therefore, Oyl likcwife. lieth at the top ot the Water, '^,'.'"""^"' witliout commixture : And adropof :Watcr running iViftly over a Straw or Imocth Bod , , w ecteth not. Expciimcnc Solimy, couching ill? tJjituttof Siarligbt N{(^h!S, yea, and bright LMjtnslme Ntghis, are colder thartC/awi// Nights. [ hecaulc it, the drincfs and Fincncfs of the Air, which thereby becomcth more piercing and Iharp ; and tnercforc great Continents arc colder than Illands. And as for the Moon, though it fclf inclineth the Air to moilVare, yet when it (hincth bright, it argueth the Air is dry. Alio .clofc Air is warmer than open Air, vf hich (it may be) is, for that the true caufc of cold, is an expiration from the Globe ot tli,c Earth, which in opcnplaces is ibongjr. And again. Air it felf, if it be not altered by that expiration, is nocHithoutlbrae Iccrctdcgrecot heat; as it is not likcwife without fomc fecret degree of Light : 1 or otherwiic Cms, and O^is, could not lee in the Night; but that Air hath a little Light, proportionable to the ViluaJ Spirits of thole Creatures. THc Eves do move one and the fame way ; f jr when one Eye moveth 8(^7. to the Nortril, the other moveth from the N jf^ril. The caufc is Motion ^"P*"™*"" ot Confcnt w hicn in the Spirits and PartsSpiritual.is ftrong. But yet ufewiU touchingthe induce the conCruy ; for fome can iquint when they will. r\od the common ^/" *"^ Tra.ition is, that if Children be let upon a Tabic with a Candle bchinuc ^^'^'"' fhcm, bothEyeswill move outwards, as atlcding to Tee the Light, and fo induce J quinting. We fee more exqu ifitelv with one Eye Hiut, than wi:hboth open. The [ciufe is.for ihatthc Spirit^ Vilual unite thcmfclves more, and lo become flrongcr- ^62. xU S69. 870. 871. 87a. 873. J\(jtuyal Hiflory ; Ikongcr. For you may kc, by looking in a Glais, that when you Ihuc one Eye,thcPiipilof thcothcrhye, thacisopen, dilaceth. TneEycs, if the fight meet not in one Angle, fee things double. The caufe is, for that feeing two things and feeing one thingtwice, wotkch the fame cffea : And therefore a little Pellet, htld between two Fingers, laid a crofs,feemcth double. Porcblind Men, fee beft in the dimnrrcr light ; and Ukcwifc have their fight tlronger near hand, thin thofe that are not Porcblind, and can read and write Imallcr Letters. Thccaufcis, for that the Spirits Vifual, in thofe that are Porcblind, arc thinner and rarer, than inothers > and therefore the greater light difperfeth them. Fur the fame caufe they need conrradingj but being contr3aed,are moreihongthan the Vifual Spirits ot ordinary tyci arc J as when we fee thorow a Level, the fight is the ftrorger: And fo is it, when you gather the Eye-lids forriewhat clofe : And it is commonly fcen in thofe that are Porcblind, that they do much gather the eye-lids together. Butold Men, when they would fee to read, put the Paper fomewhat afar oft. The caulc is, for that old Mens Spirits Vifual, contrary to thole of Pore- blind Men unite not, but when the objc£l is at fomc good diltance from theic Eyes. Men fee better when their Eyes are ovcragainfl the Sun or a Candle, if they put their Hand a little before their Eye. The Reafonis, for that the Glaring of the Sun, or the Candle, doth weaken the Eye ; whereas the Light circumfufcd is enough for the Perception. Por we fee, that anover-light maketh the Eyes dazel, infomuch as perpetual looking againft the Sun, would caufe Blindnefs. Again, if Men come out of a great light, into a dark room; and contrariwiff, if they come cut of a darkroom into a light room, they fcem to have a Mift before their Eyes, and fee worfe than they (hall do after they have ftaid a little while, either in the light, or in the dark. The caufeis, forthat the Spirits Vifual, are upon a fuddcn change difturbed, and put cut of order; and till they be recollected, do not perform their Funaionwell. For when they are much dilated by light, they cannot con- traft fuddenly ; and when they are much contraded by darknefs, they cannot dilate fuddenly. And excefs of boththefe, (that is, of the Dilatation, and Contraaion of the Spirits Vifual) if if be long, deftroyeth the Eye. For as long looking againft theSurt, orFlr^;'hurteth the Eye by Dilatation, fo curi- ous painting in fmall Volumes, anci reading of fmall Letters, do hurt the Eye by contraftion. It hath been obfcrved, that in Anger the Eyes wax red ; and inBlufh- ing, not the Eyes, bucrhc Ears, and the parts behind them. The caafe is , for that in Anger, the Spirits alcend and wax eager; which is moft eafily fcen in the Eyes, becaufc they ate tranflucide, though withal it maketh both the Checks and the Gils red; butinBlufhing, it is true, the Spirits alcend like- wife to fuccor, both the Eyes and the Face, which are the parts that labor: But when they are rcpulfed by the Eyes, for that the Eyes, in fhame do put back the Spirits that afccnd to them, as unwiUing to look abroad; Forno Mm, inthatpafflon, doth look ftrongly, butdejeaedly , and that repulfion from the Eyes, divcttcth the Spirits and heat mote tothe Ears, and the pares by them. The cbjcfts of the Sight, may caufe a great plcafure and delight in the Spirits, butnopamorgreatoflfence; except it be by Memory, as hath been faid. The Glimpfes and Beams of Diamonds that ftrike the Eye, Iniun Fea- thers, that have glorious colours, the coming into a fair Garden, the coming into I century IX, intoafair Room richly furmnied ; a btauriful pcrfon, and the like, do de- light and exhilarate the Spirits much. The reafon, why it hoidcth not in the oflence i?, for th^t the Sight is moft fpiritual of the Sciifcs, whereby it hath no objed grofs enough to offend ir. But the caufe ('chiefly) is, for that there be no aftivcobjeds to offend the Eye. ForHirmonicalSoundr, and Difcordant Sounds, are both Adive and Pofitive; foare fweet fmells, andftinks; fo are bitter, and fweets, in taftes ; fo are over-hot, and over- cold, in touch ; but blacknefs, and darknefs, are indeed but privativcs ; and therefore have Httlc or noAftivity. Somewhat they docontriftatc, but very little. WAter of the ^ea, or otherwife, looketh blacker when it is moved, and whiter when it rcfteth. Thccaufeis, for that by means of the Moti- on, the Beams of Light pafs not ftraight, and therefore muftbe datkncd; whereas when it rei'kth, the Beams do pafs flraight. Befidcs, fplcndor hath a dcgreeof whitcncfs, efpccially, if there be alittle repercuflioni foraLook- ing-Glaf*; with the Sccel behindc, looketh whiter than Glafs fimple. This Experiment deferveth to be driven further, in trying by what means Motion may hinder i)ight. SHett-fish have been by fome of the t_/^ncients , compared and fottcd with the LtfeciAj but I fee no reafon why they fhould, for they have Male, and Female, as othef Fifh have > neither are they bred of Putrefaftion, cfpe- cially fuch as do mote. Nevcrthclefs it is certain, that Oyfter?, and Cockles, and MulTcls which move nor, have not difcriminate Sex. ^Are, in what time, and how they arc bred > It fecmeth, that Shells of Oyiters are btcd where none were before ; and it is tryed, that the great Horfe-Mufle.with the tine fliell, that brcedeth in Pond?, hath bred within thirty years : But then, which is ftrangc, it hath been trycd, that they do not onely gape and fliat as the Oyftcrs do, bu: remove from one place to another. THe Senfes arealike (Irongjboth on thcright fide, and on the left ; but the Limbs on the right fide are ftrongcr. The caufe may be, forthatthc Brain, which is the Inftrumcnt of Senle, is alike on both fides ; but Motion, and habilities of moving, ate fomewhat holpcn ftom the Liver, which lieth on the right fide. Itmaybeslib, for t'latthcSenfcs areputincxcrcife, in- differently on bothfides from the time of our Birth ; but the Limbs are ufed moft on the right fide, whereby cuftom hcipeth : For we fee, that fomcarc left-handed, which arc luch asiiave u(cd the left-hand molt. F/?iiit;«aj make the parts more flefliy, andfull: As we fee both in Men, and intheCurrxing of Horfesj&c. Thccaufeis, for that they draw greater quantity of Spirits and Blood to the parts j and again, bccaufc they draw the Aliment more forcibly from within; and again, bccaufe they relax the Pores, and fo make better paflage for the Spirit?, Blood, and Aliment : Laftly, bc- caufe they difllpatc, and difgclt any Inutile, or Excrementitious moifture, which licth in the Fl fli ; all which help AfTimulation. Friclms alio do, more fill and impinguate the Body, than Exercife. The caufe is, for that in Frisians, tiic inward parts are ac reft ; which in exercife are beaten (many times) roomuch: Andforthe fame reafon (as we have noted heretofore) Galliflavcs arc fat and flefhy, bccaufc they ftir the Limbs more, and the in- ward parts lefs. All 189 874. Experiment Solitaijr, louchuigtbe Colour of iht Sea, oc olhtr 87J. Experiment touching Shilfijh. 276. Expctiment Solitary, touching the Right-Jidt and [ the Left. %77' Exfxiimcnt Solitity, touching Frielkiu, 190 J\(atip'al hijlofjki 878 ! F.xpciiment ' Solitsi^. I touching Ctottt nf- f taring Fldt at aijixnci. S79- Expcrimcat touching 880. Bxpeiimcat Sohtai^> [ouching the Hpialiltg and BttaKlnl of tht Sttt, Expetiment Solitary, I fouthmg the [ Dnlcoration t,f I Salt WMltr. A L\ Globes a. iaeofi, appcarfiac. I S82. I Expciittient , Soliraiy. lOHclling (be I jRjiuTn of ' S»ltnc(i In i fiiittptmiht ' ie.yLou. i Eypeiiment iSoliiaiy. 1 touching j ^ttr.xcfinn by ] SiinilUude if
Sut>JlAni.t,
. 884. • Experiment Solitary, t'TJching ^iiraflhn. 1 he caufc is, for ihardiitancc, being % ^ ^ fecundary objcdl ol iighc, is not othcrwilc difccrncd, than by more or Icls light 1 which difparity, when itcannoc be difccrncd, all iccnicth one: Asicis(gcncrally)inobjcdsnoc diftindly dilccrned ; fcrfo Letters, i. they bcfofaroif, as they cannot be dilcerncd, Ihcw but as duskilh Paper; and all Engravings and Emboflings (a far off) appearp'ain. THc uttcrmoft parts of JW«>j, fecm ever to tremble Tl.ccaufc is, for that the little Moats vhichwc fccintheSun, docverflir, though there be no Wind ; and therefore thofc moving, in the meeting of the Light and ttic Shadow, from the Light to the Shadow, and from the Shadow to the Light, do fticw the fliadow to move, bccaulethc /i/<r(<;«OTmoYcth. SHalloTv and N^rroip Seat, break more than deep and large. The caufc ij, forthatthc ImpuUion being the fame in both ; where there isagreater quantity of Water, and likewifc fpacc enough, there the Water roulcth , and movcth, both more flowly, and with afloper rife and fall: But where there is lefs V/ater, and lefs fpacc, and the V^atcrdafheih more againftthe bottom ; there it moveth more f^f iftly, and more in Precipice : 1 or in the breaking ot the Waves, there is ever a Precipice. IT hath been oblervcd by iha^ncitnts , that Salt-ttaterhoAcd, or boiled and cooleJ again, is more potable, than of itfclf raw ; and.yctthe tafle of Salty in Diflillations by Fire, rifcth not : For ihc DiftiHed Water will be frefh. The eaufc may be, for that the iait part of the Water, doth partly rife into a kinde of Scum on the top, and partly goeth into a Sediment in the bottom ; and To is rather a feparation, than an evaporation. But it is too grofs to rife into a vaf)or ; and fo is a bitter tafte likewifc : For fimplcdiftil- led Waters of /'forwRcflJ, and thclike> are not bitter. IT bath been fctdown before, that *Pits upon the Sea^shoret iMtn into frefh Water, by Percolation of the Salt through the Sani: But it is further noted, by fomc of the jincitnts, that in fbme places of ^^frltk, after atime, the Water in fuch Pits vill become brakifh again. The caulc is, for that after a time, the very Sands, thorcw which the J^/z-^xr^r pafTeth, become i) alt i and f b the Strainer it fclf is tindlcd with i>alt. The remedy therefore is to dig flill new Pits, when the old wax brackifh j at if you would change your Strainer. IT hath been obfcrvcd by the Anams, that J^/r-^^f? r will difTolvc J^/r put into tt, in lefs time , than Frefh Water will dilfolve it. The caufe may be, for that the Salt in the precedent Watcr.doth by fimihtude of Subflance, draw the Sale new put in, unto it ; whereby it diffufeth in the Liquor more fpcedily. This is a noble Experiment, if it be true; for it fhcweth means of more quickandeafic Icifufions and it is likcsvifeagoodinflanceof Atrradi- on bv Similitude of Subftancc. fry it with Sugar put into Water, formerly fug; cd, and into Other Water unfugred. lUc J"tt^rfr into /Fm^ part of it above, part under the /F«f ; andvoufhall ^ f:nde ; that which may fcem ftrange) that the ?ugar above the Fyirte, will fofccn anddtffolvefooner than that within the Wine. The caufe is. for that the \ Century IX* the Wine cntrcrh that part of the Sugar which isundcr the Wine, by fim-« I pic Infufion or Spreding ; but that part above the Wine' is likewifc torccd I by Sucking: For all ipongy Bodies expel the (-\ir, and draw in Liquor, if ' it be contiguous; as wclce it alloin sponges, put part above the Water. It i is worthy the inquiry, to kc how you may m. ike more accurJtcInfulions, ! byhclpof Attradion. ' j j.TVTAtcr in Wells is warmer in Winter than in Summer ; and Co Air in .; VV Caves. The cauleis, lor that inthc hiohcr parts, under tliictarth, '. there is a degree of fome heat (as appcareth in lulphureous Veins, &c.) i which fhutclofc in (as in Winter) is the more ; but if it pcrlpire (as It doth ' inSummcr) it is the Ids. '" _• i I l^i Experiment Solitary, tf uchiiig Earth. n6. T is reported, that amongftthc Leiicadians, in ancienttime, upon a fuper-j flition, they did ufc to precipitate a Man from ahigh Cliff into the Sea i I ^^F"""*^"' cyingabout him with itrings, at tome dirtancc, many great lowls ; ind fix- ',ouch[ng ing unto hisBody divers Feathers fprcd, to break the tall. Certainly many ^(k^s imhi Birds of good Wing (asKttes, and the like) would bear up a good weight ^"^' as they flie ; and Ipreding of Feathers thin audcloie, and in great brcdtli, j will likewile bear up a gre.at weight, being even laid without tilting upon the fides. I he furtner extcnfion of this Experiment for Flying, m.ay 6c thought upon. THerc is in fome places (namely, in Cephahnlit) a little Shrub, which gg-, they c.\]l Ho 'y Oa\, or'D^arf Oah. Upon the Leaves whereof diere Erpetimcnt rifetha Tumor, like aBliftcr; which they g-ather, and rub out of it, acer- Solitary, tain red dull;, thatconverteth (after a while) into Worms, which they ki I '"""^ '""' "^ with Wine, (as is reported) wiidli they begin to quicken: With this Dufl they Die Scarlet. ' . IN Zant, it is verv ordinary, to rhakc Men impotent, to accompany with their Wives. The like is pradifed in Grf/con;', where it is called A'ov^r /' tj^uHleie. It is pradiied always upon the Wedding dav. And in Z^or, the Mothers themfelves do it by vvjv of prevention, bccaufe thereby they hinder At-tUficMng other Chirms, and can undo their own. Itis a thing the CVvi/ Z.<t» taketh knowledge of, and therefore is of no light regard. IT is a common Experiment, but the caufc is miftaken. Take a Pot, (or •^g^ better a Glafs, bccaufe therein you may fee the Motion) and lit a Candle Experiment lighted in thcBottom of a Bafon of "Water; and turn the Mouth of the Pot Solitary, j OrGlafsover theCandlc,anditvvill malteihc Waterrife. They afcribeit R"y>o/-"^j„r ! to the drawing o[ heat, rvhich is not true : For it appcareth plainly to be byMtamof but a Motion of A'fxi? vvhichthey call A'fr/«ttrv4fK«ww, and icproceedcth ^""'• j thus J 1 he Flame of the C.Uidlc as foon, as it is covered, being lufFocatcd bythcclotc Air, lelVcncth by little and little; During which time, thcreif fome little afcenf of Water, but notmuch; for tic iTame occupying Icfs and lefs room, as itlcflcneti, the Water fuccecdcti. Butuponthc inflant of tic Candles going out, thcreisafudden rifeof agrcatdealof Water; for thntciatthc BoJy of the Flame ffllcth no more place . and lo the Air and AVntcr fucceed. It vvorketh thcfamc cfi-e6{,if inllcnd of Water, you put Flower or Nand, into the Bafon : Wnicli {hcvvcth.thatit is not the Flames drawing t.e Liquor. asNouriflimcnt, as it is iuppolcd , for all Bodies arc ^ — ^ - alike [ Dyt of Scar- Itt. .Experiment SoIitJty, touching 192 J\(atural Hijlory ; Eicperimeots inConfort, touching tic InflucHcei if tht Attmt 890. •I. 891. 893. o Alike uato ir, as ir is ever in motion of Next i inlomutb, as i have ken the Glafs, being held by the hand j hath lifted up the Bifon, andall : Tne motion of ?(exedid fo ciafp thc bottonl of the Bafor. Ihat Experiment, when the Bafon was lifted up, was made with Oyi, and not w-rh Wattr, Niverdiclcfb this this is true, that atthe very firflfctungof rhc Mouihcf iheGlals upon the bottom ot the Bafjn.itdraweth uptlic Watcra littk, and thcnitandetb at a Ih'iy, almo(t till the Candles going ou', as w,is faid. This ma) <hc\v fome Auradtionat firfl j but of this wc Will fpcak more, wheft wc handle Aitradti- onsbyHeat. F the Power of the CeUftial Bodies , and what more fecrct influences ^ they hdvc, bcfides the two manifcft influences of Heat and Lighr, we (h Ufpeak, when wc handle fx/ffriwru// touching ihe CeleJIul Bodies : Mean while we Will give fomc Diredlions for more certain Tryals ot the VLrtUc and Jpflucnces of the Moon, which is outneareft Neighbor, The Influences of iheMoon (molt cbfeived) arc four ; the drawing forth ot Heat; the Inducing of Putrcfadionj thcintre.lcofMoifturc v the exciting ot the Motions of Spirits. For the drawing forth of Hear, we have formerly prefer. bed to take Water warm, and to fctpirc of it againft thc Moonbeams, and part ot it with aJikrecn between; and tofccwlicthcr that which Itandethexpofid to the Beams will not cool fooncr. But becaufc this is but a fmiU interpoficior, (though inthcSun wefecafmall fhadedothmuch; it were good to try it when the Moon flinctb, and when the Moon fhmeth not at all; and with Water Warm in a Glafs- bottle as well asinaDifb, and wiih Cinders, and with Iron rcd-hor, &c. For the inducing of Putrefadion, itMi'erc good totryitwithFlefh or Fifh expofed tothcMoon-beams and again cxpofed to the Ait wlien the Moon fhneth nor, for the like time, to fee whether will corriipr (ooi<jr; and try it alfo with Capon, or fomc other fowl laid abroad, to ^ee whether it will mottific and bccometcndtrfooner. Try it alfo with dead Flics or dcjd Worms hiving a little Witer dft upon them, to fee whether will putrctie fooner. Try it alfo with an Apple or Orcngc having holes made in ihcir top?, to fee whether will rot or mould looner. Try it afo with Hottand Chcefc, having Wine put into it , whether it will breed Mites fooncr or greater. Fortheincreafeof Moidure, the opinion received is, that Seeds will grow fooncft, and Hair, and Nails, and Hedges, and Herbs, cue, &c. will grow foonefV, if they be fetor cut in theincrealeof thc Moon: Alio, that Brains in Rabiis, Wood-cocks, Calves, &c. are fullelt in thc Full ot the Moon ; and fo of Marrow in the Bones, and fo of Oyftcrs and Cockles ; which of all the reft are thc eaficft tried, if you have them in Pits. Takefome Seeds ot Roots (asOnionj.&c.) and (afome of thcmim- mediately after thc Change, and others of thc fame kindc immediately after the Full : Let them be as like as can be, the Earth alio the fame as near as maybe, and therefore be ft in Pots : Let thc Pots alfo ftand where no Rain or Sun may come to them, left thc difference of the Weather confound the ExperiMent. And then fee in what time the Seeds fef, in the increaTc of the Moon, come to a certain height, and hoW they differ from thofe that are fcr, in the decreafc of thc Moon. It Centrtry IX, It is like, that the Brain of Manw.ixeih mbiftcr and fuller upon the Full of the Moon; and therefore ir were good for thofc that have moJlHirains and are great Drinkers, to r.ikc fume of Lignum Jloes, R,fmAry, fr.mkimenft &c. about the Full of the Moon. It is like alio, that the Humors in Mens Bodies incrcafc and dccreale, as the Moon doth ; and therefore it wcregood to purge (omc day or two after the Full, for that then the Humors will not teplenilh fo foon again. As for the exciting of the motion of the Spirit?, you muft note, that the growth of Hedges Hjrbs, Hair, &c. is caufed from the Moon.bv exciting of I the Spiricf, as well as by incrcafe of the moillure. But for Spirits in particiilaf, the great int\ani;cisin Lunictes. There may be other f^crct cffefts of the influence of the Moon, which ! arc not yet bro'ight into obfervation. It may be, that if it fu fall our, 'that the Wind be North orNorth-Ealt, in theFullof the Moon, it incceafcth Cold ; andit South ot South-Weft, itd.fpofeth thcAitfofa good while to warmth and rain ; which would be obfcrved. It may be that Children and young Cartel that are brought forth in the Fullof theMoon, areifronger and larger then thofc that are brought forth in the Wane; and thofe alfo which are begotten intheFuilof the^Moon ; So that it might be good Husbandry, to put Rams and Bulls to their Fcmiles fomewhat before tnc Full of the Moon. It may be alfo , that the Fogs laid in the Fullof the Moon, breed thcbcttcr Bird ; andar.umbcr of the like effca>, which xx\iy be brought into obfcrvation. ^ure ilfo, whe- ther great Thunders and tarth-quakes be not molt in the Full of the Moon. 894; 895. 897. rHc turning of Wine to Vineg-ir, is a kindc Of Putrcfa(!^ion ; and in making of Vinegar , they ufe to let Veffels of Wine over aaaioft the Noon Sun. which callcthoutthc more Oily Spirits, and Icavcthth^c Liquor more four and hard. We feea'fo. that Burnt.>J^ine is more hard and aftrin- gent thcnWmcunburnt, Itisfaid. that Grfrr in Navigations under the Line ripeneth, when /f'jn^or ^«r(oureth. Ic wcregood to fcta Famdlet of /^^r- JHice over againft the Sun in Summer, as they do Vinegar, to fee whether it Will ripen andfwectcn. Tf^erc be divers Creatures that Hcep all Winter -, as ihzBur, the Htd^- hog, ihc Bxt, iheBee,&c. Thcle all wax fat when they flcep, and egdf ror. The caufe of their fattening, during their fleeping time , may be the want of alTimilating ; for whatfoever aflimilatcth not to Ficfli, turncth cither to fwcat or far. Tliefc Creatures, for part of their f>ccping tfmeyhavc been ^^"^ '"^^'"^ obfervcdnottoniratall; and fortheother parr, to ftir, but not to remove '"" and they get warm and clofc places to flcep in. When the Fli^mmings wintred in Nova ZembU, the ^r.ir/about themiddlcof ;\?flrfmi?r went to ffeep ; and then the Aatw began tocomcforth, which dutft not before. Itis noted by fome of the (^ncieHtf, that the She Bcjrbrecdcth, and licth in with her voung during that time of Reft, andthataBearbig with young, hath fddom been (cen. '^ Expctiment SolitJiy, touching h9. Ex;ciiment Solitiiy, touching Crmurij ihtt C Omc L.ving Cre^mef are procreated by Gopnlation between Male and 1^ t-.-nule, (ome by Putrefadion ; andof thofc w lich come bv Puttcfaftion man V do (ncverthckfO afterwards procreateby Copulation.' For the caufe 6. both venerations : F,rft, it is molf certain, that the caufe ofallVivi- "^='— — - — — :? fitaiion. 900. Expciitnenc Soliiatjr. touching the Cintrit'nn af CrtJIurti bjf CopuUiing, and by Putrc- ftclitn. 194 ^^>(atural Hifiory ; fication is a gentle and proportionable hear, working upon agiuttinous and yielding fubftancc ; for the heat doth bring forth Spirit in that lubftancc, and the lubitancc being gluttincus, produccth two cftcds ; the one, That the Spirit is detained, and cannot break, forth ; the other, That the mattci being gentle and yielding, is driven forwards by the motion of the Spirits, after Ionic (welling into fliapc and members. Therefore ail Sperm, all Men- (Irucus fubllancc, all matter whereof Creatures are produced by I'uiretatti on, have evermore a Clofcncfy, Lcntor.and Scquaclcy. It fecmcth therefore that the Generation by Sperm onely, and by Putrcfadior, have two diti'c rent caufe?. The firtl is, for that Creatures which have a definite and txid fhipe (as thofi? have which are procreated by Copulation) cannot be produ- ced by a weak and cafual heat ; nor out of matter, which is not cxaff ly pre- pared according to the Species, The fccond is, for that there is a greater time required tor Maturation of perfect Creatures ; for if the timercqnircd in Vivification be of any length, then the Spirit will cxhjle before the Crea- ture be mature ; except it beinclofedin aplacc whereit may have continu- ance of the hear, accefsof fome nourifhmcnt to maintain ir, andclof^ncfs that may keep it from exhaling ; and fuch places, or the Wombs and Matri- ces of the Females : And therefore all Creatures made of Putrefadion, arc of more uncertain ftiape, and are made in fhorter time, and need not fo per- fect an enclofure, though fome clofencfs be commonly required. As for ihc Heathen opinion, which wa?, That upon great mutations of the World, perfeO Creatures were firft ingendrcd of Concretion, as well as Frogs, and W^orm?, and Flies, and fuch like, are now ; we know it to be vain: But if anyfuch thing fliould be admitted, difcourfing according to fcnfe, it cannot be, except you admit of aC^Jw firft, and commixture of Heaven and Earth; for the Ftame of the Woild once in order, cannot cfifc^ it by any excels ct cafualty. NATURAL 197 NATURAL HISTORY Century X. ■ ^ -- — ^^ ' - ■ - ' - ' -A ' 1 1 'He Philofophy of 'P/r('.f?or.« (which was fullof SupCf- iVition) did firi plane a Monftrous Imagination, wnich atccrwards was, by the i)chool of Tuto, and others, vr.itrcd and nouriflicd. It was, That theff^or/d ttrxs one ifTXlt] -^vLm fiitiTf perfect Livhi^^ Creature i inibmucb, ^s t^Jpolloniits yi^ rf..3^'v A^^'ip^i '^)'-*"-^' a /'vrkf^ocrjw Prophet, affirmed, 1 hat the hbb- ing and Ft )wing of the ^ea was the Rcfpiration of the World, drawing in Water aj Breath, and puttina ic forth again They went on, and inferred, That if the World were a Living Creature, it had a Soul and Spirit ; which alio they licld, calling icJ/xn/w Mundi, the Spirit or Soul oft le World; by which, they did not intend Gorf, (for they did admit of a GDt-iry bcfidcs) butonelyt ic boul,ur r IfentialForni of thcUnii'erlc. This /'o«nrf4M»n being laid, they might build upon it whaC they would ; for in a Z.mwh;'- Cre.tiure, thougn never logre.u (as for example, in a great Whale) the Scnie and the Affcd s of any one part of the Body i/iftancly make a Tranicurfion throughout the whole Body : So t. at by this they did infinuate, that no diftan.e of place, nor want orindilpolI:ionof Matter, could hinder Magical Operations ; but that (tor example) wc might herein Europe have Senle and Feeling of that which was done in Chttijt; and likc\vile,wc might work aiiyelKct without and againil Matter ; And this not holden by the co-operation of Angels or Spirits but < )nely by the Unity and Fiarmonv of Nature. There were lome alfo that If.iid noC here, but went further, and held, That if the Spirit of Mnn (whom they c a 1 the (JMicrotofm) do give a fit touch to the Spirit of the \\"orld,by flronz Imaginations and Keliets, it might command Nature ; iot P*>.iie;f,u, and foraedarklomey/wfwer.f of Magick, do afcribe to Imagination exalted the Powerot Miracle-working Faith, ^"ich th.fe vail aivJ bociomlcfs Follies ' i Men have been Qin part) entertained. i S 1 Bet E.rpcjlments \a ConlorCi touching Trtnfmi/iion arfl ftiflux if ImmMtr'nit I if nut, an J I TK.t^injtiitn. 19^ Natural hi/lory ; 901. I Expciimcnts 1 in Confoit i rfiiiching • lTr.tnl>nifion ' of Sf/ir'tti, una ' iht Firce I'f 50i. 90 j. Butwc, thatholJ firm tothc Works of God, and totlic ^cni:^, which is Gods Lnmp, (lucrii.t 'Dfi SpnACHlum Hominit) v\ ill enquire wicli all So- briety and Severity,- whether there be to be found in the 1-oot-fUps.oi Na- ture any llich Tr.infmiflion nnd Inlliix of Immatcriate Virtues ; and v. hat 1 the forte of" Imagination i-S cither upon tlie Body imaginanr, or upoil another Body : Whcrcinit will be like thatlabor of Venules in piir^in'^ the Stable of i/du^ct!, to leparate [rom Supcrffitious and Majrical Arts'and Ob- fcrvations, any thing that is clean and pure Natural, and not to be cither contemned or condemned. And although we fliall have occafion to Ipeak of this in more places t'-cn one, yet we will now make Ibmc entrance tncrcinto. MFnare tobcadmoniflicd, that they do not withdraw credit from the Operations by TranfmiHion of Spirits and Force of Imagination, bccaufe the cft"e(3s fail fometimes. Foe as in Infedion and Contagion from Body to Body, (asthe Plague, and the likc^ it is moll certain, thattheln- fc<^iun is received (many times) by the Body Paflive , but yet is by the iirength and good dilpofition thereof rcpulled, and wrought out, before it be formed into a Difcafe i fo much more in Jmprellions from Mindc to Mindc, or from Spirit to Spirit, thelmprcflion taketh, but is encountred and overcome by the Mindc and Spirit,, which is Paflivc, before itw ork any manit'cfl cfTcd : And therefore they work mofl: upon weak Mindcs and Spirits-; astholcof Women, Sick Pcrlbns, Supcriiitious and fearful Pcr- Ibns, Children, and young Creatures. Nefcio quk teneros ocultu mibi fitfc'tnat Agms : Tlie Teet fpeakcthnotof Sheep, butof Lambs. As for the weaknefs of the Fower of them upon Kings andMagiftratcs, it may be afcribed (befides the main, which is the Protedlion of God over thofe that execute his place) to the weaknefs of the Imagination of the Imaginant ; for it is hard for a Witch or a Sorcerer to put on a belief, that they can hurt fuch pcrfons. Men arc tobe admoniflied on the other fide, that they do not cafily give placeand crcditto thcfe operations, becaufe they fuccecd many times: For thccaufe of this fuccefsis (oft) to be truly afcribed unto the force of Affedi- onand Imagination upon thcBody Agent, and then by a fecondary means it may work upon adiverfeBody. As for example, Ifa man carry a Planets Std or a Rmg, oribmepart of a Be.ift., believing ftrongly that it will help him to obtain his ^evf, or to keep him from danger of hurt in ivj^;, or to prevail in
!iS'ute,&c. it may make him more acffivc andinduflrious; andagain, more
conHdentand pet lifting, then othcrwife he would be. Now the great eff'cds that may come of Induiiry and Perfevcrancc (clpccially in civil bufinefs) who knowethnot ? For we fee audacity doth almoftbinde and mate the weaker fort of Mindcs; and theffateof Flumane Adionsis lb variable, thattotry things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders : Therefore it were a meer fallacy andn.iltaking toalcribe that to the Force of Imagination upon an- other Body, whichis butthcForce of Imagination upon the proper Body; for there is no doubt but that Imagination and vehement Affedion work greatly upon theBody of thelmaginant, aswcfliall flievv in due place* IVIcnaretobeadmonifhed, that asthey are not tomiftake thccaufesof thcfc Operations, lb much Icfs they arc to miftake the Fad or EflPed, and ra fill',' to fke that for done which is notdonc. And therefore, asdi- vers wife Judges have prefcribed and cau-tioncd. Men may not too rafhly M believe (^entury X, bclu've thcCoiitenion ot Witcncs, nor yet the evidence agaiiilt them : Fjr ihe Witches themfelves arc- Imaginarivc, andbelicvcoltiimcs ihy do laat I which tiicy do nor ,* and people are credulous in that pointi and ready ro impure Accidents .nd Natural opcra:ions to Witchcratr. It is worthy the oblcrving, that borh in ancient snd late times, (as in the fhe0iitn Witciics, and the meetings of "Witches thu liave been recorded by lo many JatcCon- f.:(rioni) the great Wonders which they tell of carrying in rhc Air, trans- terming themf.Ivcs into other Bodies, &c. arc Ihll reported to bs wrought, not by Incantation or Ceremonies, but by Ointments a:id Anointing thcm- lelves all over. Thismay jutUy move a Man to think, that thefel-ables arc the eftet^sot Imagination; for it is certain, that Ointments do all .'it they be laid on any thing thick) by (topping of the Pores (hut in the V-ipor-, and lend them to the h^ad extreamly. And for the particular Ingredients of thofe Magical Ointments, it is like they are opia-te and foporiferou;. For Anointing of the Forehead, Neck, Fcer, Back-bone, we know is ufed for procuring dead deeps. And if any Mar, fay, that this effcd would be bet- ter done by inward potions ; anfwer may be made,that the Medicines which go to the Ointments are Co rtrong, that it they were ufed inwards, they would kill thofe that ufe them 3 and therefore they work potently, though out- wards. We will divide the fcveral kindes of the operations by tranfmifllonof Spirits and Imigiaation , which will give no fmall light to :hc Experiments that follow. A 1 operations by tranfmilllon of Spirits and Imagination have thi?, that they work at diltance, and nocac touch ; and they aicthcfc being dillinguiflicd. T le fitft is, The Tranfmiffion or Emiflion of the thinner and more airy parts of Bodies, as in Odors and Infections; and this is, of all the reft, the mofl corporeal. But you mu;\ ren^ember withal , that there be a number of cholc KmifTion'} both unwholeforac and wbolefome, that g;ve no imell at all : For the Plague many times when it is taken givcth no-fent at all, and there be m my good arid healthful Airs, as they appear by Hibitaiion, and other proofs, that differ not in Smell from other Airs. And under this head you may place all Imbibitions of Air, where thefub- rtancc is material, odor-like, whereof fonic ncverthclefs are ftrange, and very fuddenly diffufcd ; as the alteration which the Air receivcth in E^^pt al- moin immediately upon thenfing of the River o^Nilm, whereof wc have fpoken. Tne (ccond is, the Tranfmiflion or EmifTion of thofcthings that wecall Spiritual Species, as Vifiblcs and Sounds; the one whereof we have hand- led, and theother we fhill liaadlciii dueplace. Thefe move fwiftly and at great diltance, but then they require a CMedium well difpofcd,and their Tranf- miffion is cafilyrtopped. The third is the timiflions which caufe Attraction of certain Bodies at diflance; wherein though the Loadftone be commonly placed in the firft rank, yet we think good to except it, and refer it to another Head; But the drawing of t^lmhcr, and Jet, and other Eleduck^ Bodies , and the At- trafton inGoMofthc Spirit oi Qtfici-fther at diftancc, and the Attradion of Heat at diftancc , and that ot tire to T^dp/^Jju, and that of fomc Herbs to Water, though atdiftance, and divers others , we fhall handle ; but yet not under this ptclent tide , but under the title of Attradion in general, i ^S 5 The 199 0\(jitiiral Hijlory i The fourth is, the Hrmirion of Spirits, iind, Immarcriace Powers and V.rtiies.in thoTc things which work by the univerlil conriguratioii .ind Sym- pathy of the World ; not by Forms, or Ccleltial Influxes, (.as is vainly taughi •ind received ) but by the Primitive Nature of Matter, and the loeds of things. Of thiskiiideis (as we yet (uppoie) the wotking of the Loadilonc, which isby conlcnr with thcGIobcof the Banh; of thiskindc is tiiemotion of Cjravitv, which is by confcntofdcnic Bodies with the Globe of the Hatch; Of this kinde is feme difpofition of Bodies to Rotation, and paiticularly from Eaft to "Well; of whichkinde, wcconceive the Maui i'loat and Refloat of the Sea if, Vfhich is by conlent of the Univcrle, as part of i^'DiumAl Motion. Thele hnmateriate Virtues have this property diftering from others, that the diverfity of thc/l/"f««m hindreththemnot, but they pafs through all Mediums, yet at determinate diftances. And of thele we (hall fpcak, as they arc incident to (cveral Titles. The fifth is, the EmiU'ion of Spirits ; and this is the principal in out in- tention to handle now in this place, namely, the operation of the Spirits of the mindc of Man upon other Spirits; andthis is of a double nature; the operation of the Affeftions, if they be vehement 5 and the operation of the Imagination, if it beftrong. But ihcfe two are (o coupled, as we flidlhanidle them together ; for when an envious or amorous afpeftdoth infc£l the Spi- rits of another, there is joyncd both Affedion and Imagination. Thcfixth if, the influxes of :he Heavenly Bodies, befidcsthofe twomani- feftones of Heat andLighr. Butihefewe will handle, where we handle the Celeftid Bodies and Motions. Thcievcnth is, the operations of Sympathy, which the Writers o^ Na- tural CMagick. have brought into an t^rt or Trecept j and it is this, That if you dcfire to fuper-induce any Virtue or Difpofition upon a Perfon, you fliould take the Z/ivJ»fCrM»«rf, in which that Virtue is moft eminent and in perfc£^ion ; of that Creature you muff take the parts wherein that Virtue chiefly is collocate. Again, you muft take the parts in the time, and a£l when that Virtue is moft in exercife, and then you niulf apply it to that part of Man, wherein that Virtue chiefly confifteth. As if you would fuper- induce Courage Md Fortitude, take a Lion, Or a Cock; and take the Heart, looth, 01 Pa-^oi the Lion '>.ori):it Heart, 01 Spur oixhc Cock : Take thofe parts im- mediately aftet the Z/Jo» or the Cet^" have been in fight, and let them be worn upon a Mans heart or wrift. Of thefe and fuch like Sympathies we fliall fpeak under this prefent Title. The eighth and laft is, an Emiffion of Immaceriate Virtues, fuch as we .ue a little doubtful to propound it is fo prodigious , but that it is fo con- ftantly avouched by many: And wehavefet it downasaLaw toourfelves, toexamine things to the bottom; and not to receive upon credit, orrejed upon improbabilities, until there hath paCfed a due examination. This is the Sympathy of Individuals-, for as there is a Sympathy of Species, (o (it may be) there is a Sympathy oi Individuals; that is, that in things, or the partsof things that liave been once contiguous or entire, there (hould remain a tranfmilTicmof Virtue from the one to the other, as between the Weapon and the Wound. Wnereupon is blazed abroad the operation of Fhguentum Teli , and fo of a piece of Lard, or ftick of i:lder,&c. That if part of it be confumed or pu- trefied, it will work upon the other parts fevered. Now we willputfuc the inihncesthcmfelvcs. The tu e iiia d m t^ -t* mMJM ' (^cntury X. THe Tla^ue is many times taken without manifcfl fenfc, as hath been laid ; and they report, that where it is found it hath a fcnt of ihc imeli ot a MtUow Aj,>ple, and (as fome (ay) of May'flowers : And it ib aho re ccived, that fracils c f Flowfrs that are Mellow and Lufliious, arc ill tor the Tla^ut; as jyhite Lilies, Covrjlips , and Hfttctntbs. The Tligueis not eatily received by fuch ascontinually arcaboutthcm that have the f/rffK^, zs Keepers o( zhc Sick, and Phydciaiis ; noragaiiiby fuch as take ^B/irf»/^/, either inward (as Ulfithridute, "Juniper-bfrries, Rue, Leaf, ^{\d^eed,&c.) or outward (as Angelkii, Zedoary, and the like in the. Mouth ; 7xr, Ga/banutn, and the like in Pctfume -J Nor again, by old people, and luch a.sareuf a dry and cold complexion. On the other fide, the PUgue (ikt.th Tooncft hold of thole that come out of atrcfli Air, andof thofc that ate tali- ing, and of Children j and it is likewife noted to go in a Blood more then toallrangcr. Tnemofl: pernicious Infeftion, next the P/rff«f, is the (mell of the Goal, when Prifoners have been long, and clofe, and nalHly kept; whereof wc have had in our time, experience twice orthricc, when both thcjudges ihii fat upon the Goal, and numbers of thofethat attended the bufineis,orwcrc preient, fickncd uponit, and died. Therefore itweregood wildom, that in fuch cafes the Goal were aired before theybebiought forth. Olu of que(\ion, if fuch foul fmells be made by Art, and by the Kami, thcyconfift cnicfly of Mins flefh, orfweat, putrefied; for they are not thole (tinks which the Noftrils Itraight abhor and expel, that are moft peri.icious, but fuch Airs as have fome fimilitude with Mans body, andfoinfinuace them- lelvcsand betray the Spirits. There may be great danger inufing fuch Com pufuions in great Meetings of People within Houfes; as in churchet, at^/fr raignments, at FUys and Solemnities, and thelike : Forpoyfoning of Air is no kisdan. erous.ihenpoyfoningoi Water, which hath been ufed by rhc ?«//•/ m the Wars, and was ulcd by Emanuel Comnenut towards the Chriftian?, when they pjflcd through his Countrey lo tne Htly Lund. And thcfccmposfjn- mcnts of Air are the more dangerous in Meetings of People, bccaulc the much breath of People doth further the reception of thclnfedion. And tncrefore when any luch thing is feared, it wcregood thofepublickplaces were perfumed hdo: e the yfjfemblies. Ihcempoylonment of pjrticular perfons by Odors, hath been reported tobeinpcriumedGlovcs, or the like. And it is like they mingle the po\fon tnat is deadly with fome fmcHs that arc fweet , which a!fo maketh it ihe looner received. Plagues alfo have been railed by Anointings of the Chinksof Doors, and the like; not fo much by the touch, asforthat it is common for men, when they findc any thing wet upon their fingers, to put them lothcir Nofe j which men therefore fhould take heed how they do. The beft is, that thcfc Compofitions of Infeftious Airs cannot be made wichout dangers ot death to them that make them i but then again, they mAyliive iomc ^^midetes to fave thcmlclves ; fo thatmen ouglu not tobe Iccurcof it. There have been in divers Countrcys great f/4j-K« by tlie putrefaction of great Iwarms of Grasboppers and LqiuJIs, when they have been dead and calf upon heaps. It hapncth oft in CMnes, that there arc Damps which kill either by Suffocation, or by the poyfonous nature of the (Mineral; and thofc that deal 2 01 pl2. Ex, crinicni; in C>nlort, touclii.g £mif>i"n of 'if hit, ;„ A'*- pirnr Exh-t- laiioH OdoT- iil^e ?13. 914. 915 9l<^. ^'7- 91' 202 [J\[atural Hi (lory ; deal much in Kcfining, or oiher works abour Metals and Minerals, have their Brains hurt and itupeficd by the Metalline Vapor- . Among(t which, it is noted, that the Spirits ot Qo^ick-Iilvcr ever flic tottic Skull, Teeth, or Bones •> iriomuch, as Cilders ulc to have apiece of Gold intlicir Mouth to draw the Spirits ot Qiiick-filvcr ; which Gold aftecwards they finde tobe whitncd. Tticreare alio certain Lakes and Pits, fuchasthat oi Averuus, that poylon Birds (as is faid) which ilie over them, or Men that Itay too long about them. The Vapor ofChar-ccal or Sea-coal in a clofc rocmi hath killed many \ and it is the more dangerous, bccaufcit ccmeth Without any ill I'mcll, but ftcaleth on bv little and little, inducing oncly faininefs , without any manikft (Irangling. When the Dutchmen wintrcd at Ntva, ZcmbU , and that they could gatiier no more (licks, tlicyfcU to make fire of fome Sea- coal they had, whercwich (at firft) they were much rcfrefhed ; but a little after they had fat about the fire, thercgrcw a general filence and lothncf. to rpeak amongft them 5 and immediately after, one of the wcakcl\ of the Company fell down in a fwoon : Whereupon, they doubting what it was* opened their door to let in Air, and fo laved themfelves. Thecffcd ( no doubt) is wrought by the infpifTicion of the Air, and (o of the Breath and iipirits. Tnc like cnfueth in Rooms newly Plaiftred, if a fire be made in them ; whereof no Icfs Mm then the Emperor "Jayiniamu died. Vde the Experiment 805. Touching the InfeSioits Nattire of the Air upon the firftiihowers after long Drought. It hath come to pals that fome iyipothecAues. upon ftaoipingof Colo- qum'd*, have been put inro a great Scouring by the Vapor oncly. It hath been a pradlcc to burn a Peffer they call Guimy. Pepper, which nath iuch ailrong Spirit, that it provokcth acontinual Snte%vigiti thofe that ate in the Room. I( is an Ancient Tradition, that Blear Ejes infed Sound Ejet ; and that a MertpHona iVeman looking in a Glafs doth ruft it : Nay, they have an opinion, whici feemcth fabulous. That Men/iruoiti f'f^omen going over zFieldot Garden, do Carn and Herh good by killing the Worms. 1 he Tradition is nolefsancicnr, that the^tfJJ/^killethby afpefti and that the Woolf, if hefceth a AXiJi ficft,by afpedltriketh aMrf»hoarfe. P^r/ttrnw convenient do dry and ftrengf hen the Brain, and ftay Rheums and Dcfluxions; as we finde in Fume of Rofemary dried, and Lignum Aloes, and Calamtu taken at the Mouth and Noftrils. And no doubt, there be other Perfumes that do moiff en and refrefh.and ate fit to be ufed in Burning Agues, Conlumptions, and too much wakefulnefs j (ach n$ zr e Roft-Tit^ter, hnegar, Lemmn-piUs, Violets, the Leaves of Vmes fprinklcd with a little Rtfe-y^Mter , &c. Thcydoufcin fuddenFaintingsandSwooning?, to puta Handkerchief with Rofe- water, ora little Vinegar to the Nofe, which gathereth together again the Spirits, which are upon point to rcfolve and fall away. Jptrfffo comfortcth the Spirit*, and difchatgeth wearinefs > which it worketh, partly by opening, but chiefly by the opiate virtue, which con- denfeth the Spirits. It were good therefore to try the taking of Fumes by Pipes(astheydo inTof<«ffo) of other things, as well to dry and comfort, as for other intentions, i wifh tryal be made of the drying Fume of Rofemary and Lignum Alots, before mentioned in Pipe; and fo of iVrnw^^* and f «/»«« 
»dum, &c.
The j Ccntiiry X. ' The following of the Plough hath b.-cn approved for rch-cfluncchc Spirits, and procuring Appetite; but co do it in the Plouirhingt'or Wluac or Rye is nocfo good, bccaufcthc Earth h.ith Iperitheriwcctbreath in Vege- tables put forth in Summer. It is better therctore co do it when you low lEarlev. But bccaufc Ploughing is tied to Scalons, it is bcil to take the Air of the Earth nc^ turned up by digging with the Spade, or Ifanding by him that diggcth. Gmn/ewmen may dothemfelves muchgooJ by kneeling upon a Cudiion.and Weeding. And cheftf things you may practilc in the bcft Sea- ions ; which is ever the early Spring, bctore the Earth putteth forth the Vegetables, and in tiicfweetcii: Earth youcanchuie. It would be done alfo when the Dew is a little oft the Ground, left the Vapor be too moiit. I knew a great Man that lived lung, who had a clean Clod ot Earth brought to him every morning as he late in his Bed ; and he would hold his head over it a good preety while. 1 commend alfo fometimcs in digging of new Earth, to pour in fome Malmfey or Greek Wine, that the Vapor of the Earth and \Vine together may comfort the Spirits the more ; pro- vided always it be not taken for a Heathen Sacrihre or Libation to the Earth. 1 hey have in Thyfuk ufe of Pomanders, andknots of Powders fordrying of Rheums, comforting of the Heart, provoking of Sleep, &c. for though thofe things be not fo ftrong as Perfumes, yet you may hayc them continu- ally in yourhand, whereas Perfumes you can take but at times; and bc- fidcs, there be divers things that breath better of thcmfelves then when they come to the fire; iS Ni^cUa Romuna, the Seed of OHdamhium, Amo- mum, c^f . There be two things which (inwardly ufed) do cool and condenfe the Spirits ; and I wifh the lame to be tried outwardly in V^apors. The one h Nitre ■, which I would have diffolved in Malmfey, or Greek Wine, and fo thefmcll of t ic Wine taken,- or, if you would have it more forcible, pour of it upon a Fire-pan well heated, t!ist\\c^ Ao Rofe-itater znAVinegtr. The other is, the diftillcd Water cf Wilde Poppcy; which I wifh to be mingled at hnlfwith^j/f-mj/jT, and fo taken vfith Ibmc mixture of aifcxr C/ovffina Perfumingspan. Thclikc would be done with the diftillcd Water of Saffron- llowcrs. bmcllsof Cjl/w^. andt_//mt;r, and Cn'if, are thought to further Venc- reous Appetite ; which they may do by the rcfrcfhing and calling forthof the Spirits. Inccnfe andNiderous fmells (fuch as^ereof J'4fnjJf«) were thought to intoxicate t e Brain, and to dilpofe men to devotion ; which they may do bv a kinde offadnels and contriftation of the Spirits, andpartly alio by Heating and Exalting them. We fcc that amongft the jews, the principal perfume ot the Sanduary was forbidden all common ufcs. There be fome Perfumes prefcribed by the Writers o( Natural Mtgicky which procure plcalant Dreams i and lome others (as they fay) that procure Prophetical Dreams, as the Seeds cf Fl.tx, Eex^ort, &c. It is certain that Odors do in a fmall degree, nourifh, efpecial'y the Odor of Wine ; and wc fee Men an hungred do love to fmeli hot Bread. Itisr.l.ucd, that TDcmocnm when he lay a dying, heard a Woman in the Houfc complain,that fhe fhould be kept froni being at a Feail and Solemni- ty (which ftic much dclired to fee) becauie there would be a Corps in the Houle : W hereupon he caufc d Loaves of new Bread to be fent for.and open- ed them, and poured a little Wine into them, and fo kept himfelt alive with ._ the 20j I 204- 935- 93^. 93 7' 9?8. Expciimcot Solitary, touching the Emi(^ioni of Sphitnal Spt- citi> n/hiih afcatht Stnftj, 3\(aturd Hiftory ; 919- Experiments in Confott, touching Emifim of Immali'nxtt j yirtHti from \:Ut Atindti end Spiriti of JHenyihhtr by by Imaginati nntxor by other Jmpre^ioni. i 9+0- Che Odor of them till the Feafl waspaft. 1 knew a Gentleman that would | faft (fomctimcs) three or Four, yea, five days, vvithoiic Meat, Bread, or ' Drink; but the lame Man ultd ta have continuallv agrcat ^ilpotllcrbs that hcfmclicdon, and amongltthoi'c Herbs lomeckulcnt Herbs ofitrong . lent, as Onions, Garlicky, Leekj, and the like. 1 hey do life for the Accidentot the Afoiher tohiirn Featlicrs, and other t' lings of ill Odor 5 and by thofe ill iinells the riling of the Mother is put down. There be Airs which the Phyficians advife their Patients to remove unto in Confumptions, or upon recovery of long licknefles, which (common- ly) are plain Champaigns, butGrafing, and not over- grown with Heath, or the like, or elle Timbcr-fnadc s, as in Forcfts, and the like. It is noted al- io, that Groves ot Bays do forbid Peftilcnt Airs ; which was accounted a great caufcof thcwholefome Air of tyintiocbu. There be alfolbmc Soy Is that put forth Odorate Herbs of thcmfelvcs,as/^^/Wf Thyme, Ff'ildeAi.irjoram, fennj-royai, Camowiie j and in ^vhich, the Brjar-Jlofes imcll almoil likc/WiwX'- Xofs; which (no doubt) arc figns that dodilcover an excellent Air. It were good for men to think of having healthful Air in their Houfes ; which will never be, if the Rooms below-roofed, or full of Windows and Doors ; for theone maketh the Air clofe, an.i not frefh ; and the other, maketh it exceeding unequal, which is a great enemy to health. The Win- dows alio fhould not be high up to the Roof (which is in ufe tor Beauty and Magnificence) but low. Alio Stone-walls arenot wholciome ; but Timber is morewholcfome, and elpecially Brick; nay, it hath been u{edl)y fome •with gjeatfuccefs, to make their Walls thick, aed to put a Lay of Chalk between the Bricks to take away all dampKhnefs. THefe Emiflions (as we faid before) arc handled, and ought to be hand-, led by thcmlelvrs, under their proper Titles ; that is, Viiibles, and Audibles, each apart: In this place, itfliallfuffice to give fbme general Ob- fcrvaiions common to both. Firft, they fecm to be Incorporeal. Secondly, they vork fwiftly. Thirdly, they work at large dillances. Fourthly, in curious varieties. Fifthly, they are not effedive of anything, nor leave any work behinde thcm,'Bware energies mccrly ; for their working upon mir- rors and placfSs of Echo doth not alter any thing in thole Bodies ; but it is the f^ime Action with tiie Original, onely repercu fled. And as for the fhaking of Windows, or rarifying the Air by great noifes, and the Heat caufed by Burning GlalFcs, they are rather Concomitants of the Audible and Viflble Species, then the efi'cds of them. Sixthly, they feem to be of fo tender and weak a Nature, as they afled onely futhaRare and Attenuate Subflance as is the Spirit of Living Creatures. IT is mentioned in fome Stories, that where Children have been<xpofed or taken away young from their Parents, and that afterward they have approached to their Parents prefcnce, the Parents (though they have not known them) have hadalccrct Joy, or other Alteration thereupon. There was an E^jpt'un S'oothfayer that made t^nteniut beheve, that his genitu (which otherwile was brave and confident) was, intheprcfenceof Ocl,iviMti$ CdfdT, poor and cowardjy ; and therefore, he advifedhim toabfent himfch (as much as he could) and remove far from him. The Sooth fay erK^rOiS thought to be fuborned by Cleopatra, to make him live in Egypt, and other remote (^entary X. remote places trom Rome. Howlocver, the conceit ot a predominant or maftenng Spirit of one Man over another is ancient, and received (till, even in vulgar opinion. There are conceit?, that fome Men that are of an ill and mclancholly nature, do incline the company into which they come, to be fid and ill dji- pofed; andcontrariwile, that others that are of a jovial nature do difpcf": the company to be merry and chearful : And again, that (omc Men arc lu(.ky to be kept company with, and employed, and others unlucky. Certainly it is agreeable to reafon, that there arc at theleaft fome light effluxions from Spirit to ;>pirit when Men are in prcfence one with another, as wcJl as from Bjdy toBody. It hath been obfervcd, that old Men have loved young compiny, a, id been coavcifint continually with them, have beenof longlifc ; their Splits ^as it fecmeth) being recreated by fuch company. Such were the Ancient Sophiftsand Rhetoricians which ever hadyourg Auditors and Di;ciplc ; is Gorg'tM, ProugotM, ifocrAtes, &c. who lived till they were an hundred years old ; and fo likewifc did many of the Gr^mmariins and S'chnol-mafters : Such as was Orbilii/'f, &c. Audacity and confidence doth, in civil bufineffe*, fogreat efftfl^, as a Man may (reafonably) doubt, that bcfides the very daring, and carnefintf^> and pctfifting, and importunity, there fliouldbe fome fecrcc binding and (looping of other Mensfpirits tof^ichpcrions. Tne Afft ftions (no doubt; do make the Spirits more powetful and adjve, and cfpeciallythofe AfFcdions which draw the Spirits into the Eyes ; which are two, Love and Envy, wnich is called Ocuhu Mdus, As for Love, the P/4fMi/?/(fomcof them)go (o far, as to hold, That the Spirit of the Lover doth pafs into the Spirits of the pcrfon loved, which caufcth the dvfireof return into the Body whence it was emitted, whereupon followcth that ap petite of contraifl and conjunction which is in Lovers. And this is obferved likewifc, that the Afpcds that procure Love, are not gazings, butfudden glances and dartings of the Eye. As for Envy, that emutcth fome malign and poifonous Spirits, which take hold of theSpiritof another ; and is like- wife of greatcft force, when the Caitof the Eyeis obliqu:. It hath been no ted alfo. That it is moft dangcroos, where the envious Eyciscaft uponpcr- fons in glory, and triumph, and joy. The reafon whereof i', for that at fuch times the Spirits come forth moft into the outward parts, and fo meet the percufl'ion of the envious eye more at hand ; and therefore it hath been no- ted, Thataftcr great triumph"", Men have b^en ill difpofed for fome days following. We fee ihv.* opinion of Fafv-ination is ancient for both cffcfts o{ procuring Love, andfiLkncfi caufed by Envy; and Fafcination is ever by theEyc. Butyet if there bj any fuch infe*^lon from Spirit to Spirit, there is no doubr, but that it worketh by prefence, and nor by the Eye alone, yet mofl forcibly by the Eye. F^-ar and Shame are likewifc infeOive : For we fee that the ftarting of one, will make another ready toftur, and when one man is out of countenance in acompany, others do likewifc bliifli in his behalf. Now wc will fpcak of ihcForceof ImaginAiion upon OthcT Bodies, aOjd of the means to exalt and Ikengthen it. Imagination, in this place, I under- (tand lobc the teprefeniation of an Individual Thought. Imagination is of three kindes j the firiV joyned with Sr/^/ of that which is to come; thcfc- cond, joyned with ^/^wurjr of that wh'ch is paft; and the thirdis, oilhingt frefent , or as if they were prcfent : For I comprehend inthis.Imagnati n feigned, 203 941. 942. ?43. 944- 945. 206 3\Qimral hi/lory j 9^6. feigned, and at pleafurc : As if one fhould imagine fuch aMjnto bcinche Vcilmemsof a i'o/>f,ortohave"WIngs. I fingleout fortliis time that Wiiich is with pAitfj or Beliff of that which is to come. Tiic Inquifitioii of this Subjedl in our way (which is by Indudion) is wonderful hard, for the things that arc reported arc fu'l of Fables ; and new Experiments can hardly be made but with cxtteam Caution, fortheRcafon which we will alter de- clare. The rowr of Im.tg'tnituon is in three k'odcs. T ;cfirft, upon the Bod v of the imaginanr, indudirg likcwife the Childc in the Mothers Womb. The f::ccndis, th.powerofit upondead bodies, as Plants Wuod, Stone, Maal, &c. T:)e third is, the power of it upon the Spirits ol Men and Living Crea- tures. And with this lalt wewillonely meddle. T ie ProUeme therefore Is, Whether a Man contantly and Ihonglybc- licving that luch a thing fliall be, (as that fuch an one will love him, or that i.uch an one will grant him his requeft, or thatfuch an one fliall recover a ^Rkne^^, or the like) it doth help any thing to ihc effecting of the thing it fe f . And here again we muft Warily dilUrguifli j for it is not meant ^as hatli been partly faid before) thatit fliould help by making a man more (\our, or more iiiduftrious ; (in which kinde, conlUnt belief dorh much) but mecrly by a fecret opei aCior, or binding, or changing the Spirit of another. And in this it is hard (as we began tofiy) to make any new experiment ; for 1 cannot command my felf to believe what I will, and fono tryalcan be made. Nay it is worf-, for whatfoevcr aManimaginerh duiibtingly.orwith fear, muft needs do hurt, if Imagination have any power atalU foraMan reprefcnteth that oftner that he fcareth, then the contrary. Tiie help thercfjre is, for alii in to work by another, in whom he may create belief, and not by bimfelf, until himfelf have found by experi- ence, that Imagination doth prevail ; for then experience worketh in himfelf Belief, if the Belief that fueh a thing fliall be joyned with a B;licf, that his ] magination may procure ir. For example, I related one time to a Man that was curious and vain enough in thefe things, That I fA.tt <t kjndeef 'Jngltr th.it hAda Tuir of Cards, uni would tell 4 man what Card he thought. 1 his pretended Lexrned Mun told me, it W'as a miftaking in mc. For (faid he) itwM nn the k^iowledge of the Mans thought (for that is proper to God) but it was the inf arcing of a thought upon him, and binding his Jmaginationbj ajironger-, that he could tbink no other Card. And thereupon he asked me aQ^ellionor two, which I thonghche did but cunningly, knowing be- fore what ufed to be the feats of the Jughr. Sir, (laid he) da you remember whe- ther ht toldthe Card the Man thought himfelf, or bad another to teU it ? 1 anfvvered, ^as WAS tcue) That he bad another tell it. Whereunto he fiid, Sotthought: For (faid he) himfelf could not have put oh fojirong an Imagination., but by telling the other the Card (who bflieved, that the jugler was fame ftrange man, and could do fir ange things) that^tthn man caught a firong Imagination. I heaikned unto him, tlunkingfora vanity he fpake prettily, rhcn he asked me another Q^ellion : Saith he, Bo yau remember whether he bad the Man think the drdfirfi, and afterwards told the other . C^an ill hisEarTi>hat he should think ; orelfe, tbnhedd tvhifperfirjl in the Mans Ear thatflpoiild teU the Card, telling, That fuch a OlUn P^ould think fuih a Card, and after bad the'Mtn think a Card ? 1 told him, (as was true) 7 hat he did firji Ivhij^ertnt Man in the Ear, thatfuch a cjllan f^'ould think fuch 4 Curd. Upon this, the Learned i/l/.«»>d;id^rnu^i>cxult and plcafe himfelf. faying, Lo, you may fee that my opinion u righ: For tf the Manhad thouglotfirji, hit thought had been fixed; but fheother imagi- hir^^rfjoundhts thought, Wnich though ;k did lomewhat fink With mc, yet I - .■ . ~ - made Century X, made it lighter then I thought, and faid, / thought it "Wks confederacy betf*een tie Jugler, and the tffo Servant s^ though (indeed) 1 had no reafon lb tothink. lor they were both my Fathers fcrvancs, and he had never plaid in the Houfc before. The Jugler alfo did caufe a Garter to be held up, and took upon him to know that (uch an one fhouldpointin fucha place of the Garter, as it Ihould be near fo many Inches to the longer end, and fo many to the (hott- er; and ftill he did it by firll telling the imaginer, and after bidding the adot think. •• Having told this Relation, not for the weight thereof, butbecaufe it doth handlomly open the nature of the Qnelbon, I return to that I (aid, That Ex^erimenti of Imagination muft bepra£tilcd by others, and not by a Mans felf. For there be three means to fortific Belief 5 the firft is Experience, the feCond is Reafon, and the third is Authority. And that of thefe which is far the mod potent, is Authority : For Belief upon Reafon or Experience will rtagger. For Authotity, it isof two kindes : Belief in an Art, and Belief in a Man. And for things of Belief in an Art, a Man may exercifc them by him- felf; but for Belief in a Man, it muft be by another. Therefore if a Man be- licveinAftroIogy, and findc a figure prolpcrous; or believe in Natural Ma- gick, and thata Ring withfucha Stone, orfuchapiece of a LivingCreacUcc carried, willdogood, itmay help his Imagination; but the Belief in a Mm is far the hiore aftivc. But howfocver all Authority muft be our of a Mans f If, ti;racd (as was faiJ) either upon an Art, or upon a Man ; and where Authority is from one Man to another, there thcfecond muft be Ignorant, and not learned, or full of thoughts : And fuch are (for themoftpart) all Witches and lupctftirious pcrfons, whofe'belicfs, tied to their Teachers and Traditions, are no whit controlled cither by Reafon orExperience: And upon tlieftme reafon, ioMagick thev ufe (for the moftpatt) Boys and young People, whole fpirits cafilieft take Belief and Imagination. Now to fortific Imagination, there be f uec ways : The Authority Whence the Belief is derived,- Means to quicken and corroborate the Imagi- nation ; and Means to repeat it and refrcfh it. For the Authotity we have already (poken. Asfor thcfecond, namely, the Means to qucicen and corroborate the Imaginacion>wc fee what hath been ufcd in Magick > (il there be in thofe pradices anything that is purely Na- tural^ asVcllmcnts, Charaftcfs, Words, Seals, fomeparts of Plants, or Li- ving Creatures, Scones, choice ot the Hour, Gcfturcs and Motions ; alfo In- cenles and Odorfj choice of Society, which increafcth Imagination, Diets and Preparations lor feme time befjre. And for Words, there have been ever uled, either barbarous words of no fcnfc, left they fhould difturb the Ihiiginaiijn 5 or words of fimilitudc, that may fccond and feed the Imagi- nation: And this wis ever as well in Heathen Charms, as in Charms of later limey. ThcrearcuCd alfo Scripture words, lor that the Belief that Religious Texts and Words havepowcr, may ftrengthen thclmagination. And for the fame reafon He brew words (which amongft us is counted the holy Tongue, and f he words more m\ftical) areoftcnufed. For the reficfliing of the Imagination (which was the third Means of Exalting it) we feethcpraftices of Magick ; as in Images of Wix, and the like, that fliould melt by little and little, o: fomc other things buried in Muck, that fhould putrefie by little and little, orthelikc: For fo oftasthc Imag nantdoth thinkof thole things, fo oft doth he rcprcfcnt to his Imagina- tion tiic cffcftof thathedefirctb. T ^ If 205 947- 948- 949. 206 I J\(jitural Hiflory i 950. 951. 9J2. 953. 954. If there be any power in Imagination, it is le(s credible that it (hould be fo incorporeal and mimateriatc a Virtue, as to workac great dillanccs, or througliall Mediums, ot upon all Bodies; but that thediilance n^-u.t beco^^ petcnt , the Medium not adveife , and the Body apt and proportionate. Therefore it there be any operation upon Bodies inabfcnce bv Nature, it is like to be conveyed frpm Man toMan, as /'rfw/^ is.* Asiiif'f^itch by imagi- nation fhould hurt any afar off, it cannot be naturally, but by woi king upon the Spirit of fome that cometh to the fV'ttch^ and from that patty upon the Imagination cf another, and fo upon another, tillit come toone that hath relort to the party intended j and (o by him, to the party intended himiclf. And although they fpeak, that it (ufficeth to rake a l^oinr, or a piece of the Garment, or the Name of the party, or the like ; yet thete is Itli credit to be given to thofe thing?, except it be by working of evil fpirits. The Experiments which may certainly demonftrate the power of Imagi- nation upon other Bodies, ate few or none; for the Experiments of JVttchcrAft are no clear proofs, for that they may be by a taciteoperacion of mal gn Spirits ; we fliall therefore be forced in this Inquiry, to refort to ncwi:A:- periments, wherein wc can give onely DircQions ot Tryals, and not any roft- tive Experhiients. And if any man think that We ought to havet\jid till we had made Experiment of fome of them our felve^, (as we do commonly in other Titles) the truth is, that thefe Eflfefts of Imagination upon other Bodies, havefo little credit with us, as we fliall try themat Icifute: But inlhc mean timcwe willleadotl}ersthe way. When you work by the Imagination of anothcr.it isneccflary that he by whom you work have aptecedent opinion of you that you can do ftrange things, or that you are a Man of Art, as they call it ; for elfe the fimple affir- mation to another, that this or that fliall be, can work but a weak impreffion in his Imagination. It were good, becaufc youcaunot difccrn fully of theftrcngthof Ima- gination in one Man, more thenanothcr, that you did ule the Imagination of more then one, that fo you may light upon a (^rong one. As if a Phyfician fliould tell three or four of his Patients ietvants that their Mafter fhall furcly recover. The Imagination of one that you fliall ufe (fuch is the variety of Mens mindcs) cannot be always alike conftant and (hong ; and if the (uccefs follow not fpcedily, it willfaintandlofellrength. Toremedy this, you multpretend to him whofe Imagination you ule feveral degrees of Means by which to operate; As to prcfcnbehim, that every three days, if he finde not the flic- cefs apparent, he do ufe another Root,orparr ofaBeafl, or Ring^&c. as be- ing of more force ; and if that fail, another; and if that, another, till fevcn times. Alfoyou mullprefcribeagood large time for the ctfid you promife j as if you fliould tell a lervant of a fick man, that his Mafter flull recover, but it will be fourteen days ere he findeth it apparently. &c. All this to entertain the Imagination, that it waver Icfs. It IS certain, that potions or things taken into the Body, Incenfcs and Perfumes taken at the Noffrils, and oyntmentsof fome parts, do(naturally) work upon the Imagination of him that taketh them. And therefore it muir needs greatly cooperate with the Imagination of him whom you ufe, if you ptefcriise him, before hedoufe thcKeceit tor the Work which he defireth, that he do take fuch a Pill, orafpoonful of Liquor, or bum fuehan Iiiccnf', or anoint his Temples, or the Soles of his Feet, with fuchanOyntment or Oyl : And you muft chufe for the Compofnionof luch Pill, Perfume, or Ovnt- Century X, 207 I Oyntment, fuch Ingredients as do make the Spirits a little more gtofs or ! muddy, whereby the Imagination will fix the better. j The Body Paffivc, and to be wrought upon, (I mean not of the Ima- ' giniut) is better wtoug'it upon (js hath been partly touciiedj at (omc times' then at others v As if you fhould prcfcribe a fervant abour a fickpeifon, ' (whom you have pofTdFod that his Malter fhall recpvcr) when fais Mifter is ] faftaflecpj to ufe fuch a Root, or luchaRoor. For Imagination is Ijkc to workbetter upon fleepingmcn, then men awake; as wcfliillfhcw when we handle Dreams. 1 We findein the j^rt of Memory, that I»ugesnfible work better then other ' conceits ; As if you would remetubcr the word Phtlofopby, you fluU more i furely do it by imagining that fuch a Man (for Men are belt places) is read- i ing wpon Artfiotles Phylicks, then if you (hould imaginehim tofay, linU go fiudj Phllofophy. And therefore this obfervation would be tranflated to the fubjeft we now fpeak of ; for the more luftrous the Imagination is, it filleth and fixeth the better. And therefore I conceive, that you fliall in that Experts mm (whereof we fpake before) of binding of thoughts, lefs fail, if you tell one that fuch an one /hall name one of twenty men, then if it were one of twenty Cards. The Experiment of binding of thoughts would be divcifified and tried to the full: And youare to note, whether it hit for thcmoft put, though not always. It is good toconfider upon what things Imagination hath mofl: force : And the rule (as I conceive) is, that it hath molUorcc upon things that have the lighteft and cafieft motions ; and therefore above all upon the Spirits of Men, and in them upon fuch affedions as move lightcfl ; As upon procuting of Love, binding of Lull, which is ever with Itnagination upon Men in fear, or Men in irrefolution, and the like : Whatfoever is of this kinde would be throughly enquired. Tryalslikewife would be made upon Plants, and that diligently : As if you Ihoald tell a man that fuch a Tree would die this year, and will him at thefe and thefe times to go unto it, to fee how it thriveth. As for inanimate things, it is true, that the motions of fhuffling of Cards, or calling of Dice, are very light motions ; and there is a folly very ufeful , That Gameftets imagine, that fome that ftand by them, bting them lU luck. There would be try al alfo made, of holding a Ring by a thred in a Glafs, and tellinghim that holdeth it before, that itflialllfrike (o many times againft the fide of the Glafs , and no more ; or of holding a Key j between two Mens fingers without a charm •, and to tell chofcthat hold it, j that at fuch a name it fhall go off their fingers. For thefe two arc cxtream • light motions. And howi'oever, I have no opinion of thefe thing--, yet fu much I conceive to be true. That Itrong Imagination hath morcforceupon things living, or that have been living, then things mecrly inanimate; and moieforce Ukewifc upon light and fabtil motions, then upon motions vehe- ment or ponderous. Itis anufualobfervation,That ifthcBody of oneraurthcred be brought before the Muttherer, the wounds will bleed afrcfh. Some do affirm, That the dead Body, upon theprefcnceof the Muttherer hathopcnedtheeyesi and that there have been fuch like motions as well where the puty oaurthered hathbecnrtrangled or drowned, as where they have been kUlcd by wounds. It may be that this participateth of a miracle, by Gois juft judgment, who ufually brings murthets to light. But if it be Natural, itmuft be referred to ilmagination. The tying of the point upon the day of Marriage, to make Men impo-
  • _ ^.^ T 2 tent
?5r- 7ie. 95 7- 958. 9^9. xo8 !J\(jitural Hi (lory ; ExpciimentS in Con(o[t couching the Stent yirtut of SympAtbjr and yintl- 961, g62. 963. 964. tent tow.uids their Wivis, wnicli (.as we have tcim.rly touched) is lolre- qucnt in Z/«"f m^CafcoHy, if it be Naiural, nuift b;.- rctcncd to the Imagi- nation of him tbat tieth tin rou.t. i conctivc it to have the Icfsattinuy with Witchcrafc, bccaulc iiotpcculiarpcrlonsonely, (mch ab Witi-hcsare) but any Body may do »i. THerc be many things that work upon the Spirits of Men by Secret Sjmpa- thj and Antifnthy. fhc virtues ot Frecioiu Stones worn, iiave been an- ciently and generally received, andcuiioufly afligned toworkleveral cfflds. So much is true, that Stories have in them fine Spirits, as appcareth by t leir rplcndor : And therefore they may work by content upon the Spirits of Men. CO comfort and exhilarate them. T.iofc that arc the bell for that tft'eft, are the T>iaMond, the EmerM, l\\c Jacynih Oriental, and the Gotd-ftone, which is the lelliTv Topaz.. As for their particular Proprieties, there is no credit tobe gi- ven to them. Butitismamfeft, that Light above all things excelleth in com- forcing the 5>JmJ of .M'/;; andit is very probable, that Light varied doth the fame cffeft with mote novelcy. And this is one of the caufcs why Preciotu Stones coinfort. And ihcreforc it were good to have Tincled Lmtborns, or United S'kr^^"' of GU/ coloured into Green, Blue, Carnation, Crimfon, 'Purple, &c. ana to ufc them with Candles in the night. So hkevvifeto have round Glafffs, notoncly of G/j/coIoured through, but with Colours laid between Cryjids, with handles to hold in ones hand. Trifms are alfo comfortable tilings. They have of i>4W-i*9r^,£<>9^'<«5G/j/f^, bordered withbroad Borders of fmallCr/^rf/, and great counterfeit frecioiu S' tones of all Colours, t lat arc moft glorious and pleaCant to behold, efpecially in the night. The Tidures of Indian Feathers are likcwife comfortable and pleafant to behold. So alfo fair and clear *PoflA do greatly comfort the Ejes Spirits; efpecially when the Sua isnot glaring but overcaft, ot when the c^toon ililneth. There be divers forts of Bracelets fit to comfort the Spirits; and they be of three Iiuentions v Refrigerant, Corrohrant, znJi j^ferient. Fot Refrigerant I W'fli them to be oi Piarl, or of Coral, as is ufed. And it hath been noted tha; Coral, if the party that wearcthicbe ill dilpofed, will wax pale; which I believe to be true, becaufe otherwife diftempcr of heat will make Coral lofe colour. I commend alfo Beads or little Plates of LapU LtyLuli, and Beads of Nitre, either aloiie.or with (ome Cordial mixture. For Corroboration and Comfortation, take fuch Bodies as are of Aflringcnt quality without m^iiifeft cold. 1 commend Bead-t^^mher, which is full of A- liridion, but yet isunduous, and not cold, and is conceived toimpingnate thofe that wear fuch Beads. I commend alfo Beads of Harts-Horn and Ivory, which are of the like nature ; alfo Orenge-Beads, alfo Beads of Lignum Aloes, macerated firft in Rofe-t»ater and dried. For opening, I commend Beads, or pieces of the Roots of Cardtm BenediilM ; alfo of the Roots o[ Peony thcCMale, and of Orrof, itldoi Calamut K^rematicut, and of Reffi. The Cramp (no doubt) cometh of contcaftion of Sinews ; which is manifeft in that it cometh either by cold ordrinefs. as after Confumptiom and long Agues ; for Cold and Drinefs do (both of them) contrad and cor- rugate. We fee alfo, that chafing a little above the place in pain, cafeth the Cramp ; which is wrought by the Dilatation of the contracted Sinews by heat. There arc in ufe for the prevention of the Cramp, two things : The one, Rings oi Sea-Horfe Teeth worn upon the Fingers ; the other, Batdt of (^entury X. of Green TerXfuniU (the Herb) tied about ihc Calf of clic Leg , or the Thif^h, &.C. where the Cramp ul'cch to come. I do hndc this the more ftrancrc, becauie neither of thcle hive any Relaxing Virtue, but r^^thcr the contrary. I judge therefore th.u their working is rather upon the Spirits ■within the Nerves to make them itrive lei's, then upon thcBouily llb/tancc of the Nervet. I would havctryal made of two other kindes of Bracelets for com- forting the Heart and Spirits. The one oftheTroc/n/c/yof/^i/ifr/ made into little pieces of Beads ; for fince they do great good inwards (cfpccially for Ptjlilent Jlgues) it is like they will be effectual outwards, where they may be applied in greater quantity. There would be Tichifchs likcwilc made of Snakes, whofe flcfii dried is thought to have a very opening and Cordial Virtue The other is of Beads made of theScarlct Powder, which they call Kermes, which is the principal Ingredient in their Ciritd-ConfeHian Alkermtn. The Beads would be made upv^-ithyfm^fr-Gnfir.andfomc "Fowjniir. It hath been long received, and confirmed by divers tryals, that the Root of the (Jllale-Peanjf dried, tied to the Neck, dotb help the Fallin^- ficknefi; and likc^»'i^e the /ncw^w^, which we call the i^rir. Thccauleof both thefe *Dtfeafes, and efpecially of the FpUeffie from the Stomack, i% thegrofs- nefs of the Vapors which rife and ent«r into the Cells of the Brain : And therefore the working is by cxtream and, lubtil Attenuation, which that Simple hath. I judgcthclikc to be in CAJioreum, OHnsky jRen-Stei, t^gnus Cijltu S'eed, &c. There is a Stone which they call the iS^oi- Tww^ which worn.is thought to be good for them that bleed at the Nofe; which (no doubt) isbyaftrifti- on and cooling of the Spirits, ^tre, if the Stone taken out of the lands Head, be not of the like virtue, for the Joti lovcth Shade and Coolncfs. Light may be taken from the ExperimeMt of the Htrfe-tooih Ring, and the GarUni of PerTninckJe, how that thofc things which afTwage theftrifc of the Spirits, do help difcafes, contrary to the Intention defired i for in th • curing ofthcCrimp, the Intention is to relax the Sinews } but the contraction of theSpirits, that they ftrivclefs, is the bcfthelp: So to procure cafic Tra- vails of Women, the Intention is to bring down the Childe ; but the help is, to ftav the coming down too faft ; ^hereunto they fay tlic Tadd-Ji$nc\iV>C' wife helpcrh. So in Pe^lilem Fevers, the Intention is to expel the J nfeftion by Sweat and Evaporation ; but the beft means to doit, is by Nitre, Diafctrdtum, and other cool things, which do for a time arrcftthcExpulfion, till Nature can do it more quietly. For as one fiith prettily, /» the quenching tf ihefi^me ■ of a Pefliltnt jigue, T^ature is like People th.it cenie to quench the Fire of an Haufe • "Which are fobiifs, astneefthemlettethauother. Surely it is an excellent Axiomc and of manifold ufe , that whaifocvcr appcafcth the contention of Spirits furthercth their aiflion. The Writers of Nturd Maglck commend the wearing of the fpoil of a Snake, for prcferving of Health. I doubt it is but a conceit -, for that the Snake is thought to renew her youth by carting her fpoil. '1 hey might as well take the Beak of an Eagle, or a piece of a Harts-horn, becaufc" thofc renew. It hath been anciently received, (for PericUs the <^thenUn ufcd it^ and it is yet in ufe, to wear little Bladders of Quick-filvcr. or Tabictsof Arfc- nick, as prcfcrvativcs again t the Plague : Nut, as they conceive, for any comfort they yield tothe Spirits,- but tbr that being poyfons thcmfclvcs, thcv draw the venomeiothem from the Spirits. ' T } Vid, 210 973- ' 974- 9J5' 97^. 977- J\QitUrd hiflory ; 97^. 979. .0^^ L-^ fide the Experiwenti -)^ , 9<J, and p^. touching the Icvcral i/m^rff/nVj and tyfniipathtrs for MfdUiHai itfe. it is laid, that the Guts orSkin of a Woolf being; applied to the Belly docurc thetolick. It is true, that tiif "Woolf is a Beaf\ of great Edacity and Digcllion ; and fo it may be the parts of h.m comfort the Bowels. Wc (ec ScArecrons are fct up to keep Birds from Corn and Fruit. It is reported by feme, thit the Head Of a Wool', whole, dried and hanged upin 3i hove-hoiifey will fcare away Vermin, fuch as are f^frfji/^, Pole-cats, and the like. It may be the Head of a Dog willdoasmuch; for thofe Vermin with us, know Dogs better then Wolv^es. ThcBramsot fome Creatures, (when their Heads arc roftcd) taken in Wine, are faid to flrengthcn the Memory ,• as the Brains of Hares, Brains of Hens, Brains of Deer, &c. And itfeemeth to be incident to the Brains of thofe Crcatitres that are fearful. The Oyntment that Witches ufe, is reported to be made of the Fat of Children digged out of their Graves ; of the Juices of Small: ge, Woolf- banc, and Cinqucfoil, mingled with the Meal of Fine Wiiear. But I fuppofe, that the Soporiferous Medicines arelikeihodo it ; which arc Henbane, Hem- lock, Mandrake, Mo.onfliade, Tobacco,Opium.J)affron, Poplar leaves, &c. It is reported by fome, that thcaffeftions of Bcafts when they are in flrength , do add fome virtue unto inanimate things : As that the Skin of a Sheep devoured by a Woolf moveth itching j that allone bitten by aDogin anger, being thrown at him, drunk in Powder provoketh Choler. It hath been obfervcd, that the diet of Women with Childe, doth work much Dpon the Infaht. .As if the Mother eat Quinces much, and Coriander- feed cthe nature of both which, is to rcpre(s and ftay vapors thacafcendto the Brain) it will make the Childe ingenious: And on the contrary fide, if the Mother cat (much) Onions or Beans, or fuch vaporous food, or drink Wine or fltong drink immoderately, or fafl much, or be given to mireh muling, (all which fend or draw vapors to the Head) it indangcreth the Childe to become Lunatick, or of imperfe^ memory : And I make the fame judgment of Tobacco often taken by the Mother. The Writers of iVrfmr/f/ /l/rffii^ report, that the Heart of an Ape worn near the Heart, comforteth the Heart, and increafcth audacity. It is true, that the Ape is a merry and bold BealK And that the fame Heart likewife of an Ape applied to the Neck or Head, helpeth the Wit, and is good for the Falling fickncfs. The Ape alfo is a witty Beaff, and hath a dry Brain ; which may be feme caufe of attenuation of Vapors in the Head. Yet it is faid to move Dreams alfo. It may be the Heart of a Man would do more, but that it is more againft Mens mindes to ufe it ; except it be iu inch as wear the Rcliques of Saints. The Fiefh of a Hedghog drcfTcdand eaten, is faid to be a great dryer. It is true, that the Juice of a Hedghog muft needs beharfiianddry, bccaufc it putteth forth fo many Prickles: For Plants alfo that are full of Prickles are generally dry ; as Bryars, Thorns, Barberries. And therefore theafliesof a Hedghog arc faid to be a great deficcative of Fiftula'5. I Mummy hath great force in ffanehing of Blood; which as it may be •afcribcd to the mixture of Balms that are Glutenous , foit may alfo partake of a fccret propriety, in that the Blood drawcth Minsflcfli. And it is ap- proved, that the Mofs which groweih upon the SeuU of a Dead Man unburied will flaneh Blood potently. And fo do the dregs or powder of Blood,fevered from the Water and dried. . _ -. - It Century X, !/ i'itx It hath beenpraifti(cdtomakc^/'(/f J'"B>^i7rf>.'-, by anointing of the Fggs With Oyl. Which cftccl may be produced by the (topping of the Pores ot the ihell, ind making the Juice that puttcth forth ihcFeathcis afterwards ' more penurious, And it may be, theanointing of the Eggs vviil be as cffcflu- al as theanointingof the Body. Of which, P'dethe Experiment ^i . It is reported, that the White of an Egg or Blood mingled with Salt- water, doth gather thefaltnefs, and makcth the water fwecter. This may be by Adhefion J asinthe JwA Experiment oi Clarification. Itmaybealfo, that Blood, and the White of an Egg, (which is the matter of a Living Creature) have feme Sympathy with Salt ; for all Life, hath a Sympathy with Salt. We fee that Salt laid to a cut finger, healet i it ; fo, as it feemcth, Salt drav/- eth Blood, as well as Blood drawcth Salt. It hath been anciently received, that the Sea-Hare hath an antipathy with the Lungs, (if it Cometh ncarthe Body) and crodeth them. Whereof the caufe is conceived to be a quality it hath of heating the Breath and Spi- I rits; zs CdHtl/arides have upon the watry parts of the Body, as Urine andHj'- dropical Water. And it is a good rule, Thatwhatfoevcr hath an operation upon certain kindcsof Matters, that in Mans Body worketh moll upon thofe parts wherein that kinde of matter aboundeth. Generally that which is Dead, or Corrupted, or Excerned, hath antipa- thy with the fame thing when it is alive, and when it is found, and with thofe parts which do excetn: AsaCarcafsof Man is moflinfcdtious and odious to Man, a Carrionof an Horfe to anHorfe, &c. Purulent matter of Wounds and Ulcers, Carbuncles, Pox, Scab<;, Lcprofic, to found Flcfli; and the Ex- crements of every Species to that Creature that excetneth ihcm. But the Excrements are lefs pernicious then the corruptions. It is a commonexpeiicncc, That Dogs know the Dog-killer^ when as In times of Int'eftion fomc pety fellow isfent out to kill the Dogs ; and that though they have never feen him before, yet they will all come forth, and bark, and flie at him. The ReUtions touching the Force of Imagination, and the Secret Inftinfts of Nature, are fo uncertain, as they require a great deal of Examination ere we conclude upon them. I ;would have it firft throughly inquired, whether there be any fccret paflagcs of Sympathy between Perfons of near Blood ; as Tartnts, Children, Brothers, Sifters, Nurfe-chtldren, Hwbands, fVives, d'c. There bemanyreports \nHt/iorj, that upon the death of Perfons of fuch ncarnefs. Men have had an inward feeling of ir. I my fclf remember, tliat being in 'pAriSy and nay Father dying in Lo/irfon, twoor three days before my Fathers death, I had a dream, which 1 told to divers Enilifl) Gentlemen, that my Fa- thers Houfe in the Countrcy was Plaiftered all over with Black Mortar. There is an opinion abroad, (whether idle, or no I cannot fay) That loving and kinde Hu.-tfands nave a fcnfc of their Wives breeding Childe by fome acci dent in their own Body. Next to thofe that are near in Blood, there may be the likepafTigc and inftin^ts of Nature between great Friends and Enemies. And foraetimes the revealing is unco another perlon, and not to the party himfeU- I remember Pbilippus Comineut (a grave Writer) reporteth, Tnat the Archbifliopof /'j«n.< (a Reverend Prelat) (aid (one day) after Mafs to King Le-^is the Elcventli of France, Sir, Tour Mortal Enemj u dead; what time, Charles TDuk? o\ Burgundy was flain at the Battel of Granfon againft the ^-^ttz-ers. Some try al alfo would be made, whether Pad or Agreement do any thng ; as if two Friends fhould I agree , Tnat fuch a day in every Week, they being in fat diftaiK places, | ftould' 981. 983. 984. 9^5: 986. oh- ^^^ 9i9. 990. 991. 592- 95>3. J\(jitural Hiflory ; fhould pray one for another, or fhould put on a Rf-.^r or Tubirt one foran- others fake ; whether, if one of them fliould break their Vow and Promilc, the other fhould have any feeling of it in ablcncc. If there be any force in Imaginations and AffcAions of iingular Pcr- fons, it is probable the force is much more in the Joynt-lmnginations and Affedions of Multitudes ; as if avi<^ory flioulj be won or loll in remo" parts, Whether is there not fomeienfc thereof in the people who cerncth, becaule of the great joy orgrief that many men are polle te m it con- are polfellcd with tnen Hearing 01 v^auics in mc v^oiiuuury, ura^cwn luuucmy, anuiaia to thofc about him, It itnoy* mare tbtn imt "kt fhould give thankj to ( od for thegreat y\[itry he hath gramei Its Ag/imfitbe Turks, llistruc, that Vidloryhada Sympa- thy with his Spirit, for itw^s meerly his workt'iconcludc the League ; c may be tha^t Rev eUtion >ra» ^Divine, ^ut what fhall w e fay then to a number of bxamples aniongft the Gredans and Rtmans , \f'here the People being in Theatres at Plays, have had news of Vidorics and Oecrthrows lome few days, before any Meflcnger could come \ It is true, that that may hold in thcfe things which is the general Root of Supcrftition; namely, thatmenobfcrvc when things hit, and not when ti cy mifs, and commit to Memory the one, and forget andpafs over the other. But touching 1)ivin4tion and the mifgiving of Mindes, we fhall fpeak more when we nandlc in general the Nutureof Mwdes, and S'ouls, and Spirits. We having given formerly fome /?«/« of ImtgmAtton , and couching the fortifying ot the fame ; we have fee down alfo lome few Inftances and DireAions of the force of Imagination upon Btafls, Birds, &c. upon pUnts, sai^n^oti Inanimate Bodies : Whercinyoumuft ftill obferve, that your Tryals be upon Subtil and Light Motions, and not the contrary; for you will foonerby Imagination bind a Bird from i>ingingthcn from Eating or Flying; and 1 leave it to every man to chufc Experiments which himfelf thinketh moft commodious, giving now but a few Examples of every of the three kindcs. Ufe fomc Imaginanc ( obfcrving the Rules formerly prefcribed ) for binding of a Bird from finging, and the like of a Dog from barking. Try alfo the ] magination of fomc, whom you fhall accommodate with things to fortific it in Cock-Fghts, to make one Cock more hardy, aod the other morccowardly. It would be triedalfoin flying of Hawks, orincourfing of a Deer or Hart with Grey-hounds, or in Horfe-races, and the like com- parative Motions; for you may foonerby Imagination, quicken or flack a motion, then raifcorceafcitj as it is eafiertomake a Doggo flower, then CO make him ftand ftill, that he may not run. • In /"/-inff alfo you may try the force of Imagination upon the lighter fort of Motions ; as upon the fudden fading or lively coming up of Herbs 5 or upon their bending one way or other, or upon their clofingand open- ing, &c. For Inanimate things.youmay try the force of Imagination upxon flay- ing the working of Beer, when the Barm is put in ; or upon the coming of Butter or Checfe, after the Churning, or the Rennet be put in. It is an ancient Trrfrfmstt, every where allcaged, for example of fecret Proprieties and Influxes, That the 7orpedo Mirma, if it be touched w ith a long flick. dothftupeHc thehand of him that couchethic. It is one degree of working (^entury X, Working at di'.tancc, to work by thccontiiuiancc ot a fie Medium ; as Sound will be conveyed to chc Ear by ftrikinguponaBow-llhng, if the Hum ot the Bow be held to the i'.ar. The Writers o{ NAturd l^a^'ic/^ do am'ihutcmiuh to the Virtues that comcfrom the parts ot Livi;ig Creatures, foas they betaken from tnem, the Creatures reimining ftiUaiivc; as it the Creature ttill living did infufel'omc immateriate Virtue and Vigor into the part levered, Somuch may betrue, that any part taken from a Living Creature newly fliin, in.iy be ot greater force, then if it were taken from the like Creature dying o: itl:lf; bccaufj it is fuller of Spirit. Tryal would be made of the like puts of Individuals in Plants and Living Creatures ; astocut cfVa Stock of a Tree, and to lay that wtieh you cut oft" to putrcfic, to fee whether it will decay the rclt of thei>[ock; or it you fliould cut oft" part of the Tail, or Leg of a Dog> or a Cat, and lay it to putretic, to fee whether it wili fcfter, or keep from liealing, the part which rcmaineth. It is received, that it helpcth to continue love, if one wear a Rirg or a Bracelet of the Hair of the party beloved. Butthatmay bcby the exciting of the Imagination J and perhaps a Glove, or other like Favor, may as well doic. The Sympathy of Individuals that have been entire; or have touched, is of all others, the moft incredible ; yctaccording unto our faitlifulmaniier of Examination of Nature, wc will make fomc little tucntion of ic. The taking away of Warts, by rubbing them with lomewha: that afterwards is put to waftc and confumc, is a common Experiment ; and I do apprehend it the rather, bccaufeof mine own experience. I had from my Childhood a Wart upon one of my Fingers ; afterwards, when I was about fixtecn years old, being then at Trfrw, tliercgtewupon both my hands anumbcr of Warts (at leart an hundred) ina moneths fpacc. The Englip AmhAjfidQrs L^d^, who wasaWomanfarfrom SuperlUcion, told me one day fhe would help me a- way withmy Warts. Whereupon (begot a picccof Lard with the skin on, and rubbed the Warts all over with thefatlide, andamongft the rcit that Wart which I had from my Childhood i then fhe nailed the piece of Lard, With thefjt towards thcSun, uponapoft of herChambcr-window, which was tothc South. Thefuccefs was, that within live weeks ("pace all the Warts w^cnt quite away, and that Wart which I had fo long endured, for company. But at the reltl did little marvcl,bccau(e they came in a|hort timc.and might go away in a fliott time again ; but the going of that which had ftaid fo long doth yet ftick with me. They fay the like is done by rubbing of Warts with a green Eldcr-ilick, and then burying thellick torotinmuck. It would be tried with Corns and Wens, and fuch other Excrcfccnces : I would have it alfo tried with fomc parts of LivingCrcatures that are neareft the nature of Hxcrefcences ; as thcCombsof Cocks, the Spurs of Cocks, ihcHornsof B:afts,&c, ard I would have it tried both ways; both by rubbing thofe parts with Lard or Elder as before; and by cutting oft' lome piece ot thofc parts, and laying it toconfume, to fee whether it will work any cft'cft towards the Confumptionof that part which was once joy ned with it. It is conltantly received and avouched, that the anointing of the Wca- ponthatmakcth the Wound, will heal the Wound it fclt.In thu Experiment, upon the relation of men ot credit, (though my felf, as yrr, am r,ot fully inclined to believe it) you fliall note the I'oints following. Firft, the Oynt- mcnt wherewith this is done, is nude of u:vcrs Ingredients ; whereof the (Irangcil 213 9P4' 995. 996. 997- 9«>8. 214 J\Qituyal Hijlory ; ftrangcft and hardcftto ccoie by, arc the Mofs upon ihe Skull of a dead Man unbuticd, and ihc F ^ts of a Boa', and a Bear killed in ihe aft of generation. Thcfc twolaftl could eafily iufptft to be prcfctibcd as aftartling hole, that if the Experiment proved not, it might be pretended, that the Bcalfs were not killed in the due time ; for as for the Mofs it is ctrtain thtreis great quan- tity of it in heUni, upon flain Bodies hid on heaps unbutied. The other In- gredients are the Blood-ftonc in Powder, andfot^ic other things which fccm to have avirtue to Itanch blood, as alfo the Mofs hath. And thedclcnption of the whole Oy ntment is to be found in the Chjmcal Dijpenfdmy of CroUii/s. Secondly, The fame kinde of Oynmcnt applied to ihehutt iilclf", wot^eth nottheeflfeft, butoncly applied tothe weapon. Thirdly, cwhichl like well) they do not obferve the confefting of the Oyntment under any certain Con- ftcllation ; which commonly is the excufe of Magical Medicines when they fail, that they were not made under a fit 6gureot Heaven. Fourthly, it may be applied tothe Weapon^ though the party hurt be at great diftance. Fifth- ly, it leemeth the Imagination of the party to be cured is not needful to con- cur, for it may be done without the knowledge of the party wounded: And thus much hath been tried, that the Oyntment (for Experitnenis fake) hath bccawipcd off the Weapon without the knowledge of the party hurt, and prcfently the party hurt hath been in great rage of pain, till the weapon wasrcanointed. Sixthly, it is affirmed. That if you cannot get the weapon, yet if you put an Inftrument of Iron or Wood, relembling the weapon into the Wound, whereby it blecdeth, the anointing of that Inltrument will (crve and work the effeft. This I doubt fhould be a device to keep this lltange form of Cure in rcqucft and ufe, bccaufe many times you cannot comcby the Weapon it felf. Seventhly, the Woundmuftbe atfirft waflied clean with Whitc-winc, ot the parties own Water, and then bound up clofe infineLinnen, and no mote drcfling renewed till it be whole. Eighthly, the Sword it felf muft be wrapped up clofe as far as the Oyntment goeth, that it take no wind. Ninthly, the Oyntment, if you wipe it off from the Sword and keepit.wil ferve again, and rather increafc in vertue then diminifh.Tcnch- ly, it will cure in fat fliorter time, then Oyntmcnts of Wounds commonly do. Laflly , it will cure a Beaft as well as a Man ; which I like beft of all the reft, becaufe it fubjcfteth the matter to an eafic tryal. I Would have Men know, that though I reprehend the eafie paflVng oyer of the caufes of things, by afcribing them to fccret and hidden virtues and proprieties (for this hath arrefted and laidaflecp all true Inquiry and Indica- tions;; yetldonotunderftand, butthatinthepraftical pqrt of knowledge much will be left to Experience and Probation, whercunto Indication cannot fo fully reach ; and this is not onely in S'pecie, but in Indhidut, So in Phy Tick, if you will cure ihtjdundies, it is notenoijgh to fay, that the Medicine muft not be cooling, fotthat willhinder the opening which the difeaferequirethi that it muft not be hor, for that will cxafpcrate Cholerj that it muft go to the Gall, for there is the obftiu^ion which c^ufeth the difcafc, &c. But you muft receive from Experience, that Powder of ChAtntpjtUy or the like, drunk in Beer, is good for the Jumdief. So again, a wife Phyfician doth not continue ftill the fame Medicine to a Patient, but he will vary, if the firft Medicine doth not apparently fuccecd; for of thofe Remedies that are good for the Jaundies, Stone, K^gnes, ire, that will do good in one Body, which will not do good in another, according to thecorrcfpondcnce the Medicine hath to the Individual Body. The (^entury X, T He delight which Men have in 'Fo^«/rfr«fy, Fume, Honor, Submifion, and SubjeUm of oihct Mens Mindes, U'lUs, or Affe^tons (^although theic things niay be defired for o;her end.O I'cctncthto beathing init (cl', without con- templation ot corfjquence, grateful, and agreeable to the Nature of Mar. This thing (fureiy) is not without fomc fignification, as if all Spirits and iouls of Men came forth our of one divine Limbiis ; cUj, why be Men (o much affcded with that which others think or fiy ? The be(t temper of Mindes, defueth good Name and true Honor ; the lighter, Popularity and Applaufej the more depraved, Subjection and Tyranny; as is (een in great Conquerors and Troublcrs of the World, and yet more in Arch- Hcrcucks for the introducing of new Dodrines, islikcwifc anaftli^ation of lytanny over the Underftandings and Beliefs of Men. 215 lOOO. Expciimcnt Soliiafy, touching the Gtr.tni iym. fatUy of fllcni Spiriti. A T A B L E Of the chief Matters contained in the CENTURIES A. Acceleration of time in IVorkj of Nature^ 6j, In CUrlfi. c.'.tiott of Liqmr, 6 8. In fe- ver *l Mat.tr>uiitnfy 69. ^s of Frultt, ibid. Of Drir-kSy \V\.\. Impo/lhHmes and Ulcers , ibid. Of AfetalSy\b\<^- Of Clarificatioa in ifine, 165, Acceleration of Pntrefiiilion y 75. Acceleratiia of Birth, 78. Of Growth or StatHre^ ibid. Three means of it ibid. t/feceleration of GermmatioM, Sg. Bj three mtanSy viz. Mending the NoH- ri(hmlnt, go. Comforting the Spirits »f the Plant , ibid- Eafie coming to the N«Mri(hmentj gi. Several injlances thereof is 9, 90, 91 Aches in Mens Bodies fere{he«f> rain, i j6 Egypt fc-jrce hath aKj rain, 16 I. Sglfti. an canfer-ving of bodies, itfj. Their C^Hmmies it id. Equinoilial more tolerable for heat, then the Zones, 87. Three canfes thereof ibid. /Etbiopcs 87 ^ na 165 Affeilation »f Tyranny over t^iens ttn- derfiandings and beliefs 2 1 5 yifftQians of Be^fis i'/iptejfed upon in.ini- mate things 2 1 4 Agarick H<5, i ;?l tAttr tHrneiinto }y,tter/i. By four feve- ralw.tySf i')id. lKjt.incet tending there- to, 20, 21. Converted into a Jenfe ^ody, a rarity in'^ainre, -. Hath an at.tifatbj with tangible bodies, 21. Converted into w^ter bj repercH^ion frombaribodies, ibid. Air turned into water by the fame means that Ice, ibid. Congealing of air. So. Air condenfeii into weight i ^ 5 i Air pent the caufe of Sounds, 3 ^ > 3 3 > 3+. Eruptions thereof, caufe Sounds, ibid. Air not itliv.ijs neceff^ry to Sounds , . . ^^ tyiir excluded in fome Bodies, prohihiteth pHtrefaElion, 75. In fome caufeth it, 7 6 . The caufe s of each, ibi<1. Air com- freffed .md blown, prohibiteth putre- fu[lion 77 Airs wholefome, how found out, 1 ^4. The pntrefA^ion of air , to bt difcerned a- forehand,iJ 3 . ^irs good to recover Con- Jumptioas, 204. Air hitilthfttl within doors, how procured ibid. Air and Fire, forelhewwindt 274 Air, 2 1 . The caufes of heat, and cold in itf ibid. Hath fome degree of light in it, ibid. Air pojfo ned b) art 2 o i Alchymijls 7 1 Alexanders Body preferved till Ccfais time, 16^ Aliments changed good 18 Alleys clofe gravelled , what they hring forth 1 1 7 AH Night 85 Almond Butter for nourifhing jic{ bodies better then Cullices 1 3 Alter.itionsof bodies ]jg Altering the colours of Hairs and feathers 18? Amber fmell 20; An^er, 150. The imprefion thereof, 151. Caufeth the eyes to lool^ red, 1 S9. The CAitfe ibid. Animate and inMKimate,wherein they differ, Annihil.:tion, not pofsible in Nature 28 Anointing of the Weapon 2 i 3 Annual Herts I 2o Anconius hi*geni»u wenk^btfort Auguftus, 204 Antipathy and Sympathy, 25. Of Plants, 101, 102, 103, I04» 105. Inftances of V An. ATablcofthcchief Matters Ant'ip^thjf in other kjmifs, 209, 2lo, 211,212,21;. Antipathy hetwcea ene- mies In ahfcKce 'I'. Appetite of coKtinU'ttion in l!iju:d bodies Jppst'te inthe flam^ch, lj6. nhatcjua/i- ties provikt it, ibid. Ffur caafes thereof '^ ibd. A^pU inclofed i n Wax forfpeedy npenirjr , 70,71. Hanged injmtak,, \bid. Covered in Lime and Afhes, ibic!. fovtred wiih Crabi ard Onions, ib. Apple in Haj and Straw, i. id. in a clo^e box, ibid. -^//^^ yolUd, lb. Apple inp,.rt cut, heln.eartd jvithf-.ik '^ Afple-cions grafted on the fockof a ^fle. tvort 97 Applf-treet , feme of them bring forth a fiveec Afofs ^ ^4 Atjin.^rtis d'-ffelvingiron _ \C6 iArchhifhip of Vurja lis revelation to Lewis the Eleventh ;m ArroiVi tvith wooden. heads .(harpr.edy pierce wood fooner, the mfith ircti he^Js I4S Artichokjs made lifs prick l) 98 Art of tKOttiry _ 27 Allies in n Vfjjel, rv'ill not cdmit eejtial quan- til J of water, Oi in the viffel impty xo A^es an excellent comp ofi 1^3 A!p caufeth eaft de^th l 3^ AJJimilation in bodies inanimate, 24. /«  vegetables ib. ',9^ '^19 AflriUion prih'ibiteth pktrefaBion 7S Attr.M'ion by jmilitude of fttbjiar.ce T4S, Audtbles mingle in the incdiirr, which vif. hlesdonot, "^l. 1 he catife thereof . ibid. Several Coi'fer.ts cf audibles ar.d vfibles, ■;8,SC. Several D'ffer.ts of thim,6^ ,ti . Aiidibles at.dr fihles _ _ 204 'Authority jirengthneth Imagination Z06 B. B^g growing in the fields 1 1 5 Barrtl empty k.nock.ed, faid to give a Di<^pitfonio the fame Barrel full 45 is.,rrennefs of Trees^thecaufe 100 Bafil turned into rf^ildeThjme 11 1 Rafilisk 20- Bathing the body, i<;6. VTould net he healthful for tu , if it rvere in »/>, ibid. / or the Ty.wV.sgood ib. Bearing in the womb , in fomt creatures longer, i»fome jhorier 159 Be aft s do not imitate Mnns jpeech Oi'B'.rdt ■ dt,')'^. Ihe caufe^\h\('. "Beajls commt*- nicatii-^ in fpecies with one another,! 38, Likswife fomt Birds,\\:\6, Betfts in their {indes, lifjer then F fles^ i ^4. Greater then B'rds, the caufe ibi<'. Bi'^ifls that yield the i,fle cr virtue tf the the Herb they feed on IC4 B.-Jls forifJ:ew R.-iin 1 7 r Cifon. B.cr, how made, I ". A very nourifk- ing drink ibii). Sees humming an unecjnal foittld 4; Birds have another manterin their cjuick- ning, then Men or "B.'^fls, 25. Bird communicating in fpec'ies with one m. other^\ 3b'. Swifter in motion then Be.Jl', ibid. The caufe, ibid. In their kjndes t'pr then Br.'fis or F'fhes, 184. The Cufe,\{\ii. Imitate Mans fpeechy which Br/ fl-< do not, <^'). Thecauje ilid. B nh of living creatures -yg Ulack, the bejl colour in Plumbs IC9 "Ble.i.tyes infe^liCHS 2o" Bleeding ef the body, at the approach if the murtherer 2C7 "B'ood five means of Ranching it if "Blood draweth fait 21 1 I Bleed of the Cuttle-fifh 1 56 \ Blood- Hone 210 Blows and bmifes induct frvtUiti£^ itf. The I c»ufe ibid. Blufiing caufeth rednej? in the ear/, not in I I theeyes, as arger doth, ifp. J he caufe of each ibid. "Boaring an he/t through a Tree, he/pet hit 94 Bedy brittle flruchjn, ^. Bodies natural mt'fl tf them hi.ve an appetite of cdn.it. titg others into them, J 69. Except fl. me, ibid. B cities uhperf I Stiy mixt I78 Bodies in nature th^t give r.o founds, and th,.t give founds 32,33,^4 Bodies, to wh ch, Wir.e is hurtful, and to vh:ch,gOod 153 ' Bodies coKfoved a long lime 162, 1^=3 hotdnefs urdindif.ry, the fewer of them in civil hufrefs I9C, 2C 3 Boletus it 3 1 Bolus Aimenus r^j Bones, 141,1^7. The mefi fenfhlt of cold'i 141. m rt hat F:fhes none, z^j. One in the Heart of a Stag ib. £71 ting caufeth Grains ttfwell in difference Bracelets worn which ccmfcrt the ffirits, '19. 'I heir three fiveral operations,ib\d. Brains of feme Be.fisflrengthenthe memory, 210 Erain increafed in the Full Moon I93 nrafsf.intttive of wouids lC6 B-i>f -plates tffi» agefwelling 1 87 Breath held^helpeth hearing, 6?. The caffe ibid, Bryer. contained in thefc Centuries. BrjcK ^.'.'/^ 117 BriKi^ing forth many at a btrthy and but one, 1 6c. Tht caufe of each ibid. i-4rn'ing-qhffes rare ;?4 Burning fame VegttahUs upin the ground, enricheth it 12Z Borage, leaf infufei 4 Calamitas 1^7 Candles of fever al mixtures fiz. Of fever aI '"'V^/, S?. Laid in Bran for Liflittg ihid. Can.haridcs, wberefoever applied, affeU the Bladder, 25,211. The Flies Cantha- rides, 153. Of what ft*bfl.ince they ,jre bred ibid. Carrying of fey tign Rootsf>.fe 128 Caffia ibid, Cafiing of the skin or (hell, 154. The crea. tares that cafl either ibid. Caterpillars 153 Cements that groiv hard 183 Chalky, a good compojl^ 122, 12?. Good for P.flure, M t^ell as for Arable ibid. Cbameletns, "io. Their nonrifhrnent, ibid. A fond Tradition of them ibid. Chtmelotted I'.per 156 Change in Medicines r.ni Ailments food, i8. The caufe why ibid. Charcoal vapor in <• clofe room, mortal 202 Ch.irms aoy cheap fuel 1 64 .Children born in the feventh moneth, vital, in the eighth, not, 'j^. The caufe rvhy, ibid. Over-much nourifhment, ill for children, ibid. Dry nourifhment, hurt- ful, ibid. Nourifhment of an opening nature^goodfor them,\b\i\. Sitting much, hurtful for them, ibid. Cold things, hitrtfstlj ibid. Long fuck'ngy hurtful, ibid. Ch»<efes 71 C"^ -iover. rule the Stock, 93. tJMuft be ["P^'rior to it,i)0. Cions regr.ifted 97 t "»»'«'/;(!«, 128, The Proprieties of that Trc., jbid. Citron g-rafted on a ^^Inee 1 1 o C lummy Bodies <54, <55 Clarifjit,gof Liqaort bj Adhefion, a. Of tyater running ibid. Clarification of Liquors, 67. Three ca-fes thereof, '\0\d. be. Clarifcation of them h Separation^ ibid. By even diflrlbutlon of the Spirits, ibid. B; Ke fining the Sfi' rit, ibid. Several in(fances of Clartfica. r«»»,ibid. 68. fLrification of Drst-k*, Of Wine i;7 1^2 ibid. 69, Clarification Cloves, aitr.iillve of ly.iter Coafling of Plants 99 Cffce, a Berry mahjng Drink^ in Turky '55 Cold.iq, ProduBion »f it , a very noble rvor{, ib:d. Seven means to produce ir^ ibid. 20, pnnium l-ri^iduin, the Sarrh, 19. Tr.infinve into Bodies adiacent, as rvcll oi Heat, ibid. All tangible bodies of themfelves,cold, ibid. Den/lry^c.iufe of cold, ibid. ^t4'ick.lpirit in a cold body, increafethcold, ibid. ic. {'hafingaway of the warm jpirits,increafe of cold, ib. Exhaling of the warm jplrlts, doth the llkj, ibid. Cold prohibiteth Putrefafli~ on, 7 5. lrrit.!teth Flame S 3 Cold having mortified any part, how to help it ^ 166 Colexforts furthered in their growth by Sea weed, 96. 3/ being watered with Salt- water, 9S. Hurt Neighbor Plants ici Colicky cured by application of woolfs-guis 210 (^olli equation 73 ColocjUintida 2C1 Cchration of Flowers, loS. Colours of Flowers diferent from the fame Seed , 1 09. Colours of Herbs ibid. Colours vanifh not by degrees, at Sounds do, 51. 7 he caiifes thereof, ib\d. Coloursof Metal Orient in their dljfolutiont, 6.^. 7 he caufes ibid. Comforting of the Spirits of Men by fever al things 2C9 Compofts to iurich ground, T22, 123, 124. The ordering of them for fever al grounds, 222. Slxkjndes of them ibid. Compound fruits, i co. How they may he made ibid. Compreffion in f olid bodies, z. Caufe of all violent motion, 1. 7(ot hitherto inejuired, ibid, tforkjth fir fi in round, then inpro- grefi, ibid. E/ifilydlfcernable in Liquor :, in (olid bodies not, ibid. Comtrtffion in a brittle body, ibid. In Powder, in Shjt, ibid. To a preternatural extent, 16, In Sounds, ib. Comprefjlon of Liquors I 9y CoBCoUion, I -9. The word lefs rijf rained then formerly, ibitl. Not the wtrh^ of Heat alone, ibid* The two periods tf it ibid. Concords in Afufic^ 3° Corfretion of Bodies, iSi. "H'ffilved bythe coKtrary ibid, Condenfing Medicines to relieve the Spirits Mi Conienfing of ^ir into weight 1 56 K Z Cot!- ATablcof the chief Matters Congenllngof Air So ConferVAtloHof lioA'ies longt'ime, 162, 16;. The caufes and hffps thereof ibid. Confervat'ion of Bodies in ^nickj/ilver 1 68 Confiflenceof hodies 180 ConftimptioKs in what Airs recovered 204 Conti^notu things their operations 201 Ceppice-ivoods hf/leed 93 Coral 126, 165 No (^ore in Fruits 1 1 C^rn changed hy [owing often in the fame ground. III. Changed into a hafer kjnde I; the fterility of the year, ibid. The Difeafes thereof, I 36. The remedy of the Difeafesy ibid. 137. Choice of the he^Corn ibid. Corruptions 7 3 Court of Vulcarij near Puteoli 165 Cramp, 2 11,212. Two cures of it ibjd. Cretitures moving after the fevering of the head, 88. The caufes thereof ibid. Crudity 179 Cryjl.il in Caves, 81. liefignationof atryal for r>)^t(ing of it ibid. Cucumbers made to grow fooner, 96. To hear two years, ibid. By ftefpifg their Seeds in M'.l\, prove more dait.ty, 9'?^. ^iiide more delicate by throwing in chi-ff when they are fet, ibid. They exaedlr.gly affeU moiJfurej[h'id. FFHi grtw toW(,rds apot of water, ibid. Cure hy chjiom, i-j. Caution io he ufed its difeofes counted incurable, ibid. Cure by ex:efi,\\>\t. The caufe of it,\h\6. (fure hy motion of confent, ibid. Thyftians^ how to make nfeof thts motion ibid. Curiosities touching Plants, 107, 108,109, I 10 Curled leaves in flattts 133 cuttingTrees often, saufeth their long lafl~ ing 120 Cuttles hloai 156 D. Dy^mps from Mines and Minerals ici Day fhoivers, not fo good for Fruits as tight, fhowers J 35 "D'sath without pain 232 DecoSion muk^eth Liquors clearer, Infufion thicker, 68. The caufe ibid. ■^'^,159. Their generating ibid. Degenerating of Plants, lie, ill. The fe- veralcaufes thereof ibid. Democritus 203 Deficcation 74 DevpuvoiiHllls^better then up9»Falltys\6') Diamonds Cornifh 2, Diapafon, the ftveeteft of Sounds, 30. The Dinpafen or r.yniber of Light, rather a thing received, then atrue computation, ibid, half T^otes of JVecifiiy ietween the Vnifon ar.d Diapofon ibid. 1>.etdiu.kj, 19. Mcfl trsuhleftme at firfi ibid. Diferences cf Plants 121,122 Diferencts of feveral pflfsions in matter 182 Digging if the £ar I h healthful 2c 3 Difcordsin Mjick^ 3^,31 D if ef'fes contrary to prediSpoft'ion, 17. pyhat tie Hyf.cii n i< to do m fuch Ci^fes,]h\d. Difeajes infi fil<tts,6^. Dijeafes epide- mical 85 D'Jp/cfures and flci^fftrcs cf theferfes I45 ttifplenjure light, 151. The imprrfsions thereof ibjd. Diffotution cf Iron ir. Aiji a-fotlis \66 Divination N,t!.ral I'jz Togshiow th Dog-killer ' 211 Dtuble flowers 101, lie Down fpoH tie leaves of Vh.nts, 117. Iht virtue of ftiih Ui.ves ibid. Dreans pteafant and prophetical procured lyfcmefmells 2C4 Drinks, 6q. The maturation of t htm, ibid. How it u wrought, ibic^. Vyhetein it differethfrcmcL,rification,\h\d. Degrees cj i^latkration in fiveral Liquors, ibid. /Maturation hy tnforcitig the motions of the Spirit s,ih\d, ^uick»i*>g of driakthat ii dead ibid. Drowning of Metals 168, 169 Drunken men,i 5 2, Their Sperm unfruiiful, 153. T hey are unapt for volunti, ry moti- on, ibid. Imagine falfe things as to the eye, ibid. Dtflemperedfoonerwithfmall draughts, then with great ibid, Dryinf the adventitious moifiure, prohihi- teth putrefaHion, ^6. fiixture of dry things prohibits it ' ibid. DkUi hie Bodies 181,182 Dalcor^tion cf things, 133. 0/v?/rt<r// -79. Of iriiits hy ftveral ways, l8d. 'he cfitifes of them ] '^A. Dunq^s pf Beafts to inrich grcutids^ ^2k. VVhichof themthehtfi \ ibi*. I>nfl makethTrees fruitful 13< Dw.-i7fing of Trees /* ^'3 £.- ^. EAr danger eta te he pitkfd i^ /^witfg 140 ■tar ly Flowers and Platits Up £arth and Sand differ, I . Tarth Primum Irigidum, 19. Infpfions inEarth,'b'i„ The tffeEls thereof, il id. Cautions to he ufed thfretn,\\}\d. Siverclirjlances thereof, ilid. contained in thcfe Centuries. ir.ul. Earth t. kj« out of the t^^uits wttl pat forth Herhs, 117. The nettHte of thole Herbs, ii'id. ivhat Er,rth t.kjn out of fhidy ^r.d Tvatry wsods will put forthyVSi'i. E-irth upon Eat th , a good Compoft, 1 2;. Earths good and b^id, J 56. Eirtbs Aiedlcim I, i^'. Earth takjn r.ear the Tijver Niln^, 1 S^- E-irth psre, thr healthf::lliji (mell of all Zc^ Elfl>i>!(r <^^ d FloKiniT of thi S:.t -2' O EcchoeSy s6. Artificial Ecchoes not kjiown, iiid. Natural Ecchoes v>herefcnt)tty\b\i. The d'jfrrences betwien the Concurrent Sccho aKd Iterant, \h\d. No Ecchofrom tiTruKck^^ [topped at one end, ibiii. The c./ije,\hi(.\. Fccho frim within .1 J^'ell, ibid. H'hether Ecchoes move in the fame an^'e with the original SiwJs , ibid. 'Plurality of Ecchoes in or.epl.ice, ibid. Backrccchoes, ilid. Ecchots returning many words, s*^. Ecche upot: Eccho, 167, 16K. The l-k^e betwixt ^ta Houje^ axdau H,ll,^y. Eccho rvili not return the Let- ter S,\\x^., Dlffcence of Ecthoes, ih\('. Mixture of Ecchoes ibid. Ed' tie flefh, and not Edible^ i %6. The caiifes of each ibuf. Eq^ji^s, the yo'kjof thcw great K0Hri(hers,\jf_ How to be i^fed, ibid. 'iol'i conduceih m^re to the ncurifl'ment. it hue to the generation of the Bird. 25 f'^ht, thr f-.veeteft Concord in Mufi {• ;o Elder fluk. put to Confume y t.ikjth aw.ij warts 213 E!fdii.'m 168 E/eHrieti Bodies ibid. E'mgr.tfrcd Ico Enforcino ,t thought upon another, ZOA, In- flarc: thereof, \» n Juglers trit^, ibid. Three r»>e.:ni by which it mujlke wrought 20<i C5 EngitfhmAn hurt in the Leg, h.:rd to cure 166 E^.VJ 2C;,2 0.1 Epidemical D'.feafet 85 ^fculent PUnti, 119. Efculent raw, ibid, UAVingp jfed the fire y iJJ. '\ot Efcu- lentatall \\<\iK Eunuchs 1 4'i R L-r Tiwents pf livixg creatures f/>:ell ill, 177. I hi canfe, lyij. Some (mellwtlU ibid. The c.uile,\\i\:'. il'fi odioM to <i cre.itHT! of the j.ime Ignite ExcrefceK{i, of Tlaists,\ i;, 1 1-^, &:. Two fy-tls for Exc'-ifceices,\ i6.£\crefcences ji^yrd with 'Putref^^ion 1 1 7 F-'!-c:fe,66. I'l what Bodies hwtfuly ibid, T^"! tobe ufedwithaJpArediety ibid. Be. ii:fi-.of ex.rcifey ibid. Evils of extr- cife, Kiic^. txercife impinguattth not J" mi.'ch as friHions, I'.yo. t he c»ufe ibid. Eye of the Underflantltngy tit^e the Eje of S^nfe 24. TheEjes,\ ?8. Bnb move one wr.y^ ibid. See better one ey fKHt, ibid. Thecv.fe, ibid. ithy fame fee oue thin^ double, ibid, Pore-hitnde men fee befi ne,ir.h.iKd, ibul. The caiije, ibid. Old men At fume dift-t'.ce ibid. Tyes are offended bjr 0ver-gre.1t Lght ,it9. By CKtercb ,nge of Li^ht and ly-ir kr.efi on the fudden, loui. Uy fttAll Prints, iri.l. H'ax red in An^er, ir, Bhifhit,^ not^ 'ti.'il. The caufc of e.'.ch, ijid. Eye re-p/,;ctd, huth recovered fight b'fe F Able of Htrc\]^e> rnd l^yhs 40 FalUng-Jickjiejs, how helped 2 1 c t\ijCination re Fat (xtra^edout of flrfh i ;;v Feary 149, icfi The imprefslotis thereof 14.;, t5o Feathersof "Birds, why oF fuchfine colour-.^ 2. How the colour of them my be cha>.- ged, 24, 25. .^ge ch.if^eih ihtm i 0; Fcmhers burnt Jupprefs the Alother 2C4 Feii.ale and M.ile in Plcints,l26. The dijfer- ences of VeiK.de and M-.ite in fever. I li. ving crCiituresy J^~* 7 he caufet therecf ibui. Fetid fmells 177,178 Fibrows Bodies tiJ'^lSi Figs in the Spring, t)^. Indian Fig 1 27 Figur.^blf, ^I'd r.ot Figurable i'8 2'" Figures of V(ants 1 2 I F i^tire or 7 ropes inMu/ick^, hsve an agrte. mentwith thr Figure- of Rhetoricl^ ;l Fire Tanneth not M i h: Snudoth .<j^ SS Fire and hot w.-itcr, hc-it diferent'y, 140. Fires fubtcrr^mr ?0 Fire and -/4ir forefhew winds I 74 Fifh cf:heSt.j,put into frefh water 147,148 Fi(hesfore(heivr.tn 17T Fifhes greater then any Be fls, 184. The t Ciufe i « '. Fixation of Bidies li 'J FUmf and ylir mix not, 8 . Except in the Soirits oflegetables,iAii. Andcf l:vit:g creatures, ibid, 1'heir wonderful rfetls mixed, 9. Form of FUme would be Glo- bular, and not Prr.imid^l, il id. ir.uld be a hjling rodr, if not ext mgnifhtd hy ^ir, ibid. Afixethnot with F!ur,te,w\d. Burns (Ironger on the fides, thm in the midfiy ibid. // irritated by the yiir am. bi«ity\\.\d, Opir.ioM of the Peripxteticki V 3 */ A Table of the chief Matters of the Element of Fire^ ibid. Prejeth upon Oll^oi Air upon yVater^Zi^, T.tkjth in no ether body Into it, hutconvertelh ICy i6g. flame «•'«"»? trater to rife, igz, I lame, 8i. Thecontinutnce of it accord- ing to fever.il Bodia, ibid. Objervation abo/it goin^ont of Fl,,me, ibid. '02. Lajl- ing thereof, tti Candles of fever al mix- tnret, ibid. Of feveral Vyickj, H id. 8 5. /« C-"<^l'i hidi» Br.:r, ibid, in Linpi, ibid. Vlhereit drarveththe nonrifhment far, ibid. /* a 7 arretted Limp, ibid. yyhere it ii k^ept clofe from Air^'ii . Ac. cording to the temper of the Air, ibid. 8^'. frritnted by cold ibid. Flefh diplved into f ., r, 1 3 9. Flefh edible and not edible, i8(?. 1 he carfes of ^.cA,ibid. Uorfts flefh fometimes e,:ten, ibic). Mans fl^fh likeivije,\b. Eaten byyyitehes ib. Plies inixcep, fi<Tn of a Pe^iUtttial jear^ 15^, Thecttufe ibid. Flights of Birds, thefrvlften- mot'ion, T59. The c.f^fe thereof ibid. Flint laid at the bottim of i*Tree,hath helf- edthe groxpth, Os- The c.iufe ibid. Flowers fmellbefi irhofc- Liavcs fmell not,?i6. Flo'.vers growing tmjo/igfi the Corn, and no whe-telfe, 10b. To hmve Flowers grow upon Trees, 102. To induce colour into Flowers, \]:)\6. Flowers double, lO). To make them fo in fruitful Trees, ibid. Flowers, \z\. All exqitifitely figured , ibid. T^umbers of their Leaves ibid. flying in the Air of a B)dy unequnl, l6-j. of aBidj fiipported with Feathers ipi Firming of parts inyoung Creatures 7 ■<fjreign Plants 118, 119 Fowls, yyuter-fowtsfarefhew Rain 175 Fragile Sodies^i'io. Thecanfeof their fr a- giliiy ibid. French-matt hurt iu the head, h.ird to cure 166 Fryer Bacons Illulon 1 6c FriElton, a fiirthirer of navrifhrnent, \6. Makjththeparts moreftefhiy, 19c. The caufr, ibid. Imp'iKgiiateth more then Exerctfe, ]b\(i. The caufe ibid. Frogs in excej?, a fgn of a pejlilentiat year, I ^5. The caufe ibid. Fruits, their maturation, 70. The caufes thereof, ibid. Several inliances thereof, ibid. 71. Thf dnlcoratit» thereof, bj> other means, 1 8 ^. The fever.al caufes il . Fruit prii\eii as it groweth,ripensfoo.>:er, g6. Fruit-tree gr,fted upon a wild tree, 97. Fruit dulcorated , by applying cf Swines dur.g,g?-. The c a uje, [['id. AlfobyChf and Sivines dung miBgi'ed,\hid. Enlarged by being covered with a Pat as itgrowttb. ibid. Fruits cornpound, lOO, lOl. Fruits of divers kjndes upon one rree,\ 07. Fruits if divers fhfpes a>-d figures , ibid, ic8. Fruits with infcriptions upon them, ibid. Fruits th.it areted within, IC9. Frmti ccming twice a year, 1 19. F uitj made without Core or fione, 110. Fruits that h.ve it:jces fit for drin\, I %C. Unft,\b\d. Thec'iufe of ^^cA ibid. Fruits fweet before they beripe,l ~.,z.tihich never fweet en, \S\A. Fruit bljf'Jiing,hu*t by S'Htk-winds i 55 Fuel KOt confuming, iC^T,, 164. Fuel con- fuffjtng f,i/f,ib d. F. el cheap ibid. Full of the M ion, 1 9 :; . Several ejfeiis of it, ibid. Tryals for farther oifervutitts 194 Fumes taken in Pipes 202 GA!ils;is his opinion cf the El'birtr and Flowing of the Sea 16"] Gaping a motion of Imit alien 65 Garment s,cf what plants they may he made 128 Gathering of wind for frefhnej? 1 64 Generation, oppofed to corruption 7 3 Generating of jome Creatures at fet times onely, of fome ,:t all times, 159, The eaufe of CAch ibid. 1 60 Genius over-maftering 204 Cjermination accelerated by feveral means, 90,91,9:'. Ketarded hj feveral means gz Gu'inny-Pepper caufeth fne(\fg 202 Gta(s,the materialsthereof in Venice t6i Glafs outof S.ind, i6-\. Glafi, whether re- moult en, it k.tepeth weight 1 69 Globes at dijiance appearing flat 1 90 Gloworm 149 Gotdyit. 7 he making of it, \hid. Awo}\ piffible, but not rightly purfued, ibid. Difcourfe of a Stranger, touching the muring of it,']i.D reElions for the maimg of it, loid. 75. DlreElion of a Try^l, ibid. S-veral properties of Gold, ibi<). Gold hath in it the le.iH volatile of any Metal Gout, order in curing it 16 Grafting, gz. A late-comlngfruit upon an e trly Fruit- 1> ee, 9 3. Grafts in freat plen- ty, <-j'. (grafting meliorateih the Fruit, 97. Grafting of Trees that bear no Fruit, enl.irgeth the Leaves, ico. Grafting of feveral l^indes , m.k'th not Cor/fpouud fruits ibid. Graft ing yine upon Vine 136 Grapes, howthey m.iybe kjpt long,i2p, Al- fo byprefervingofthefidlk^ ibid. GrfiVttj, lO. Jlinion of Gravity ^\\^.. i^ %. Opinion containe J in thefe Centuries. Opinion ef moving to the Ceuiie, av-tnitjf lo Cre.tfiefs, comfarative of Itv'iKg CreatHVcs GrtfnKtfs in fome Flants all wi/iter^ I2i, 1:2. The caufe ibid. Grii*^ and p iln, 15 c. The imprejfions there- ef ibid. Growing (f certain Triiits and Her hs^ after tkej areg.^thcred,-;,'^. The caitfe^ ibiii. Try.d^n-hetber thij iKcreifein rveight ib. Grotfing or multiplying of Metr.ls 168 (jtim of Trees 2 (jur-powder^'^. The CAufeofthigreatnoife it jietdethy ibid, irhite givith no found H. Airs of Beafls^ not of Jo frefh colours M li'-dife.,thers,'2, Horv the colour of them m.iy l>e changed, 24,15. Hair on t e Hei-.d of Children netv iorn, 139. Hulr chatigtig colour, 1S3. H.iir of the p.-irtj^'). Beloved worn, exciteth love "I ; Hands have a fjmp^hj with the head and other p.nts 2j, i6 H--irdfubjis>nces in the "Sidies of living crea~ tHTe!,isi. Mofi about th: head,\\)\^. Sime of them fiand at afiaj, fome con- tinually grov^^ ibid. All of them without Senfe, but the Head 1 5 S H4rd Bodies, iS i . The Catife v\i. Heart of an Ape voorn, increafeth audacity 210 HavDsxnd Heps inflorei portend cold H^tnters Head cut fff" in fome creatures le.weth 4 lit'le jpAce of motioB^^. ' heciufe, itsiJ. Healthful Airs ofc times withoMt fent i.^p, Hearing h thmne operation upon the ,1'f tu- ners and Spirit ( of Men^then cth'.r Senfes, 31, 5:. Hinderances of Hea'iKg, 62. t^earivg kindred iy Tarvning, i; id. The c-ufe, iHd. Helped bj holding the breath, ibid. The caufe/o:A. fnflruments to help the Hearing, ibid, llfedin^pin \b\J. ' f thechiefeSl p>wer in /^.it re 2j ■V to mk^etryjlof the hghefl operationof
f,(i id. He.it and time work^the likeefeBi,
(^T. Their dfferent operation in many thirgt, ibid. Heat beifg ^talifrd by AfoiJlnrr, theefeff, 14C. He.it caufelh thf differences of (J^4le andFemale,iS^. Aifj m.iny other differences thereupon, imK The f.;me tempered veith miifture, ibid. Tbefeverat effects of Heat., in the Sun, Fire, and Living Creatures, ibid* Heat within the Eirth, 191. Try.il of drawing itforthby the Moon-beams 103 Heats under th: /Ejuino^tial, lejs then under the T.,rrid zones, 87. Three caufes thereof ibid. Heathen opinion touching the Generation of Creatures, perfeU by Concretion, refeli'd Heavenly Bodies., true Fires 19^ Hedg-hogsjlijh, a gnoddryer ii; H.liorrrpia, i r- . l he caufeiof their ope/.~ ing andfhutting, or bending loivards the S:4n \'c\ . Hemlock^ caufith eafie death 1 ^ z Herb) removed fromB.'ds into Pots, prosfir better, 9?. Grow fweeter i-y cutting ojj' the fir/} Sprout, 99. The caufe thereof, ibid. Inquiry, whether they be made Mc dictnable, .nnd ho:v^ 105, Four d'Jignati- onsofit,\b\(i. Thtir ordinary colours, 109. Herbs grooving out of the water without Ti^ots, 117. Growing out of the top of the Searrithout Rtots, ibid. 118. Grow, ing out of Snow, ibid. Growing out of S one, ibid. Growing in the bottoms of Mt>ie:,\h\A. J^onegrowitg o:tt »f Sea- fands, ibid. Herbs dying ye.. r/y,\bui . Th.tt la ft many years,ibid. t he largefl Uf},not longefi, as the large sl Trees do, ib:d. The caufe, ibid. H:rb inlikjnefs of a Lamb, 127. The Fable of it, ibid. Herbs will (hew the nature of the ground, i ^5. Herbs which likj to be watered with Salt-water, l:,J. Beib' forefheip rain 176 Hiccotgh,i^'. Thecaufe of it,i\}id. Cleans toc-afeit ibid. Honey, 127, 183. Several ways how it is fifed :bid. Honey-dews upon certain Leaves and Flowers 104 Ujrnr, 157. Horn'd Beafts have no upper T:eth 15s Hjrfes flefh eaten, 186. HorfeyTooth the mark, of their age, 158. Horft-tooth Ri»g,good for th: Cramp 1 1 1, 112 Hit Bread nourifhing in the odort thereof
o3
Humors ill lodged, very daugerotu i S I. \ Aol,amo(iperniciotafmeB 20 1 / fews-ear H 5 Image, whether it might be feenwitbout fee- ing the Glafs \(>0 j^aginAt ion exalted, 198. Force of it,ihid. 199. three Cautions about the jf^me; Vorkjth] mofl f.fin weak^ pff't^', iji"- Im- A Table of the chief Matters lrna(_ln»tio»^zo( 4 Th( k^nties of iV, ibid. The ford of it uporj a»Jihfr Efdy, ibid. 207. S-.veral iitftances of ;>, ibid. & :n ftq. ^» i»p.:HCe thereof ty a Pair of Cards, ibid. Three means to ir^fofe a Thought, 2c6,:i07, Difignationfor tryal of theoptr.ttians in this \inde, i>!d. 207. T} worli hj one I hit h.ithagooi opinion of ymi , ibid. 7'a worl^ by xtjiny, ibid. CMiatis to preferve Irnxgination m the j}ret7gth, ibid. It workjih mire at fome tirr.esy then others, ibid. It h^th moft force upon the h'lq^hefl motio»s,\b\d. 20t-, 2 0y, 2 1 c. sfe^s of the Senfe 168 Inu^Q^i'iitions imitating the imltAUoni of Nature, I. Injttation in Men^tind other Cre-stures, 55. 9^^ thing to he wondred ^t, ibid. Several motions /« Men ef imi- tation 65 imprcjfihle, i'.ndnotimpreffihle 1S2 Imp'ljio't andpetcufston of B dies^\6c^ ;6i. Irfspu/fio!3 of a S idy unequal i6j Inammate and A-jimate, nheiein theyd'ff.r l-icenfe, thouoht to tiiffofe to devotion by the operation of the fn.ell 204 lr\c>bus, how he/pfd 21® Indian L.trth brought over , hath produced Indian PlantSy 118. Indian Fig 1 27 Indian Tree with Leaves of great largenefs, and Fruit without flalkj ibid. ihdnration of Bidies, 22. Three means to ejfe£l it, ibii'. Examples thereof, i- id. 13. Indurations by Snorp or Ice, ibid. By Me- talline waters, ibid. In fome y.tttural Spring-waters, ibid. Of Metals by heat- ing and c]:e>ichii7g, ib (^. By fire, ib.d. Sj Decotiionstfithin water, thewaternot touching, ibid. 24. induration by Sym- p-ithy 182 /-!/.!«? in the yFamh ^fnfferingfrom the Mo. t her J diet 113 InfefliofM Dijeafes 6", Itjfltuncesof the Moon,l9-.y l^'j IP4- ^" number four ibid. Irfl txes of the heavenly Bodies. 200 Infafion in Liquors, /. A fhort jlay bejl, ibid. Infusions to be iterated, \bd. Vfe- ful for Medicinal 9perations,\h\d. Trydl which parts iffne fooneff, which flowefl, 5 . Evaporations of the finer Spirits, fome- times ufeful ibid, Infufion maketh Liijuors thicks, put Decofli- on clearer^ 68. The caufe ibid. Infufionsin Air,'). The feveral odors ijf.':e at feveral times ibid. Infufion in Sarth, 83, 84. The effiBs of it, ibid. Cautions to be ufed in It, ibid. Se-. veral injiances thtreof ibid. Inquination or Incor.coHioit I79 Itfcriptions upon Fruits 1 C^ I ilic.a, 143. Then-.me communicatedto ,ill Creatures, bred of PmrefaSiion , iiid. The difference of thent according to ihe fcvtral matters they are bred vf , 143, li^^, 145. ih: ( numeration of m-tiy of them,\ho. Several properties in them. ibif. Thry h.ve voiuntury motion, ibid. Other Serf es, befideTaJle ibi.'. tnv.fiblei in Bjdics ou^ht to be better inqui- red 26 Joviri.inus f/;f f/wffftfr 202 joy,i')0. The tmfrr/j'ifS thereof ibid. j'ynts in fome Plants, ■21. The caufe there- of ibui. fppocrafs clarified 2 Iron Infiruments, hurtful for wounds \66 Ifl inders Bodies b'5 Ivygrotving out of a St.igs Horn 1 1 s fuices of Fruit f.t for 'I)rit:kj, 10. Vr.pt for ihem,ib\d. The caufe of each ibic'. L. LAiinnum 128 L.irdput to wajle,taketh away Wttrts 313 LAjJltude 15^ La/ling Trees and fferbs, 'izo. Defignattos to ma\e Tlants more laBixgthen ordina- ry ibid. Late Flowers and P Lints 1 1 9 L.^ughing,!^!, 1^2. The impreJftoKS there- of ibid. Leaning lorg upon any part 1 54, 1 5 5 Leaping, 145. Helped by weights in the h.inds ib.d. Leaves nourifh not, 12. The caufe 130. Leaves of Trees and Herbs, I 27. Plant without Leaves 191 Left-fidejnd R ght, T90. Senfes aH\',flrong on each fide, Limbsflrongefi on the Rght, ibid. The caufe of each ibid. Life,by what courfes prolonged 64. L'ghts over- ar eat 'ffsnd the eyes 1 8F, I '^g light comfoiteih the Spirits, zii. ESpcci. ally Light varied and. I.incodis 1:52 Li'jurfi ible, and not LiqHefiable,^ 80. Bodies that Vquefe by Fire, ibid. O'hers that bf water, iind. Some that by both ibid. Liquors, their Clarification, 67. Three caafes thereof ,\h\d. 68. Prefervation of Lqiiors in fVells or F'aults,^^. Lqnors C/mpreffed, 1 87. Tiseir incorforatioM with Powders 6") Livif:^ Creatures that g^enerate at certain feafons onely, i 59. Others that at 4II feafons, ibid. The caufe of each, ibid- Their contained in thefe Centuries. Their fcveral times of bearing i» the yi^omb, \-\S. i6c. The caufcs thereof, ibid. The fever al numbers which they bring forth at a Bnrthe»^\h\A. The cetttfes, ibid. Living creatures th.it w'lll be tremf- mutei into another (feciesy III. Living creatures fortfhen>rpe*ther 175 Love 303 Lucciole in Italy 149 Lupines 1 3 ^ Lfifl, 152. The imprefsions thereef ibid. Ljfing, in what kjnde of foflnre healthful M. MAgic.il operations 128, 200, 204 Mai^ I ^ (Jl'tale and Female^ the differ et.ct of them IK fever.ll living creatures^ S4. The ciufes thereof, ib. i S^. Male and Fem.ile in Pl.ints, 126. Male-peonjf, ^»od for the Falling- fickjiefs <)«</ Incubus 209 LMaleficiating, 1^2. PraHifed in G«f- cony ibid. mi.ilt, 12;. The fuelling thereof y ibid. The fweetnefs thereof ibid. tJKans-fltfh eaten, 6. Breedeth the French Difeafeyib'id. Caufeth high imaginati- ««/, ibid. Not in it f elf edible, 186. The caufe^xVxA. Hoiv eaten by Cannibals, ibid, vyherefore bjVi^itches ibid. M.in^ra{es 1 2 S Manna l6j March, towards the end, the hefl difcoverer of Simmer fickji'ffis ly^ Marl,a goodComfoJl 122, 12; Mir row 157,158 Maturation, 179. Of Drinkj-,6g,qa>. Of Fruits, ibid. Maturation of Di^eSiion , 71,73 Meats indiicinlfatietj 66 Medicines changed helpful, 1?. Medicines which fffcH: the Bladder, 25. Medicines condenfsng, which relieve the Spirits, i 55. Medicinal Herbs I c^, 105 Megrims come upon rifng, not during the fit ting 154 Melancholly perfons difpofe the company to the like 26 Melioration of Fruits, Trees, and Tlants, 93,94. !^>i 9^97, 98,99, \^° Melc-cotonts grow befl without grafting, 97. The caufe thereof ibid. Memory the Art, 207. Mer.y better places then words, iHd. Memory ftrengthnedby the Brains of fame cre.it ures 2 1 UenFlrutm women 202 Mercurial and Sulphur om 7 8 tJMetals .ind 1' I ants wherein they difer,ll6. Growing of metals, 168. Drowning of metals, ibid. 169. Kefming of met.ils, I S5. Metalline Vapors hurtful to the Brain, 202. Metals give orient colours in their difjolutions , 64. The caufes ibid. Milk^ warm from the Cow,a gre.it uourifh- er, 14. How to be ufed, ibid. Cows Mill^ better then J} ffes Milk, or then w omens Milk., ibid. Milk, in Beaflst how to be in- creafed, i (54. Milk^ufedfor Clarification of L iijao rs, 6 9. (Jood to fleep divers Suds in,o'i. Treferving of Milk, 85. ^Hk in Plants 131 Mildew 104, 156 Minced meat} a great tieurifher, 14. How to be ufei ibid. Mifletoe 1 1 6 Mi.vture of Earth attiwattr in Plants 79 MoiflAir, how difcovered 173 Moiflfire adventitioHi, caujeof putrefaSiion, 6?. Moiflure qualifying he at, theeffeEl, 140. Moiflure increafed by the Moon, 193. Tryal of ttinSeeds,\h\d. In mens bodies, ibid. Force of it in (Vegetables 103,104 CUoejlers 1 00 Moon attrafliveof heat eut of "Bodies 20 Moones iifluences, J 91, tg'i, 19.^. In num- ber f««r, ibid. It insreafethmoifiure ibid, .MorfuiDiaboli,<»« H<T^ 134 Mortifed parts by cold, \66. Mufl not ap. proach the fire, \b\d. Cured, by applying Snow, ibid, Orwarmrfater ibid. JUof?, 75, 113. lyhere it groweth mofi , ibid. The caufe of it, \h\d. n hat it is, i6id. CMofsfveet,t\.it. in Apple. trees fweet, ibid, infome other Trees 132 Mother fuppr iff ed by burning Feathers 204 Mtthers diet afecletb the Infant in the womb 210 Motion hindreth putref anions 7 5 Motion of Bjdiet, 161. .Motion of Liberty 3 Motion of Nexe, 192. Motion of Confent in mans body, 10, i"?. Motion of Attrailion would prevail if C\Iotion of Gravity hin- dred not 1 4 8 Motions in men by imitation 65 Moulding of Fruits I o 8 Moulds 7S Mountains great forefhew Tempejit tarly Mouth out of tafle, 14I. »hat tafies tt wilt not have >bid. C\liilberry-!eaf l6l Mummy (laKcheththed 210 Murthtred body,blfedfg at the approach of the murtherer 207 Mufcovia A Table of thechief Matters Mufcovia hath » late Sfrittgyanditrlj H^r- ^'f/?, 119. Thecaufe ibid. Mnfhroams, 115. Their froprieties, ibid. Sever nl froduElions of them^ \Qidjyhere they grorvmoU Iji Afi*fck_,y 29. Ainfcal and Immuftcal founds^ ibid. Sidles producing Mufic.il founds ^ \W. 50. Dl«p!tfon the fweetejl of founds , ibid. Fall of HJf-notes necejjary in AIiitfu{, ibid, Confent of Notes tobea- fcribed to the Ante-notes , not Entire J^oteSy 50. Concords PerfeEl, and Semi- pe>fe[l, which thfy are, \\\d. The mofi odioHS 'Difcords of all other, ibid. Di/- cords of the B fe ^ mofl dijlurheth the Affi/ickj, ibid. 3 I . No Quarter-notes la Afuick^, \bi6. T/ea/lng of fingle Tones, anfmereth to the pleafing of Colour t and of Harmony to theple,ifing ofOrder^ ibid. figures er Tropes in Mujick huve an agree- ment vfiththe Figures in Rhetorlck,\\:>\d. Mufick^ hf.th (threat operation upon the manners and fpirits of CMea,\\i^. 31,32, Concords and Dif cords in A-iuficI^, are Sympnth'ies ai:d Antipathies of Sounds, 61. Infiruments that agree heji in Con- fore, ibid, injlruments with a double Lay of Strings', VFlre , and L:tte-firlngs 62 N. NAtHre, 63. Achice for the true In- tjuifitlon thereof itid. 64 Natural Divination 17 Z 7J eg roes 88 Night-fhowres better for Trmt, then Day (horvres 135, I 36 Nights Star-light y or Moon-fhlne , colder then cloudy 188 Nili:s, the vlrtttes thereof, i6\, HiVf to cla- rifie tbervater ef it ibid. Nitre, good for men grown. III for children, 7^'. Nitro::s yoAttr, 8c. Sceureth of it felf, ibid. Kitre mingled with water, m>:k'th J^lnes Sprout, <)6. Nitre upon the Se.t-fands 16^ Nourifhing Meats andDrinkj H, 13 Nourifhlng parts in Plants l/|, i 30 Nourl(hir.enl, 14, Five fever al Means to help it ibid, IJ, !<? Nourlihment mended, a great help 95 \^\[\)z'stwo CoMfns i<?3 o o. -i\ leaves r^nthtr Honey detvt 104 Oak^boughs put into the Earth, bring forth wttdef^ives. 1 1'i. Oal^-upples i\~ Oak^ bears 1 he mofl fruit among Trees, 157 !■;?. Thecaufe ibid OhjeEls of the fighr, caufe great delight In the Spirits, but m great offence, 1 to. The caufe ibid. Occhu5, a Tree in H/rcania 127 Odious ob]tlls,c«ufe the fpirits to file 167 Odors in fonie degree, no::rifh 204 Qyntmeut ufed by VVitches z i e Old Trees bearing better then the fame new Old men converfing with young comp.inj^ livelong 205 Oiions made to wax greater, ^y. In grow- ing, carry the feeds to the top 1 9*3 Operations of fympathj 20c Opium 2o Order incurlrgof difea/es 16, 17 Orenge-fiowers infufed, 4, Orenge-feed fowB /» April, will bring forth an excel- lent SiHct. herb 1 19 Orris-root 187 Ox-horn brlngeth forth ivy 115 Oyly ftthjiances and waxry,~j6' Commix- ture of oyly fubftances , prohlblteth pHtreft^^ion, ibid. Turning of watry ffthJiuKces into oylf,'j9. A great work in Nature^ ibid. Some injiances thereof ibid. Ojl of Sweet-Almondsy a great nourifher, 14. Howtobeufei ibid. P. PAlUatloninDifeafes 17 Pain and grief, 150. Tht imfrej sIohs thereof ibid. Paintings of the Body, 155. 'B^rbaroHs peo- ple much given to it 15(5, ibid. Panicum 95 Pantomimi 56 Paper chamoletted J 56 PaiacclfusV Principles i^-,19 Parents finding an alteration upon the ap- proach of their children, though unknown to them 204 Parts l» living creatures eafily reparable, and parts hardly reparable, 1 6. Parts of living creatures fevered,2i6. Their vir- tues in Natural Maglck, ibid. Ptif^lons of the mlnde, 15c, 151,152 .Their feveral imprefsions ibid. Teaches prove befl without grafting, 97. The caufe thereof ibid, no Tcarl, faid to recover the colour hjburid in the Earth 84 •pepper - contained in thcfe Centuries. I Ptrcrptionin alii fi fSy I7], A'iore fnbtil then the fenfe,\.\<\. It workjith aljo at i'ldar.ce, ibit!. The h-fl meant of frog- tioflicatir.g ibid. 172 Percolnt'iany intrard akH outward I, ; Percvjftan and iwjiulior. of hodte; i d O, i (5 i Verfume; Dryer , <t>>d Perfumes A'foi(lners of the Bra'ui^ 2 0,. Perfumes procure ple.:fant ard propheticai Dreams 204 Perfons near in hloid, or other Relations^ have manj fecret p'^pges of fjmpnthy 211 Ptfltleittlal years, S5. Their progntfili{t 135. 17-. '7.^ Philofopl-y received 1 y 8 Pilofty in Men and Be.i/ls, I 59. The cafes thtreif ibid. Piflachoes 1 3 Pit upon the Se.t~fhore, T . Filled with water pot able, \V'\<i, TraElifed /'» Alexandria, ibid. j^ndhjQdix, ibi"'. it ho tr.iflook^ the ciufe^ it i(i. l» time will become S.ilt again 19( Pity,i'\i. Theirnprejfionsthereof ibid. Pius QuintUi hi^ revelation, touchingthe ziElory atLi^iUio 2l2 Plague traKfmittedwithoHt fent, 2CO, 201. The fuppofed fent cf it, ibid. Perfons leaf} apt to tai[e it, and perfons moji, ibid. Plagues catiled ty great futrefaHlons ^ 202. 'Prefervatives.-gaif^fi it 209 Plane-tree watered with tfir.e I 28 ^plants , why of greater age then li- ving creatures, i<^, \6. Dignity of Plants, Sc), Acceleration cf thtir Ger- mination, ibid. 90,91,93. Retarding of their Germination, ibid. 7 he Afelio^ ration of them divers w.ys, 9;, 94, 95, 96, 97, 9^1 90, icc. Caufe why fame die in H^inttr,(^6. Sympathy and yinti- pathy of PUits, in, iC2, 1C5, 104. 'Plants drawing the fame jrycrs out of the earth, thrive not together, 101. Drawers of much nouriff-ment , hurl their neighbor- Blants, ibid. Drawing feveral juyces, thrive well together,-i07. Several inflances of each, ibiJ. "Dejig- nations of further tryals hereof, ibid. Trjalt »* He) bi, voyfonom or p-irgative, 103. Plants that die pl.iced together, ibid. Try J nherher Plants will attract ffater at fame di/lar.ce, IC4. Curio fities ttuching "Plants, IC7, ic'i, Ic9, lie. Plants will degenerate, iiCy iri. The feveral caufes thereof, ibid. Tr.mfmu- Ution of 'Plants, ibid. Six dcugnatlons thereof, W id. 1 1 2, 117. Their feveral excrefcenceSyU-:, ii.j, 115,116,117. i'rnkjfsof free-, \\6. I'. '.irt's f rowing w thout feed, 117, ] irt. G'oipiit^out of Jtone, ibid. Plants foreign, ll^u•. riij. Kemoved ant of hot Ca.-mtrrjs willl-jep their feafonj, \W\f^, Set in the Sumner fe.ifons will profptr in colder Count refs, ibid. Seafons of feveral Plants, ibid. Plants bearing ihffcmt, isnd younir fruit, and ripe fruits together, 119, 120.' 'Plants with jojnts or tniic^les tn the ' ftall^^f, 121. The ca:-/es thereof^ ibid. "Dferences af Plants, i.i\(^. 1:2, Same pHiting forth hlofftms before leaves, 12 1. Others, leaves before hhffoms,\h\i\. The c.tife of each, ibid. Plmts green all winter, 121, J22. The ( iufe,iWu'.. Plants not fiipportingthemfelves, ib. Thecaufe of theirflcndernef, ibid. Plants and in- animate bodiesdiff'rr info-^r things, \ 25, 126, Plants end Metals in three, ibid. Plants and Moulds, or P utrtf.IiioKS, ■wherein they dij'er, i^id. Plants and li- ving Creatures their dijferences, \z6, I -"• CMale and Fern ale in Plant s,VMd. Plants n hereof Garments are made, 128. Plant flteping, ihid. Plants with bearded Koots, ibn). Plants e feu lent, 129, 130. Efculent raw, ibid. Having ptjfed the fire,\h\A. Tarts in Plants that are n» irifh- ing, ibd. Seeds in PLnts, more [Irong then either Leaf or Root^\h\6. Thecaufe, ibid. In fame not, ibid. Plants with Milk, in them,{ 151. Plants with red jnyce, 152. No Plants have a fait tafle, ibid. Plants with curled Leaves, I;^. Plants may be traxjlated into other Regi- ons, I 5 ^ . Tet they l:{fft>me foils, more then other, \h\6. Sever.d inflat.ces thtie. cf, ibid. Plant Without leaves, 162. Sin. gularities in feveral Plants 1 ; S Pl.jler hardued likj: Marble 1 6 5 Pltijiered room green, dangerem 702 P laces of Metals affwage fwellitg 187 Pleafures and diJpleJfnres tf the Senfej Phugh followed, healthful 1 03 Pliimoftyin Birds, I:; 9. The cauft thereof ibid. Plums of what colour the ie/f, icp. The dryer, the better fort ibid. Pneumaticals in todies 181 'Pomanders la, Pon:-Charcnton, theScrho there 57 Pore-blinde men fee befi re.ir hMnd^ 188. Thecaufe jbid. 'Pot ado roots potted, grow greater 9^ Powder in Shot -^ Piwders and Liquors, their luctrptration Poyfo. 'i I A Table of thechief Matters Puyfoningof dlr 101 PojijoKing b) ImcUs, i6id. zoi. Caution touching pojfontng lb. PoyfoaoM (^rcAtuTts lave to lie tinier Odo- rate Herhs 13^ Trec'iofti ftones comfort thefptrits -08 Prefervation of bodies from corruption 2S Trefervation of Fruits in Sirrups, I29' yi/(t in powders, ibid, ivhen to gather fruits for prefervation, ibid. Atfo in Bottles in a ]yeU,\h. Preferving CJrapes long, lb. Another way thereof 134 Trickles of 7 rees 116,117 Procreations by copulation, and by putrt> faUion, 194. The caufe of each ibid. Prognoflickjforflentyorfcarcity, x?8. Of pefliler.tiat years, 14 1» 155,1"^, 17^. Of cold and long winters, ly^. Sji Brds, !-/<). Of an hot and dryf!immer,\[\ By the Birds a/fo,\b. of winds, ib. Of great tempefls,ih. Of rain,\b. From living creatures, ibid. From water fowls and land fowls, 176. From fifhes,\b\6. From beajfs, ib. From herds, ibid. From aches tit mens bodies, ibid, Ftom worms, ibid. From the fweating of folid bodies ibid. 'Proprieties fecret 117, 214 Purgfng Medicines, '^. Have their virtue in afine fplrit. Endure not boiling, ibid. Talf^ingaway their unfleafant tajle, ibid. Several ways of the operations of purg- ing Medicines, 10,11, 12. "they work, upon their prefer Humors, II. Medi- cines that purge by fiool, and that purge by urine, i-. Their fever al cnufcs ,\hni, iyork_ in thefe ways at they are given in tjuantifj-y ib. Preparations before purg^ tng, ii. ii'ant of preparatives , what hurt it doth, both in purging, ibid, and after pnrgir,g ibid. Piftyefa^tion,y-.. ^Acceleration of it, ibid. The caufe of patrefaffion, ibid. Putre- f.Ulio)-, whence, 74. Ten means of in- ducing p'ltrefiiLiions, i'oid. Prohibiting of putrefaBion, ';'y. Ten means of pro- hibitinf^it, ibid. 76. Inceptions of pu- tnfaflion, 71. P- tref.El'ionf for the mpji part fmell ill, vni. The caufe, ibid. PutnfaCiion from wh.it caufcs it Com- eth, 17S, Pmrcfacl'ion- induced by the Mooa-he.ims 19- P:.tr(faiiioKs of I'viKg cro-tures , have caufed Pl.igues 1C2 P:'.trif.ed bodies moji odious to a creature of the fame kjnde ibid . P i 1 1 hu ■ /; J(/ hts Teeth undivided 1 5 8 l>yclia»oias his Phllojtphy 197 QZiArr'it! th(>t grow hard 18^ £!^tiikr^lver will conferve Bodies 168 ^uickrfilver fixed to the harinefs of Lead li52 R. R-Ackjng of y/in e or Seer 6 g Kain in Egypt fcarce, 161. The caufe thereof, ibid. Several progieofUcks ofR^in 175.176 Rainbow fatd to bring fweetnefs of edor to Plants under it 176, 177 %ams skins good to be applied to wounds Red within fome few fruits 1 09 Red juyce in Plants 1 52 Reeds I ^ Refining of Metals 1 Sj; T^frafiion caufeth the fpccies vifible to appear bigger ,160. Other ebfervations about RefraUions ibid. Repletion hindreth Generation ^1 Reji caufeth Putrefaflion 7 5 Retardation of Germination 92 Rew helpeth the Fig-tree 102 %heumes, how caufei 1 1 Rice a nourifiji ng meat 1 5 Right ^fide and left, 1 g ©. Senfes alikjfirong on both fides , Limbs flrongefl on the Right, \b\d. The caufe of eSh ibid. Rooms built for health 20 Roots of fruit trees multiplied , 93, 94. Root made gr eat, c)^. By apt tying Pani- cum about it, ibid. Roots potted, grow greater, 99, 100, Koots preferved all winter, ibid. Roots of Ctrtes that defcend defp, 13^,134. Others th.tt fpredmore^ ibid. The caufe of each, ibid. Roots of Plants of three forts, Bulbitts^ Fibrous, Hirfute 128 Rol'a Solis the Herb ■ 1 c^ Rofes Damask^how tonferved 81 Rubarbinfufed,^, T. For a fhort time befl, ibid. Repeated may be asfirong asSc-tm- momy, ibid. A isnedifl Medicine, 5. C.intioit in the taking thereof \ i RuJlefMeuls 74 SAtiety in Meats 66 Salamander, 1 85, 1 S7. The caufe that it endureth the fire ib- Salt a giod Cornpofi^i :; 3 . Suit in Plants,!^ 2 . Salt contained in thefc Centuries. S:tlt hnih ^/jmpjihy with Biood^z \i. It ii an bfaler, ibid, tc nfeth not in Difii/- /ittiotts 1^0, 191 S^it-petre, hi>w it may be bred 1 2 ^ Sult'W»ter p'jfed through Earth, becomes frt/hyt . Four differences betireen the p^fs- tHg it i» i'tffeh .indiH Pits, 2. Siii-'-wattr goad for to ivjiterfomt Hfrbs, i ^7, i ;8.. Salt-W4ter boiled, becimeth more pot able, 190, IQI, S-Ut-water fooner diffolvitf Stiltf then Frejh-water, ibid. The caufe ibid. Sand turning Minerals into a Glaffy fub. fiance \ 64 Sanguis DraCJnis, the Tree th.it be.ns it 1 ji Sep of TreeSy 154. The differing nature thereof in feveral Trees ibid. S:arlet.dye 1 91, 191 Sciglble, and not fcifflble 1 8 2 Sea clearer the JVorth-tvmd blaming, tbeti the South, I ^9. Sea, by t be bubbles fore-- Pjepfeth wind, 175. Sea. water lookjth Hack,, moved; white, relH>,g,i^g. The caufe, ibid, seas (hallow and narrow , l>reak^more then deep and large 1 90 Sea.fi(h put into Frefh-waters I47 Sea.hare coming ntar the Bedj, burteth the i- <ings 211 Sea-fand a goad Compoft, 123. Sea-fands produce no Plant 1 1 S Siafons of "Plants 1 1 9 Secret proprieties 2 14,2 1 5 Secundine 154 Seeds in Plant!, more firongthen either Leaf or Root, 1 :o. The caufe, ibid. In fome not, ihd. Seedty their choice, i if .Plants growing rvith^ut Seeds 117, 118 Senfe , their pleafures and dlfpleafures, 1 4 J. Thei'- inn-rumtntt have a fimilitude with that vfhich givelhtherefltxtonof the ob- jeEl 6Z Separation of feveral Natnres by flr.xining, 2. Of fever.il Ltejitors hy weight, 7,. And if the fame \\ndeof Liquors thitk^ed, 4. Of M:rali i69 Separation of the cruder parts prohibiteth PutrefaJion jf^ Servets ufed in Tutky 148 Setting of li'heat 95 1 9^ Setting of Trees, higher or lower 99 Several Fruit i upon out Tret shade helpith fome Plants shadows feeming ever to tremble shame, 151, zo6. The impreffuns thereof 151 Shell-fifh h.ive no Boneswithin is7, 1 S9,19J Shiftiug fnf the better, helptth Plants and Living Creatures 95 I — IC7 95 190 ShiKinf wood 77>7'^ Showres good for fruit s,\'i,^. Tor ftate not, ibid, "^ight-jhowres better then Day. (howres i ;6 shoures after a long drought, caufe fickj.iffes if they be gentle^ 174. // great ,. not ibid. sick,ntffes of the Summer and the mat cr ?4 \ [ Sight the oljcit thereof, (Quicker then of I He.t)i-,g,'^o,'j\. sight, I'tify i^r. Ob- jeHs thereof, caufe great delight in the Spirits, but no great nffer.ce, ibid. The caufe ibid. Silver moreeafily made then Gold 7', 7- Simples jpecialfar A'ledicines, 141 , 1 12. S:ich Oi have fubtile parts without Acrimony, ibid. tJMany creatures bred of Pu're. faHion, arefo, ibid. Alfo PutrefuUions of Plants ibid. singularities in feveral PUifs 158 sln^'Kgof Bodies, 16^. The caufe ibid. sit ting healthful 154 Skjill 157 Sleep agreat nourifher, 15. sleep,i')6,l^y. Hindred ty cold in the Feet, ibid. Fur. thered by fame l^inde of »oifes,<.b'id- Niu- rifhtth iti many Beafl-s aud Birds, ibid. Sleeping creatures all ivinter 1 94 sleeping Plants 128 Smells and Odors, ?6. B-fi at fome difl.^nce, ibid. B'M where the Btdyiscru(hed,\bid. Not fo in Flowers crufhed, ibid. BeSt in Flowers, whtfe Leaves (mell not, ibid. Smells fwett,\-]-]. Hive all a corporeal fubflance, ibid. Smells fetide, ibid. 178. Smell of the Jaol mofl pernicioM, 2O1, Smells that are mofldangerou* ibid. Snakj.skjn worn leg Snee^'tig ceafeththe Hiccough,Jc^, induced bylookjng againfl the Sui^ ibid. The caufe thereof ibi('. Siiow-WAter,^-j, Sn»ws caufe fruitful nefs, ibid, Th'-ee eanfes$hereof,\b\d. Stowgood to be applied t » a mortified part, 1 66. The caufe thereof, \h\d. Snow bringing forth Herbs li^ Soals of thePeet, btve afjmpathywiththe Head 2 5 Soft E»dies,iii. The caufe, ib\d. They are of two forts ibid. Solid Bidiei fwcAtingforefhcw %*ih 176 Stot a goad Cempojl ' - \ Sorel,i'-.y. The Riot thereof ibid. Soulof theh^orld 197>I98 Sounds Muical and Immuftcal 2 9 Siundsmtre aft to procure (Itep thentonei,
i. Thec.tHfe,ib\d. Nature of S*unds,
not fuffciently inquired , ;i. Motion: great in Nature without Sounds, ibid. X Nkllitj A Table ofthe chief Matters T^uUitjf and Snthy nf Sounds^ ibid. ;55,
?-;. Stvlftnefs of Motion , may make
S^UKdi in,iudibte^\\)\d. Sounds not an £- liQon of the y^/r,ibld. "i ht rthfons there- of^ ^5. Sound not frodHcedrvlth)Ht (ome local motion of the Medium, ibid. Tet d'tfi'ir.Bton tobem^iAe betxvixt the motion of the yiir, and the Sounds themfelvef, ibid. ;6. Great Sounds, caufe great mo. t'loMi in the Air, and other B)dus^ ibid. Haverarrfiid the Air much, ib\d. HAve car^fed De.<ifn(js,\h'\i!i.EKclofure of Sounds C}nferveththem,i3\A. Sounds jiartlrtn- clofed, andp.nflj in open Air, ibid. "Bet- ter he^rd from wtthout^thenfromrvitkin, ibid, yl Semi-c.ive will convey Smtid, tetttr then open ^-i(V,ibid, u4ny long Pole will do the //^.', ibid. Trynlto he made in a crookjd Concave, ibid. Sounds may he created without Air, 37. DifercKce of Sounds in d'iff'trent yejf els filled with water, ibid. Siund within a Flame, ibid. Sound upon a Barrel emptier or fnller^ ibid. Sound not created hetwixt the Bow and the String , hut betwixt the String and the tyiir ibid. Magnitude of Sound, 45. In a rr««f ;^,ibid. The caufe thereof, ibid. In an Hunters Born biggtr at the lower end, 3 b'. The caufe thereof, \h\d. In a Vault under the EArth, ibid. The caufe thereof, ibid, in H.nvkj Bells, rather then upon a piece of Brajs inthe open zyilr, ibid. In a Drum, ibid. Fu>thcr he/rd by night, then by d^y, ibid. The caufe thereof, ibid. /«. creaffd bj the concurrent r (flexion, ibid. Increi^fed by the Sound-board in Injlru- ments,\b\t.\. In <*n Irifh ffarp, '\b\d. 7 he c.iufe of the loud found thereof, ibu]. In a Virginal the Lid (hut, ibir. fnaCen- cave Ttithina wall, ibid. ^8, ';9. In a Bm-jlring, the Horn of the row l.:id to the ear, ibid. 39. The like in a T^^od of li'on or Brafs, \b\d. The likj conveyed i>y a Pillar of lVood,from iin tapper Chamber to A loiver, ibit'. The like from the bottom of a n ell, ibid. Vive ways »f M/ijoration of Sounds ibid. Exility of Sound* through any porous Bodies, ibid. 39.^ hrough irateryWid.^c. Strings [loppedfhort ibid. Damping, of Sounds, ibid, ii'ith a foft Body, ibid. Iron hot , nor fo founding as cold, \b. H aicr Wiir m, not fo founding in the fall as cold ' ibid. Los^dntfs and foft nefs of Sounds, dijfer from ALtgnitude and Exility, 41. \Loudnefs of Sounds, ibid. ^Hicknefs of 'J'ete.'ijfion, caufe of the Ion dnefs ibid. Communication of Sounds 4i Ine^nality of Sounds, ^1. Unecjual Souriis ingrate, ibid. GrMcful, ibio. Uliu/iC'tl and Immt'fical S}Hnds,aC pleafure ovelj in CSlen and Birds, ibid. Humming of Bees an unecj'tal Sjund,^^. Metals quenched give an hijfing Sound i bi d . Bifeand Treble Sounds, ibid. Two caufes of Treble in Strlng<f\b\d. Proportion of the Air perc'jfed in Treble and it^fe, 53. Tryal hereof to be made in the winding up of a String, ibid. 44. Inthe diflances of Frets, ibid. In the Bjret of ffind-Inftrw ments ibid. Interior and Exterior Sounds,^';. Their dif- ference, \b\d. Stveral k.indes of each ibid. Articulation of Sounds, 41?. Articulate Sounds in every part of the Air, ibid. VFindi hinder not the Articulati»n,\\i\d. "Diflance hindrtth, ibid, speaking under water hindret hit not, \b\d. ^rticulatioB reqn'ireth a Mediocrity of Sound, ibid. Ccnfoftnded in a Room over an arched Fault, ibid. Motions of the instruments of speech, towards the forming of the Let- ters, ih. irjlruments of Voice, which they are,ib\d. 4(5,47. Inarticulate Voices and Inaimate Sounds hutve a fimilitude with divers Letters ibid. CMotions of Sounds, 49. They move in round,\b\d. May move in an arched Line, ibid. Suppofed that Sounds move better downwards then upwards, ibid. 50. Tryal of tt ibid. L t:fling of Sounds, i bi d. Sounds continp. enot, but renew, ibid. Great Sounds heard at far dijlanee, ibid. 7<(ot in theinjiantof the Sound, but long after, ibid, ohje^ of Sight, tjuicker then Sound, 5c, ')i. Sounds v.ini(h by degrees , which the OhjeSs of fight dt not, ibid. The caufe thereof ibid, P^jJ^ge of Sounds throughotherBodi.es, 51. The Body inter cept ihg , mufl not be very thicks, ibid. The spirits of the Body inter- cepting , jthether thejto-operate in the Sound, ibid. Sound net heard In a long dowf.-right Arch, ibid, P^jfeth eafilj through F oraminoHs Bodies, ibid. Whe, ther dimini/hed in the faff age through fmall Crannies 5 2 C^ledium of Sounds, ibid. Air the befl Me. dium, ibid. Thin Air not fo good m thit\ Air, ibid. Whether Flame be a fit Me- dium,\bid, whether other Liquors h. fide water ibid. Figures of the diferents of Sounds, 52. Se. veral try^ls of them ibid. Mixtures of Sounds, "^T,. Audibles mingle inthe M('li»f'i^'hich njihles do »ef jibid. TI>e contained in thefe Centuries. The caufe thereof ^\bi(i. Mixture rvithntc disfiniiten, r»^l{es the beP- Hxrmo "s^,: ;:i(' . ^■tal'ities inthe Air^ have no operations upon SouKiii, ibid. Soui:di in the ^y4ir alter one another, ^.]. T.vo Sounds of likj: toudnef, will not be heard as far again *s one,\b)d. T'.iecitnfe thereof ibid. rJMeiioratian of So;{>tdt,^). Poltfhed Bodiet, created SottnHs meliorate them, ibid, irec »n the infideof a Pipe doth the iikj, ibid. Froffjf rveather caiifeth the fame, ibid, ain^^/'in^ of open Air vfith pent Air, doth the fume, ibid. Front a Bidy equal, found better, 5 5 . Uitenfiin of the S:nfe of Hear- ing, met lor.iteth them ibid. Imitation of Sounds, ibid. The wander there- of in children and Birds ibid, /f flexion of Sounds, 5 C. The fever al kjndes , )bid,iV« refraSioH tn Soundsobferved,^S. Sympathy and ant ip.it hy of S'unds, (-j, C'KCordi and Difcords inM:i(ic\.,are fjm- pathies and anripathies of Sounds, ibid. S-r'tn^f ihit best agree in Confort, ibid. Strings tuned to .mUnifon or a Diapafon, (hea> .1 Sympathj,6 : . Sympathy conceived, to caufe no report, ibid, experiment of Sympathy to be transferred to fVind.Inflru. ments ibid, 'Eff;n:e of Siunis Spir'tnl, 6"^. Sounds not . Impreffions inthe Atr ibid. Caufes of the fxdden Generation and Perifh- ifg of Sounds ibid. CoBctu'iantouching Sounds 63 Soumefs it Fruits and Liquors, T S7. The ca-tfeof facA,ibid. Souring of Liquors in the Sun ibid. SjHth wind; difpofe Afem Bidies to heavi- neft, 64. South~ivi»ds hurtful to Fruit bloffommg, i^i;. Siuth-vftnds T»ithosit Rain, b^eed I'eflilence, with Ram not, I 166. The caufes, ibid. On the Sea-coafls II not fo ibid. SiUth-Eaff, Sui l>:ttfr then the S^uth-weft firripeniigFrmt ibid. I Sp.-.rkjingwoods l',T, Species V'^'nle l6o Spirits in Bodi-t, frarce l^norvn,-:6. Seve- ral opinions of rhfm, ibid. Ther are T^n- tural Bdies ran fed, ibid. Caufes of fttof} of the rffrfli in Mature, ibid. Thfy havepl/e d Ifrir^ 'p-ratnrs, 7;. Spirits inSiditi,^ Z S. f-foivther differ inanimate andinanimte, ibid. How inTlants and Living Creatures I z6 ^gain of Spirits in Rodier, i8t. They are ef two forts, ibid. Motion of the .'•'pirits excited by the Moony 10?. The (frength- "'"£ "f 'I"** prohib^tch Putrefanlon '6 Spirits of Men/lte upj" odta.m oi-jUt,, lOy The Tranfniijfim » Spirits, I9S. & n f(qicnc;b. Tf.if.fmijffion of them from: ht mmdei of Mm, :c3,2:4,.2 0'., 1 7, zcS, 20(,i. Such thtr^gs a4 comfort tite Spirits by fympathy, ;o S, 2 c 9, Thejlnfe of the Spirits, bejl helped by arrcfiing them for a time i i J. Sponges lay Springs of wjter m.xde by an 6 Spring-water 87 Sprouting of Plants with water or.ely 1 3 3 Squill, good tofet Kernels or Plumb-fianes in 96 Stags Hart tfith a Bsneinit 157 Stanchers rf Blood 1 1 o Stars Irffer tbfcured , a fgn of Tempeflt Sterility of the ycar^ changethCorn tnta an- other kjnde 1 1 1 Stomach, the appetite thereof, \"6. The qualities that provoke appettte^'ib'id. The four caufes of appetite ibid. Stone wanting in Plumbs 1 1 Stretching, a motion of imitation 6 5 Stub old, putting forth a Tree of a better kjude 1 1 1 Stutting, 85. 1 wo caufes thertof ibid, Subterrany Fires 7B Suckjng long, ill for Children ibid. Sugar, 127, 183, The ufe of it, ibid. Draweth Liquor, higher then the Liquor Cometh 21 Sulphureotu and Mircurial 7^ > 79 Summer and winter fickne^tt,%a^. ThtVrog. no/ficki of a dry Summer 1 74 Sun Tanneth, which Fire doth not ^ 87, i:'8. The cattfe ibid. SuperfetatioH,thecatife of it 1 16 Super-Plants befide Mifletoe 1 3 5 Supporting Tl-mts of themfelveSy 4ttd not fupporters I i - Sw.ilUw! made syhite, by Mnointing the Eggs withOyl -II S.veat, 148. farts under the vater, though hotfweat not, ibid. Salt iu tajle, ii:iJ, Cometh more from the upper parts then from the lower, ibid. More in flrep then wakjng, ibid. Cold fweat commonly mor- tal, i.iid. T49. Sweat, in what dtfeafts good, in whin bad, ibid. /« fome men have, been fweet - Street Mof~, 1 14, i ^l. Sweetnefs of oior from the Rainbow, 176. Sweetnefs tf odor, whether not in fome water, ibid. In r.arth found, ifeid. Sweet fmelli, 177. Several properties of them, ibid. They h.,ve aCorporeal futfiancet. Jbid. Sweetnefs in Fruitsand Liquors, l?y. The X z artfe A Table of thcchief Matters caufe of frtfA,ihid. Swett thlngscommix- ed^ prohific PutrefaBtoit 76 Svnellihg^ how CAufed in thcBoiy^ 7^. How it may be k eft down, 1 87 . i'hj it follorv- eth upon Blowt and Brulfes ibid. SiveUinf of Graini upon Boiitngy t8s. The Cdufe of the different frvelling them ibid. Srvimmingof Bodies^ 163,166,167. The cnufe 1^3 Swines Ditng dulcorAteth Fruit, 98, The CAH/e ibid. Svinffing of Bottles,6?. Theufeof it ibid, Sivoundings 205 Syiva ^\/\\iTU\v,theintentienof it 24, 15 Sympathy and u4t!tlpathj,z%, Symp.tthj tn Plants, 98. Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants 1 CI, ib2, 105,104 Sympathy, fi\. hJlAnces /A^rfo/",ibiJ.2c8, 109. Sympathy, (ecret between Perfons, nejtrin blood^zic. Between great frter.di in tibfence, ibid. Sympathy betwixt Mul- titudes, luid. Sympathy of Individuals 213 T. T. Ears of Trees 128 TVffA, 141, 157. rftf/V teudernefs, 128. Teeth fet on edge by hir/h founds, 145, 3V!)<' fa«/ir,ibid. Sinews tnthem, thecanfe (f theirpain, not theMnrrow, 158, 159. Thetr feverali(jnde!, ibid, difference in feveral Creatures, ibid. "Horned BeaFls have no upper teeth^\h\d. Tooth,themark^ of Horfes .:ge, ibid, ^t what age they come forth in Men, ibid. VVhat things hurt thtm^\\)\A. ^hiefeft cot.pderations about the Tiethy^S X. Restitution of Teeth in age,iJid. Vl^heth^r it moy be done or no ibid. Tempejls, t heir frediUioMS 1 74 TtKjile Bodies 181,182 Terra Lcmnia 147 Tctra Sigillata comn.unis ibid. Thalcs 138 Th'tjUe-down flyi>-g intbe jiir, fortfheweth ■wind 175 Timber, 134. 1 he feveral natures thereof ^ ib:fl. The feveral ufes according to the nature of th: Trees 1 3 5 Time dnd heat work^ the li{e effefis,6'). Their different operations in many things ibid. Tit itUtion, 1 6 1 . The caufe ef tt, ibid. /«- duceth laughing, ibid. Of the T^^ftrils, caufeih fnet-^jug ibid. Tojtd-flool 1 1 5 Tobacco, x'^^yzo-^. Englilli 7«t(Jffe» how It may be mended 1 85 Torti, 29. Ltfs apt to procure jletp , then Sounds ,31. The ciufe why ih'uK Tongue (heweth readily inwurdHifeiifes 141 Torpedo Marina 112 Tough Bodies, I 8c, 181. Tkecaufe il i-'. Tranfmiffton of Spirits, i(y'^.lL\vi ffq. Eigh kjndes of trarf/Tiifsion ef fpirits, 1^9, 20c, 2CI. ^1 of the airy parts cf bodies, 1' iJ. Of fpiritual {fecies,\h\d. Of fpi- rits caufing Attr^Uian, ibid. Of f^'rits vol ^:ngby the Primitive Nature of il.i:- ter, ibid. Of the fpirits ef the M-nde cf Man, ibid. Of the t'fl-xes cf the Hea- venly bodies, itid. in cptrations <f Sym pathy, \b\d. hy fjmpathy ef individu/L ibid. Trees planted warm, 90. Hopfing ef them, 92. Heap cf Flint laid at the bottom, helpeththegrcwth, 93. Shakjng hhrteih the young Tree, a grown Tree not, ibid. Cutting (i-way of buc^-rs, helpeih the^r, ibid. Hjw toplant a Tree ihn mi^y grew fair in one year, 94. Helped iy boring a hole through the heart of the Stcik^, ibid. By fitting the Boots, ibid. By !preding upon a wall, ibid. By pluckjng iff fame Leaves, '\h\d. By digging yearly aboutthe Boot,9'y. By applying new Afould', V ii'. Syremofingto better Earth.ibld. T p. cing their Bark.,\h\d. In fame ijades by fhade, ibid. By fetting the Kernels or Stones in a ScjhiI growing, ibid. 96. By fulling (fffome Birffams, ibid. By cutting if the top, when they begin to bud, 97. By boaring them through theTrunck^, and putting in IP edges ef hot ff^oods, ibid. By feveral applications to the Roots,\h\d. By Terebrat ion iigain. .; 8. The caufe t hereof, ibid. By letting them blood, ibid. Grow befi fenced from Sun andrfind,gc}. Caufes cf their Barrenuefs, ibid. Helps to makj Tt CIS fruitful, 1 00. Tree blown up by the Roots, andreplaced, proved fruitful, 95, Tryal of watering a Tree with n'arm rva- ter,gi.Trees that grow befi without graft- ing, ibid. Fruit-tree griffted upon amoi- fier fiock^, wilt grow larger, 97. Trees re^ moved to be 1.0/ifled as before, ibid. Lower Bj.ghs bring thebigger Frt.it ibid. "trees apparelled with Flowers, icS. Form~ ing cf Trets into feveral (herpes ibid. TranfmutatioH of Trees knd ^plants., no. six d(fignations thereof ibid, ii^jirj Trees inCcpice-woodsgrow more firaight, 1 1 3. The caufe thereof ibid. Trees fullaf heat, grow tall,ih\d. Thecaufe^ ibid. How to Dwarf Trees ibid. Trees that are Venders ^ 113, The caufe thereof ibid. Trees contained in thefe Centuries. 1 Tries m»lji:rj\cU lejs J/«/J, 1 14. The c*n[c j iliiJ. I T'tet in CUy-froHnds ape ngAthcr Mof;^ I ibid, the caufe i5id. j Trees Hide-bound hr'iKV^ forth Mof; ibid. Treesthat thfnUtefi blcjfjmearllefl 1 19 Trees tht l.ij} longed, 12C. vi-^. The large/} 6f hd^,\b\d. SMh asbring Majl or\HtSy loid. ShcI) m br'iK^ forth L:.ives late^ tind^ei them late^ ibid. S.ith m are oft en cut ibid. Trees rvith fcMtered heitgh'^ 1 2 1 . with up- right boHghi, ibid. Th: c.iufe of each ibid.- Tret\-\^hT\ Tfitb Lf.ives of great largcmfs, and Fthi! mthont ftallfj \iy Tree in Perfu nounp^ed with S^li-water ibd. 12S Trees commoHljf fruitful y but each other year I ;c Trffs bearing beji on the loner btHghs^ 1 ;i. others o» the higher boughs., ind. The cttufe of eachy ibid. Such m bear be ft nh-'» they are old, III. Others whtu they are yon-.g, '\ id. The caufe of each ioid. Trembling in IhidoTfs jpo Trj^ls for vrholefome Airs 164 Tuft of Mofs on a Briitr-bufh 1 1 7 'Xnxk'i gre.n fitter Sy 156. To them^ BjtthiKg gofd ibid. Ttpice. a year Fi-uirt 1 ig Tying of the Point '92,193 Tyranny over Mens Underjtar.dlngs and Be. liefs much affe Hei 215 V. Vj^por f Char I coal, or of Sea- eoal^ or of a Koom neir fhfiredy t»»rtal 202 y^'.pers which tx^en eutwaraly, would con- denft the Spirits 20 5 ytget/tblis rotting upon the ground^ a good Ccmpofty 225. Several injlaixes thereof ibid. yenotu tidies 180 Vtnu-, 142. l-excffs dimet h the fight y\h'u]. The Act of It. tJMen more inclined in tvi^'ter, women ir. S^mmtr » 14][ Vtrmine frighted with the Head of a yt^oolf Vefuvius 16? yines made fruitful by applying the li'rnels of Gr.ipes to theJi^ott, ic The caufe thereof y ibid. t^l.ide to fprou'. fudienly with Nitre, 96. Love not the Colewort, J 10. yive-T.'ees, 128, i^f. Anciently of great bedieSyib'id. A tough wood dry, ibid, ytnej in fame places, ho: propptd »25 ,50) t-'ine gr. ftcd upon Tine yinegitr iy4 i'lolet.fine^ar 4 Vi/ibles hitherto, the ftibjeH of i^-ow.'tlge, ■2^'. CMingle not in the Mfdium ai /ia- dibles do, %-, 'ihe caufe thereo^,\.n\. ie- veral confents of ^'fibles and Audible,, ^f'. Several DiJJ'cnt, of y fibles and A»- diblety 6c, 6 1 . ri/ible Species, 16. Fi- fibtes and Audibles, 2c^. Tjio Lights of the fame bignefs, will not makj things be feen ai far again as one, 54. The can ft thereof -^ iuiri. y'fu^l Spirits infe [ling izl, 303 yitrial I zn yiV'(ication,y^, 74. The feveral things re- quired to y/vfiation, 14^. 1 he Procffs of tt ibid. 194,195 ZJ cert in the L'?, harder to cure then mthe H-,d,-i6C. The caufe, ib. D fference of cu'ing them in a French-man ^ and an Etglijh man i.^id. Unb^'.rkt Branch of a Tree being fet, hath grown, 17^. BAikj will not ib. Ufiouentuin Tcli 2C0 VnioK, the force thereof in Natur.-A Bodies, 24. Appetite of Vxion in Natural Bidic, 64. Appeareth in three kjndes of Bidiej i.'id. Foice, the (hrilnefs thereof, 4';. In whom efpecially,'tb\<i. yyhy changed at years of F liberty, ibid. L-tbor and Intention, con- ducethmtch to imitate yoices, 56. /»»/. tation of yoice<,»sif thejwere at dij}.,>ice ibid. Tjrine inijaantity, a great hinderer of Nou- rifhment 1 4 W. WArmtk , a fpecial mtans to m.\; ground fruitful \Zi,,\-!a, Warts ta{en .xwaj by L*rd or an l-lderftii\ cot fuming 115 water thickened in a {".-.ve , ;o. Changed fuddenly into ^ir, 24 Choiceof waters, $(. By weight, \b\(i. By boiling, ibid. By loKgesl lafting, imputrefied , ibid. By mk.ing Drinkj ftronger,\b,i.\. :y bearing So/fp,\b\A. By the places where they are conirefaled,^j. By the Siil, \b\(i. wa fers fweet, not to be ir:!sled, ibid. nelf. w.iter^ ibid, water putteih forth Herbs without Roots, 117. tiAter .Ime will f.ufe Plants to fproiit, ibid, iitll-wtttr warmer in winter then la Summer, 1 91. Water rising in a B if on by means of Flames 192 tvater hot, and Fire, htat difertnt/y, IC4. A Table of the chief Matters ff-iiter cooleth Air, and mtifltHeth it not 1^7,188 H'ater may he the \'cdium of Sound', \(-~. n'Jtry moiflwe endaceth Putrefdnio»,y<-\: Titrning watry fttl'fiances into tiij, 79- ^ great xror}^ In NatHre,Vou\. Fourinft^n- ces thtieof;\b\d. 8c. ff rough t l>ji Digtfti- «>», ibui. ivatering of (j rounds, * great he If to frHitfttliefs, 1 2 :; , t 14. Cautions therein,\b'\ii. Means towater tbem ibid. water-Crejfss 78 tf'eaputt anointed 2 I ^ freight of the r'Jfoltttlon of Iron In Aqiu- toftis 166 ifheatfet 9'),96 ii'hite^a penxrloM colow^i/^., 25. In Flerv- ers, Tc8, Commonly more inodorate then other colours, ibid. The caufe,'ib\<'- Jf'hite more delicate in Berries, ibp. The cattfe , t hereof, \b\d. Not fo commonly In Fruits, ibid. The caufe thereof ibid. white Gunpowder 4-> 4!! iihlffomeleatSytf^. Trjxlfor thtm,\^l. Moifl Air, KOt good, ibid. JneejHallty of ^ir, naught ibid. if'ildc-fi-eiy vnhy witter rvill not quench them 165 wltde Uerhs fhew the nature of the Ground tt-inds Southern, diffiofe Mens bodies to hea. vinefs,'c^i. irlnds S out hernvflthoMt Rain fevorifh 166 winds gathered for frefhnefsy 164. Prog- tioftickj of winds 174 fVtnding Trees 1 1 3 wine burnt, 5. wlne how tobeufei m Con' fiimptlonsy i^'. Wlne^ for what Bodies good, for vfhat hurtful, 153. H'lne cor- rected, that It may not fume 165 trine new, prefent/y made potable i 59 fVlne and water, fep:ir.ited by weight, 3,4. Trjal hereof in two GiaJfeSy ibid. When It Witt operate^ aid whrn not,ib d. Spirit of ii'ine bi.-rnt, V 2. Mitgled with wax, the oprratlciH nf it ibid. IVinter and Summer j'. /• ffes, ?4, Signs of a co{,i winter, 155, 1 7+. fflnter Sleepers 194 H'ltcke', 19?, top. rrork^mon by Imagi- nation and Far.cy, ibid. 203. fVltches Oyntment zic ffoo/f.gutf fipplied to the beltj, cure the Colllc{, ibid. Hfad hanged up frlghleth yermin ibid. // o-:der, 151. The Imprffflons thereof ibid. H'ood fhinitg in the d^rk, lit 78 Wood' fear 104 iVeol attraUlve of Water, ro,Z'), Though a Vc^el ibid. Jf'orld, fuppofed by fame to be a Living Crea- ture 197, 198 vorms foretfl'^nn lj6 Wounds, fame /■pplic.rtions to them, 139 nounds made with Ji^.ifs^ eafter to cure then thofemde with Iron 166 H-rlfls hme a fymp-ithy with the Head, and ether parts 25 Y, Y Awning hlndereth Hearing, 62~. The caufe, ibid. It ii a motion of Imitation, 65. In yawning^ dangerotu to ple^the Ear 1 40 Tears fierll, caHfe Corn to degenerate in r-How colour In Herbs 1 09 Tvttfig Trees J which bear befi 131 z. ZOne Torrid, lef? tolerable for Heats then the ty£tj»ltto£ila/y 87 ' thereof Three canfes ibid. m His LorJjhips u[ual "B^ceipl for the Gout [to tohich, the Sixtieth Expemie?jt hath reference) Wsthis. To be taken in this order. I. The Poultice. jjd. Of Manchet, about three Ounces, the Crum oncly, thin cut; let it be boiled in Milk, till it grow to a Pulp ; add in the cud, a Dram and a half ot' the Powder of KedKofcs. Of Saffron ten Grains. Of Oyl of Rofes an Ounce. Let it be fpred upon a Linnen Cloth, and applied !uke- warm, and continued for three hours fpace. 2. 7he "Bath or Foment At io», m. Of Sage-Leaves, half an handful. Of the Root of Hemlock fliced, fix Drams. Of Briony Roots, half an Ounce. Of the Leaves of Red Rofcs, two Pueils. Let them be boiled in a Pottle of Water wherein Steel hath been quenched, till the Liquor come to a Quart ; after the ftraining.put in half an handful of Bay. Salt. Let it be ufcd with Scarlet- Cloth, or Scarlet- Wool, dipped in the Liquor hot, and fo renewed feven times ; all in the fpace of a quarter of an hour or little more. I 5. The Vlaijfer. Hi, Emplaflrhm Diacaicitheos , as much as is fufficient for the part you mean to cover; let it be diflblved with Oyl of Rofes in fucha confiftcncc as will flick, and fprcduponapicceof Holland, and applied. FINIS. ARTICLES O F E N Q_U I R Y T O II C H I M G METALS & MINERALS. Written by the Right Honorable, FRANCIS BACON BARON of Ve%VLAM, Vifcount St.(L//^^«. Thought fit to be added, to this Work O^ATV%A L hISTO%r, Newly put forth in the Year, \66\. By the former PubHsher. LONDON, Printed for FFilliamLee2.l the Turks-head in Flectpreet. 1669. ARTICLES O F E N Q_U I R Y T O II C H I N' G METALS & MINERALS. He firfl: Letter of the Alphabet is , the Compounding, Incorporating, or Union, ot Metals or Minerals. With whit Mctalj, Gold will incorporate, bv Sim- ple Colliqucfad^ions, and with what not ? Andin what quantity it will incorporate J and vrhat kindcof Body the Compound makes ? Gold with Silver, which was the ancient £/«7rHm. Gold with Quick-filvcr. Gold with Lead. Gold with Copper. * Gold with Brafs. Gold with Iron. Gold with Tin. Tfl Itkettiff of Silvrr. Silver with Quick lilvcr. Silver with Lead. Silver with Copper. Si:lverwithBrals. Sivcrwith Iron. Silrer with Tin. . St 222 Articles ofS^iquiry, So likf^ift »f Qnick-filvtr. Quick-filvcr with Lead. Quick-filver with Copper. Quick-filvcrvvith Brais. Quick-iilvcrwith lion- Quick-filver with Tin. r<7 of Lad. Lead with Copper. Lead svith Brais. Lead with Iron. Lead with Tin. S'oof ( opper. Copper with Brafj, Copper with Jron. Copper with Tin. So of Braji. Brafs with Iron. Brafswith Fin. So of Iron. Iron with Tin. What arc the Compound Metals, which arc common, and known ? Andwhat are the Proportions of their mixtures? As Lattin of Brafs, and the Calaminar-ilone. Bell-metal of, &c. The counterfeit Plate, which they call Alchumy. The Decompofites of three Mccals,ormore, are too long to enquire, except there befome Compofitionsof them already obferved. It is alfb to be obferved , Whether any two Metals which will not mingle of thei»felves, will mingle with the help of another j and what ? What Compounds will be made of Metal, with Stone, and other Fofliles ? As Lattin is made with Brafs , and the Calaminar-ftone. As all the Mettals with Vitriol: All with Iron poudered. All with Flint, &c. Somtfetfof tfiefe feould be enquired of, t9 Aifclofe the Naturf of the rejl. % WHethcr Metals, or other Fofliles, will incorporate with Molten Glafs ? And what Body it makes ? The quantity in the mixture would we well confidered : For fome fmall quantity, perhaps, would incorporate ; as in the Allays of Gold» and Silver Co\ n. Upon the Compound Body, three things are chiefly to be obferved. Tl'ie Colour, the Fragility or Pliantnefs, the Volatility or Taxation, com- pared with the Simple Bodies. Forprefent ule or profit, this is the Rule. Confiderthe price of the two Simple Bodies ; con/ider again the Dignity of the one above the other ToHchifi'T Mi'LiIs and Miner ah. other, in uic. Then fee, it you c.in mukc a compound that will five more in the price, then it will loic in the dignity of the ufc. As forexamplc, Confider the price of Bral's Ordnance ; confidcr again the price of Iron Ordnance; and coniider, wherein the BrafsOrdnancedothcxccl the Iron Ordnance in ufc. Then ii: you can make a Compound of Brafs and Iron Ordnance, that will be near as good in ufc, ancl much cheaper in price, there is proHt both to the private and to the O)mmonwcalth. So of Goldand Silver, the price is double ot T^vclvc. The dignity of Gold above Silver is, not much ; the l()lcndor isalikc, andmorcplca- flngto {jme eye , As in Cloth of Silver, Silver Lace, filvered Rapiers* &c. ihcmaindignity is, thatGold bears the Fire, which Silver doth noti but that IS an excellency in Nature, but it is nothing at all in ufe. For any drgnityin ule, I know none, but that Silvering will iully and canker more then Gilding ; which, ifitmav be corrected, wicha little mixture ot Gold, there is profit : And I do fomewhatmarvel, that the later ages have loft the ancient hleclrum, which was a mixture ot Silver with Gold ; whereof, I conceive, there mav be muchufe b.jth inCoyn.Flatc, and Gilding. It is to be noted, that there is in the Verfion of Metals, impoflibility, or at Icartgreat difficulty ; as in making ot' Gold, Silver, Copper .- On the other fide, in the adulterating or counterfeiting of Metals there ij de- ceit and villainy J but it fliould fcem there is a middle way, and that is, by ncNv compounds , if thewaysof incorp -Stating were well known- What Incorporation orlmbibitior, Metals will receive from Veget- ables, without being diflblvcd mightbc inquire J. As when the Armorers make their Steel more tough and plvan:, bvthe afperlion ot Water, or fuycc of Herbs : WhenGold being grown fomewhat churlifhby recover- ing, IJ made more plyanc by throwing in fhrcds of Tanned Leather, or by Leather oyled. Note, tliatinthcfe, andthclike fliewsof Imbibition, it were good to try by the weight, whether the weight be increafed, or no ? For if it be not, it is to be doubted, that there is no Imbibition of Subftance; butoncly, that the Application of the other Body, dcth difpofe and invite the Metal toanother pofturc of partsthenof itfclf, it would have taken. After the Incorporation of Metals, by fimple Colliqucfadion, for the better difcovery of the Nature : AndConfcntsanJ Dillcnts of Metals by incorporating of their Diflblutions, it would be enquired. W hat Atetals being dillolved by Strong-waters, will incorporate Well together, and what not ? which is to be inquired particularly, as it was in Colliquefaftions- There is to be obfcrvcd inthofe DiUolutions, which will not incor- porate what the ctFcds arc ; As the Ebullition, the Precipitation to the bottom, the Ejaculation tovardj the top, the Sufpcnhon in the midfl, and tlic like. Note , that the Diifcnts of the M^nftrua , or Strong-waters , may hinder the Incorporation, as well as the DilTcnts of the Metals thcmfclves : Therefore where the Menitrua are the fame , and vet the Incorporation foUoweth not, you may conclude, the DilTcnt is in the Mctah, but where the Mcnftrua arcfcveral. not fo certain. The 2Z4- Articles of Siiquiry, THc Second Letter of the Crofs Row, is the Separation of Metals, and Minerals. Separation is of three Ibrts; thcfirllis, 1 he icparating of the pure Metal from the Urc or Drofs, which we call Refining. The fecond is, The drawing one Metal orMincral outof another, vichich we may call Extrading. The third , The feparating of any Metal into his Original or Elements, or call them >»rhat you will) which work wecall Precipitation. For Rehning, we are to enquire of it according to the fevcr.il Metals; As Gold, Silver, &c. Incidcntly, we are to enquire of the firft Stone, or Ure , or Spar , or Marcalite of Metals fcverally ■> and what kinde of Bodies they are ; and of the degrees of Richnefs. Alfo, wc are to enquire of the Means of feparating, whether by Fire, parting Waters, or othcrvrile. Alfo, for the manner ot Refining, you are to fee how you can multi- ply the Heat, or haften the Opening ; and to lave charge, in the Refining. The means of this is in three manners ; that is to fay, In the Blaft of the Fire : In the manner of the Furnace to multiply Heat, by Union and Reflexion: And by fome Additamcnt or Medicines, which will help the Bodies to open them the fooner: Note, thequickningof thcBIaft, and the multiplyingof theHcat in the Furnace, maybethefamc forallMetais ; but the Additaments nuillbe feveral according to the natures of the Metals. Note again, That if you think the multiplying of the Additnment in the fame Proportion that you multiply the Urc, the work will follow, you may be deceived : For quantity in the Paflive will add more rcfiftancc, then the fame quantity in the Adive will add force. For Extrading, you are to enquire what Metals contain others, and likewifc what nofi .> As Lead Silver, Copper Silver, &c. Note, although the charge of Extradion fhould exceed the worth, yet that is not the matter ; For, atlealt, it will difcover Nature and Polfi- bility, the other may be thought on afrerwards. Wc are likewite to enquire, what the differences are of thofe Metals, which contain more orlcfs, other Metals ; and how that agrees \»'iththe poornefs or richnefs of the Metals, or Ure, in thcmfclves: As the Lead, that contains moft Silver, is accounted to be more brittle ; and yet other- wife poorer in itfclf. For Principiation, I cannot affirm, whether there be any fuch thing, or no. An^.I think, the Chymifts make too much ado about it. But how- foever it be, whether Solution orExtradion, or a kinde of Converflon by the Fire, it is diligently to be enquired. What Salts, Sulphur, Vitriol, Mercurv, or the like Simple Bodies are to be found in the feveral Metals j and in what quantity. The I i Touching Metals and Minerals, 12f THc third Letter of the Crofs-Row, is the variation of Metals into fcvcral Shapes, Bodies, or Naturei ; the particulars wljcrcof fol- low. Tincf^ure. Turning to Ruft^ Calcination. Sublimation. Precipitation. Amalgamatizing. or turning into a foft Body. Vitrification. Opening or Diflolving into Liquor. Sprouting, or Branching, nr Arborefccncc. Induration and Mollification, Making tough or brittle. Volatility and Fixation. Tranfmutation or Verfion. ForTinfture, it is to be enquired how Mctalj maybe tinfted, through and through; an d with what, and into what colours-- As Timfiing-Silver yellow. Tin(Sing-Coppcr white, and Tinding red, green, blew, ci'pccial- ly with keeping the lufire. J^crn, TinaurcofGlafs. ^^m, Tindure of Marble, Flint, or Other Stone. For turning to Rufi:, two things are chiefly to be enquired: By what Corrofivcsit isdonc, and into what colours it tarns : As Lead into vrhitc, which thcv call Sents ; Iron into yellow, which they call Crecus AfarfU: Quick-filver into Vermilion, Brafs into green, which they cull f^erde^zAf, &c. For Calcination, to enquire how every Metal is calcined ? And into what kindcofBody 5 And what is tlic cxquifitcft way of Calcina- tion ? For Sublimation, to enquire the manner of Subliming 5 and what Metals endure Subliming i and u hat Body the i>ublimacc makes ? For Precipitation likewifc. By what ftr )ng Waters every Metal will precipitate ? or with what .'^dditaments? and in Nf hat time > and into what Body ? So for Amalg.ima, what Metals will endure it ? What are the means to do it? Andwhat is the manner of the Body? For Vitrification likewifc , what Metals will endure it ? what arc the means to doit? intowhat colour it turns ? and further, where the whole Metal 226 Articles of Snquiry, Metal is turned into Gbfs ? and when the Metal doth but hang in the Glal- fic part? alio what weight the vitrified Body bears, compared with tkc crude Body ? AKo bccaufe Vitriticatic n is accounted, a kindc of death ct Metals, what Vitrification will admit , of turning back again, and v hat not ? For Diflolution into Liquor, we arc to enquire, what is the proper C^lenjlriuim todiflolve any Metal? And in the Negative, what will touch upon the one, and not upon the other ? And what ieveral c^fenjlrua tvijl diflolve any Metal? And which moft exa(^ly ? Iteiit, theprocefs or motion of the Diflolution ? 1 he manner of Rifing, Boiling, Vaporing ? More violent or more gentle ? Caufing much heat, or lefs? Jtem, the quan- tity or charge the Strong-Water will bear, and then give ever ? /tern, the colour into which the Liquor will turn ? Above all, it is to be enquired, Vfhethcr there be any Affn)?r««w,todifrolve any Metal that is not fretting and corroding; but opcncth the Body by fympathy, andnotby mordacity or violent penetration ? Sprouting or Branching, though it be a thing but tranficory, and >f tovor pleafure ; yetthercis amore fcriousufc of it: Forthatit For a kindeof tovor plealure ; yet ... difcovcrs the delicate motions of fpirits, when they put forth, and cannot get forth, like unto that which is in vegetables. For Induration or Mollification, it is to be enquired, what will make Metals harder and harder, and what will make them foftcr andfoftcr ? And this Enquiry tendeth to two ends ; Firft, forUfe ; As to make Iron foft by the Fire, makes it malle- able. Secondly, Becaufe Induration is a degree towards Fixation ; and Mollification towards Volatihty: And thcicforethe Inquiry of them, will give light toward^.tUc other. _ y^djflvi:!..- .a-:-; • / oiui • For tough and brittle , they arc much of the fame kinde with the two former, but yet worthy of an Inquiry apart ; Efpccially to joyn Hardnefs to Foughnefs ; as making Glafs malleable, &c. And making Blades , ftrong to rclift, and pierce, and yet not cafie to break. For Volatility and Fixation , it is a principal Branch to be en- quired. The utmoft degree of Fixation is. That whereupon no Fire will work, nor Strong-water joyned with Fire, if there be any luch Fixation pofliblc : The next is, when Fire fimply will not work with- out Strong-waters : The next is, when it will endure Fire not blown, or i'uch a ftrcngth of Fire ■• The next is, when it will not endure Fire, but yet ismallcable : The next is, when it is notmalleable, but yet it is not fluent, but ftupified. So of Volatility, the utmoft degree is, when it will flee away without returning : The next is, when it will flee up, but with eailc return : The next, when it will flee upwards, over the Flclm , bv a kinde of Exufflation, without Vaporing; The Ankles ofSfiquiry^O^c, 22 The ncKC is. vf'hcnit will mclc.cliOLioh not rife ; Andthcncxc. vhcnit viU Jottcn, though not mclr. Of nil thcle, dilijrcnt inquiry is to be made" in icvcral Meult ; clpccially of: the more cxtrcam degrees. ForTranfmutation or Vcrfion, if ic be real and true, itisthc furthcfl: pointo Artj anJ 'would bcvvcll dillinguifhedfrom Extradion, from Re ilitution. and from Adulteration. I hear muchoi turnimr Iron inco C jp per; Ihcaralloof thcgrovvth of Lead in ^rcicrht . which cannot be with- , out a Convcriion of iomcB ^dy into Lead : But whatlbever is of rhis kinde f and v\ ell approved, is diligently to be inquired, and let down. THe fourth Letter of the Crofs Row, is Reftitution. Firft therefore It 1$ to be enquired in the Negative ; vhat Bodies will never return! cither by rcafon of their extream fixing, as in fome Vitnficacions, or bv cxtrc.nm Volatility. If'saifotobccnquiredofthetwoA^eansofRcdudion; and tirftby , the hire, which is but by Cortgregaticn of HomogencaJ parts. The fccond is, by dra^ring tbem down, bv fome Body, chat \ruzh con- lent w,th them: As Iron draweth down Copper in Water, G lidrawcrh C^ick- iilverin vapor j whatfocvcr is of this kinde, is verydilicrcndv to be enquired. ^ Alfo it is to be enquired, what Time or Age will reduce without the hclpof Fire or Body ? Alfo it is to be enquired, what gives Impediment to Union or Rcfti- tution. which II lometimcs called Mortification ; as when QuicJc-filvcr is mortihed with Turpentine, Spittle, or Butter. Laftly, it is to be enquired how the Metal reftored, diffcrcfh in any thing from the Metal raw or crude ? As whether it bccomethnot morechur- lim, altered in colour, or the like ? THE T H E BOOKSELLER U M T O THE READER. A> I Received fome.LMoneths Jince theje AnuAcs ot Enquiry, touchhigl ^ Metals and Minerals^ from the hands of the Reverend Dr. Rawleyj •^4)0 hath published jei<eral of the Lord Vcrulams Works fince his\ Death (he having hten his Lordships Chaplain) and-^hd hath been careful to Correct at the Prcf? this tittle Piece (an Addition to the Natural Hlftoiy) according to the Original Copy, remaining amongji his Lordships Mxnufcripts -. Amongjl yvhich there is nothing more of that fnhjeci to be found, fo as no more Additions cKiiieexpeih^i - ' «  W. Lcc. FINIS, HISTORY Natural and Experimental o F LIFE&DEATH OR, Of the Prolongation of L I F E. Written in Latin by the Right Honorable Francis Lord Verulam , Vifcoiint Si.(iAJhans. LONDON, Printed for Ff^illiam Lee ;ii the Turks-head in Flectjlrcet. 1669. ^
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h:^A r'n-^^/' vA'^'J"^ i rO THS %SAVS% Am to give Advertifcment, that there came forth of hte ^.Trafi/I^uion of ihis'BookJjY an unknown Terfon, who though he wished well to the propagating of his Lordfhi^s ff^orks^ yet he was altogether unacquainted with his Lordjhipi Giile and manner of Expreflions , and fo published a TranJJation lame and defedive in the whole. Whereupon I thought fit to re- commend the fame to betranflatcd anew by a more dihgentandzealous Pen,which hath fince travelled in it ; andthough it dill comes short of that lively and incomparable Spirit and Ex- preflion, which lived and died with the A^W, yet I dare avouch it to bemuch more warrant- able and agreeable then the former. It is true, this "Book^w^ks not intended to have been pub- lished m Englilh ; but feeing it hath been already made free of that Languaoe, whatfoevcr benefit or deHght may redound from it, I commend the fame to the Courteoiu and fud'tcioiis 'Reader, }f'.% A ^ To To the prefent Age and Pofterit>^, Greeting. Lthough I had ranked the Hi (lory of Life and Deaih as the lajlamongjl my SixMonethlyDefignations; yet I haye thought fit, in refficB oj the [rime ufe ^ thereof, [in "which the leajl lo/^ of time ouoht to he ejleemed preciom) to invert that order ^ and to fetid it forth in the [econd place. For I have hope, andivifh, that it may conduce to a common good ; and that the J\(j)hlerfort of Phyficians wll advance their thoughts, and not employ their times wholly in the fordidnefi of C iires , neither he honored for N ece ffity onely , but that they "will become C oad j u- tors WInftrmTientso/"^/?(? Divine Omnipocence .^;/^CIeme;ncy /V2 Prolonging ^«^ Renewing the Lite -p f M an ; ejpecially feehig /'prefcrihe it to be done by japyand convenient, and ciyiltoays, though hitherto unaffayed. For ihoHoh w Chriftians do continually ajpire and pant aft'er'the Land' of Promife 5 yet ifwill be a token of Gods favor ^toivards us, in our jour?ieyings through this Worlds Wildernefs , to have our Shoes^WGar- merLts (I riieanthofc of out fr^H Bodies) lkik.,porn or impairea. ^^^^^ ^^^^ba^v^^ hn5; wo^l^^^ srij on Fr. St. Alb AN s. or r A THE ■ ' ■* ! (■»> THE HISTOR Y OF > Life and Death. The Treface. T is an ancient laying and complaint, Tl-at Life is fhort and jln long; wi crcforc it behoveth us, wt.o make it our chiefcft aim to perfc(fl y/w, to take up- on us the confidcration ot 'Frolovpn^ Mans Life , G 0'7) , the tyluihor of all 'Triitb and Life, prolpcr- ing our Kndc.u'ors. lor thougli t: e Life oi AUn be nothing ellc but a ma(? and accumulation of (ins and forrows, and thcv that look for an Eternal Life icf but light by a Temporary : Yctthccontinuation of VV^orks ot Charitvouphc not to be contemned, even b " us Chnnuus. Bcfidcs, the beloved 'JJifuple o our Lord liirvivcd the other '7)»/n/>/<'j ; and manv o' the Fatherso the C'hurck , cipecially of the holv Monks and Hermits, *erc long-lived . ^'Vhichrhews, that this blcfsing of long life, fo often promifed in the Old Law, had lefs abatement after our ^JtioKr/ days then other earthly blcfs- ings had ; but to cfteem of this as the chictcft good, we are but too prone. Onely the cnquirv i-; difficult how to attain the lame ; and lb much the ratiicr, bccaul'c it is corrupted with fille opinions and vain re- ports : For both thofc things w ich the vulvar Thfuums talk o', F*dH4l Moijlure and Nuiurul Heat , are but nicer Fiftions ; andrhc immodcr.itc ^ r> prailcs l^be Treface, praifcsot' ChjmuAl CMeduows, firlt purt up wic'.i vain l.opci, and chcn fail their admirers. And aj for rhat De:ith which is caulcd by Suffocation, Putrcfatf^ion, and fcvcral Difcafes> ^^'cfpcak not of it now, for that pertains to an Ihjlory ot Thfiik. i but onelv ot that 'Death vchic h comes bv a total dccav of the Bo(iy , and the Inconco(?<ion of old Age. Nevettielcfs mc hft aft ot 1)fdih, and the verv cxtinguifliing of Life it fclf , which ma- io many wavs be vroui^ht outwardly »nd inwardly (which notwichftanding have, as it were, onecommon PorchbcCorcit comes tothc pointot death) v^ill bepcrtincnt to beinquired of in this Trcatifc; but wc rcfervc that for the lalt place. 1 hat which mav be repaired by r'cgrces, v ithcut a tctal v\ allc of the firft ftock, is potentially eternal, as the Fejial fire. Therefore whcnT*;- (tc'uns and Thihfophers faw that living Creatures werenouriflicd and their Bodies repaired, but rhat this did laft oncly for a time , and afterwards came old age, and in the enddilTulutiun ; thev foughtDeath infomewlut which could net properly be repaired, luppofing a Radical C^foijlure in- capable of folid reparation, and which, from the firft infancy , received a (purious addition, but no true reparation, v\ hereby it grew cailv worfe and vxcrfe, and, in the end, brougm the bad tonone at all. This con- ceit cf theirs was both ignorant and vain; f r all things itv living Crea- tures are in their youtli repaired entirely ; nay, they are for a time in- creafed in quantity, bettered in quality, f > as the Matter of Reparation might be eternal, if the Manner o-f rcpiration did n t fail, i ut this is the truth of it. There is in the declining of age an unequal reparation ; fome parts arc repaired eilily, others with diiiicultv ani. to their lofs j fj as from that time the Bodies of Men begin to endure the torments of Me- z.eiims , That the living die in the embrAfts tf the dead ; and the parts caliL' repair- able, through their conjundion with the parts hardly repairable, do de- cay : For the S'pirits, Blosd., Flesh, and Fat arc, even after the decline of years , cafily repaired ; but the drier and more porous parts (, as the Ul-femhraties , all the Fmitles , the S'ive-\\s, Arteries, Veins, Bones, Cartilages , moft of the Beyi%'ls, in a word, almoft all the Orgamcal ^Pans) are hardly repairable, and to their lofs. Now thcfe hardly-repairable parts, when they come to their office of repairing the other which arc eafily repairable, finding thcmlelves deprived of their wonted ability andftrcngch, ceafe to perform any longer their proper Fundions : By uhich means it comes to pafs, that in proccfs of time the svhole tends to diflblution j and even thole very parts which in their ow n nature are with much eaie repair- able, yet through the decay of tie Organs of reparation can no more re- ceive reparation, but decline, and in the end utterly fail. And the caufe of the termination of Life is this , for that the spnm, like a gentle Hamc, continually preying; upon Bodies, confpiring w iththe outward Air, which is ever fucking and drying of them, do, in time, deftroy the whole Fa- brick of the Body, as alfo the particular Engines and Organs thereof, and make them unable for the w ork of Reparation. Thcfe are the true ways of Natural "Death, \\ cU and faithfully to be revolved in our mindcs ; for he that knows not the ways of iVdf«rf, how can he fuccor her, or turn licr about ? Therefore the Inquifttion ought to be twofold ; the one touching the Confumption or Depredation of the Body of Man ; the other touching the Reparation 3ind Renovmion o£ tkt hme : To the end, that the former may, as The Treface. as much as is polfibic, be forbidden and rcftraincd , and thcJattcr com- forted. The former of thcfc pcrcains, cfpccially to the Spiuti and outward jitr> by which the Depredation and Wa[tc is committed ; the latter to the whole race of t^'Jlnneni.tuon or Nourishwcnt , whereby the Renovation or Rcllitution is made. And as for the tormerpart touching Coufumption , thishath many things common with lodm Luniiihtte, or without life. For fiich things as the N-itne spirit ('whicli is in all tangible Bodies, whether living or without life) and the ambient or external Air worketh upon Bodies Inanimate, the fame it attcmptcth upon Animatcor Living Bodies; although the yiul spirit fupcraddcd, doth partly break and bridle thofc operations, partly exalt and advance them wonderfully. For it is moft manifcfl: that Inanimate Bodies (moft of them) will endure a long time without any Reparation ; but Bodies Animate without Food and Repara- tion fuddcnly fall and are CKtinguifhcd, as the Fire is. So then, our Liqutfinon fliall bedoublc. Firfl:,'wevvillconfidcr thcBodyot Man as Inanimart:, and not rcpaire i by Nourishment : Secondly, as j^mnute and repaired by Nourish ment. Thus having Prefaced thcfc things, we come now to the TcpK^placcs of /njuiftticn. THE i THE Particular Topick Places ; OP., ARTICLES of INQUISITION TOUCHING LIFE and DEATH. Irft, inquire of TS^turt dttrahk,zxiSi Not durable, in Bodies Inani- mate or without Life, asalfo in Vegetables ; but that not ui a large or juft Treatife, but as in a Brief or Summary oncly. Alio inquire diligently of Drjiccitto??, ArefucHon, and Cov- [Htnftton o'l Bodies htMumate, znA oi rtgctables ; and of the ways and proccfl'cs, by which they arc done ; and further, of Inhibiting and Delaying oi Deficcation, Arefa^wn, and Con- fnmption, and of the Confcrvtitton of Bodies, in their proper ftate ; and aoiin, of the Intenerattoti, EmolhtioH, and Recovery of bodies to their former frelli- ncls, aftir they be once drycd and withered. Neither need the hijui/inon touching thcfc things, to be fiill or cxaft, fcein" they pertain rather to their proper Title of /Mature durable ; feeing alio, they arc not Princi- pals in tills hrjarfition, but fcrve oncly to give light to thcTrolonoatioH and Ins'ciuratton ot Life in Livim^ Creatures. In which (as was fai J before) the fame things come to pafs, butiila particular manner. So from iho. In^utfition touching Bodies Inanimate and Fe<Je- tables, letthc/«^«f/'/r/«i7pa(son toother Living Qremnres belldcs A'tati, Inquire touching the length »ni jhortnefs of Life in Livaio CreAtnrcs, with the due circumdanccs whicJim.ike moll for their long or ihort lives. But became the Dnratian of / odies is twofold , One in Identity, or the fclf.famc fubltancc, the other by a RcmvMion or RcpAration ; whereof the former hath place onely in Bodies Inanimate, the latter in Fegctables and Living Creatures, and is pcrfc6led by v^limcntaiion or Ncririjhment ; therefore it will be fit to in']uireof Alimentation, and of thewdvsandprogrcfTes thereof; yet this notcxartly, <bccaulc it pertaitw properly to the Titles of AfJlmilatiomivA Alimentation^ but, as the reft, in progrefs oncly. From the itirjuiftion touching Living Cnamres, and Tiadia repaired hy NoHrijh- ment, pafs onto the /nqut/it'ton touching Aian. And now being come to the principal lubjeft of Inquifition, the Inquijition ought to bc in all points more prccifc and accu- rate. Inquire touching the length nnd /hortnefi of Lifc'mMen, according to the .^'W of the ^/ orld, the fcveral Regions, (/tm.ites, and Pljces of their Nativity d^nA Habitation. Inquire touching the length and p^ortnefs of Life in tJMen, according to their Races .and Families, as if it were a thing hereditary ; alio according to their Ctmf>lextoMs, Con- ftitntions,3.nd Habits oi I', ody, xhcir <ta:ures,t\\c manner 3n<^ time oi their growth, in4 the making and compofition of their Members. Inquire touching the length z.t\A jhortnefs of Life \r\ Aiett, accordinp to the timcsof their Nativity -, but fo, as you omit for the prelent all tyfjlrological obfervations, and the Figures at Heaven, under which they were born ; oncly infift upon the vulgar and C manifcft The Hi [lory of Life and Death. 15- i<5. »7- To the firfl eyirticle. nianifeflObfervations ; as whether they were bom in the Seventh, tiglith, Ninth, or Tenth Moneth ; alfo, whether by Night or by Day, and in what Moneth of the Year. Inquire touching the Length and Shortnefsof Ltfe in Men, according tothcir Fare, 1)1(1, Government oi ihc'ir Life, Exenijes, and the hkc. For as for the y^/r, in which Men Hve and make their abode, wc account that proper to be inquired of in the above- faid Article, tduchingthc places of their Habitation. Inquire Jtouchingthe Lc/t^ifj^nd Slortnejs of Ltfe in Men, according to their ^/«- dies, thciv kverol Courfes of Life, ihc ^feSfionsofthcMnde, and divers Wui/^tw; befal- Ungthcin, Inquire apart touching thofc '■J^edicines which are thought to prolong Life. Inquire touching the 5«^«-f and Pro^OTi?/c/'j of long andjhoii'.ife; not thofc which betoken Death at hand, (for they belong to an Hilary of Phyfick^) butthofe which arc fcen and may be obfervcd e venin Health, whether they be Phyfiognoniical figus, or any other. Hitherto have been propounded Inejuifitions touching Length and Sbortnefs of Life, befidcs the Tijtles of ^rt, and in aconfufcdmanncr ; now we think to add foiiic, which iTiall be more A,t-ltke, and tending to praftice, under the name of Intentions. Tiiofe Intentions are generally three ; As for the particular Dirtributions of them, wc will pro- pound them when wc come to the IncjHifition it felf. The three general Intentions arC, the Forhtddtngef ffafte and (/mfumption, the Perfe^ing of Reparation, and the Renewing of Oldnefs. Inquire touching thofe things which conferve and exempt the Body of Manfrom ArcfuUion and confamption, at leallwhich putoff andprotraftthe inclination thereunto. Inquire touching thofe things which pertain to the whole proccfs of Alimentation, (hy which the Body of Man is repaired) that it may be good, and with the beft im- provement. ^ ^ Inquire touching thofe things which purge out the<»W./^i?//f/-,andrupply with new; aj alfo which do Intenerateand Moiften thofe parts which are already dried andhardned. But becaufe it will be hard to know the Ways of Death, unlels we fearch out and difcover xh(^Seat,' ov Hottfe, or rather i>f« of Death, it will be convenient to make In- quifition of this thing ; yCt not of every kinde of Death, but of thofe Deaths which are caufed by want and indigence of NourilTiment, not by violence ; for they are thofe Deaths ontl'f which pertain to a decay of Nature, and meer old Age. Inquire touchmg the Point of Death, and the Porches of Death, leading thereun- to from all parts, fo as that Deathbe caufed by a decay of Nature, and not by Vio- lence. Laftly, becaufcit is behovefultoknowtheCharafterand Form of Old Age, which will then beft be done, if you make a CUeRion of all the "Differences, both in the State andPunftionsof theBody, betwixt Youth and Old Age, that by them you may obfcrve what it is that produccth fuch manifold Effeiis; let not this Inquifition be omitted. Inquire diligently touching the "Differences in the State ol the Body and Faculties of the ■suinAe in routbmdOld/ige; and whether there be any that remain the iamc with- out alteration or abatement in Old Age. V\(atHre Dumbiej and notT>ur able. The HiBorjr. •Etals are of that long lafting , that Men cannot trace the beginnings of them , and when they do decay, they decay through Rtt^, not through per- foration into Air ; yet Go/^ decays neither way. -> " ,jm^ Qfiickcfilver, though it be an humid and fluid Body, and eahly made volatile by Fire; yet (as far as we have obferyed; by Age alone, without Fire, it neither wafleth norpathcreth Ruft. ^. ! Stones, efpeciallv the harder fort of them, and many other Fofliles, are oMong j M The hiftory of Life and Death. I ing, and that though tncy be cxpofcd to the open air; much more if they be buried [ in the earth. Notwithfbiiding Stones gather a kind of Nitre, which is to them inftcad oi Rufl. Precious stones and Cryfljls exceed /I^«4//f in long lal ting ; but then they grow dimmer and Icfs Oricnc,it they be very old. It is obferved, that Stones lying towards the North do fooncr decay with age than thofe that he toward the South ; and that appc.irs manifeftly in I'yramidsanA Churches, and other ancient Bittldmqs : contrariwil'c, in Iron, that cxpofed to the South, gathers Ruji fooncr, and that to the North laterj as may be fccn in the //w/.^4rjof wuidows. And no marvel, feeing in ail putrcfaftion (as'^«/?is) Moifturehaftcns Dilfolutions; in all fimpic A refaction, DrincG. In ^cgetAbles, ( wc Ipcak oi fuch as are fell'd, not growing ) the Stocks or Bodies of harder Trees, and the Timber made of them, laft divers ages. But then there is diffe- rence in the bodies of Trees: fomc Trees arc in amanner fpongy,as the EU:r,m v\hich the pith in themidli is foft, and the outward part harder ; but in Timber- trees, as ihc Oak^, the inner part ( which they call /^f^rr o/O.i^) laltcth longer. Ihc Leaves, and Flowers, and Stalkj ofrUnts are but of iJiort laiting, but diflolvc into duft, unlefs they putrcfie : the Roots arc more durable. The Bones of living Creatures laft long, as we may fee it of mens bones in Charncl- houfcs .- Horns iMo laft very long; fo do ieeth, as it is fccn in Ivory, and the Sea.korfe Teeth. «»</« alfo and S{ins endure very long, as is evident in old Farcbment-hoois : T^per likcwifc will laft many ages,though not fo long asT^rchment. Such things as have pajfed the Fire laft long, as G/afs and Brickj; likcwifc FUpjind Fruits that have piffed the Ftrt laft longer than Kaw : and that not oncly bccaufe the Baking iiuhc Fire torbids putrefaction; but alfo bccaufe the watry humour bein" drawn forth, the oily humour fupports it felt the longer. ffater of all Liquors is looneft drunk up by .:!ir, contrariwifc 0/7latcft ; which wc may fee not oncly in the Liquors themlclves, but in the Liquors mixt with other Bodies : for P.ipcr wet with vvater, and fo getting fomc degree of tranfparcncy, will foon after wax white, and lofe the tranfparcncy again,thevvatry vapour exhaling ; but oiled P^iper will keep the tranfparcncy long, the C/7not being apt to ctnalc ; And '.hereforc they that counterfeit mens hands, will lay the oiled paper upon the wriiiu^ thcy mean to counterfeit, and then aflay to draw the lines. Cf urns Ai oi them Ldvery long ; the like do a ax and Honeji, hutiheecjualoT H>iC'j:iali\ic ot things conduceth no lefs to long lafting or fhort lad- ing, than the things thcmftlvcs ; for limber, and Sto»ts,ind othiir Bodies, ftanding con- tinually in the r>ater, or continually in the air, laft longer than it thcy were fometimcs wet, fometimcs dry : and fo 5'/c«ff continue longer, if thcy be laid towards the fame coalt of Heaven in the Buildinj^ that they lay in the .Mine. The fame is oi PUnts ic- moveii,ifthcy becoafted juft as thcy were before. Ohfervatiorts. LEt this he laid for a Fouii(iation, vhich is mofffnre, Th/tt there it in every Tangible body a Spirit , or body Pncuniatical, enclofed and covered with the TangibU parrs ; ^nd that from this Spirit is the beginning of all Diffolutson and Co"fumptitii, fo as the Antidote aaaihft them is the detaining of this Spirit rf)fadedtrto ways : either if the Spirit it felf be not too miveable or eager todepart ; if the external Air importune it not too much to come forth' So then, t:90 forts of ■bjlances are durable. Hard Subftanccs, and Oily ; Hard Subftancc binds m tie Spirits clofe; Oi\\ partly entueth the Spirh to ^■i)', partly is of th not importuned by Air; for A\r is confnbftan:i.il toWdtcr, andVl partly is of that nature that it is "^lainc roOil. yind ...^.. — .., .,, — , , -J---J - — -_< teitching Nature Durable and not Durable in Bodies Inlninute, thus mMch. H The Hijlorj. Erbs of the colder fort die yearly both in Root and Stalk; asLettice, Tur/lane; alfo P^yheat and all kind oi C'rn : yet there are fomc cold Herbs which will laft C 1 three T/^e Hi (lory of Life and T)eath. 14. 16. .'7- I5». tl.rcc or four years ; as the FtoUt, StrAp>-birry, Burnet, Prim-rofi, :[nd Sorrel. ButSor*?* I and Euqlof, \\ hich fccm fo alike when they arc alive, differ in their deaths; for Boriue \ will Ijft but one year, Buglofs will laft more. But many lot itabs Iiear their age and years better; JHyj^op, Thyme, Savor j. Pot-mar^ jor.im, Balm, tvormwood. Germander, Sage, and the like. Fennel dies yearly in the ftalk, buds again from the root .■ but / tdfe and Stveet-marjaram can better endure age than winter ; for being fet in a very warm place and wcl-tcnccdj they will live more than one year. It is known, thataknotof H^JJop twice a year (horn hath continued forty years. Eifjiesiud fhrHbs\\\e threcfcorc years, and fome double as much. A ftne may at- tain tj thrccfcore years, and continue fruitful in the old age. Rofc-mAry ucli placed will come alio to thrcefcorc years ; but white Thorn and ivy endure above an hundred years. As for the Bramble, tiic age thereof i^ not certainly known, bcc.infc bowin" the head to the ground it gets new roots, fo as you cannot diftinguilh the old from the new. Amongfl: great Trees the longcfl: livers arc the Oii.\, the Holm, ll'tld afy, the Elm, the Beech tree, ihc Chef-nut, the 'Tlar,e tree, FicHS Ruminnlis, the Lote tree, the nild- olive, the ralm-tree and the tj^ulberry tree. Of thcfc, fome have come to theaocof eight hundred years j but the leaft livers of them do attain to two hundred. But trees t derate, or that have fvveet woods, and Trees Rozennie, laft longer in their ^"oods or Timber than thofe above- faid, but they arc not fo long-liv'd ; as the Cyprefs- tree,-J^tapk,Ftne,Box,Juniper, The Cedur beingborn out by the vaftnefs of his body, lives well- near as long as the former. The^jh, fertile and forward in bearing, reacheth to an hundred years and fomewhat better ; which alfo the Birch, (JMaple, and Sirvice.tree fomctimes do : but the Poplar, Lime-tree, nillow, and that vvhich they call the Sjcomere, and 11 alnut-tree, live not folonq. The nipple- tree, Pear-tree, Flam-tree, Pomegranate-tree, Cttron-trei, Medlr-tree, hlack^cherry- tree. Cherry-tree, may attain to Hfty or fixty years ; cfpecially if they be deanfedfrom the Mofs wherewith fome of them are doathed. Generally, grcatnefs of body in trees, if othcrthings be equal, hath fome congruity with length of hfe ; fo hath hardnefs of fubfiance : and trees bearing Maft or Nuts are commonly longer Hirers than trees bearing Fruit ov Serries: like wile trees putting forth their leaves late, and ihedding them late again, live longer than thofe that are early either in leaves or fruit ; thelikc is of ntld-trcesmcom^^rifon of Orch^irdtrees And laftly, in the fMnc kind, trees that bear a fowr fruit out-live thofe that bear a fireet fruit. %_y^H Obfervaiion. ARiftotle noted vtell the difference between Plants <j;;(5/ living Creatures, in refpeB of r/^«r Nourilhment ^wc/R-cparation ; TS^amely, that the bodies o/living Creatures are confined vnithin certain bounds, and that after thy be come to thetrfttll growth thej are continued and prefervedby Nourilliment, but they put forth nothing nerp except Hair and Nails, which are counted for no better than Excrements ; fo as the juice 0/ living creatures mu^ of neceffity fooner wax old: but tn Trees, n htchput forthyearly new boughs, new llioots, «fw leaves, and new fruits, it comes to pafs that all thefc parts in Trees are once a year young and renewed. Now it being fo, that whatfoever is fre(h and young draws the Nourilliment more lively and chearfully to it than that which ts decayed andold, tt happens withall, that the flock and body of the tree, through which the fap pajfeth to the branches, isrefrejhed and chearedwith a more bountiful and vigorous nourifliment in the pajjage than otherrfife it would have been. u4nd this appears manifest ( though Ariftotlc noted It not, neither hath he exprejfed ihefe things fo clearly and perfpicuoufly ) tn Hedges, Copfes, and Pollards, nhen the pl.ilhing, Ihedding, or lopping comforteth the elddem or ftock, andmaketh itmoreflourtjhingandUnger-liv'd. Deficcationf Tlje Hiflory of Lije and T>eath. Dejiccaffopf, Prohibiting of Dejiccattoriy and Itt-teneration of t hut -^hich is deficcatcd and dried. The Htftory. Fire and ftrong Heats dry fomc things, and melt others. Limns utkicdurefcit,cr htc ut Cera liqriefcit,ZJno eodemcjue l^ne ? Horv tits CUy ts hardnedy and how this n axas me/ted, ifito one and the fame ihint^ Fire ? It dricth Earth, Stones, n oi>d,Cloth,^nd S^tns, and whatfocvcr is not UqHcJiabte ; and it mcltcth /V/fM//;, ii ax. Gums, 'Butter, Ta//oa>,d^nd the like. Notwithftanding, even in thofc thingswhichthc/rfmcltcth, if it be very vehement and continueth, it doth at laft dry them. ¥or metal hi a iiron^ fire, ( Gold one\y ex- cepted") the i'o/<?/<7«' part being gone forth, will become Ids ponderous and more brit- tle ; and thole oily and fat ful^fiances in the like ^^rf will burn up, and be dried and parched. yiir, efpeciaily open Air, doth manifcftiy dry, but iTOt melt : as ni^h ways, and the upper part of the Earth,moiftned with iliowcrs, are^r*fi/; linnenclot'-es wafhed, if they be hang'dout in the <i;r, arc like wife dried ; herbs, and leaves, andflotvers, laid forth in the lliadc, are dried. But much more fuddenly doth the .v/r this, if it be cither en lightned with the Sun-beams, (fo that they caufc noputrcfadion) or if the air be llir- rcd,as when the w/Wblovveth.or mroomsopen onall lides. ^/^f moft of all, but yet flowcft of all, drttth ; as in all bodicswhich(if they be not prevented by putrefaftion ) arc drie with A'^e. V>\}t a^e is nothing oHt I'elf, being onely the mcafure of time ; that which caufcth the cffeil is the native Spirit of bodies, which fuckcth up the moifture of the body, and then, together with it, flieth forth ; and the air ambient, w hich multiplieth it (elf upon the native Jptrits and juicei of the bo- dy, and prcyttli iiponthcni. Cold of all things moft properly ^/-jV//? : for drying is not caufed but by contraElion ;' now contraction is the proper work ot cold. But becaufc we A/en have heat in a high degree, namely, that of Fire, but cold in a very low degree, no other than that of VFtuter, or perhaps of Ice, or oi Snow, or oi'jS(jtre ; therefore the drpni caufed by cold'xs but weak, and cafily rcfolved. Notwithfbanding wc fee the furface ot the earth to he more driea by Frofl, orhy A f arch-winds, than by the 5»«, feeing the (amc w»/;d both lickcth UD the moifture and aflccfteth whhco'd/iefs. Smoa!^ is a drier;:x%'m Kacon and seats tongues which are hanged up in t'iechimneys:and Perfumes of Olibatium, or Lifrnum Aloes, and the like, dry the L'rai>i,and cure Catarrhs. Salt, after fomc rcafonabic continuance, dneth, not oncly on tlu-out-fidc, butinthc infide aifo ; as in Flejh and Fijh falted, which if they have continued any bng time have a manifeft hardnefs within. Hot (j««i/ applied to the skin dry and wrinkle it; andfome <»/?i«'wf«r»'.;^*i'/alfodo the fame. Spirit o( Jhong waters imitatcth the fire in drying -. for it will both potch an Egg put into it, and toaft Bread. Po-.iders dry like sponq^es by drinking up the moifture, as it is in Sand thrown upon Lines ne .V written : a\(o fmoothnefs and pohter.efs of bodies, ( which (u^cv not the va- pour of moifhirc to go in by the pores) ^/r; by accident, becaufc it ejpofcth it to the air ; as il is fccn rapreciom Stones, Looking gUfes,and BladesoiSvtords,uponv!\\ich if you breath, you ihall fee at full a little mill, but foon after it vanilheth like a cloud. And thus much for '^Deficcation or Drying. They ufc at this day in the £aii parts of Germany Garners in Faults under gronnd, wherein they keep VFrttt and other^^r^»«J, laying a good quantity of ftraw both under the arains and about them, to lave them from the dampnefs of the Vauh ■ by which device thcv keep their grauis lo or 50 years. And this doth not oncly prefcrvc them from fuflincfj, but f that s\ hich pertains more to the prcfcnti»f«.'/r;;<7«) prcfcrvcsthcm alfo in that cjrecnnefs that they arc fit and (crviceablc to make bread. The fame is reported to have been in ufc in Cappadocia and Thracia,and lome parts of Spjtn. The piacin" of Garners on the tops of houfcs, with windows towards the Eaft and North, is very commodious. Some alfo make two Sollars, an upper and a lower ; and the upper Sellar hath an hole it, through which the grain continuolly dcfccn- deth, like faad in an hour-glafs , and after a few dayes they throw it up again with (hovels, that fo it m.iy be in continual motion. Now it is to be noted C ? that I To the condAi cle. fi- ■ti- I 6 The Hijlory of Life and "Death. 14. 15- i-j. 18. io. 21. IS- t6. that this doth not only prevent the Fuftincfs, but confcrveth the Crccncfs, and flack- cth the Dcrtccation of it. The Caufc is that which we noted before, That tlic difcharge- in^ofthe Vf^^ury hnmoKr, which is cjuickncd by thci^a/zowand the A^; 'iw^, prefervcx the Oity humour in his being, which othcrwife would fly out together with the yi'^utry tumour. Alfo in fomc Mountains, where the .-/</• is very pure, dead Carkafis tmy he kcptfor a good while without any great decay. Fruits, ziPomegrnnates, C'rons, y/pples, ears, and the like; alfo Flowers, as F.ofet and Liliei, may be kept a long time in Earthen VcfTcls dofe flopped : howfoevcr, they are not free tromthe injuries of the outward ^tr, which will affect them with his unequal Temper through the fides of the Vefl'cl, as it is manifcfl: in heat and cold. Therefore it will be good to itop the mouths of the VcfTels carefully , and to bury tlicm within the Earth ; and it will be as good not to bury them in the£^r/^, but to fink tlicmin the yFaier, fo as the place be fi) ady, as in f/^VZ/j or C/JT^rw; placed within doors : bi-it ihofc that be lunkin '^'ater will do better in Clafsveflels than inEartiicn. Generally thofc things whi'ch are kept in the Earth, or in faults unAcT ground, or in the bottom ot a Wf//, will prefervc their frefhnefs longer than thofe things that arc keptabove^ro««<^. They i'ay it hath been obfcrvcf^, that in Conjirvntories of snon> ( whether they were in Mountains, in natural Pits, or in Wells made by Art for that purpofe _) myipplt, or ( hej-nut , or Nut , by chance falling in , after many months , when the Snusv hath melted , hath been found in the 5«o»as frelh and fair as if it had been gathered the day before. Country people keep CluJIers of Grapes in Meal, ivhich though it makes them Icfs pleafant to the taflc, yet it prefcrves their moiftureand freihnefs. Alfo the harder fort of Fruits may be kept long, not oncly in Meal, but alfo in Saiv -dufi, ind in heaps of Corn. There is an opinion held, that Bodies maybe prefervcd trefli in Uajuors o£ then own kind, as in their proper ^if«/?>-«(i; as,to keep Grapes in H^ine,oltves in oil. Pomegranates and Ouinccs arc kept long, being lightly dipped in Se^-water or Salt- water, znA foon after taken out again, and then dried in the open/*«>,fo it be in the Shade. Bodies put in ;f ;«e, Oil, ov the Lees of Oil, keep long j muchmore in j^ew^ orS/^/r*'/ oiWiKe; but moll of all, asfomefay, in Qatck^lHver. Fruits inclofed in Wax; Tttch, Plaifler, Fafie, or any the like Cafe or Covering, keep green very long. . It is manifcfl: that Flies, Fpiders,Ants,or the like fmall CrMr«r«,falling by chance into Amber, or the Churns of Trees, and fo finding a burial in them, do never after corrupt or rot, although they be foft and tender Bodies. (jj'^pw are kept long by being hanged up in Punches : the fame is of other />«/«. For there is a two-fold Commodity of this thing ; the one, that they arc kept without ^r*-/^ fmgov bruijlng, which they muft needs fuffcr if they were laid upon any hard lubllance; the other, that the Air doth encompafs them on every lidc alike. It is obfcrvcd that Putrefa^ton, no lefs th^n Deficcation in Vegetables, doth not begin in every pait alike, but chiefly in that part vvhcre, being alive, it did attract nourilh- ment. Therefore fome'advife to cover the Jlall^ oi apples or other Fruits with Wax or Pitch. Great Wtekj of Candles or / 4mps do fooncr confume the Tallow or Oil than Icflicr Wieks ; alfo Wieks of Cotton fooncr than thofcoi Rtijh, or Straw, or finall Tmgs : and in Staves of Torches, thofe of Juniper or Tirre fooner than thofe of ^Jh : likcwife Flame moved znd fanned with the Wind fooner than that which is fitll: And therefore Candles let in a Lanthorn will lafl: longer than in the open ^tr. There is a Tradition, that Lamps fet in Sepulchres will lafl: an ncredible time. The Nature alfo and Preparation of the 7<ljurtfoment conduceth no iefs to the Lifting of Lamps and Candles, than the nature of the Flame ; for Wax will lafl longer than Tallew , and Talloitv a little wet longer tl an Taltow day, yiid Wax candles old made Icngcrthin Wax-candles new made. Frees, if you ftir the Earth about their Root every year, will continue lefs time ; if once in four, or perhaps in ten years, much longer : alfo cutting oft the Suckers and puna Shoots \v\\\ make them live the longer; but 'Dwk^/w them, or laying of //^j?-/ about their Roots, ox mnch Watering them, adds to their fertility, but cuts off" from their long lafting. And thus much touching the Trotibiting ot De/tccatiort or Cen- fumption. ^^^ I n'c hifiory of Life md Veaih. The Intencration or making tender of tli.it which is dricJ (which is the chici Mat- ter) afi-.)rcfs but a fmallmimbcrot Experiments. And therefore fomc few Expenmeitis which are foundin Living Creatures, and aifoin l^^j/zdiallbc joy ned together. Bands of ntliitr, wherewith they iife to binde Trees, laid ni Water, grow more flexible ; hkewifethcy put Boughs of Birch (the ejids of them) in Earrh.-n Pots Hiied with Water, to keep them from withering ; and Bowls cleft with drynefs, flecp'd in Water, clofe again. 'Boots grown hard and obftinatcwith age, by grcafing them before the Fire with TalJow, wax foft, or being onely held before the Fire get fomefoftnefs. "Bladrlers m^i Parchments harJneJ alfo become tender with warm Water, mixed with Tallow or any Fat tiling ; but much the better, if they be a little chafed. Trees grown very old, that have ftood long without any culture, by digging and opening the Earth about theRoots of th^m, feemtogrow young again, and put forth young Branches. O'd D'v««g^/ O.V(f« worn out with labor, being taken from the yoak, and put into frcfh Pafturc, will get young andtcndcr Rc(h again, infomuch,that they will cat as fr^ih and tender as a "-'teer. A fhift Emaciating Diet of GuAucum, Bisket, ;ind thcVike, (wherewith they ufe to cure the French-Pox, OUi catarrhs, and fome kindeof Dropfics) doth tirll bring mento great poverty and kannels , by wifling the Juices and Humors of the Body ; which after they begin to be repairedagain, Icem manifefllymorc vigorous and young. Na,, and I am of opinion, that Emaciating Difcafes afterwards well cured, have advanced many in the a ay of long life. Oi>/crvations. MEn fet clearly, Ittfc Owls, in the Night of t'eir orvn Notions ; hut in Experience, ^ tn the Day light they wwk^ and are but half ft lighted. They ffeai^^ much of the Ele- mentary quality tf^Siccity or Drinefs,<««i^ »f thints Dcliccating, anduf the Natural Periods o/" Bodies, in vhtcb they are corrupted and confumed: But meanwhile, either in ih:bcvin- nings, or middle pafl.iges, or lafts a<Sso/Dcficcation<fWConfumption, they ohferveno- thtnc that is of moment. DcCiccMon or Confiivnpt'ion in the proccfs Hereof, it finifhed by three Actiom ; and all th fe (as waifiid before) have their on/rtnal from the N'ative Spirit 0/ Bodies. T"** firft Aftionw, the Attenuation of the Mo\(iurc into Spirit • the /eco;:d it, the inliirg forth or flight of the Spirit ; the tlird i-s,- the Contra(5lion of the groHer parts of the Body immediately after the Spirit tffhed forth. And this l.tfiis, th.U Dcficcation and Induration ixhich vee chiefly handle ; the former tiro confume onely. Touching Attenuation, the matter is mamfejl. FortI eSpiritrvhichisinclofidtn everj Tangible Viody forgets not its nature, but whdtfoevcr it meets withal m t' e Body (in nhich it is inclofed) th.;t it can dtgefl andmufter, and turn into it fclf, t! at it plainly alter i and fuhdnes, and multiplies it felf upon it, and bcgns new Spirit. And this eviclcd bj one proof, tnfle.idofmany; for that thofet inajn-hichare thronahly dryedare lefenedin /Aar weight, and become hollow, poroia, and refouadin^from mthin. Norn it is mofl certain, that t ' e iri- viardS\>ix\x. of any thtna, confers nothing /o/Af weight, but rather lig tens it; and there- fore it mull needs be, that thefimc Spirit hath turned into itthemoiftiire andjnyce of the Body which weighed before, by vfhich means t'-e weight u lejfened. yi'id this uthe firfl Action, the Attenuation 0/ the .Moiflure, andi:onvcrtin<T it into Spirit. ■/^ffccond Adion, which is the llVuiiig forth «r"Flight of the Spirit, isMmanifeji ajo. For t! at ifluing forth, vben it ii in thi-ongs, is apparent even to thefenfe ; in Vapors to theJigf)t,inOdorstothef/»eliing; tutifitijuethforthfloivly, (M when a thingn decayed by age) then it is not apparent to thefenfe; but th: matter is the fame. Again, where the compefure of the Body is either fo [height or fo tenactoiu, that the Soil it can finde m ports or pajages by which to dspart, then, tn thejinvtng to get out, ttdriv.s before it t he grojjer parts 1 of the Body, and protrudes them beyond the fuperfcies or furface of the Pody \ at it is in the j r«/?o/' Metals, and mould of all Fat tilings. «yind this is /Affccond Action, f/»* Ifliiing .; forth or Fhghtof the Spirit. The third A<5tioh /; fomovhat more obfcure, but full as certain ; that is, the Con- I traction o/^iJ&fgrofl'er pins after the Spirit ijfued forth, tyind this appe.trs, firfi,tn that 'bodies after the Spirit ijfued forth, do manifejily jhrini^j, and fill a lifs room ; 4f it is in the Td the fr^ ^Article, I ^he Hipory of Life and Vuth. the Kernels of Nuts, whkh after they are dried, are too Utile for the Shells ; and «»KcamS <«;/£/ Planchcrs of^ Houfcs, vihicht^t f.rj} lay clofe together^ bnt after they are dried, (>_ive\ ana ltke»ife tnhowh, which through drought, grow full of cranies, the parts of the Howl con. tr.iBt/tf themfelves together, and after contraction muji needs be empty .if aces. Secondlji It appears by the wrinkles of Bodies dryed : For the endeavor of contracting itfelftsfnch; that by the conxri&.\on it brings the parts nearer together, and fo lifts them up ; for what - foever is contraftcd en the fides, is lifted up in the midfi : t^nd this is to be jeen in Papers and old Parchments,<t«^i« r^f Skins of Living Creatures, and in the CoMs of fo ft Chcelcsi all which, tvith aire, ^atherwrinkjc Thirdly, This ContracT:ion /hews itfelfmofl m thofe thtnqs, which by heat are net enely wrin{led, but ruffled, and plighted, and,as it were, rouled toge'ther ; as it is in Papers, and Parchments, and Leaves, brought near the fire : For Con- traftion by Age, which is more flow, commonly caufeth wrinkle > \ but Qonvn&l\sx\.bj the Fire, which is more Jpeedy, caufeth plighting. Now in mof} things where it comes not to wrinklin" or plighting, there is fimple Contraction, rt»</ angiilHation or ftrcightning, <j«<^ induration or hardning, «tW deficcation, as was Jijewedinthefiifiplace. liuiifthe i(fuinv forth of the Spirit , <iW abfiimption or wafte of the Moiilurc bs fo great, that there is not left body fnfficient to unite and contrail it felf then of neccjfuy CoHtraftion mufi ceafe, and the Body become putrid, and nothing elje but a little dufi cleaving together, which with a light touch is differfed and falleth afunder ; as it is in Bodies that art rotten, <t;,Y/<« Paper burnt, andlAnnthmad.e into Tinder, and Carkafcs emb.ilmed after many aijes. And this is the third Aftion, the Contraftion of the grofl'er parts after the Spirit ifueth forth. It is to be noted, thatVitC andHeat dryonely by accident ; for their proper ivork^is to attenuate and dilate the Spirit and Moifturc ; and then it follows by accident, that the other part.' fliould contract themfelves, either for the flying of Vacuum alone, or for fame other motion withal, whereof wenowsfeaknot. It is certain, /^<«f Putrcfaftion taketh its original from //;«• Native Spirit,nokpthen Arefaftion ; bul it goeth on afar different way : for in Putrefadion, the Spirit is not/imply vapored forth, butoeing detairiedin part, works fir angegarboils; and the groffer parts are notfo much locally contraUed, at they congregate themfelves te parts of the fame nature. Length andSbortnef of Life in Livi?ig Creatures. r The Hiftorv. Ouching /Af Length and Shortncfsof Life in Living Creatures, the Information which may be had, is but fender, Obfervation is negligent, and Tradition fabu~ loHS. InTamc Creatures, their degenerate life corrupteih them-, *>; Wilde Crea- tures, their expofing to all weathers, of ten intercept eth them IV either do thrfe things which may feem concomitants, give any furtherance to thisltifermation, {the oreatnefs of their Bodies, their time of Bearnig in the Womb, the 'number of their ■>jOm\^ ones, the time of their growth, andtherefi) in regard that the fe things are intermixed, andfometimes they concur, fometimes they fever. t^Xans age (as far as can be gathered by any certain Narration) doth exceed the age of all other Z<^/«^ Creatures, except it be of a very few onely ; and the Concomitants n\ him are very equally difpofed, his ftature und proportion large, his bearing in the numb nine moneths, his fruit commonly one at a birth, hispubertyat the age of Fourteen years, his time of growing till tv\'enty. The Elephanthy undoubted relation, exceeds the ordinary race of ^JMans life ; but his bearing in the Womb the fpace of Ten years, is fabulous ; of two years, or at leafl above one, iscertain. Now his bulkis great, his time of growth until the thirti- eth year, his teeth exceeding hard; neither hath it been obfervcd, that his blood isthc coldeft of all Creatures : His age hath fometimes reached to Two hundred years. Z.«o«j are accounted long livers, becaufemany of them have been found Toothlcfi,- a fignnot fo certain, for that maybe caufed by their flrong breath. The Bear is a great flecpcr, a dull bealt, and given to cafe ; and yet not noted for The hifiory of Life and T>eaib. for long life : nay, he hath this figu of ihorc life, that his be^ntig in i\\cw„mbis but fliori,fcarcc full forty days. The fo.vfecms to be wclldifpofcd inmany.things for Jong life ; he is wcllskinncJ, feeds on flclh, hves in Dens ; and yet he is noted not to have that property. Certainly he is akind of 'Do^mv^ that kind is but ihort-liv'd. The Cameli% aionghver, a lean Creature, and fincwy, fo that he doth ordinarily attain to fifty,andlbmetiincs to an hundred years. The Horfe lives but to a moderate age, fcarccTto forty years, his ordinary period is twenty years : but perhaps he is beholden for this ihortncis of life to Aii*n ; for wc have now no Horfe^ of the Sh>i, that live freely, and at pkafurc, in good pafturcs. Notwit-hftanding the Horfe grows till he be (is years old, and is able tor generation in his old age. Bclidcs, the tJ^re gocth longer with her young one thm itfoman, and brings forth, two at a burthen more rarely. The -^/s lives commonly to the Herfi's age; but the /!//</? out- lives them both. The Uart is famous amongfl: men for long life, yet not upon any relation that is undoubted. They tell of a certain //-<r» that was found with a Collar about his neck, and that Collar hidden with Fai. The long life of iheH.trt is the lefs credible, be- caufc- ho comes to his pcrfcdion at the fifth year ; and not Jong after his Uorns ( which he llicds and renews yearly ) grow more narrow at the' Root, and lefs branched. The Do^ is but a lliortlivcr, he exceeds not the age of twenty years, and for the mofl part lives not to fourteen years: a Creature of the hottcfl temper, andlivinginex- treams ; for he is commonly cither in vehement motion, or llecpin<» : bcfides, the Bitch bringeth forth many at a Burden, and goeth nine weeks. The CvlikcAifcjfor thegrcatncfsof his body and flrength.isbuta fhortlivcr.about fome fixteen years, and the tj^alts live longer than the Females ; notaithftanding they bcarufually but one at a burden, and go nine months : a Creature dull, f3efhy,andfoon fatted.and living oncly upon Hcrby fubllances, without Grain. Thei"^«^fcldomlives totcnycars,thoughhe be a creature of a moderate fizc, and excellently clad; and, that which may.fecni a vvondcr, bemg a creature with fo little a Gall, yet he hath the moft curled Coat of an, other, for the Hrf/r of no Creature is fo much curled zsHoolis. The ^^w; generate not before the third ,ear, and continue able for generation until the eighth. The £«'j bear young as long-as they live. The Sheep is a difeafed Creature,and rarely lives to his full age. The Cjoat lives to the fame age with the Sheep, and is not much unlike in other things; though he be a Creature more nimble, and of fomcwhat a firmerflelh, and fo fhould be longcr-liv'di but thenhcismuchmorclafciyious, and that ihiortcnshis life. The Sorv lives to fifteen years, fometimes to twenty : and though it be a Creature of themoifleft flelli, yetthatfcems to make nothing to Z.«««A of i«/!r. Of ihc«»/«^ Boar or So)t> we have nothing certain. The r<t/"s age is betwixt fix and ten years: a creature nimble and full offpirit.whofc feed ( as ^//4/; reports) burncth the Female; whereupon it is faid, That the Cat con- cetves with putfi, and brtnnj forth jtith eafe : A Creature ravenous in eating, rather fwallowingdown his meat whole than feeding. Hares :ind Con es attain fcarce to feven years, being both Creatures generative, and with young ones of fcveral conceptions in their bellies. In this they are unlike, tlut the Cofic^ lives under ground ; and the Hare above ground; and again, that the Hdre is of a more duskilh fleih. Birds for the fize of their bodies are much leffcr than Beafis; for an lc.a(U or Swan is but a fmali thing in comparifon of an Ox or Horfe, and fo is an Efirtch to ail £U-
hant. \
Birds arc excellently vvcll-clad: for feathers, for warmth and ciofc fitting to the body* exceed fyoo/i and Hatrs. Birds, though they hatch many young ones together, yet they bear themnol all in their bodies at. once, but lay their Eggs by turns, whereby their Fruit hath the more plentiful nourilliment whiKf it is in their bodies. "Birds chew httle or nothing, but their meat is found whole in their crops, notwith- flandingthcy will break the lliclls ofFruits, and pick out the Kernels .• they are thought to be of a very hot and flrong concodion. ^ " D The 19. lO i5- 24- 25. 16. ^7- 28. 29. 3'- 32. 33- 34' 35- T/ji? Hiftory of Life atid Death, The motion oi Birds in their flying is a .mixt motion, conliftini; of a moving of the limbs, andot a kind of carriage ; whicJiis themoft wholioine kind of Ex- crcifc. v^ny?of/f noted well touchingthc generation of i5/>Y!!f, (hut he transferred it ill to other living Creatures) that the iced ot xhctJMale cowfcrs lc!s to generation than the Female, but that it rather affords Activity than Matter ; fo that fruitful Eggs and un- fruitful Ei'qs are hardly diftinguilhed. !a/>ij (almoftall of them) come to their full growth the firft year, or a little after. It is true, that their Feathers in fomc kinds, and their Bills in others, iLcw their years, but for the growth ofcheir Bodies it is not fo. The ifiijr/e is accounted a long liver,yct his years arc not fct down ; and it is alledged as a fign of his longlifc, that he calls his Bill, whereby he grows young again : from whence comes that old Proverb, The old age of an Eagle, ^s'otvvith^bnding perchance the matter may be thus. That the renewing of the Eagle 6ot\\ not cjft his bill, but the calling of his bill is the renewing otthe Eagle, forafter that his bill is grown tea great crookcdncfs, the £^!^/e feeds with much difSculty. rnttHres are alfo affirmed to be long livers, infomuch that they extend their life well near to an hundred years. Kius likewifc, and fo all 5iWi that feed upon flelh, and tihds of prey live long. As for Hawks, bccaufc they lead a degenerate and fervile life for the delight of men, the term of their natural life is not certainly known: not- ^\hh(\iini.\ing3mong^{\ Aieived Hawks Come have been found to have lived thirty years, and amongfl • ild Bawks forty years. The Raven likcwife is reported to live long, fbmctimes to an hundred years: he feeds on Carrion, and flies not often, butratherisa fcdcntry and malanchollick3/r</, and hath very black flclli. But the c>o», like unto him in moft things, ( except in greatnefs and voice ) lives not altogether fo long, and yet is reckoned amongft the long livers. The 5'b'<?« is certainly found to be a long liver, and exceeds not unfrequcntly an hundred years. He is a "Bird excellently plumed, a feeder upon filh, and is always car- ried, and that in running waters. The Cjoofe alfo may pafs amongft the long livers, though his food be commonly grafs, and fuch kind of noiirillimcnt ; efpecially the pyild-Goofe ; whereupon this Proverb grew amongft the Germans, Magis fenex qttam tyinfer nivalis, Older than a fftld- Goofe. Storks muft needs be long livers, if that be true which was anciently obferved of them, that they never came to Thebes, bccaufc that City was often facked. This if it were fo, then either they muft have the knowledge of more ages than one, or elfc "the old ones muft tell their yOungthe Hiftory. But there is nothing more frequent than Fables. For Fables do fo abound touching the Phoenix, that the truth is utterly loft if any fnrh ntrd there be. As for that which was fo much admired , That fhe was ever feen abroad with a great troop of Birds about her, it is no fuch wonder ; for the fame is ufually (eta about an Owl flyingin the day-time, or a PArrot letoutof a Cage. The Parro' hath been certainly known to have lived threefcore years in England, how old foever he was before he was brought over: a Bird eating almoft all kind of meats, chewing his meat, andrcnewing his bill ; likewife curftandmifchicvous, andof ablackfielh, ThcTeacockJivcs twenty years ; buthe comes not forth withhis^r^/sf £/« before hpbe three years old ; a "S/W flow of pace, having whitifh flew. '" The Dttng! ill- Cack^'is venerisus, martial, and but of a lliort life; a ctmkBird, having alfo white flelli. T\\c Indian-Cock^, commonly called the TwryJ^f)- C°'^k? lives not much longer than thcD:!»ji^hill(cck^: sman^ry Fird, and hath exceeding white flclh. 1 The Rin:^- Doves are ot the longeft fort of livers, infomuch th.ittheyattainfome- timcs to fifty years of age : an atery Bird, and both builds and fits crnBigh. But Doves and Turtles arc but ihort liv'd,not exceeding eight years. ' But Pheafants and I'artigesmay live to fixtcen years. They are great breeders, but not fo white of flcfh as the ordinary PnUen. \ The: The hiftory of Life and %)ealh. The BImI^ birdis reported to be, amongfttlje IcJlcr birds, one of- tke lonrcfHivcrs ; an unhappy bird, and a good finger. The spurrovf is noted to be ot a very short life; and it is imputed in thcMaici to their lafciviouihcrs. But the Linnec^no bigger in body than tlic Sparrow, hjth been obfcrvcd to have hved twenty years. Of thc£/?w/; vre have nothing certain : thofe that were kept here have been (o un- fortunate, that no long hfe appeared by them. Otthcbird 7/"// v\c lindoncly that he livethlong, but his years arc not recorded. I he age of Ftjhes is more uncertain than that of rcrreftrial Creatures, bccaulc living under the water they arc the lc(s obfcrvcd : many of them breath nor, by wliith means their vital fpirit is more clofcd in; and therefore though thcv receive fomc re- frigeration by their Gills, yet that refrigeration is not fo continaai as when it is by breathing. They ar c free from the Dejiccation and Depredation of the JAir ambient, becau fc they live in the water: yet there is no doubt but the'/<»rfr ^»»^/f«,and piercing, and recti vcd into tlie pores of the body, doth more hurt to long life than the Air doth. It is affirmed too that their blood is not warm. Some of them arc great dcvourcrs, even of their own kind. Their flclli is fotter and more tender than that of tcrrclf rial creatures : they grow exceedingly fat, infomuth that an incredible quantity of Oyl will be extracted out oionclf- hale. Dolphins are reported to live about thirty years ; of which thing a trial was taken in ibmeot them by cutting off their tails: they growuntill ten years of age. That which they report of fomc FtJI;es is ftrange, that after a certain age their bodies will waftc and grow very (lender, onely their head and tail retaining their former greatne(s. There were found in Cafar's Fifli pOnds Lamprep lo hv/e lived threcfco re years: they were grown fo familiar with longufc, that Cra/jHS the Orator folcmnly lamented one of them. The Pikf amongft Fishes living in fresh wa^gf is found to lafl: longefl, fometimesto forty years : he is a Ravcncr,of a flesh forac what dry and firm. But the Carp, 'Bream, Tench, Eel, and the like, are not held to live above ten years. 5»«/w(;w are quick of growth, short of life J foarc Tronts: but the S^MrciJ is flow of growth, long of life. Touching thatmonilrous bulk of the « hale or Orl^, how long it is vveiled by vital fpirit, wc have received nothing certain ; neither yet touching thc.iV/jf<i^, and Sea-hog, and other innumerable Fijhes. ( rocoddes ii-Q reported to be exceeding long- liv'd, and are famous forthc time of their growth, for that they, amongft all other Creatures, are thought to grow during their whole life. They are of thofe Creatures that lay Eggs, ravenous, cruel, and a ell- fenced againit the waters. Touching the other kinds of shell- fijh, we find nothing ccrtainhow long they live. Obfervations. I f'/'O find out a l{nle touching Length and Siiortncfs o/Lifc in Living Creatures is very difficnlt, by re.ifon of the negligence of ObfervMions, and thetntermixinj^ofCaHfa. A j few things v>e will fit do:in. 1 here urc more l^mds o/Birds found tote long Uv'dthanof Beads \ as the Eagle, the Vulture, the Kite, ihj Pelican, r^*R.avcn, the Crow, the Swan, the Goofc,/A« Stork, r/w I Crane, she Birdc-ille J the ibis, the Pitrot, theK'm^ y.\oyi:, t»itb the rejt, though they come I to tietr fnll growth wubtna jear, and are lefs of bodies: fnrelj their cloathina ts excellent \ good itgMnfl thedilhmperatures of the jf father ; and bcfides, living for the mojipArt m the ': open iy^ir, thejr art like the Inhabitants of pure Mountains, which are lon^-Uv'd. .ifain, ' rAf/r Motion, which (as Jelfe-wherefuid) is a mtxt Motion, compounded of a moving of j their Limbs and of a carnage in the ^iir, doth lefs weary and wear them, and 'tis more whol- ly feme. Neither do they fufftr any comprejfton or want of nounjhmentm their mother' sbel- lies, becaufe the Eggs are laid by turns. "But the chife/t caufeefall I take to be this, that Biros .tre made more of thefubfiance of the Mother than of the Father,whcrebj tbetr Spirits are not fo eager and hot. D z li n 17- 19. 40. 41. 4Z. 4+- 45- 45. 47- 4S. 45. 12 <r. II. IZ. The Hijlory of Life and T>eath. t may be a Pofiuon, that Creatures which p/trtake more of the fubjlance ofihetr Motlicr lh>ii/ofihetr¥u\\€T are longer- liv'dy as Birds <jrf ; which noijaid before. Alfo th»t thofe which have A longer time of bearing i>i the vfomb, do partake more of the fitbftanceof their Mother, Ufs of the Fatlier, andfo are longer. liv'd : Injomuch that I am ofupmion^that even among ft tM'ien, (which I have noted in fame ) thefe that refemble ihiir Mothers mofl are longeji-Uv'd ; andfoare the Children of Oldmen b'gotten of joung Vyivet, if the Fathers be found, not dtfexfed. The firft breeding 0/ Creatures is ever material, either to their hurt or binef.t. And therefore it (tamls mth reafon, that the Icfler Comprcflion, and the more liberal Alimenta- tion of the Youngonc in the womb, Jhould confer much to Long Life. Now this h.ippens when either tl:e young ones are brought forti fucce/Jively,as inBirds ; or when they are Jinole Births,asin Creatures bearingbut one at a Burthen £«rlong Bearing ;« the Womb maizes for Length ofLiCcthree ways Firfi, for that the youria one partakes more of the fubfance of the Adother, as hath been fetid, Secondly, that It comes forth morefirong and able. Thirdly jhjt it ttndergoes the predt^tory force of the tyfir later, liefides, it jhews that Nature intendeth tofimjh her periods by larger Circles. Now though Oxen and Sheep,w/./c /; are born in the womb about fix months,are butjhort-Uv'd, that happens for other cr.ufes Feeders upon GiaCs and mere Hcrhs are but fjort livers ; and Cre4tures-feeding upon Ficili, or Seeds, oiFiuits, lone livers, as femeBirds are. ty€s forV{iXts,whichare lonirJiv'd, /tfv take the one half of their meat (as men ufe to fay) from above their heads , and the G ofc, beftdes Grafs, fndtthfomething in the water, and Stubble to feed upon. ." e ftippoje'.hatagood Cloathingr/f^f Body maketh much to long life ; font fence th and armeth againfi the intemperances of the Air, which do wonderfully affaii and decay the body : which benefit Birds efpecially have. Now that Sheep, which have fo good Fleeces, Jhe'i'Jd be fo flwrt- liv 'd, that is to be imputed to Difeafes, Jthereofthat Creature is full, and to the bare eating of Graf'. The featof theSTp'ints, without doubt, is principally the Head ', which though it be ufttal- ly underfiood of the Animal Spirits onely,yet this is all in all. tylgain,it is not to be doubted but the Spirits do mofief allwafle and prey upon the Body,fo that when they art either in greater plenty, or in greater InfUmation and Acrimony, there the life is much fhortned. And therefore I conceive a great caufe of long life in Birds to be thefmabufs of their Heads in comparifon of their Bodies ; forevemj^^enwhich have very great Heads t fuppofe to be thejhortti' livers. I am of opinion that Carriage is of all other motions the mofl helpful to long life ; whici-' I alfo noted before. Now there are carried Water- fowls upon the water,as Swans ; ^//Birds in their flying, but with a ftrong endeavour of their limbs ; and Filhes, of the length of wl ofe live we l:ave no certainty. Thoje Creatures which are long before thy come to their perfeBion (^mt fptakjng of growihin ftature onely, but of other fteps to maturity ; asManputs forth, firft, hisTeeth, ne.vt the fans of Puberty, then his beard, andfo forward) arelonglWd, for it Jhews that Nature fin/Jhed her Periods bylargir Circles, Milder Creatures are not long-ltv'd, as ?^tf Sheep and Dove ; for Choler is as thewbet- floneand Spur to many FunUions m the Body. Creatures wAe/f Fkfliw/worfduskilli ar e longer- liv^d than thofe that have white Flep»; for itjheweth that the juice of the body is more firm, andlefs apt to difftpate. Jn every corruptible "Body Qmntity makfth much to the confervation of the whole: for a great Fire is longer in t^uenching, a fmall portion of H ater is fooner evaporated, the Body ofaTreewitherethnotfofaftasaTwig, Andtherefore generally ( I fpeak^it of Species, not of Individuals ) Creatures that are large in body are longer- liv'dthan thoje that are fmall, Hnlefs there be fame other potent caufe to hinder it. €y4limen- The Hiftory of Life and Death. NOurifliment ought to be of an infcriour nature, antl more fimple fubftancc than the thing iiourillicd. Plants arc nouri|]icd with the Earth and Water, Ltvini^ Crear.-tres with Plants, Afiin with hving Creatures. There are alio certain Creatures feeding upon I-lelh, and t>^4/;hinifelf takes Plants into a partof hisNoutillimcnt { butA^an:ind Creatures feeding upon Fleih arc fcarccly nou- rilLed with Plants alone : perhaps fr«/r or C7rij/«x, baked or boiled, may, with long ufc, nourilh them; but If^x-w Gr./V<i««or//<'r/'^will not doit, asthcOrt/^rof the J<?- liatanes ihcwcd by Experience. Over-great Affiinty or Confubftantidlitj of the Nourijhmtnt to the thing nourillicd proveth not well ; Creatures feeding upon Herbs touch noFlclh ; and of Creatures feeding upon Flelli, few of them eat their own kind : As for J/irw, which are Cannibals, they feed not ordinarily upon tyUens flelh , but refcrve it as a Dainty , either to fcrve their reveng upon their enemies, or tofatisfic their appetite at fome times. So the Ground is bcfl Town with 5"??^ growing elfcwhcre,and ^fwdonot ufc to Graft or Ino. c«//«rfupon the fame Stock. v By how much the more the Notfrip^mentisbeitn prepared, andipproachethneirCrtn likenefsto the thing nourilhcd, by fo muchthcmorc arc T/^wn more fruitful, and Itvtfia Creatures in better liking and plight: for a young Slip or cion is not fo well nourilTicil if it be pricked into the ground, as if it be grafted into a Stock agreeing with it in Nature, and where it finds the nourilhmcnt already digcfted and prepared : neither (as is reported, will the Seedoi an Onion, orfoine fuch like, fown in the bare earth, bring forth fo large a fruit as if it be put into another 0«w», whichis a'nrvv kind of <jr.(,'>/'-;^-, into the root, or under g'C;':nd. Again, it hathbcenfounJout htely, thnt a 5///> of a fiild Tree, asof an £/»», O.i^i^^^'jOr fuchlike, graftcdintaa Stack ofthc famckind, will bring forth larger leaves then thofc that grow without graftinf*: Alfo Men arcnot nonriJhcd fo \vcll\vith raNK- flelli'as withthatwhichhathpafltdthcfii'c. Living Creuturcsixt nourilh cd by the Mouth, Plants by the %oot, Tounq^ ones in the womb b; the ^avcl: lairds for a while are nouriihed with the J'o.'j^inthcEggc, whereof fome is found in their Crops after they are hatched. All Nouriihmentmovcth from \.bccentre to the Circumference, or from the In'A'ar^ to the utward: yet it is to be noted, that ih Trees 2nd TLtnts the Nourilhmcnt paf- fcth rather bv the Bark and Outward parts then by the Pith and Inward parts ; for if the Bark be pillcJ off, though but for a fmall breadth, round, they live no more : and the Blond in the Veins of living Creatures doth no Icfs nourijh the Flelh beneath it then the Flelli above it. In all alimentation or Nourijhmeat there is a two-fold Aftion, Extujion and v/ft. tra8ion ^ whereof the fotmer.prdceeds from the Inward Fundion, the latter from the Outward. ' "~ ' ' . . reaetables a/7imiil.lte their No^irillimentfimply, without Excerning: For Gums and Tears of Trees are rather Exuberances thcnExcrcmcnts,and Knotsor knobs arenothing but Difcafcs, Rut. the fubflance of living Creatures is more perceptible of the like; and therefore it is conjoyned with akind of difdain, whereby it rcjectcth the bad, and alTimulateth the good. Itisaftrangc thing of the fial^i of Fruits, that all the Nourilhmcnt which produccth fometimes fuch great Fruits, ihould'bc forced to pafs through fo narrow necks ; for the Fruit is never joyn'd to the Stock without fome (lalk. It is to be noted, thatthcScedsof living Creatures will not be fruitful but when they are"^new ihed, but the Seeds of Plants will be fruitful a long time after they arc gathered ; yet the Slips or Cions of Trees will not grow unlefs they be grafted green ; neither will the roots keep long frelh unlefs they be covered with earth. In living Creatures there arc degrees of Nourilhmcnt according to their Age: in the womb, the youHg one is nourished with the Mother's blood ; when it is new-born, with Milk ; aftcrwanis with Meats and Drinks ; and in old age the moft nourishing and ftvoury Meats picafe bcff . tyilimen tat t on, or Nourijhmefit ; and the may of IStourifhing. \ the Htnorj. To th fourth -Ar- ticle. I. D J Abuvc 14- T^he Hipory of Life and Death. To tht 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and a Articles Above all it makethto the ^rcfcnt fn^ui/ition, to inquire diligently and attentively v*he- thcr a man may not receive T^oHrtJhment from without, at Icaft feme other wsy belidc the Mouth. We know that Baths of Milk arcufed in fome He£}tc\Fevers, and when thebody is brought extream low, indThr/icians do provide Nounjhing chfiers. This matter would be vrcH ftudied ; for i( Noun/hment mity be made cither from without, or fomc other way than by the ftomach, then the vvcaknefs of Concoftion, which is incident to old men, might be rccompcnccd by thcfe helps, and Concoftion rcflorcd to them intire. Length andShortnefs of Life in ^iS\fan, The Htfitrj. B Eforc the Floud, as the Sacred Scriptures relate, Afen lived many hundred years ; yet none of the Fathers attained to a full thoufand. Neither was this Length of L»/(? peculiar onely to Grace, orikcHolyLine ; for there are reckon- ed of the Fathers until the Floud eleven Generations ; but of the fons of ^dam by c<»>;oneIy eight Generations ; (o as the pofterity of Qnn may fecm the Ion- gcr-liv'd. But this Length ofLtfe immediately after the Floud w^s reduced to a moiety, but in the Pofl-nati ; for Noah, who was born before,equalled the age of his Anceftors, and Sem faw the dx hundredth year of his life. Afterwards, three Generations being run from the Flottd, the Life of t^an was brought down to a fourth part of thepri- mativc^^f, that was, to about two hundred years. Abraham lived an hundred fevcnty and five years: a man of an high courage, and profperous in all things. Ifaac came to an hundred and eighty years of age : achafle man, and enjoying more quietncfs than his Father. But Jacob , after many croflcs and a numerous progeny, lafted to the hundred forty feventh year of his hfc : a pa- tient, gentle, and wife man. Jfmael, a military man, lived an hundred thirty and fevcn years. Sarah ( whofe years onely amongft women are ixcordcd ) died in the hundred twenty feventh year of her age : a beautifull and magnanimous woman ; a fingular good Mother and Wife ; and yet no lefs famous for her Liberty than Ob- fequioulnefs towards her husband, fofiph alfo, a prudent and politick man, pa/Ting his youth in affliftion, afterwards advanced to the height of honour and profperity, lived an hundred and ten years. But his brother Z-^zi/, eldcrthanhimfelf, attained to an hundred thirty feven years: a man impatient of contumely and revengeful. Near unto the fame age attained the fin of Levi 1 alfo his ^rand child, the father oi-tiaron and Afofis. Mofes lived an hundred and twenty years : a ftout man, and yet the meekeft upon the earth, and of a very flow tongue. Howfoever tS^ofes in his Pfalm pronouncech that the life of man is but fevcnty years, and if a man have ftrcngth, then eighty; which term of man's life Ibndeth firm in many particulars even at this day. jiaron, who was three years the elder, died the fame year with his Brother : a man of a readier fpcecb, of a more facile difpofition, and lefs conftant. But Phineas, grand- child o£ u^aron, (perhaps out of extraordinary grace) may be collefted tQ have lived three hundred years ; if fo be the h^ar of the Jfraelites againft the Trite of Ben- jamin (in which Expedition p/^/wm; was confulted with) were performed in the fame order of time in which the Htfiory hath ranked it : He was 3 man of a mofl: tmi- nent Zed. Joflma, a martial man, and an excellent Loader, and evermore vidorious, lived to the hundred and tenth year of his life. Caleb was his Contemporary, and. feemeth to have been of as great years. Ehud the Judge fcems to have been no lefs than an hundred years old, in regard that after the Victory over the C^.e'a^: bites the Holy Land had refl under his Government eighty years : He was a man fierce and undaunted, and one that in a fort neglected his life for the good of ivis People. Job lived, after the reflauration of his happinefs , an hundred and forty years, being before his affliftions of that age that he had fons at man's eftatc : a man po- litick. The Hijlory of Life and Death. O litick, eloquent, charitable, aiid clii; Example of Paiiente. Eli tiic Pritll lived ninety ciglit years ; a corpulent man, calmotdifpofition, and indulgent to Ins cliilcircn. But Elizaits the I'lophet may fcem to have died when he was above an hundred years old; for he is found to have hvcci after the ajfttmpiion ot EUas fixty years ; and at the time of that ajfumptton he was of thofc years, that the boys mocked l.im by the name of Bald-head : a man vehement and fevere, and of an aultcrc life, and a contemner of riclics. Alfo ifuiah the Prophet fecmetli to have been an hundred years old i for he is found to have exerciied the FunCtiou ota Prophet fevcnty years together, the years both of his begijmingtoprophefie and of his death being uncertain: a man of an admirable eloquence, an tvMiq^e/tcal Prophet, full of the promifcs of God of the AV;»7>/?<i«»f»/, as aBoctle with fvvcct Wine. Tobuu the Elder lived an hundred fifty eight years, the Younger, an hundred twen- ty feven : merciful men, and great alms-givers. It fecrns, in the time of the Cap- tivity, many of the /fa^r v^-ho returned out ©f5»(^//o« were of great years, feeingthcy could remember both Temples, (there being no lefs than feventy years bctvvixtthem) and wept for the uniikcnefsot them. Many ages aher that, inthetime of our 5<?z//o«r, lived old Awfoff, to thcageof ninety ; adcvoutman, and full both of hope and cxpc- (Sation. Into the fame time alfo fell ^fifia the Prophttejs, who could not polTibiy be lefs than an hundred years old; for Jlic had been fcvcn years a wife, about eighty four years a widow, bcfides the years of her virginity,and the time tl'at iLe lived after her Prophecy of our Saviour : S!ic was an holy woman, and paflcd her days in faftings and prayers. The long Lives of e-5Wf« mentioned in Heathen Authors have no great certainty in them; both for the intermixture of Fables, whcreunto thofe kind of relations were very prone, and for their falfc calculation of years. Certainly of the J^gyptians we find nothing of moment in th9fe works that are extant as touching /jw^ ufe, for their Kings which reigned longcfl did not exceed fifty or five and fifty years, which is no great matter, feeing many at this day attain to thofe years. But the Arcadi*H Kings are fabuloufly reported to have lived very long. Surely that Country was Mountainous, full of flocks of Sreep, and brought forth moft wholfome food ; notAjcithftanding, feeing Pan was their "od, wc may conceive that all things about the-Ti were /'<««»f4.and vain, and fubjcft to fables. Numa King of the i omans lived to eighty years: a man peaceable, contemplative, and much devoted to Religion. CMarctts Valentu Corvintss faw an hundred years complete, there being betwixt his firft and fixtli Confnljhip forty fix years: a man va- lorous, 3ffiiblc,popular,and always fortunate. S»lon of z^thens, the Law giver, and one of the feven // ife- menWvcA above eighty years: aman of an high courage, bnt popular, aixl affcftcd to his Country ; alfolearn- ed, given to plcafurcs and a foft kind of life. Epimenides the <'retian is reported to have lived an hundred fifty i^szn years: the matter is mix'd with a prodigious Relation; for fifty feven of thofe years he is faid to iiavc fltpt in a Cave. Half an age after Xetu. phon the Colophoxian liYcd m hundred and two years, or rathermorc: for at the age of twenty five years he left his Countiy, feventy levcn complete years he travelled, and after that returned ; but how long he lived after his return appears not ; a man no lefs wandring in mind than in body, tor hisname was changed for the madnefs of his opi- nions from Xenophanes to Xenomunes : a man no doubt of a vafl conceit,and that mijidcd nothing but Infinitum. tydnacreon the Poet lived eighty years and fomcwhat better : a manlafcivious. Vo- luptuous, and given to drink. Ttndarus the Theban lived to eighty years; a Poet of an high fancy, fingular in his conceits, and a great adorer of the ^o^. Sophocles the Athenian attained to thelikcage ; alotty Tragick Poet, given over wholly to Writing, andnegleftful of his Family. -ri//-/A»r;r.v« King of Pfr/jw lived ninety four years: a man of a dull wit, avcrfe tothc difpatchof bufinefs, dcfirous of glory, but rather ot' eafc. At the fame time lived y^ijf- JiUus King of J/3<i«.i to eighty four ycarsof age : a moderate Prince, as being a W«- ' lofopher among Kmas; but notwit: Handing ambitious, and a Warriour,and no Uls flout Ijin.wjr than in bufinefs. (j Cjorgtas the Sicilian viis sin hundred and eight v ears old ; a T^het rictany and a 'great boafler of his faculty, one that uughc Youtli for profit : he had fcen many Countries, \ 16 The Hiftory of L'tje and T)eath 12. Countries, and a little before his death faid, That he hail done nothing worthy of blame fincc he was an old man. Protaaor,u oi ^ibdcraii^ ninety years of age : this man waslikcwifca A'/jfr»>';W/?«, but protcllcd not fo much to teach t c Liberal Arts, as the ^rt of Governing Common-wealths and States.- notwithftanding he was a great wanderer in the world , no lefs than Gergtiis. Ijocr.ites the Atheman lived ninety eight years ; he was a Rhetarician alfo , but an exceeding modeft man ; one that fhunncdtlic publick light, and opened his School oncly in his own houfe. Democritw of Abdera reached to an hundred and nine years : he was a great Phslofipher, and> if ever any man amongfl: the Grecians, a true N.tturali^ ; a Surveyor of many Coun- tries, but much more of Nature ; alfo a diligent fcarcher into Experiments, and (as -^r«/?or/(r objefted againfl: him ) one that followed Similitudes more than the Lavws of Arguments. Diogenes the Sinopean lived ninety years : a man that ufed liberty to- wards others , but tyranny over himfelf .• a courfe diet, and of much patience. 2.e»o of Cttium lacked but two years of an hundred : a fnan of an high mind, and a contemner of other mens opinions ; alfo of a great acutencis, butyet nottroublc- fome,chufing rather to take mens minds than to c/iforcc them .• The like whereof after- ward was in Seneca. Plaio the Athenian itxaincA to eighty one years: a man of a great courage, but yet a lover of eafe; in his Notions fublimcd, andot a fancy, neat and dchcate in his life, rather c»lm than merrv, and one that carried a kind of Majefty in his countenance, rfjeophrafiw the Sr effian znived at eig ty five years of age ; a man fvvcet for his eloquence, iwcet for the variety of his matters, and who fi;le(5lcd the plcafant things of Philofophy, and let the bitter and hailh go. Cameades of Gy- rene many years after came to the like age of eighty five years ; a man of a fluent eloquence, and one who by the acceptable and pltafant variety of his knowledge de- hghted both himfelf ai}d others. But Orhiltw, who lived in C/coVs time, no Philo- fopher ov Rhetorician, but i.Cjrammartan, attained to an hundred years of age, he was firft a Souldier, thenaSchooImaftcr; amanbynaturs tart both in his Tongue andPen, and fevere towards his Scholars. Qmnt;is Fabitu Maximw ^li Augur fixty three years, wl»ich itewed him to be above eighty years of age at his death ; though itbetrue, that inthes^w^wr/^t^No- bihty was more refpefted then age .• a wife man, and a great 'Z)f/*Z'rr/?/o>-, and in all his proceedings moderate, and not without affability fevere. MafmijfaY^mo^oi Hu- w/W;* lived ninety years, and being more than eighty five got a fon : a daring man, and trufting upon his fortune, who in his youth had tailed of the inconllancy of Fortune but in his Succeeding age was conftantly happy. But AiarcmTPorctui Cato lived above ninety vcirs of age: amanof an Iron body and mind; he had a bitter tongue,and loved to chcrifh factions; he was given to Husbandry, a<nd was to himfelf and hisFamily a Phyfician. lerentia Ctcero's wife, lived an hundred and three years : a woman afflidted with many croflcs ; firrt:, with the banilliment of her Husband; then withthc difference betwixt them ; laltly, with his lafl fatal misfortuwe .• She was alfo oftentimes vexed with the Gout. Luceia muft needs exceed an hundred by many years ; for it is faid that llie aftcd an whole hundred years upon the Stage, at firfl: perhaps reprefenting the pcrfon of fome young Girl, at lafl of fome decrepit old Woman. But (jaleris (opiola, a Player alfo and a Dancer, was brought upon the Stage as a Novice, in what year of her age is not known ; but ninety nine years after , at the Dedicati«n of the iheatre by Pompey the Great, fhe was ihewn upon the Stage, not now for. an Adrcfs, but for a Wonder .- neither was this all, for after that, in thcS"*- temmties for the health and life of tyfugtiflns , ihc was lliewn upon the Stage the third time. ' There was another vAElrefs, fomewhat infcriour in age, but much fuperiour in dignity, which lived well-near ninety years, 1 mean Livia Julia ^Augufta, wife to ^ugufftu ( Afitr, and mother to Tibertw. For if e//«^«/?«^s his life werea Play, (a«  himfelf would have it, whenas upon his deathbed he charged his friends they Ihould give him a Tlattdiit after he was dead) certainly this Lady was an excellent Acirefs, who could carry ir fo well with her husband by a diflembled obedience, and with her fon by power and authority .• a w©inan affable, and yet of a Ma- tronal carriage, pragmatical, and upholding her power. But junta, the wife of r<w<<^ Caffinf , and fiftcr of Marcw Brutpu , was alio ninety years old ; for fhe furvivcd the Phi/tppicl^'Battel fixty four years .• a magnanimous woman , in her great wealth ^^^^ happy ; TbeHiftory of Life and Dmhi Ijappy in the calamity of licr husband and near kinsfolks, and in a long wiii.olv-b9od unhappy; notAjithltanding much honmircd of all. The ^CAK of our Z-or^ fcvcnty fix, falling into the time oE Fefpafidn, is mcrnorablc ; iij which we fliall find, as it were, a calendar of long liv'd men ! For that year there I was a Taxing, (now a r^A-;w^ is the mofl Aiithcmical and triicR Informer touchinp I the ages of men ;) and in tliat part of Italy which lieth betwixt the tyfpenntne fJMiun. tains and the RtverFo, there were found an hundred and four and twenty pcrfonstliat either equalled or exceeded an hundred years of age.- namely, of an hundred years juft, fitcy four perfons ; of an hundred and ten, fifty Ec\cn pcrfons; of an hundred and five and twenty, twoonely; of an hundrcdand thirty, four men ; of an hundred and five and thirty, or fcven and thirty, four more; of an hundred and I'orty, three men. Bcfidcsthcfe, /'«jr»».< in particular afforded five ; whereof three fulfilled an hun- drcdand twenty years, and two an hundred and thirty ; irwjr^/^ afforded one of an hun- dred and twenty five years old i rlacentia one, aged an hundred thirty and one ; ra- veritia one woman, aged one hundred thirty and two : a certain Town, then called Velleiatium, fituatc in the H«//i about Placenti.t, afforded ten, whereof lix fulfilled an hundred and ten years of age ; four, an hundred and twenty; Laftly, i^w»w/ oncof an hundred and fifty years,whofenanie svH'^iarcHt Aptmus. That our Catalogue f/tight not he extended too much in length , we have thought jit ^ . at well in thofe whiin we have rehear fed, at in thofe whom we jhatl rehear e, to offer none under eighty years of age. T^w we have affixed to every one a tru: and ihort Charafter or Elogy ; hut ef that fort whereunto, tn our judgment. Length of Life f which IS net a little fubjecl to the Manners and Fortunes of men ) hath fome relation, and that in a two fold refoecl -. either that fuch kind of men are for the mofi part lona- \ h-v'di or that fuch men may fometimes be of long life, though otherwife not well dijpofcd ! for it, I Amongft the Roman and Grecian Emperors, alfothc French and tyflmain, totbefc pur'dayes , which make up the number of wcll-near two hundred /'n«c«, there are oncly tour found that lived to eighty years of age : unto whom we may adde ihc two firft Emperors, ^itgu^iu and Tihenm ; whereof the latter fulfilled tJie fcvcnty and eighth year, the former t])c fcvcnty and fixch year of his age, and might both per- haps have lived to fourlcorc, if Ltvia and Cams had been plcaled. Awufltu ( as wai faidj lived Icvcnty and fix years: a man of moderate difpolition ; in accompUlliing his defigns vehement, but otherwife calm and fcrene ; in meat and drink fober, in Vcnery intemperate, through all his lite-tmic happy ; and who about the thir- tieth year of his life had a great and dangerous ficknefs , inlomtich as they dc- fpaired of lik in him ; whom ^intonms Alufa the Phyfician, when other Phyficians had applied hot Medicines, as mofl agreeable to his difcafe, on the contrar cured with cold Medicines, which perchance might be fome help to the prolonging of his life. I'lbntiu lived to be two years older: A man with lean chaps , 3S Au!ui}iu was Wont to fay, for his fpccch ftuck within his jaws, but was weighty He was blojdy, a drinker, and one that took Luft into a part of his diet i notwitbftanding a great obfcrver of his health, infomuch that he ufed to fay, That he was a fool that .:far thirty years of| age took advice of a rhy/icidr. Gordian the eider lived eighty years, and yet died a violent death when he was fcarce warm in his Empirei a man of an high fpirit and renowned, learned, and a Poet, and conftantly bap- py throughout' the wholQcourfe of his Ijfe, favc oncly that he ended ins daycs by a violent death, . l^alertan the Etnperour was fcvcnty fix years of age before he was taken prifoner .l^y Stipnr King ot '-'erfia, after his Captivity he lived fcycn years in rcproathes, and then died a violent death alio ; a man of a poor mind, and not va- liant ; notwithlfanding li.tcd up in his o n and the opmion of men, but falling ihort m the performance. An.ifixfim, lurnamcd Z)<cor«/, lived eighty eight years ; he was of a fetled mind, but too abjeft, and fuperllitious, and tcarlui. Antcimfufii- manui lived to eighty three years ; a man greedy of glory, performing nothing in his o n pcrlon, but in the valour of his Captains happy and renowned ; uxorious, and not his own man, but fuftering others to lead him. Helena of r.ntain, mother of Con- ftantinethc Great, was fourlcorc years old ; a woman that intermedlcd not in matters of State neither in her Husband's nor fpns Reign, but devoted her fcif wholly to Rchgion magnanimouSjand perpetually flouriiliing. Theodora the Emprefs (^viho was liftcrto Zees, _^ B wife IS 17- ^he Hi^ory of Life and Death. it. i^ wife of t^onontitchM, and reigned alone after her deccafc) lived above eighty years : a pragmatical woman, and one that took delight in Governing ; fortunate in tlithighcll degree, andthrough hcrgoodtortunescrcdulous, We will proceed now from thcfc Secular Princes to the Princes in the Chkrch. St. ?fl^», an Apoftle oi oxxr saviour, and the Beloved D;fciple, lived ninety three years. He was richtly denoted imdcr the Emblem of the Eaale, for his piercino light into the 'Divffii/y; and was a Seraph amongft the .^pofiles in rcfpedl of his burniiit; Love. St. L«<^e the Evarigelifi fulfilled fourfcore and four years : an clocpent man, and a Traveller, St. Taul's inkparablc Companion, and a I'h/ician, Simeon the Ton oi QeophM, called the Brother of our Lord, 2nA'?n{\\0'p oi jertifilem, lived an hun- dred and twenty years though he was cut ihort by Martyrdom .• a ftoirc man, and conllant, and full of good works. Voljcarptis , Difctplc unto the ^pofiles , and Bilhop of Smyrna, fccmeth to have extended his age to an hundred years and more; though he were alfo cut off by Martyrdom : a man of an high mind, of an herdi- cal patience , and unwearied with labours. Dyomfnu t^r-eopajrira , Contemporary to the Apoffje St. Paul , lived ninety years : he was called the Bird of Heaven . for his hi"h flying Divinity, and was famous as well for his holy life as for hi's Meditations, ^quilla and Prtfcilla, firft St. feiul the Apoftlc's Holfs. Afterward his Fcllov^'- helpers , lived together m a happy and famous Wedlock at le.ifl to an hundred years of age a piece ; for they were both alive under Pope ^tjiui the firft : a noble Paif , and prone to all kind of charity, who amongft other their com- forts (which no doubt wefe great unto the firit Founders of the Church) had this added , to enjoy each other fo long in an happy marriage. St. Taul the iiermite lived an hundred and thirteen years : now he lived in a Cave; his diet was fo flender and ftrift , that it was thought almoft impoflible to fupport humane nature there- withal: he pafled his years onely in Meditations andSoliloquie.';| yet he was not illi- terate or an Idiot, but learned. St. \Ly^ntbonji, the firff Founder oi ^onl^s , or (as fome will have it; the Reftorer onely, attained to an hundred and five years of age: a man devout and contemplative , though not unfit for Civil affairs ; his life was auftcre and mortifying, notwithftanding he lived in a kind of glorious foli- tudc ; and exercifed a command, for he had his t..?ffo«i^ under him. And befulcs, many (^hnfltans and Phihfophers came to vifit him as a living Image , from which they parted not without fome adoration. St. e^thana/iiu exceeded the term of eighty years: a man of an invincible conftancy, commanding fame, and not yicKling to Fortune: he was free towards the Great ones, with the People gracious and acceptable, beaten and praftifcd to oppofitions, and in delivering himfclt from them flout and wife. St. Hieront, by the confent of moft Writers, exceeded ninety years of age : a man powerful in his Pen, and of a manly Eloquence, varioully learned both in the Tongues and Sciences, alfo a Traveller, and that lived ftrifily towards his old age, in an cftatc private, and not dignified ; he bore high Spirits, and ihincdfar out of obilurity. ThcPopes oi RomeoLte. in number to this day two hundred forty and one. Of fo great a number five ontly have attained to the age of fourfcore years, or upwards. But in many of the firft ropes their full age was intercepted by the Prerogative and Crown oi Martyrdom, "john the twenty third, Pope oi Rome, fulfilled the ninetieth year of his age .- a man of an unquiet difpolition, and one that ftudicd novelty : he altered ma- ny things, feme to the better, others onely to the new, a great accumulator of R.iches and Trcafurcs. C^regory, called the twelfth, created in Schifm, and not fully acknow- ledged ^•/'f, died at ninety years: of him, inrefpcct of his (\}on PapAcy, we find no- thing to make a judgment upon. Vaul the third lived eighty years and one; a tempe- rate man, and of a profound wifdom : he was Learned, an nftrologer, and one that tended his health carefully ; but, after the example of old Bit the Pricft, over indul- gentto his Family. P^«/ the fourth attained to the age of eighty three years : amanof an harlh nature and feverc, of an haughty mind and imperious, prone to anger ; his fpeech was eloquent and ready. Gregory the thirteenth fulfilled the like age of eighty three years: anabfolutegoodman, found in mind and body, politick, temperate,full of good works, and an alms-giver. Thofe that follow are to bfc morepromifcuous in their order, more doubtful in their^ faith, and more barren.of obfcrvation. King Arganthenias, who reigned atcW/iin I ip'iin- *■ The Hiflory of Life and 'Death. '9 S^atti lived an hundred and thirty, or (as lomc would have it ) an hundred and for- ty years, of which he reigned eighty. Concerning his ManiKTs, Inltitution ot lii< Life, and the time u herein he reigned, there is a general /ilcncc. (jmrtu King of C^prta, livnig in the I fl-vid ihcn termed the Happy d^ni Pleajant JJland, is a/liiircd to have attained to an hundred and fifty or flxty years. Two Latin Kings in litdj, the[Father and the Son, arc reported to have lived, tlie one eight hundred, thcoihcr fix hundred years: but this is delivered unto us by certain ^. //o/<jgz/?.(, vvho though otherwife credulous enough, yet themfelves have fufpcfted tjic truth of this m.ittcr, or rather condemned it. Others record fome Orcadian Kings to have lived ihicc hun- dred years; the Country, no doubt, is a place apt for long life; but tlie R-cbtion I fufpcA to be fabulous. They tell oi one D*>ido in lllyrtum, that lived without the inconveniences of old age to five hundred years. They tell alfo of the Epiars, a part of Atolta, that the whole Nation of tlicm were exceeding long liv'd, infomuch that many of them were two hundred years old; and that one principal manamonglt them, named I tioriw, a man of a Giant-like ftature, could have told three hundred years. It is recorded, that on the top of the Mountain TimolM, anciently colled Temp/is, many of the Inhabitants lived to an hundred and fifty yens. Wc read that the Se^ of the EjJ^cans zmonoj\ the Jevf did ulually extend their life to an hundred years : Now that Se£i uled a fingic or abftemious diet, after the rule of PythticorM. ^pollontui TjantHs exceeded an hundred years, his face bewraying no fuch agti I he was an admirable man, of the HcAthens reputed to have fomcthing Divine in him, of the chriflians held for a Sorcerer ; in his diet Pphdgorical, a great traveller, muck renowned, and by fome adored :is 3 god : notwithftanding, towards the end of his life he was fubjed to many complaints againft him, and reproaches, all w hicli he made lliift to efcapc. But lell his long hfe ihould be imputed to his I'jthagoncal d et, and not rather that it was hereditary , his (grandfather before bim lived an hundred and thirty years. It is undoubted that Qjuntus Metcllm lived above an hundred years, and that after fcveral Cfn/ullhips happily adminiltrcd, in his old age he WIS made Ponttfex Afaxtmw, and exercifcd thoie holy duties full two and twenty years ; in the performance of which Rites his voice never failed, nor his hand trem- bled. It is moll certain that yippifu c<<f»« was very old, but his years arc not extant, the moft part wbcieof fee palled after he was blind; yet this misfortune no whit foftncd him , but that he was able to govern a numerous Family, a £»rcat Retinue and Depcndance , yea, even the Commonwealth it felf, with great uoutnefs . In his cxtrcam old age he was brought in a Litter into the Senate- ho»fc , and vehe- mently diflWadcd the Peace with Pjrrhm : the beginning of his Oration was very memorable, ihcwing an invincible fpirit and ftrength of mind; / have with great grief of mind (Fathers Confcript) thtfe many years born my hlindnefs, butno^t I tonid Wfjh that I were deaf alfo, when 1 hear you fpeak to fuch difionourable Treaties. Aiarcus Perpenna hved ninety eight years, furviving all tho e whofe Suffrages he had gather- ed in the Senate-houfe, being ' enful, I mean, all the Senators at that time ; as al- fo all thole whom a little after, being C<>"('*^y ^^ chofe into the Smate, fevcn onely being excepted, hicro Kms^oi Sicily, in the time of the fecond Punicliifar, lived almoft iu hundred years; a man moderate both in his Government and in his Lite ; a worlliiper of the gods, and a religious confcrvcr of Friendlhip : hberal, and con- flantly fortunate. Stattlia , defcended of a noble Family in the days of CUudim, lived ninety nine years, ilodia, the daughter of O/TAw, an hundred and fifteen. Xe- nch'^ilHi, an ancient Philofopher, of the Seft of 'P)th^gora*, attained to an hun. t:d and fix years, remaining healthful and vigorous in his old age, and famous amongll the vulvar for his learning. The If.mders of Corcyra were anciently accounted long liv'd, but now they live after the rate of other men, Hipocrates ( cru, the fa- mous t-hyfictan, lived an hundred and four year^, and approved and credited his own Art by lo long a life : a man that coupled Learning and Wildoin together, very convcrfant in Experience and Obfcrvation ; one that haunted not after N5/ords or Methods, but fevered the very Nerves of Science, and fo propounded them. 'Demo- njx .1 Philofopcr, not oncl) in Proftffionbut Prafticc, lived inihedayes of^(i-i4n al- mofl to an hundred years : a man of an high mind, and a vanc^uuhcr of bis own mind, and that truly and without affectation ; a contemner of the world, and yet civil and courteous, 'When his 'friends fpakc to him about his Burial, he faid, T^ii^e no care for my Burialy for Stench vull bnry a Carcafe, They rcpliod. It tt jour E X mind 20 / The History of Life and Veath 21. 22. mtndthAn to be c^fl out to 'Btrds and Dogs ? He faid sgain, Seetnj^ in my life- time J endeavcnred to my ttttermofl to benefit UA^'en, mhat hurt ts it >f when I am dead I benefit Beafts ? Certain Indian People called y<t«</o*-<« are exceedingly long Jiv'd, , even to no leAtlian two hundred years. They adde a thing more maivellq'us, That havin", when they arc boys, an hair fomewhat vvhitilh. in their old age, b<^ore their "ray hairs, they grow coal black, though indeed this be every where to be (ecn, that they which have white hair whiilt they arc boys, in their man's eftatc change their hairs into a darker colour. The Seres, another people oi India, with their Wine of Palms are accounted long livers , even to an hundred and thirty yeaii. Ehphranor the Grammarian grew old in his School, and taught Scholars when he was above an hundred years old- The elder O-vid, father to the Poet, lived nine- ty years, differing irtuch from the difpofition of his fon, for he contemned the Wufcs, and difl'wadcd his fon from Poetry. ^ftniHt Tollio , intimate with sy^u. eitfitu , exceeded the age of an hundred years : a man of an unreafbnable Piofufc- nefs. Eloquent, and a lover of Learning ; but vehement, proud, cruel, and one that made his private ends the centre of his thoughts. There was an opinion, that , Seneca was an cxtream old man , no lefs than an hundred and fourteen years of ' ace : which could not poflibly be , it being as improbable that a decrepit old man iKould be fee over Tiro's Youth, as, on the contrary, it was true, that he was able to manage with great dexterity the affairs ot State ; befades, a little before, I in the midfl: of paudins his Reign, he was banilhed T^j^me for Adulteries com- mitted with /bmc Noble Ladies, which was a Crime no way competible with fo extreme old age. Johannes de Temporibm, among all the men of our later Ages, out of a common fame and vulgar opinion , was reputed long-liv'd , Cven to a mira- !cle, or rather, even to a fable; his age hath been counted above three hundred iytfars : He was by Nation a French ■ man , and followed the Wars under Charls the Great. Cjarcius Aretine, Great Grand-father to Petrarch , arrived at the age of an hundred and four years : he had ever enjoyed the benefit of good health; be- .fides, at the lad, he felt rather a decay of his flrength, thanany fickne/s or malady, which is the true refolution by old age. Amongft the Venetians there have been found not a few long livers, and thofc of the more eminent fort : Francifcm Do- natiis, Duke; Thomoi Conturenni, Procurator of St. tJMari(^; Francifcus Matinus, Procurator alfo of St. Mark^, and others. But moft memorable is that ofcornarus the f'^enettan, who being in his youth ofafickly body, began firft to eatand drink by meaiure to a certain weight, thereby to recover his health : this Cure turned by ufc into a Diet, that Diet to an extraordinary long Life, even of an hundred years and bet- ter, without an/ decay in his fenfes, and with a conftant enjoying of his health. In our age Hilliam I'oflel, di French-man, lived to an hundred and well-nigh twenty years, the top of his beard on the upper-lip being black, and not gray at all : a man crazed in his brain, and of a fancy not altogether found » a great Traveller, Mathematician, and fomev\hat ftained with Herepe. I fuppofe there is fcarcca Ftllagemih us in England, if it beany whit populous, but it affords fome Man or Woman of fourfcore years of age ; nay, a few years fince there was in the County of Hereford z May-game or Morrice dance, confiftingof eight men, whofe age computed together made up eight hundred years, infomuch that w hat fome of them wanted of an hundred, others exceeded as much. In the Hofpttaloi Bethlehem, corruptly called "Bedlam, in the Suburbs oiLonden, there are found from time to time many mad perfons that live to a great age- The ages oi Nymphs, Fauns, and Satyrs, whom they make to be indeed mortal, but yet exceedingly long-liv'd , ( a thing which ancient Supcrftition and the late Credulity of fome have admitted ) wc account but for Fables and Dreams ; efpecially being that which hath neither confcnt with Phitofophy nor with Divi nity. And as touching the Hiflory of Long Ltfie in Man by Individuals, or next unto Individuals, thus much. Now wc will pafs on to Obfervatiens by certain Heads. The %Hnninn on of Ages, and Succeffion o? Generations, feem to have no whit abated from the length of Life ; for we fee that from the time ot Mofes unto thefc 9ur daycs, the term of man's fife hath flood about fourfcore years of age, neither hath it declined (as a man would have thought) by little and little. No . doubt there are tintes in every Country wherein men are longer or fhorter liv'd. j Longer. A - — ^- -:-«----■ - ■ -■..,•- ^ £!_ The hiflory of Life and T>eath 21 Longer, for the moft part when tiic times arc barbarous , and men tare Icfs dclici- \ oufly, and are. more given to bodily cxcrcifcs : Shorter, when the times arc more I civil, and men abandon thcmlclvcs to luxury and cafe. But thcfc things pafs on by their turns, the fiiccc/Tion of Generations ahcrs is not. The fame, no doubt, is in other hving Ciieatiiscs s for neither Oxen , nor Horfes, nor Sheep, nor any the hke, afc abridged of their wonted ages at this day. And therefore the Great Abridgcr of Age was the Flond ; and perhaps fomc fuch notable accidents ( as particular bmndations, long Droughts, Earthquakes, or the like) may do the .'aine again. And the like reafon is in the dimenllon and ftaturc of Hodies ; for neither arc they leflcncd by lucce/non of Generations, ho-.vfoever //ri?;/ f follow in" the vulgar opinion ) divined, that after Ages would bring forth Iclfcr Bodies than the then prcfent : whereupon fpcaking of ploughing up the iy£maihian and zy£mone>i^ futn Fields, he faith, Grandia^j; eff'ojjls mtrabitMr ojfa Sephlchris, That after- ancs Jha.'i admtre the great bones digged uptn anctmt Sepulchres. For whereas it is manifeftcd tliat there were heretofore men of Gigantine Statures, (fuch as for certain have been found in Sicily, and elfc- where , in ancient Sepulchres and Caves) yet within thcfe laft three thouGnd years, a time whereof wc have furc memory, thofe very places liave produced none fuch: although this thing alfo hath certain turns and chanpes, by the Civilizing of a Nation, no iefs than the former. And this is the rather to be noted, becaufe men arc wholly carried away with. an opinion, that there is a continual
decay by SuccefTion of Ages, as well in the term of man's Life as in the
ftature and ftrength of his Body ; and that all things decline and change to the worfe. In Cold and Northern (loMntriei men live longer commonly than in Hot : which mulf needs be in refpcff the skin is more compact and clofe , and the juices of the body Iefs dilTipable, and the Spirits thcnifclves Iefs eager to confume , and in better dilpofuion to repair, and the Air (as being little heated by the Sun-beams) Iefs predatory: And yet under the tyf.cjutnoLHal Line, where the Sun palTcth to and fro, and caulcth a double Summer and double Winter, and where the Days and Nights are more equal, (if other things he concurring) they live alfo very lono; as in Teru and Taprobane. ] (landers 2ltz, for the mod part, longcr-liv'd than thofe that live in C'^tmems: for they live not fo long in Ruffa as in the Orcadet ; nor fo long in ^ifrtca, thou?h under the lame Parallel, as in the Canaries and Tercera's ; and the laponians arc longer-liv'd than the Chtnefes, though the Chiuefes are madcupen long life And this thing is no marvel, feeing the Air of the Sea doth heat and cherilli m cooler Rcgi- ons, and cool inhottcr. Ht^h Situations doratherafFordlong-liversthanZLos', efpecially if they be not Tops of Mountains, but Railing Grounds, as to their general Situations ; fuch as was-^r- cadia in Cjreece, and that part ot jf.tolia where we related them to have lived fo Ion". Now there would be thclamc reafon Iot Mountains themfelves,bccaufe of thepureneis and clearnefs of the Air, but that they are corrupted by accident, namclvi by the Vapours riling thither out of the Valleys, and rcff ing there ; and therefore in Snowy tj^iauntains there is not found any notable long life, not in the ^Ips, not in the Pyrt. nean -JMountaius, not in the tyipenmne : yet \n the tops of the Momntains runnin? along towards y€r^/i>p«.» and the <^^)-^//«, where by reafon of the Sands beneath little or no Vapour rilcth to the Mountains, they live long, even at this very day.atuinino ma- ny times to an himdrcd and htty years. .^arjhes and Fens are propitious to the Natives, and malignant to Strangers, as touch- ing the lengthning and ihortning of their lives : and that which may fccm more mar- vellous, Salt-Aiarjhes, where the Sea Ebbs and Flows, are icfs wholfomc than thofe ok Frejh I! fter. The Countries which have been oblcrved to produce long-livers are thcfe; v^rcadia, JEtoUa, India onxhxsddz Ganges, Erajtl, Taprobane, Pritain, Ireland, with the Iflands of the Crcades and Hebrides \ for as for Ji.thtopta, which by one of the Ancicnu is re- ported to bring torth long. Livers,'tisbutatoy, It is a Secret ; The healthfulnefs of Air, efpecially in any pcrfcftion, is better found by Experiment than by Difcourje or ^o«yV.7«rf. You may make a trial by ?. lock of Wool expofed for a lew dayes in the open Air, if the weight be not much ^ E } , increafed; 4 22 !•• / l^e Hi [lory of Life and T)eath, 34- 55- / incrcafcd ; another by a piece of flelh expofcd like wife, if it corrupt not ovcr-fooii ; another by 3 Weather- glafs, if the Water interchange not too fadJcnly. Ofthcfcand the like enquire further. Not onely the (^oodnep or Puretiefs of the e^ir, but alfo the £^*-«/»>;of the«^/r, is material to lonq life. Intermixture of Hills aid Dales is pleafant to the iight, but fufpeSed for long life, a Plain, moderately dric. but yet not over- barren or Tan- dy, nor altogether without Trees and Shade, is very convenient for length of •iff- Inequality of^/r (as was even now faid ) in the place of our dwelling is naught; but Charge oi Air by travelling, after one be ufcd unto it, is good; and theretorc "rcat Travellers liave been long liv'd. Alfo thofcthathavclived perpetually in a little ( otta"e, in the fame place, have been long-livers .- for air accultomedconrumcthlcfs; but air changed nourilhcth and rcpaireth more. As the continuation and niimbcr of SuccefTions (which we faid before) makes no- iing to the Length and Shortncfs of Life ; fo the immedute londiuon ot the Tarents, (as well the Father as the Mother) •without doubt availeth much. For fotne are be gotten of old men, fomc of young men, fome of men of middle age ; again, fome arc bf "Ottcn of fathers healthful and well-difpofed, others of diftaicd and languid^, inn; a"ain, fome of fathers immediately after repletion, or when they are drunk, others after flccping, or in the morning ; again, fome after a long intcr- mi/Tion of FentUy others upon the aft repeated ; again, fomc in the fervency of the father's love, ('as it. is commonly in BaftardsJ others after the cooling of it, as in Ion" married couples. The fame things may be confidercdonthcpart of the Mother : unto which muft be added the condition of the Motber whilft ihe is with child, as touchin" her heahh, as touching her diet, the time of her bearing in the womb, to the tenth month, or earlier. To reduce thefe things to a Rule, how far they may concern Long Ltfe, is hard ; and fo much the harder, for that thofe things which a man would conceive to be the beft, will fall out to the contrary : For that alacrity in the Generation which begets lufty and hvejy children, will be Icfs profitable to long life, becaufc of the Acrimony and inflaming of the Spirits. We faid before , Jhat to partake more of the mother's bloud conduceth to long life : alfo we fuppofc all things in moderation to be beft ; rather Conjugal love than Meretricious 5 the hour for Generation to be the morning; aflateof body not too lufty or full, and fuch like. It ought to be well obl'crved, that a ftrong Conftitu- tion in the Parents is rather good for them then for the Child, efpecially in the Mother ; And thcrefare TUto thought, ignorantly enough, that the virtue of Generations halted, becaufc the Woman ufed not the fame excrcife both of mind and body with the Men. The contrary is rather true ; for the difference of virtue betwixt the Male and the Female is moft profitable for the Child ; and the thinner Wo- men yield mors towards the nourilhmcnt of the Child ; which alfo holds in Nurfes. "^c'liher di^xhc Spartan fVomen, which married not beforetwenty two. oj, as fomc fay, twenty five, (and therefore were called /l^<i«-H* wcwm ) bring forth a more crcncrous or lorig-liv'd Progeny than the Romanov Athenian, or rheban H omen did, which were ripe for Marriage at twelve or fourteen years ; and if there were any thing eminent in the Spartans-, that was rather to be imputed to the Par- fimony of their Diet than to the late Marriages of their Women. But thisweare taught by experience, that there are fomc Kaces which are long liv'd for a few Dcfcents ; fo that Life is like fomc Difeafes, a thing hereditary within certain bounds. fair in Tace, or Shjn, or Hair, are fhorter livers ; Blael^, or Red, or Freckled, longer. Alfo too frcfh a colour in Youth doth lefs promife long life than palenefs. A ^ardsktn is a fign of long life rather that zfoft ; but we underftand not this of a rug- ged iktn, fuch as they call the G<7o/ff ^-i^w, which isas it were fpongy, but of that which IS hard and dofe. A /i^rf-zEKrW with deep furrows and wrinkles is a better fign than a finooth and plain Forehead. The Hatrs of the Wm^ hard and like briflles.do betoken longer life than thofe that arc foft and delicate. C«r/cd//4;>i betoken the fame ttung, if they be hard withal ; butthc contrary if they bcfoftand Ihining: the like if the c«r/;»g be rather thick than in large bunches. , • l l l Early or late Baidnefs is an indifferent thing, fccmg many which have been , ^ 'Bald ' The hi/lory of Life and T>eath, Bald betimes have lived long. aIIo early gray hairs (howlocverthcy may fccmforc- Tuniicrs ot old age approaching) arc no fureiigns; f'ormany tlnthave grown ar^y be- times have lived to grcatycars: nay, hally^r<»7^4/Wwithoiit /?(!i/a'w/»isatokcn"ot Jong life; contrarily, if they be accompanied with B-f/rfw/i. M^iirtnefs of the upper parts is a /ign of fnort li^-» and they that have extraordinary Hiu>.h/;<«»/'on thcirbrcafts live not long: but lairt/iefsot thc/oww p<»r«,asof t!ie'riii"hcs and Legs, is a (]gn of long life. T-j/fff/f of 5'Mr«rf (if it be not immoderate) with converiicnt making, and not too fli-nder, cipccjally if the body be active withal, is a lion of Ion" life : Alio on the con- jtcary, men of low ftjturc live long, if they be nottoo adiveanddirring. In the proportionof the body tlicywhich are/Wr totUc'A-t/?«,.with/£>«^ Z-<r^;,are longer, liv'd than they which arc /o«^ to the "<*/?«, and havc/hort l.e^^r. alfothcy w hich arc large in the ne.uher purts,-mAi\.\:c\g\\t m the upper, (the making ut their body rifing, as it were, into a iharp figure; arc longcr-liv'd than they that have /ro.Ji/y^o/*/*^*/;, and are Jlender downseards. Leannefsy whcro the atfcftions arcfeticd, calm, and peaceable j alfo a more fat h*- ■jbit cf body, joyncd wit!) Choler, and a difpofition ftirring and peremptory, lignifie long life : but Corpulency in Youth forclliews ihort life, in Age it is a thiwg more ^ndiftcrent. To be longtinA flow'm ajowingis a fign of longlife^ if to a greater fl3ture,the greater ffign, if to a Icfl'er ftatnre, yet a fign though: contrarily, t'o|rfljf quickly to a great -Ilaturc is an evil fign; it to a lmallftaturc,the lefs evil. I Firm Fief}, a raw bone body, and veins lying higher than the flclh, betoken long 'life ; the contrary to thcfe, ihort life.
, A //^.j^^fomcwhatlcfl'erthan to the proportioa.of thebody ; a moderate A'rt^, not
long,norflcnder,noi flat, nor too ihoit; wideAi?/?>;/;,whatfoevcr the form of the Nolo 'be; Jihxsji -Mostch; and £/irgriftly,not flcfhy.; TV^Aflrong and contiguous, fmall.or ithlnfct, fore- token long life; andmuchmor^ iffomcnew 7f<//; put forth in our elder 'years. I A broad i?rM/?i yet not bearing out, but ratiicr bending inwards; S houluers Comc- .wliat crooked, and (as they call ruchperfons)round-back'd ; a{{dt'Se//y ; a Ua/.-dhrge, and with tew lines in the Palm; a (h ort and round /l»or, 7/;;^^; not flelliy, and ahis of the Le^gs nothanging over, but neat, are figns of long lite. Eyes lomewhat large, and the [trcles of them inclined to grccnncfs ; Senfis not too ■(juitk ; the Tuife in )outh iluwer, towards old age quicker; FactUty oi holding the i rtf*/^, and longer than uliial; tnc body in youth inclined to be bound, in the decline of years more laxative, are alio ligns of long life, Contcrniiig the Time> oi Nauvuj, as they refer to long life, nothing hath bcerjob- i fcrved worthy the fciting down, lave onz\-jjilfirologtcalOhfervntions, which we rcjc- ■ (5tcd in our opic^. A Birth at the eightK month is not onciy long liv'd, but not likely ' to live Alfo '.' »»/?r ^/W^/ are accounted the longer- liv'd. A Tyih/igorical or Monaflical Diet, according to ftrid rulcs< and always cxadfy e- qual, ( as that of C cr«4r«) was ) fccmcth to hev«ry cftetfual for longhte. Yet on the I contrary, amongll thofc that live freely and after the common fort, fuch as h^rc gotd ftomachs, and feed more pleni if ullr, are often the longcftliv'd. The middle dtet, which we account the teinperatc, is commended, and conduceth to good health, but not to long lite: (or the s^ure diet begets tew 5^;W/;, and dull, and fu waftcth the body leis; ! and ihc hbcraldiet yicldcth more ample nourillimtnt, and fo rcpaireth more : but the I «//£/d/f^;ef doth neither of both, for where the Extrcamsare hurtful, there thc.Vlcan is J befl ; but wieretht'Extrcanisjrchelphil,thcreihcMcanis i>otlung worth. ^ Now to that if are diet there are rccjuifitc H'atching, left the Spirits being fcMf
iTiould be opprtiled with much flccp ; little Exerctfe, left they lliould exhale ; ah-
I ftinence from reneri, led they lliould be exhaullcd : but lo the Itheral diet, on the I ■ other fide, are rcquilite much Sleep, frequent Exercifes, and a leafonable ufc of f^enerr. \ r.itt-s and ^nointt/.as ( fuch as were anciently in ufe ) did rather tend to dclici- oudiefs than to prolonging of life. But of all thefc things we lliall Ipcak more ex- I artiv wiicn we come to the In-juijttton according to Intentions. Meanwhile that of I it f:is, who was not oncly a learned Phyfician, but a wife man, is not to be omitted, I .who advifeth interchanging and alternation of the diet, but ftill with an inciina- tJon to the more benign : as that a man ihould lometimcs accuftom bimfclt to I watching. 14- 47- 48. 4?. 50. The Hiflory of Life and Death. ■watching, fomctimes to flecp ; but to ilccp oftncft : again, thatbe ihould fometimes give himfelf to falHng, fomctimes to fcarting ; but tofcafting oFtncd .- that lie IhoiiIJ lometimes inure himfelf to grc^t labours ot the miud , fomctimes to relaxations of the fame; but to relaxations oftacft. Certainly this is without all qucftion, thiz Diet well ordered bears thcgrcatcft part in the prolongation ot life : neither did 1 ever meet an extream long-liv'd man, but being asked of his courfe, he obfcrvcd fomctliing pe- culiar ; fome one thing, fomc another. I remember an old mart, a'boVe ai? hundred years of age, who was produced as witnefs touching an ancient Prefcription. W'lirn hehadflnilhed his teftimony the ^*;^<ir familiarly asked him ho vhecamcto live fo ionf. He anfvycred , bcfide cxpedation, and not without the laughter of the hearers, i:r eitttng hifore 1 ytu hun^j, and drinktngbefore I W4S drjf. - But of dufc things we ihall fpcak hereafter. A life led in %eligion andin HolyExercifts fccmcth to conduce to long life. There arc in this kind of life thefe things, Leifure, Admiration and Contemplation oflica. vcnl> things, Joyes not fenfual, noblehopes, vvHollomc Fear , fwcet. Sorrows ; lafUv, continual Renovations by Obfervances, Penances, Expiations ; all which arc very povv- erful to the prolongation of life. Unto which if you add thatauftcrediet which hard- neth the mafs of the Body, and humbleth the Spirits, no marvel if an extraordinary length of life do follow ; fuch was that of Paul the Hcrmitc, Simeon Stfltta the (^ol»mnar Anchorite, 3ndoi mzny other HermitesinA^nchorites. Next unto this is the life led in good Letters, fuchas Wasthatof Phifofophcrs, Rhe- toricians, Grammarians. This life is alfo led in leifure, and in thofc thoughts, which, fccingithcy are fevered from the affairs of the world , bite not, but rather delight throughtheir Variety andlmpcrtinency : They live alfo at their pleafarc,fpcnding their time in fuch things as like them beft, and for the moft part in the company of young men, which is ever the mort cheartul. But in Philofophies there is great difference betwixt the Seds as touching long life .- For thofc Philofophies which have in them a touch of Superftition, and are converfantin high Contemplations, are the beft ; as the Titha£orical znd Platonick^: alfo thofc which did inftitutc a perambulation of the ■world, and confidcrcd the variety of natural things, and had reachlefs, and high, and magnanimous thoughts, {3.% oi Infinitum^ of the Stars, of the Heroical Vertues, and fucnlike) were good for lengthningof life; (\xc\\\^ctq thoko't Democritus Philolaus, Xen9phanes, the Aftrologians and Stoicks : alfo thofc which had no profound Specu- lation in them, but difcourfed calmly on both fides, out of common Senfe, and the re- ceived Opinions, withoutany lliarp Inquifitions, were likcwifc good ; fuch were thofe of Carneades and the ayfcademicks, alio of the Rhetoricians and Grammarians. But contrary, Philofophies converfant in perplexing Subtilties, and which pronounced pe- remptorily, and which examined and wrefted all things to the Scale of Principles, laftly, whic;b w^re thorny and narrow, were evil •• fuch were thofe commonly of the I'ertpa- Uttcks, iind of the cheol-men. The Ctf««/ry/?/(r alfo is well fitted for long life: it is much abroad, and in the open air, it is not ilothful, but ever in employment; it feedeth upon frclh Gates, andun- bought; It is without CaresandEnvy. For the Adilitary Itfe, we have a good opinion of that whilft a man is young. Certain- ly many excellent H'^mow have been long-liv'd ; CorvintUy CamUlm, Xenophon, -Ageft- Uuiy with others both ancient and modern. No doubt it furthereth long life to i.ave all things from our youth to our elder age mend, and grow to the better, that a Youth full of croffesmay minifter fweetnefstoour Old age. Wc conceive alfo that MUitary <r^f3;ow, inflamed with a dcfire of Fighting, and hope of Victory, do infufc iuch a heat into the Spir$ts,is may be profitable for long life. tSHtdicines The Hiflory of Life and T)cath. z!7i^edicines for Lo?ig Life. CT'He Art efPhyfick, tthtch we nov> have, loohj >io fanher commonly thtin to Confcrva- tion of Health andQiwc of Difcafcs • nyfs for thofi things rthuh tend properly to Long Z,ifc, there ts but faaht mention, and by the vfnj tnely. TS^ottvithflandtnawe will froponnd thofe Medicines whichare notable inthisl^nd, 1 mean, thofe which are Cordials. For it is conjenant to reafon, that thofe things which being taken ta Cures do defend and fortifie the Heart, or, more truly, the Spirits, a^ainfl 'Poyfom and Dife*fei, beinn tranf- f erred with judgment and choice into Diet, fhould have a good ejfefl, in fame fort, towards the Prolonging o/Z, itc. This we will do, not heaping them promifcuoufj toaether, (at the manner is ) but [eleiitng the befi. I Cjold is given in three torms ; cither in that which they call Aurum potabile , or in I Wine wherein Gold hath been quenched, or in Gold in the Subfianee, fuch as arc Leaf j gold, and the Filings of Gold. As tor Auriim potabile, it is ufed to be- t^ivcn in dcfpe- I rate or dangerous difcafcs, and that not without good fucccfs. But wc fuppofc that 1 the Spirits of the ^alt, by which the Cjold is diilolved, do rather minillcr that vcrtiic I which is found in it, than the ^o/t^ it felf ; though this fecret be wholly rupprcfTed. \ Now il the body of Gold could be opened with thefe Corrofve waters, or by the/e > Corrofive waters ( fo the venomous quality were wanting ) well wallaed, wc conceive it would be no unprofitable Medicine. Tearls are taken either in a fine Powder, or in a certain Mafs, orDifiolution hy the jUice of four and new Limons : and they arc given foinctinics in Aromatical Confecti- ons, fometimcs in Licjuor. The '■f4r/, nodoubt, hath fomc affinity with the Shell in which it groweth, and may be of the fame quality with the Shcis of Cr<j.yi//7f.f. Amongll the tranfftrent preciotts Stones, twooncly are accounted Cordial, the fme- rauld and the /acmth, which are given under the fame forms that the I'earls arc; favc only that the dillolutions of them, as far as we know, arc not in ufc. But wc fufpcft thcfe Glafftefe-.fels, Icit they ilioald be cutting. Cf thefe wl ich we have mentioned, how far and in what manner they are helpfulj fhall be fp^ken hereafter. Eez.oarStone is of approved vertue for refrclliing tl'iC Spirits, and procuring a "cn. tic Sweat. As for the XJnicorn's Horn, it hath lolt the credit with us ; yet fo, as it may keep rank with Hart's Horn, and the Bene in the heart of a Hart, and Ivory, and fuch like. Amber-criece is one of tlic beft to appeafe and comfort the Spirits. Hereafter follow the names only ot x.\\q Simple Cordials, feeing their Vertues arc fuf- ficicntly known. Hot. Saffron. Hot. Cold. Clove-Gtllj-flowers. Nitre folium Indum. Orenae-flowers. Ltanum Aloes. Rofemary. Citron 'Pill or tJM.int. Rmd. Betony. Bulm. iCttrduus Benedt Tiafil. I aw. Rofcs. fiolets. Strawberry- Leaves. Straw-berries. Juice of f;reet Limons. Cold Juice tf fweet Oren^es. Juice of Pearmains. Borage. Buglefs. Burnet, Sanders. Camphire. Seeing our fpeech now is of thofe things which may be transferred into Diet, all hot Waters rfw^ Chvmical Giles, (which, as a certain Tn(\cr faith, are under the Plmct Mars , and have a furious and deftruBive force) at alfo all hot and bitmg Spices are to be rejected^ and a Confideration to be had, how iiaters and Licjuors may be made of the former Simples : not thofe phlegmatick. difiilled «/ aters, nor again thofe burning H'attrs of Spirits of I't-tne ; but fuch M may bi mere temperate, and yet lively, and fending forth a beniqn Vapour. I make fomc qucftion touching the frequent letting oi Blaui, whether it conJuccth to long life nor no ; and 1 am rather in the opinion that it doth, it it be turned into a habit, and other things be well difpofed ; for it Icttcth out the old Juice of the body, and bringcth in new. F I To the tenth Ar- ticle. 26 To the 12, 13, 4»d 14 Ar titles. The Hi/lory of Life and T>e^th. 1 fuppofc alfo, that fomc Smacntttng Dife^fes wcW cured, do pioHttolong life, for tl'cy yield nciT Juice, the old being confumcd ; and, as ('as he faith; To recover a ficknefi IS to renetv youth : Therefore it were good to make fomc ArttficiAl Difeafes, which is done by {^.n^inA EmActAttngDtets, of which I ihall fpeak hereafter. Jhe Inttntlons. Avingfinifhed the Inquifition ACCordtKf to the Siibjefts, dU tiAmely, o/Inanimatc Bodies , Vegetables, Living Creatures , Man ; / wtU not* come nearer to tie matter, Aird order mine Inquifitions by certain Intentions, (uch as are true and proper, (m < Am wholly per/waded J and which are the very paths to Mort:)l Lit . For tfi this psrt , nothing that is of worth hath hithert* betn tnajiiired, b:n the contemplations of men hnve been but Jimple, and non-proficients, for w'-en i hear men on the one fide fpcak. of comforting Natural heat, and r^f Kadical moitturc, andof McMswhich breed good Blood, fttch at m*y neither be burnt nor pldegmtUtck^; and of the c eenng 4nd recreating the Spirits ; ' fuppofe them to be no b^d men which fpc.tk^ thefe things: but none of tle/e worketh ejfc^ually towards the end. hat when on the vthtr fide I hear fcveyal difiourfes w»c/;/»^ Medicines made of Gold, becaufe Gold ts not fubject to cor- ruption ; and touching Precious ftones to refrefh the fpints by their hidden properties ifnd luftre, and that if they could be tak^en and retained tn yeffels, the Balfoms , and Qninttflcnccs of living Creatures, w uld ma{e men conceive a proud hope of Immcrta. Iitf ; eyfndthat the Flejh of Serpents and Harts, by a certain confent, are powerful to the Renovation of Life , becaufe the »ne cafteth his S{in , the other his Herns : ( they p-yould aljo have added the Flejh 0/" Eagles , becaufe the Eagle chang.s his Bill) And that a certain Man , when he had found an Oyntment hidden under the ground y and had anointed him fetf therewith from head to foot, f excepting onely the foLs of his feet J did, by his anointing, live three hundred years , without aty difeafe, fave onely Jim* Jumors in the files of his feet : and of Anefius, who when he found his Spirit ready t» depart, drew into his body the fptrit of a certain young man , and thereby made htm breathlefs, but himfelf lived many years by another maus Spirit : And of Fortunate Hours according to the Figures 0/ Heaven, m which Medicines are to be gathered and compounded for the pi elongation of Life i And of the Scales 0/ Planets, b» which ver- tues'may be dramn and feicked down from Haven to prolong Lfe ■■ and futh like fabulous and fftperfiitious vanities : 1 wonder exceedingly that men (houldfi much do.tt , as to fujfer themfelves to he deludedwith thefe things. And again, I do pity ^iin{ifid that t ey fjould have the hard fortune to be befieged with fuch frivolous and fencelefs apprehenfons. But mine Intentions i^o both come home to the Matter, and are far from vain and cre- dulous Imagmatious ; being alfo fuch, as I conceive, pofterity may aiide much to the matters which fatisfie thefe Intentions ; but to the Intentions themfilves, but a little. Notwithfiaudmg there are a fiw things, and thofe of very great moment, of which J would have men to he forewarned I Firfi, we are of that opinion , that we efleem the Offices of Life to be more worthy I than Life it fclf Therefore if there beany thing of that kind that may indeed exactly anfwer our Intentions, ytt fo, that the OfHccs and Duties of Life be thereby hri- dred; whatfoever tt be of this kind, we reject it. Perhaps we may ma{e fame light tncn^ tion of fome things, but we inftfl not upon them. For we make no ferious nor diligent d:f 1 courfe, either of leading the life m Caves, where the Sunbeams and feveral changes of the \ Air pierce not, like Epimcnides his Cave ; or of perpetual vaths , made of Liquors pre- ! pared; or *f shirts, and .'i ear- clot hsfo applied, that the f.ody pjould be always as it were i in A Box ; tr of thick, paintimrs of the body, after the manner of fome Baibarous Na- tions ; or of an exaU: order ino of our Life and Diet , which aimeth onely at this , and mindeth nothing elfe but that a man live, (at was that of Hcrodicus .mongfl the \An- tients, and «/ Cornarus the Venetian m our days, but with greater moderation ;) or of any fuch I'rodtgy, fedioufnef, or Inconvenience : but we propound fuch Remedies and Precepts, by which the Offices of Lift may neither bt deferted , nor receive any great intirruptions or mtlt^atittts. Secondly, The hijlory of Life and Death, Secondly, on the other fide ivs denounce unto men that they will give over triflin^y and not tmagine that fo great a work as the (iopptng and tiirmng baik, the foiterfttl courje of na- ture, can be brought to pafs by fame tJHormng. draught, or the t,t{ingBffome precious Drug, hut that they mould be affuredthatu mufi needs be, that this is' a work of labour, and confi^eth of many Kemcdtes, and a fit connexion of them amonnf}- thewfelves ; for no man can be fo ftuptd .iS to imagine, th^t what was never yet done, can bt dene, but byfuch ways as were never yet attempted. ihirdly, we tngenioufj.profefs, that fome of thofe things which we ^lall propound have not been tried by us by way of Experiment, (for ottr courfe of Itfe doth not permit that ) hut are derived ( as we fuppofe ) upon good reafon , out of our Principles and GroUfids , (of which fame we fet down, others we referve in our mind) and are, as it were, cut and digged out ofthe\KncV. andMinc o/Natiire her felf. Nevcrthelefs we have been careful, and that with all providence and ctrCumjpe^ton, C feeing the Scripture faith of the Body of Man, that it is more worth than Raiment) to propound fuch Remedies, as may at leafi he fife, tf peradventure they be not fruitful. Fourthly, we would have men rightly to obferve and dijltngui/h , that thofe things whuh are good for an Healthful Lite, are net always good for a Long Life ; for there are fome things which do further the alacrity of the Spirits, and, the firenuth and vioour of the Funliions, which, not withflanding,do cut off from the ftint of Life ; and there are other thmas whtc'.i are profitable ti prolongation of Life, which are not without fame peril of healt% unlefs tits matter be filved by fit Remedies; of which, notwtthflanding, as occafionjhallhe ^offered, we will not omit to give fame Cautions and Monitions. Laflly we have thought good to propound fun dry Remedies, accordina to the fever al I Intentions ; but the choice of thofe Remedies , and the order of them, to leave to Dif. ' cretion : fur to fct down exaCily which of thera agree th befl, with which Confittution of \ Rody, which with the feveral courfes of Life, which with each Mans particular ^ne, and how they are to be taktn one after another, and how the whole Prallique of thefe t hints ts to be admmifired and governed, would be too long, neither is it fit to be publifntd. ^ \ In the TnpiLks ne propttndid three Intentions : The Prohibiting •/"Coiifumption ' Tif Peif-ftini^ of Reparation, and the Renewing o/Oldncfs. Bnt feeing thofe thtnos \ which Jhall he f.iid are nothing hfs than words, we will deduce thefe three Intentions tg ten I Operations. I The firft is, the Operation a^ij« the Spirits that they may renew their vn^oitr. ■' The ficond Operation is upon the Exclulion of Air. The third Operation // upon the Bloiul, and the Sanguifying Heat. 7"/f fourth Opcr.uion is upon r/.'f Juices of /A*Body. 7 he fifth Operation // upon the Bowels, for f/;f/7-Extrufion of Aliment." The fixth Operation is upon the Outward Parts, for their Atcraiftion of Aliment. I The jeventh Operation u upon (he Aliment it felf, for the Infinuation thereof. 7 he £•;-/;//; Operation is upon the laji Act of AfHinilation. j The ninth Operation is upon the Intcncration of the Parts, sfterthey begin to be dried. I » The tenth Operwon it upon the I wr^mo aw4y of 0\A]\x\cc, <»</ Supplying «/ New I Juice. Of thefe Operations, the four fir fl belong to the F/r/? Intention, the four next to the St- cond Intention, and the t-ro lafi to the i hird Intention. But becaufe this part touching //;? Incenlions doth tend to Pra^ice, under the nime ofHiflory, we will not onely comprife Experiments .*/;«/ Obfcrvations, ^*r /i^ Counfcis, Remedies, Explications of Caufes, Aflumptions, and whatfoevtr hath reference here- unto. 27 F X The 28 ^he Hi (lory of Life and Death. I- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 14. 15- IS. The Operation upon the Spirits that they ma} remain Youthful^ andrenetP their Figour. TheHtftory. THE Sftrtts arc the Maftcr- workmen of all cfFc(fts in the "Body. This is ma- nikft by Confent , and by infinicc inftanccs. It any man could procure that a young man's Sfirit could be conveyed into an old mans Body, it is not unlikely but this great Wheel of the Spirits m'l^hi turn about the lefle^r Wheel of the Parts, and fo the courfe of "Nature become rctro- gade. In every Confumption, whether it be by Fire or by Age, the more the Spirit of the Body, or the Heat, preyeth upon the Moifture, the Icflcr is the duration of that thing. This occurs every where, and is manifcll. The Spirits are to be put into fuch a temperament and degree oi aftivity , that they fhouldnot ( as he faith) drinks and g»z.z.le the juices of the Body, but /ip them onety. There arc two kinds of FUmes : the one eager and weak, which confumes flight fubflanccs but hath httle power over the harder ; as the flame of ftraw, or fmall Sticks : the other ftrong and conftant, which converts hard and obftinate fubftances; as the flame of hard wood, and fuch hkc. The eager flames, and yet lefs robuft, do dry Bodies, and render ihcm exhauft and faplefs ; but thcfl:ronger flames do intenerate and melt them. Alfo in 'Diffipattng Medicines y fomc vapour forth the thin part of the tumors cr fwtllings , and thefe harden the tumour ; others potently dikufs, and thcfe fof- tcn it. Alfo in r urging and Abjierging Medicines^ fome carry away the fluid humors vio- lently, others draw the more obfl:inatc and vifcous. The Spirits ought to be inverted and armed with fuch a heat, that they may chufe ra- tlicr to n;ir and undermine hard and obflinate matters, than to difcharge and carry away the thill and prepared ; for by that means the Body becomes green and folid. The Spirits are fo to he wrought and tempered, that they may be tn SitbftanceDcnfe, not Rare; «« Heat Strong, wof Eager ; tn Qaoinmy Sufficient for the offices of Life, not Kc- dundant or I urgid ; <« Motion Appeafed, worDancingorUnccjual. That Fapours work powerfully upon the Spirits, it is manifefl; by Sleep, by Drunkcn- nefs, by Mclancholick PafTions, by letificant Medicines, by Odours, calling the Spirits back again in Swounings and Paintings. The spirits zre condenfed four ways; chhcr hy putting them to flight, or hy refri. gerat ng and catling them, or by jlroak{na them, or by quieting them. And firfl of their C ondenfation by putting them to flight. Whatfoever puttcth to flight on all parts, driveth the body into his Centre^ and fo Condetifet!-. To the Condenfation of thq spirits by flight, the mod pevverful and ettcclualis Opi- um, and next Opiates, and generally all Sopor iferous things. The force ot opium to the condenfition of the spirits is exceeding ftrong, whenas perhaps three grains thereof will in a (liort time fo coagulate the 5^/rm, thattheyre turn no more, but are extinguiihed, and become immoveable. Opium, and the like, put not the Spirits to flight by their coldnefs, for they have parts manifeftly hot ; but, on the contrary, cool by their putting the Spirits to flight. Tiic Flight of the Spirits by Cpiam and Opiate Medicines is bcfl fccn by applying the fame outwardly • for the5'p>//)-Ibaight with-draw themfelves,and will return no more, but the part is mortified, and nuns to a Cjangrene. Opiates, in grievous pains, asin the Stone, orthecuttingofFof aLimb, mitigate pains mofl ot all, by putting the ^pints to flight. opiates obtan a good effed from a bad caufe ; for the flight of the Spirits is evil, but the (^ondenfation of them through their flight is good. The The Htjlory of Lije and T>eath. The (jrectans attributed much, both for health and for prolongjtion of hfc, as O- ptAtes : but tlfc-.^r/«^/4w much more, infomuch that thcir^rd//i/>^^ftif«/7« (whichthcy C2llcd the ^ods Hands J had 0^/«;» for their Bafis and principal .ngrcdiciit, other thmt's being mixed to abate and correct the noxious qualities thereof ; fuch were T,(acte, Alethridate, and the reft. What/bevcr is given with good fucccls in the curing of Ptjfilenti.it and •^aliffmint Difiafis, to flop and bridle the sptrtts, left they grow turbulent and tumnluiatc, may very happily be transferred to the prolongation of life ; for one thing is cflFcdujl unto both, namely, the condenfAtion of the Spirits : now there is nothing better for that than Opiates. The urks find OptMm,cvcn in a rcafonablc good quantity, harmlcfs and comfortable, infomuch that they take it before their Battel to excite courage : but to us, unlcfs it be in a very fmall quantity, and with good Corredives, it is mortil. 6ptttm and opiates are manifcflly tound to excite yentu ; which fhcws them to have force to corroborate the Spirits. DiJli'.UdH ater of nvtlde Poppy is given with good fuccels in Surfeits, Agues.and divers difeafes; which no doubt is a temperate kind of Opiate, Neither let any man wonder at the various ufe of it ; for that is familiar to Opiates, in regard that the Spirits, cor- roborated and condenfed, will rife up againfl any difeafe. The Tutkj ufe a kind of Herb which they call Capke, which they dry and powder, aiid then drink in warm water ; which, they fay, doth not a little iharpcn them, both in their Courage, and in their Wits j notwithitanding, if it be taken in a large quantity, it affefts and difturbs the mind: whereby it is nianifeft, that it is of the fame nature with Opiates. There is a Root much renowned in all the Eaftern parts, which they call Eetel, which the Indians ind others ufe to carry in their mouths, and to champ it, and by that champing they arc wonderfully enabled both to endure labour?, and to overcome ficknefles, and to the acft of carnal copulation: It feems to beakind of :r;.p(r/<<J?/x'f, becaufc it exceedingly blacks the Teeth. Tobacco in our age is immoderately grown into ufe, and it afl'edts men with a (e- crct kind of delight, infomuch that they who have once inured thcmfelvts unto it can hardly afterwards leave it : and no doubt it hath power to lighten the body, and to ihake oCt wcarincfs. Now the veftuc of it is commonly thought to be, becaufc it opens the paflagcs, and voids humors : but it may moic rightly be referred to the cow- denfaticn of the Spirits ; for it is a kind of Henbane , and iranifcftly troubles the Head, as Opiates do. There are fometimes Humors cngcndrcd in the body, wliichare, as it were, Opinte thcmfelvcs ; as it is in fome kind of Aielaticholus, with which if a man be afftftcd, it is a fign of very long life. The fmple Opiates ( which arc ti\(o aWcd StupefaUtves) arc thefc ; Opium it fcif, which is the juice i>f Poppy ; both the Poppiei.as well in the Herb as in the Seed j Hen- bane, Afandra{e, Hemlock^, Tobacco, Night-f^ade. The compound Opittes are. Treacle, MethrtcLtte, Trtfera, LMdsnMm, PAracelfi.Diaco. mHm,Dtafcordtnm,rhtlonium,tl!soi Hounds- tongue. From this which hath been faid, certain Delignations or Couafcls may be deduced for the prolongation of life, according to the prcfent intenfion; namely, oicondenpng ths Spirits h\ Opiates. Let there be therefore every year, from Adult years of Youth, an opiate diet ; let it be taken about the end of A-faj, becaufc the Spirits in the Summer are more loofe and attenuatcil , and there are lefs dangers from cold humours ; let it be fome M^t^ai Ppiate. weaker than thofe that are commonly in ufe, both in refpcdof a fmaller quan- tity of epitim, and of a more fparing mixture of extreme hot things ; let it be taken in the mornin" betwixt llccps. The fare for that time would be more (imple and fpa- ring than ordinary, w ithout Wine, or Spices, or Vnpourous things. This .Medicine to ber.iken oncly each other day, md to be continued for a fortnight. ThisDcfignationiu I our judgment comes home to the intenfion. 1 opiatei alfo may be taken, not onely by the mou:h, but alfo by Fiimes ; but the \ Fumes muft be fuch as may not move the expulhve Faculty too ftrongly, nor force • down humours, but onely taken in a ^dt, may work upon the Spirits within the I brain. And therefore a Sufumi^Ation oi Tobacco , Ltgn urn- Aloe s , lipJemiry-leAves I F ? dried, 29 IQ. 30 J4- 5J- 35. 57- ^he Biftory of L'tfeandT>eatb. 5P- 4c. 44- 45- dried, aiidalitcleyJ/y/'^'/'f fauftcd up in die morning at the mouth and uoftnls, would be very good. • In QrAnd OpiaieS, fuch as arc Treacle , tJMethridate , and the reft, it would not be amifs ^efpccially in youth J to take rather the dtftilUd Af<irf>,f ot them than themfdves in their bodies ; for the vapour in diftillingdoth rife, but the heat of the Medicine com- monly fctlcth. Now diflilkd iiaters2.t:c good in tUofc vcrtues which are conveyed by Vaponrs, in other things but weak. There arc Medicines which have a certain weak and hidden degree, and therefore fafe to an Opiate vertuc j thefe fend forth a flow and copious vapour, but not malig- nant as Opiates do, therefore they put not the Spirits 10 fight ; iiotwithlbnding tlity congregate them, and fomewhat thicken them. Medicines in order to Opiates are principally Saffron, next Folinm Indunty ^yim- ber-greefe , Corifinder-feed prepared , ^momHm, PjeHda-momttm , Lignum-Ri-.odiHm, Or enge flower water, and much more the Jnfufion ot the fame i lowers new gathered in the OH oi tAlmonds ; 2^«rwfg; pricked tull of holes, and macerated in Rofe- water. As Opiates are to be taken very fparingiy, and at certain times, as was faid, fo thcfefc- condariesmay betaken familiarly, and in our daily diet, and they will be very effcftual to prolongation of life. Certainly an apothecary of (^alecute, by the ufe of a^/Tz^fr, is faid to have lived an hundred and fixty years ; and the Noble-mea of Barhary ,x.[v:ou^ the life thereof, are certifi'd to be very long liv'd, whercis the mean people are but of iLort life. And our Ance^ors, who were longer-liv'd than we, did ufe sajfron much in their Cakes, Broths, andthelikc And touching the firft way of condcnling the Spirits of opiates and the i'«^or</»K<?/«thercto,thusmuch. Now we will enquire of the fccond way ot condcnfingthc 'pirits by Cold. For the ipTOfCv \\o:k o( Cold is Coadoifation, audit is done without any, malignity, or adverfe quality ; and therefore it is a fafer operation than by Cpiates, though fomewhat lefs powerful, if it be done byturnsonely, as O^'iJifJ arc. But then again, becaufcicmay be u fed familiarly, and in our daily diet with moderation, it is much more powerful for the prolongation of life than by Opiates. The Refrigeration of the Spirits is cfFcfted three ways , either by Reffiration, or by Vapours, or by i^ltment. The firft is the beft, but, in a fort, out of our po.ver ; the fecond is potent, but yet ready , and at hand ; the third is weak, and iomewhat about. Air clear and pure, and which hath no foggincfs in it, before it be received into the Lungs, and which is leafl expofed to the Sun-beams, condenfetb the Spirits bcft. Such is found either on tlietops of dry Mountains, or in Champagnes open to the wind, and yet not without fome fhade. As for the Refrigeration and Condenfation of the Spirits by faponrs, the Root of this operation we place in Nitre, as a Creature purpofcly made and chofen for this end, be- ing thereunto led,and perfwadcd by thefe arguments. Nitre is a kind of cool Spice; this is apparent to the fenfe it felf, for it bites the Tonrue and Palate with cold, as Spices do with heat^ and it is the onely thing, as tar as wcknow, that hath this property. h\mo{k o\\ cold things (which are cold properly, and not by accident, :^iCpiuni is) are poor and jejune of Spirit; contrarily, things full of 5^m/ arc almofl all hot, onely Nitre is found amongfl Vegetables, which aboundeth with Spirit, and yet is cold. As iotCamphtre, which is full of Spirit, andyctperformcththe aftions of cold, it cooleth by accident onely ; as namely, for that by the tliinnefs thereof, without -Acrimony, it hclpcth pcrfpirationin inflammations. In congealing znA freez.t)ig oi Liquors, (which is lately grown into ufe J by laying Snow and Ice on the out- fide of the Vefl'cl, Nitre is alfo added, and no doulst it ex- citcth ar}d fortifieth the Congelation. It is true, that they ufe alfo for this work ordinary Bay-Salt, which doth rather give activity to the coldnefs of the Snow, than cool by it felf: But, as I have heard, in the hotter Regions, where Snow falls not, the congeal- ing is wrought by Nitre alone ; but this I cannot certainly affirm. It is affirmed that Gnn powder, which confifteth principally oi Nitre, being taken in drink, doth conduce to valour, and that it isufed ofcentimes by Marinersand Souldicrs before they begin their Battels, as the r«r^/ do Opium, Nitre The hiflory of Life and Death, Knre is •ivcn W\l\\ good Aicccfs m burning At^ucs, and Pcftilcntial Fevers, tomiti- gatc and bndlc tlicir pcrnicjous heats. It is iTunikft, tiuc T^tre in CJun-pDwder doth mightily abhor the Flame, from whence is caule.l that horrible Crack and pnffing. T^tre is found to be , »% it 'vcre, the Spirit of the Earth : for this is mofl: cer- tain, that any Earth, though pnreand uninixt with Nitrous matter, if it be fo laid up and covered, that it be free from the Sun- beams, and putteth forth no Vegetable, j will gather AV/rf, even in good abundance. Ry which it is clear, that the Spirit of ( Nttre is not oncly infcriour to the "^/^im of living Creatures, but al:o to the Spirit J of ^'cgctaMc5. (""^f whrcli drink of Nitrous water do manifcftly grow fat, wIiilIi is a lis^n of the cold in Nitre. 7 he maiuiring nf the Soil is chiefly by Nitrons fubfiMnces ; for all Dun" is Nitrons , and this is a lign of the Spirit in Nttre. From hence it appears , that the Spirits of Man may be cooled .ind condcnfcd by the Spirit of "^^urc, ,nnd be made more crude, and Icfs eager. And therefore, as flrong Wines, and Spices, and the like, do burn the Spirits, and Ihorrcn life ; fo on the contrary fide, Nitre doth compofe and renrefs them, and furthcrcth to life. A'/ftr may be ufcd with meat, mixed with our Salt, to the tenth part of the Salt ; ' in Droths taken in the morning, tor three grains to ten, alio in Beer: but howlocvcr it be ulcd, with moderation, it is of prime force to lone life As -^ptitm holds the prchcmincncc in condenfing the Spirits , by putting them to fli;lht, and hath withal his Subordinate Sy Icfs potent, but more fafc, which may be i taken both in greater quantity, and in more frequent ufe , of which we have for- I mcrly Ipokcn .- fo alfo Nitre, which condenfcth the spirits by cold, and by a kind of" Frcfcmir, (aswcnow a-dayj fpeak) hath alfo his <Hbordi>iates. Siil'mtliriitC) to Nttre ivc, all thofc things which yield an OJour fomewhat Eji-- j thy, like the ImcM of Eartli, pure and good, newly digged or turned up ; of this lort the chict arc, 'Boiarr, Biichfs , F.angue ue "Bauf , BHrnet , Strawberry leaves M\ii \ Strnmberriesjlramhtis oi Rafpte,r2Vi QfCumers.Tzw Pearmains, ynie leaves, afid'Suat ; I ilfo l^ioleis. I The next in order arc tliofe which have a certain fteihnefs of finell, but fomewha'f' i more inclined to heat ; yet not altogether void ot that rcrtue of rtfrelliing by cool- I ncfs ; fuch as are Balm, green Citrons, green Orenge>,Rofe-rvater diftilled,roaiitd IVardens ; , alfo the ^DantAsk^, Red, and Afml^ Rsffs- I This is to be noted, that Subordi/iatcs to Nitre do commonly confer moie to this l»tenJion, 'Ram, then having paflcd the I'ire, bccaufe that the Spirit of Cooling is di/Iipated by the lire ; therefore they arc bell taken, either iiifufcd in fomc liqnorj or raw. As the condcnfjlion of the Spirits by Snbordi»iiiesto Opmrn is, in fome (nrt, pcr- i (ourxcAh)' Odours, fo alio that which is by Subordinates to Nitre : thcrclore thelnu-ll of ne \ and pure L\irthy taken either by following the Plough, or by digguig, or by weeding, excellently refrelheth the Spirits. Alfo the Leaves of Trees in NV'oods, or Hedges, falling towards the middle of Autumn, yield a good rctrclliing to the Spi- rits, but none fo giDod as Strn-.vberry. leaves dying. Likcwile the fmcll of riolets, or fyall-fleivcrs, i.r "Be.tn-flowers, or Smeet.briary or Honj-fiickles, taken as they grow, in palTing by ticai oncly, is ot the fame nature. Nay, ojid u c know a certain great 1 ord who lived long , that had every morning | immediately after ficcp, a C.Wof frclli £4rr/;laid in afair Napkin under his Nofe, that ' he might take the fmcll thereof. ! There is no doubt, but the cooling and tempering of the blood by cool things, fuch as are Endive, Succory, Liver. w*rt, Pitrfain , zni the like, do alfo by confcqucnt cool the Spirits ; but this is about, whereas vaponrs cool immediately. And as touching the condenfing of the Spirits by (old, thus much : The third way of condcnfing the Spirits , wc faid to be by that which wc cMJlroaJ(jn^ the Spirits : The fourth, by quieting the alacrity xnd ut/rHlmefs of them. Such things ftrol^e the Spirits as arc plcafing and friendly to them, yet they al- lure them not to go abroad • but rather prevail, that the Spirits contented, as it were, 4C. 47- 4t. 4>- 50. 5'- 51- 5?. 59- 6o. (I. 3i 61. €6. The Hijlory of Life and Death. «7. 68. 6p. 70. 7^ 7'" 7J. in their own focicty , do enjoy themfclvcs , and betake themfclvcs into their proper Centre. For thcfc, ifvoii recoiled: thofc things which were formerly fet down, as Snbor- dtnAtes to Optum and 2\^//rf, there will need no other Inijui/ttion. As for the quieting of the unruUnefs of the Spirits, we lliallprefently fpeak of that, when wc enquire touching their Motion. Now then, feeing wc have fpokcnofthat Condenfatton of the Spntts which pcrtaineth to their llibftance, we will come to the temper of Heat in them. The Heat ot the spirits, as wc faid, ought to be of tliat kind that it may be robufl, not eager, and may delight rather to maftcr the tough and obftinatc,than to carry awav the thin and light humors. \Ve niuft beware of Spices, nine, and ftrong "Drw/^, that our ufc of tlicm he very temperate, and fometimes difcontinued ; alfo ot Savory, ^ ild marjoram, I'enny-rojiAl, and all fiich as bite and heat the tongue; for they yield unto the Spirits an heat not 0- perative, but Predatory. Thcfe yield a rohnji heat, eCpechWy Elecampane , Garlic^, ('ard/ins 'Bened.'uia , fVater-crep c s vihilc they are young, Germander, tyingelica, ^doary, F'ervin, f'jilerian, Myrrke, Pepper -wort. Elder flowers, Garden-Chervik 1 The ufe of thcfc things with choice and judgement, fometimes in Sallads, fometimes in Medicines, williatiific this operation. It falls out well that the Grand opiates y/'i\^l alfo ferye excellently for this Operation, inrefpefi that they yield fuchan heat by compofition, which is willied, but not to be found, in Simples. For the mixing of thole exccflivc hot things (fuchas arc Eupkor- bium, rdlitorj oi Spain, Stavii-acre, Dragon.wort, Anacordi,Caj}orenm, -Arzflolochtum, opponax,(iy4mmoniachHm,GalhanHm,znA the like, which of themfclvcs cannot be taken inwardly) to qualifie and abate the Stupefailive virtue of the Optum, they do make fuch a conftitution of a Medicament as we now require; which is excellently leeh in this. That Tre.ick and A^ethrtdate, and the reft, are not iliarp, nor bite the tongue, but are onely fomewhat bitter, and of ftrong fcent, and at laft manifefl their heat when they comcintothe ftomach, and in their fubfequent operations. There conduce alfo to the robufi heat o( the Spirits Fenus often excited, rarely performed ; and no lefs fome of the affections, of which fhall be fpokcn hereafter. So touchmg the heat of the Spirits, Analogical to the prolongation ot Life, thus much. Touching the Quantity of the Spirits, that they be not exuberant and boslitrg, but rather fpan/yir, and within a mean, ( feeing a fmall flame doth not devour fo much as a great flame ; the Incjuijition will be ihort. It fcems to be approved by experience, that a ffare Diet, and almoft a Pjthagori- cal, fuch as is either prefcribcd by theftrift Rules ot a Monailical life, or praftifed by Hermites, which have NecelTity and Poverty for their Rule, rendreth a man long- liv'd. Hitherto appertain drinkjng of trater, z hard "Bed, abflinence from Fire, d^ (lender Diet, (as namely, of Herbs, Fruits, Fle/h, and Ftjh, rather powdred md felted than frcjh and hot ) an Hair-Jhirt , frequent Fafimgs, frequent fVatchings , few fenfual Plea- fures, and fuch like; forall thefc diminiili theSpirits, and reduce them to fuch a ^«»j«. m^ as may be futficient onely for thcFunft ions of Life, whereby the depredation is tbc lefs.
But if the Diet fhall not be altogether fo rigorous and mortifjing, yet notwithftand-
ing iliall be always eqttal and conftant to it fcif, it workcth the fame effeift. Wc fee it in Flames, that a Flame fomewhat bigger (fo it be always alike and quiet ) confu. mcth lefs of the fuel than a Icflcr Flame blown with Bellows, and by Gufl:s ftronger or weaker: That which the Regiment and Diet of Cornarus the Venetian ihevied plainly , who did eat and drink fo many years together by a jufl: weight , where- I by he exceeded an hundred years of age , ftrong in limbs , and intire in his
fcnfcs.
j Care alfo muil be taken, that a body plentifully nourillied, and not emaciated by ■ any of thefe aforefaid Diets, omittethnot a feafonable ufe of Femis, left the Spirits in- creafc too faft, and foften and deftroy the body. So then, touching a moderate quan- tity of Spmts, and (aswcmayfay; Frugal, thus much. The Inqmfitton touching brtdUng the motions of the Spirits foUowcth next. Motion The Hi/lory of Life and T>eath. Motion doth manitcftly attenuate and inflame tlicm. This bridling is done by three means : by Sleep ; by avotding of vehement Labonrs ^immoderate Exerctfe, and.in a word, iWLaffltude; and by refraining «r<-yoM»f ^^^ffio^i. y\nd firft, touching S/rr^. The Fable tells us, that Eptmemdes flepi many years together in a Cave, and all that time needed no meat, bccaufethe S/J/rin\vjllc not much iny?^^. Experience tcjchcth us that certain Creatures, as Dormice and 'Bats, fleep in feme clofc places an whole Waiter together ; fuch is the force of jlcep to rcllram all vital Confumption. That which ^?« and 'Z)ro««areal(o thought to do, though fometimcs I deftitutcofZ/owf^; and likcwifc I'utter-fltes, and otlier /■'//«. I S/ff/? after Dinner (the ftomach fending up no unpleafing Vapours to the head, as being the firft Dews of our Meat) is good for the [pints, but derogatory and hurtful to all other points of health. Notwithflanding in extrcamold age there is the fame rcafbn of Meat and Sleep, for both our meals and our fleeps (liould be then frequent, but fliort and little ; nay, and towards the lafl: period of old age, a mere 7{efl, and, as it were, a perpetual \epofingi^oi\\ bcft, efpccially in Wmter-timc. But as moderate fleep confcrreth to long Ufe, fo much more if it be (juiet and not diftMrbed. Thcfc procure (^utet fleep, f-'tolets. Lettuce, efpecially boiled, Sirrup of dried Hofcs, Saffron, B.ilm , apples , at our going to bed ; a fop of Bread in M.-ilmfey, efpccially where Aduskz^ifes have been firft infufed : therefore it would not be amifs to mike fomc Pill, or a Imall Draught of thcfe things, and to ufe it familiarly. Alfo thofe things which (hut the mouth ot the ftomach clofc, as Coriattdcr-feed 'prc^zrc^l, Qjimces and W-J^-^fw^ roafted, do induce found llccp ; but above all things ni youth, and for thofe that have fufficient ftrongftomacks, it will be bcft totakeagooddrauglitof c/wr f ola'^'^ater when they goto bed. To chimvolnHtAij andprocurcdTr^nccs, at alfo fixed /»m^ profound Thoughts, fo Mthej be%fitl:out irl^omnefs, 1 have nothtngceriam: no doubt theji mal^t to this\mcn(\oii, and condcnfc r/;* Spirits, and that more pountly than Sleep, feeing they lay alleep , and fufpend the fcnfcsoi much or more. Touching tlem, let further inquiry be made. So far touching Sleep. As. for Motion and Exercife, LalTitude hurteth, and fo doth all Motion and Excr- cife which is too nimble and Iwi ft; as Running, Tennis, Fencing, andthelik?; and again, when our ftrcngth is extended and ftrainedto the uttermoft, as Dancing, Wrcft- hng, and fuch like .• tor it is ccrtain.that the fpirtts beingdrivcn into ftreights, cither by the fwiftnefs of the motion, or by the ftraining of the forces, do afterward become more eager and predatory. On the other fide, Exerci/es which llir up a good ftrong motion, but not over-fwift,orto our utmoft ftrcngth, ( fuch as arc Leaping, Shooting, Riding, Bowling, and the like ) do not hurt, but rather benefit. \C'c muft come now to the yiffeciitns 3i\d l'a[fioni ot ihc<^ind, and fee which of them arc hurtful to long life, which profitable. Cjreat Joys attenuate and ditfufe the fpirits, and lliorten life i familiar Chearfulnefs ftrcngthens the fpirits, by calling them forth, and yet not refolvingthcm. Jmprejfions of Joy in the fenfc are naught ; ruminations ot Joy in the memory, or apprciicnfionsot them in hope or tancy, are good. Joy fupprcfed, or communicated fparingly, doth more comfort the fptriis than Joy poured forth and publiihcd. Giief and s.tdncjl, it it be void oi Fear, and afflid not too much, doth rather pro- longlifc ; for itcontradcth the fptrtts,ind is a kind oicondenfation. Great Fears ihortcn the life : for though Grief md Fear do both ftrcightcnthe^/m, yet in Cjrtef thzxc is a fimplc contradtion ; but in Fear, by rcafon of the cares taken for the remedy, and hopes intermixed, there isa turmoil and vexing ot the fpirtts. iyinqer fupprelVed is alfo a kind of vexation, and caufeth the fptnt to teed upon the i juices ot the body; but let loofc and breaking forth, it hclpeth: as thoic-Me die wet do j which induce a robufi heat. \ £nvj is the worft of all Pafflom , and fecdeth upon the fpirtts, and they again upon the body ; and fo much the more becaufe it is perpetual, and, as it is faid, kftpeth no holidays. Pity of another man's misfortune, vrhich is not likely to befall our fclvcs, is good: G but 74- 75. 7(S. 77- 7S. 79- 8o. 8(. 84. «7. ^4 88. 8p. S)o. l^he Hiftory of Life and T>enth. 5?I. 5)2. 53- P4- but Pujf, w IhlIi may rcflcd with fomc fimilitudc upon the party pitying, is naught, bc- canfc it cxcittth Fear. l.taht shame Inirtctli not, feeing it contracfteth the fpirits a little, and then ftraight j diffultth them : infomuch tliat/^<«»»f/Wc'<^perlons commonly live long : but Shan>e tor fi;mc great ignominy, and which affliftcth the mind long, contraftcth the ij5«>i« even ] to fufl-bcation, and is pernicious. /.ove, if It be not unfortunate, and too deeply wounding, :sa kind of ^ov, and is fubjccft to the fame Laws which we have fct down touching 'foj: Hope is the mofi: beneficial of all the ylffethons, and dotn much to the prolonga- 1 tion of life, if it be not too often frullratcd, but cntertnincih the Fancy with an ex- pectation of good .• therefore they which fix and propound to thcmfclvcs fome tnJ, as the mark and fcope of their life , and continually and by degrees go forward in the (;imc, arc, for the moft part, long-liv'd ; in fo much that ulicn they arc come to the top ot tlicir hope, and can go no higher therein, they commonly droop, and live not long after ; So that Hope is a Leaf-joy, which may be beaten out to a great exten- fion, like Gold. u4dmiratto» M^ti light Contemplation IlYC very powerful to the prolonging of life; for they hold they^/r/fj in fuch things as delight them, and fuffer them not to tumultuare, or to carry thcmfclves unquictly and wayvvardly. And therefore all the Contemplators ot 7\(^atural things, which had fo many and eminent ObjecSs to admire, (as Demo- cntui, Plato, I'armedtdes, ^pollonius ) were long liv'd : alfo Rhetoricians, which ta- iled but lightly of things, and flirthed rather Exornation of fpcech than profundity of matters, wcrcalfo long liv'd; zsGorgia^, [retagoras, Jfocrates, ieneca. And certain- ly, as old men are for the moft part talkative, fo talkative men do often grow very old ; foi it iLcviS a hoht cof.templation, and fuch as doth not much flain the fptrits, or vex t' c.n : but fubtil, andacute, and eager incjuifion lliortens life; for it tireth the [ptrit, andiv.iftcth it. And as touchlns;^ the motion of the spirits hy the ^ffeSiiens of the Adtnd, thus much. Now we will adde certain other general Cbfervarions touching the 5wW«, befide the former, which t.iH not into the precedent diftribution. Efpecial care miift be taken that the Spiritshe not too often refolved; fbr attenua- tion goeth before ref<jliition, and the ipirit once attenuated doth not very cafily retire, or is condenjed. Now Refilntton is caufed by over-great labours, overccbcmentafJe- ^ions of the mind, over great fwcats, over great evacuations, hot Baths, and an un temperate and unfcafonable ufe oi Terinf ; alio by over- great cares and carpings, and anxious cxpcft.nions J laftly, by malignant difeafcs, and intolerable pains and torments of the bod).- all which, as much as may be, (which our vulgar i /j^yfa^wj alfo advifc) muff be avoided 'Ihcfpirhs are delighted both with wonted things, and with new. Now it maketh wonderfully to the confcrvation of thcj/^m«in vigour, that vjenclthev ufe wonted things to a fatiety and glutting ; nor «<•»' things, before a cjuick and ftrong appetite. And therfbrc both ciifloms are to be broken off with judgmentand care, before they breed a fulnefs ; and the appetite after new things to be reftrained for a time until it grow more iliarp and jocond : and moreover, the life, as much as may be, fo to be ordered, that it may have many >-fW(j'j/.t//ow.f, znd the fptrits by perpetual converfing in the fame aftions may not wax dull. For though it were no ill faying of seneca's. The fool doth ever hegiri to live ; yet this folly, and many more fuch, arc good for long life. It is to be obferved touching the 7^mV.f, (though the contrary ufcd to be done ) That when men perceive their fpir ts to be in good, placid, and healthful ftate, ( that which will be fecn by the trancjuility of their Mind , and chearful difpofi- tion ) that they cherifh them, and not change them : but when, in a turbulent and untoward ftate , ( which will alio appear by their fadncfs, lumpillincfs, and other indifpofition of their mind ) that then they ftraight overwhelm them , and alter them. Now the fpirtts are contained in the fame ifate, by a reftraining of the affeftions , tcmperatenefs of diet, abftinence from /-'cwk^, moderation in labour, indifferent reft and rcpofe : and the contrary to thefe do alter and ovcrwhchrt the fpirits ; as namely, vehement affciftions, profufe feaftings, immoderate rentis, difficult labours, earncft ftudies, and profecution of bufincfi. Yet men are wont, when they are merricft and beft difpofed, then- to apply thcmfclvcs to feaftings. Tloe Hijlory of Life and Death, reniUy Labours, Endeavours, Bufincfl'cs, wlicrcas it they have a rcgarcf to loii" life, ( which may iccm ftiangc J they llioulJ rather pia^tifc the contrary. For wc ought to cherilli and pfefcrvc good (jiirits, and for the cvil-difpofcJ;jiJ;W/j to dilcliargc and alter ihcm. /■/wwwtf faith not unwifely, TlntoUmen, for the comforting of their fpirits, ought often to remember and ruminate upon the yitls of their ^hildhood and 7'oHth. Cer- tainly fuch a remembrance is a kind of peculiar Recreation to every old nmn -. and thctcturc it is a delight 19 men to enjoy the fociety oftliem whieh have been brought up together wichthcm, and to vilit the places of their education. Vifpajun did attribute fo much to this matter, that when he was Empcrour he would by no treans be perfwadcd to leave his Father's houlc, though but mean, Icfl: he iliisuld lofe the wonted objcft of his eyes, and the memory of his childhood ; and bdlJcs, he would drink in a rvooden Ckp, tipped with (ilver, whicii was his Grandmotho'si upon F.fival dnyes. One thing above all is grateful to the Spirits, tliat there be a continual progrefs to ihc more henian \ therefore we (liould lead fuch a Youth andAunhood, that our Old age ihould find new Solaces , wliereof the chief js moderate eafi : And there- fore old men in honourable places lay violent h.mds upon thcmlclvcs, who retire not to heir cafe •• whereof may be tound an eminent Example in ca/JiodorHS, who was of that reputation amongll the Gothijh Ki>igs at lt,dy, that he was as the 6ouI of their aff.iirs ; afterwards, being near eighty years of age, he betook himfelfto a Monaflery, 1 where he ended not his daycs before he was an hundred years old. Jiut this thin-^ doth require two Cautions ; one, that they drive not olf till their bodies be utterly worn out and difeafed ,- for in fuch bodies all mutation, ti.ough to the move benian, \ hafteneth death: the other, that they furrcnder not tlicmfclves to i fuagnh e.ife, but ' that they embrace fomething which may entertain their thoughts and nund with con- tentatioii ; in which kind the chief delights are Keadir.g and Contemplation j and thentWdefircs of Building and Planting. Laflly, the fmie .i'ition, Sr/deavour and Litbour undertaken chettrftilly'mii with a aood will doth rcfrclh the spirits ; but with awAverfanon and ttnm'Ungncfs, doth fret and dejeft them. And therefore it confcrrcth to long life, either th.it a man luththcart to inflitutc his htc fo as it may be free and fuitabic to hisown humour ; onllctolay fuch a comnand upon his mind, that whatlbevcr is inipofcd by Fortune, it may rather lead him than dr.Tg him. Neither is that to be omitted towards the government of the vi^/fAw;, thatcfpccial care be t.-iken of the mouth of the Stomach, elpccially that it be not toonuith relaxed} forrhat part hath a greater dominion over the affeeiions, cfpcciallv the daily atfections, than cithcrthe Heart or Brain ; oncly thofe things ..xccpted which are wrought bypo- tent v.'.poiirs, as in Drunkcnnclsaiid Mclancholly. Touching the Operation u}^on\hc spirits , that they may remain youthful, and re- netfthcxT -vigour i thus much : which we have done the more accurately, for that there is, for the moft part, amongft Phyfict.vis and other Authors touching thcfc Ope- r4r/owadcep (ilence; but (rfpcciailvi becaufc the O^fr.r//o;/ upon the -^Z?/;///, and thcjr ffaxitin nrcen again, is the moft ready and compendious way to long life ; and that for a two told compendioufncfs : one, becaule the Spirits work compendioufly u|)on the body; the other, becaufe A'.ip/oM and the e^^n^.'/aw work compendioully upon the spirits; fo as ihtfe attain the end, as it were, in a right line, other things rather in lines circular. Tl:e Operation iipofj the Sxclii/wfi of the ^Jir, 2 , T:.c Hiflor;. THE Exdujion of the ^^ir ambient tenJeth to length of life two wayes : Firft for that the External Air, next unto the Native Spirit, ( how- focvcr the ty^'ir may be faid to animate the Spirit oi Man , and con- j ferrcth not a little to health ) doth moft of all prey upon the juices of the body, 1 G 2 »t\<i 35 P5- 96. 97- i,8. S>9. 36 7- 8. 13- 14. The Hijlory of Life and Death. and liadcn the Dcficcation thereof ; and therefore the Exclujion oHt is cffcdual to length of life. Another eftcft which followcih the f Arr/w/To/; of ^<r is much more fubtil and pro- found, namely, thatthcBody clofcd up, and not perfpirmg by the pores, dctaincththe sptrth within, and turneth it upon the harder parts of the body, whereby tiie spirit mollifies and intcnerates them. Of this thing the reafon is explained in the Dcficcation of inanimate Bodies ; and it is an Axiom almoft infallible. That the i]p«rrf difchargcd and ifluing forth, drieth Bodies; detained, mcltcth and inteneratcth tlicm. And it is further to be anumcd, That all Heat doth properly attenuate and moiflen, and contrafteth and dncih oncly by Accident. Leadinn the life in T)eni and Cdves^ where the Air receive' iiot the Sun-beams, may be effeftual to long life. For the ityfir of ir felt doth not much towards the depreda- tion of the body, unlcfs it be flirredupby heat. Certainly, if a man ihall recal tilings paft to his memory, it will appear that the ftatures of men have been anciently much greater than thofe that fucceeded, as mSictly, and fomc other places : but this kind of men led their lives, for the moll part, in Caves. Now length of life and largenefs of limbs have fome affinity. T\^q. cave alfo of ZT^twfwWa walks among the Fables. I fiippofe likewifc, that the life of Columnar Anchorites was a thing relembling the life in r<sc/«, in refpc(ff the Sun-beams could not much pierce thither, nor the -r^/r receive anv great changes or inecjualities. This is certain, both the Simeon Stelita's, as well Daniel isSaha, and other Columnar ^nchorites,hivc been exceedinglong liv'd. Like- wife the Anchoriies in our dayes, clofcd up and immured cither within Walls or Pillars, arc ottcn found to be long-liv'd. Next unto the life in Caves is the life on tJMountains : for as the beams of the Sun do not penetrate into Caves; fo on the tops oi Aiottntains, being deftitute of Reflexion, they arc of fmall force. But this is to be undcrftood of Monntain^hcrc the Air is clear and pure ; namely,whether by reafon of thedrinclsofthe ValliesJClouds and Vapours do not afcend; as it is in the Mountains which encompafs Barbarj, where, even at this day, they live many times to an hundred and fifty years, as hath been noted before. /\nd this kind oi Air of Caves and A^ountains, of its own proper nature, is little or nothing predatory ; but t^/r, fuch as ours is, which is predatory through the heat of thcSun, ought, as much as is pofIiblc,to be excluded from the body. But the w//- is prohibited and excluded two ways : firft, by f/«/JW the Pores ; fe- condly, hy filling them up. To the clofing of the Pores help coldnefs of the air, going naked, whereby the skin is made hard, wailiing in cold water, Aflringents applied to the skin, inch as are yl/^- ftick^, Adprhe, Myrtle. But nui ch more may wc fatisfie this Operation by BAths, yet thofe rarely ufcd, (efpe- cialiy in Summer) which are made oi Aflringent Mineral if aters, fiichas may fafely be ufcd, as Waters participating of Steel and Coperas; for thefe do potently contraccthc skin. As for filling up the Pores, 'Paintings andfuch WkzUnEtuoia daubings, and Cvvhich may moft commodiouny be ufed^ Oil and/^/ things, do nolels conlervethc fubftance of the body, than Oil-colours and Varnifh do prelerveWood. The ancient Brttains painted their bodies with /; oad, and were exceeding long liv'd ; the Pitls alfo ufed paintings, and arc thought by fomc to have derived their name from thence. The hrajilians and /'7rff/>7Mw paint themfelves at this day, who are (efpecially the former ) very long liv'd ; inlomuch that five years ago the French Jefnites luid fpccch with fome who remcmbred the building of /i'r«*rw^«cj^, which wasdone an himdied and twenty years fincc ; and they were then at Man's cftate. "Joannes de temporibus, who is reported to have extended his life to three luindied years, being asked how he prefcrvcd himfelf fo long, is faid to have anfwered, -'.J Ojl without, and by Honey within. The Jriji;, efpecially the n ild-fri(h, even at this day live very long : certainly they report, that within thefe few years the countefs of Defmond lived to an hundred and forty years of age, and bred Teeth three times. Now the Irijh have a'fafiiion to chife, and, as it were, to baftethemfelves with old Salt-butter againft the fire. The The Hiflory of Life and Vcatk The famcInP^ life to wear Sajfroned Linen and <hrts ; which though it were at firftdcvifcd to prevent Vermin, yet howfocvcr 1 take it to be very iifcful forlcnqth- niiig of life ; (-"or ajfron, of all thinj'^s that I know, is the belt thing for the skin, and the comforting ot the tlcdi, feeing it is both notably Aftringcnt, and hath bcfiilcs anOleofltyandfubtiehcat, without an. Acrimony. I remember a certain EngUhmau, who when he went to Sea carried a bagg of ajfron next his flomack, that he mi"ht conceal it, and fo cfrape Cuftom ; and whereas he was wont to be always exceed- ing Sca.fitk, at that time he continued very well, and felt no provocation to vomit. Hipf cerates advifeth in W'^intcr to wear clean Linen, and in Summer foul Linen and bcfmcared with Oil. The rcafon may feem to be, becaufc in Summer the Spirits ex- hale moll, therefore the pores of the skin would be filled up. Hereupon wc arc of opinion, that the ufe of Oil, either of Olives or fwcet Al- monds, to anoint the skin therewith, would principally conduce to long life ; Tlie ^wo/^';/,-7ff would be done every morning when we rife out of bed, with Od in which a little bay flit and >ajfron is mixed. But this atiomtina muff be lightly done with Wool, or Ibme foft fponge, not laying it on thick, but gently touching and wee- ting the skin. It i-. certain that Liquors, evert the Oily tnemfclves, in great cjiiantities draw fbme- whot from the Ixkly ; but contrarily,infmall quantities arc drunk inby the body: there- fore the anointing would be but light, as we faid, or rather the ihirt it lelf would bebc- imeared with Oil- It may happily be objc(fled , that this anointing with Oil, which wc commend, ( though it were never in ufe with us , and amongff the Italians is caft off again ) was anciently very f;imiliar amongff the Grecians and Homans, and a part of their Diet ; and yet men werenoclonger-liv'd in thofe dayes than now. But it may rightly be an- Ivvered, Oil was in ufe onely after Baths, unlefs it were perhaps amongit Champi- ons : now hot Baths are as much contrary to our operation , as i^nointititi arc I con'.'ruous, feeing the one opens tiie p.ifliges, the other flops them up : therefore I the Bath, without theanoiiuirg following, is utterly badj the anointing uithout the Bath is bell of ail. Belides, the anointing amongd them was tited ow^X-^ iox deli cat y, or ( if you take it at the belt ) {qx health, but by no means in order to long life; and therefore they iifed them with all precious Ointmems, which were good fordeliciouf- nels, but hurtful to our intention, in regard of their heat: Sothat/^/r^'/fecmctli notto have laid ami's, 2\^fC Cafa Ucjuielt corrumpititr ttfis Otivi, That odoriferous Cafa hath not fi4pplanted the ufe of neat Oil-Olive, Anointing <• ith Oil conduceth to health, both in Winter, by the exciufion of the cold Air, and in Summer, by detaining the fpirits within, and prohibiting the Rc- folution {ii them , and keeping off the force of the air wliich is then moll pre- datory. Seeing the anointing with Oil is one of the mofl potent operations to long life, wc h.ive thought good to add fome cautions, left the health ifiouldbe endangered.- They are four, according to the four Inconveniences which may follovv thereupon. The firft Jnconventence is, that by re^reffingfneats, it may ingcnder difeafcs from thofe excrementitious humours. To this a remedy mult be given by /'«r^a and C//- fierSf that evacuation may be duly performed. This is certain, that evacuation by fweats commonly advanccth health, and derogateth from long li:c; but gentle /'wr^fry work upon the humours, not upon the lpirits,as iweat dotl'. The fecond Inconvenience is, that it may Ar.// the body, and in time infTamc it; fc«  the Ipnits ihut in, and not breathing forth, acquire l.cit. This inconvenience may be prevented, if the Diet mod ufually inclme to the colder part, and that at times fome proper coohng Medicines be taken, of which we ihall llraigFit Ipeak in the operation upon the aloud. The third is, thiz it may annoy the head ; for all O^^/rnaw from without ftriics back the vapours, and fends them up»unto the head. Tins inconvenience is remedied by 'Pursers, efpecially Clyfiers, and by Jhutting the mouth of the ftomacnflrongly witii Stipticks, and by combing and rubbing the head, and by walhing it with convcnicn: Lies, that fomethingmay exhale, and by not omitting competent and good cxercilcs, that fomethingalfo may perlpirc by the skin. r. J Thfi i6. i3. "-> 38 Z5. i6. 22. 2p. The Hiflory of Life and Death. The fourth Jnconvememe is a more fubcil Evil, namely, that the Spirit being detained by the dofingupottlic Tores,\s iiktly to multiply it i'clf too inirch ; for when little ifliieth forth, and new Spirit is coiuiniully ingendrcd, the Spirit increallth too faft, and lo pieycth upon the body more plentifully. But this is not altogether lo; for all Spirit clofcd up is duii, ( for it is blown and excited with motion as M.mc is) and therefore it is lels adivc, and lefs generative of it Icif ; Indeed it is thereby in- crcafed in Heat, (as Flame is) but flow in Motion. And ttierefoie the rcniKfyto this inconvenience mufl be by cold things, being fometimes mived v\ith (-*/, Inch as are Rojes and tSi'tyrtUs ; for vvc mult altogether dilclaim hot things, as we laid of Cafm. Neither will it be unprofitable to wear next the body Garments that liave in them fome VtiHttofity or i leofity, not yiquofuy, for thiy will cxlianlt the body lefs ; inch as arc thofc of Woollen rather than thole of Linen. Certainly it is manifeft in the Spirits of Odours, that if you lay fweet povvders amoiiglt Li-' nen, they will much fooner lofe their fn.ell than ainongfl Woollen. And there- fore Linen is to be preferred for delicacy and neatnefs, but to be lufpccfcd for our Operation. The /.' lid Irif}, as foon as they fall fick,the firft thing they do is to take the lliccts off their bcJs, and to wrap thcmfelves in the woollen cloaths. Some report, that they have found great benefit in the coiifervation of their Ijcaith by wearing scarlet IVafcoais next their skin, and under their lliirts. as well down to the neathcr parts as on the upper. It is alio to be obfeived, that //»> accuftomed to the body doth lefs prey upon it than new -^'>" and often changed ; and therefore poor people, in fmall Cottages, who live always within the fmcll of the fame chimney, and change not their ieats, arc commonly longeft liv'd : notwithflanding, to other operations ( efpccially for them whofc Spirits arc not altogether dull ) we judge change of air to be very profitable; but a mean muft be ufed, which may fatisfieon both fides. This may be done by re- moving our habitation four times a year, at conltant and fet tunes, unto convenient feats, that ^o the body may neither be in too much peregrination, nor in too much fhtion. And touching the Operation upon the Exclnfton of ^itr, and avoiding the predatory force thereof, thus much. T^he Operation upon the ^kud y and the Sanguifying Heat, 3 . 7ke mflory. 1"^H F. following Operations anfwer to the two precedent, and are in the re- lation of Tajfivsi and tyiRives : for the two precedent intend this, that the Spirits and (v^/r in their actions may be the lefs depredatory ; and the ' two latter, that the Bhtfd and y»/fV of the body may be the lefs dcpredable. Rut becaufe the Bloud is an irrigation or watering of the Juices and Members, ajul a preparation to them, therefore we will put the operation upon the 'Slo;!^ in the firll place. Concerningthis Oof/-.j//(5«wc will propound certain Counfeis, few in. number, but very powerful in virtue. Tiiey are three. Firft , there is no doubt, but that if the bloud be brought to a cold tcmprr, it will be fo much the lefs di/Iipablc. But becaufe the cold things which arc taken by the mouth agree but ill with many other Intentions, therefore it will be bcft to find out fome fuch things as may be free from thcfc inconveniences. They are two. Thefiiftis this .• Let there be brought into ufc, cfpecially in youth, Qifias, not purging at all, or abflergii/^, but oncly cooling, and fomewhat opening : ; hofe are approved which arc inade of the Juices oi Lettuce, Tttrflanc, Ltver-wort, Houfesleek^, and the <J^«<:/7^^f of the feed of flea rvort, with fome temperate opening decot^tion, and a little The Htflory of Lije and t)eatb. 39 little Camph^rt: but in the declining age kt the Ho^j/ff^anri /^«r//^;/f be left out, and the juices of Borr<i(revid EnMve, and tlic like, be put in their rooms. And let thefe Cljffiers be retained, if itinay be, for an hoiiror more. The other is this. Let there be in u(e, cfpecialiy in Summer, Raths oi Uc(\\ water, and but lukc-warm, altogctlicr without Emollients, as Mallows, Mercury, tJM.tll^, and thclikc; rather take new -f/jfr in fomc good quantity, znJi Rofes. But (that which is the principal in this intention, and new) we advife that before the bathing of the body be anointed with Oil, with fomc thick>>e[s,w\\crQ):>y the cjuality of the cooling may be received, and the water excluded; yet let not the pores of the body beiliuttooclofc,; for when thcoutwardcoldciofcth up the body too Ihont'ly, it is fo far from furthering coolncfs, that it rather forbids, and Ifirs up hear. Like unto this is the ufc oiBUiUers, with fome decodions and cooling juices, ap - plied to the infcriour region of the body, namely, from tlic ribbs to the privy parts; for this alfoisa kind of ^^/A/'w^, where the bpdy of the liquor is for the nioff part ex- cluded, and the cooling quality admitted. The third connfel rcmaineth, which belongcth not to the quality of t\\c blood, but to the fubffancc thereof, that it may be nude more firm and Icfs diflipabic, and fuch, as the heat of t'nc fpiric may have the Icfs power over it. And as for the uh oi Filings oi Gold, Leaf-gold, Towdcr oi Pearl, Trecionsftones, Coral, and the like, we hare no opinion of them at this day, unlcfsit be oncly as they may fatisfic this prefent Operation. Certainly, feeing the ^mbiam, Qrcctans. and mo- dfn Phyficians have attributed fuch virtues to rhdc things, it cannot be altogether Nothing which fo great men have obfervcd of them. And therefore omitting all ha- taftical opinions about them, we do verily believe, that if there could be fomc fuch thiiig conveyed into the whole mafs of the blond in minute and fine portions, over which the fpirits and heat Oiould have little or no power, abfolutely it would not only refift I'tttrefaclion, but ^refaElion alfo, and be a mofl cffeftual means to the prolonga- tion ofhfe. Ncvcrthclefs in this thing feveral cautions are to be given. Fiill, that there be a mod csacT: comminution. Secondly, thatfuchhard and lolid tilings be void of all malignant qualities, left while they be difpcrfcd and lurk in the veins, they breed fome ill convenience Thirdly, that they be never taken together with meats, iK)r in any fuch manner as they may fhck long, left they beget dangerous obflrnftions about th« Mcfcntcry. Laftly, that they be taken very rarely, that they may not congregate and knot together in tlie veins. Therefore let the manner of taking them be /as?/;?;^, in nhitewme, a little 0*/ of ^^Imonds niingled therewith, Exerctfe ufed immediately upon the taking of them. ) he Simples which may faiisfie this (>peration are , in fteadofall , Cold, TeArls, and , Coral : for all A/eialls, except Gold, arc not without fome malignant quality in the jdinolutions of them, neither will they be beaten to that exquifite finenefs that Leaf. gold hath. As for all glaffle and jranfparent Jeirels, we likethem not, (a we faid bc- forcj for fear of Conofion. Bnt, in our judginent, the faftr and more cffefcual way would be by the ufe of Woods in Intufions and Decoi5tions ; for there is in them fafficientto caufc firmnefs of ^lond, and not the like d.angcr for breeding obftruttions i but cfpecialiy, becaufcthcy jnay betaken in meatand drink, whereby they willfind themcue calic entrance into the Veins, and not be avoided in excrements. I The •> oods fit for this purpofe arc Sanders, the Oak^ and yine. As for all hot rvoods or fomething Rofennte, we rcjed them : notwithftanding you may addc tlic jtoodj flAlkl o( Rofimarj dried, for Kofemiryis a Shrub, and excecdcth in age mauy Trees j alfo the woody flalki of Ivy, but in fuch quantity as they may not yield an unplcafing taftc. Let the n oods be taken cither boiled in 'Broths, or infufcd in CMnfl or tyi.e before they leave workinj;: but in Rroths ( as the cuftom is for Cjutiacmm and thclikc) they would be infufed agood while before the boiling, that the firmer part of thofood. and not thatonely whicli licchloofely,may be drawn forth. As for t^/^, though it be ufcd forCups.yct wclikcitnot. And touching the 0pfr4/»ff« upon the 5/e«^thus much. Tb* 6. 9 10. n. 40 lO. II. 14. 15- 17. The Hi[lory of Life and T)eath. The Operation upon the juices of the ^Body. 4. The Hiflery. THerc arc two kinds of Todia fas wasfaid before in the Inquifiuon touching /«- ammates ) which are hardly confumcd , H*rd things and F.u things ; as is ken in Adttalls and Stones, and in 0//and I'-ax. It mull be ordered therefore, that the /«/'« of the body be fomcwhat W^, and that it hz fAtty or fii brofcid. As for bardnefs, it is caufed three ways; hy Aliment oF a frm nature, hjco/dcon- denfingthc skin and fleili, and by Evercife, binding and compafting the juices of the body, that they be not foft anH frothy. As for the Nature of the Aliment, it ought to be fuch as is not eafily difftpable 5 fuch as are Beef, Swim's-flejh, Dear, Goat, Kid, Swan, Goofe,Ring.do-ue, e/pecially if they be a little powdred; />y^likewife faltcd and dried, OWC^^y?, and the hke. Asforthe Eread ■ Oaten-bread, or bread with fomemixturc of Peafe in it, or Rye- bread, or Barly-bread , are more folid than n heat-bread, and in tr heat-bread, the courfe H- heat bread is more folid than the pure Manchet. The Inhabitants of the Orc/r^w, which live vjponfaltedfi/h,3nd generally ill Fijh-eaters, arc long-liv'd. The y^^sKf;^; and Hfrw/>« which fed fparingly, and upon dry aliment, attained com- monly to a great age. Alfo pure irater ufually drunk makes the juices of the body lefs frothy ? unto whick if, for the dulncfs of the /pirits, (which no doubt in neater zrc but a little penetrative^ you fTiall aJdc a little Nitre, we conceive it would be very good. ySnd touching the' firmnefs oi the Aliment thus much. As for the Condcnfitton of the skin zndflejh by cold : They are longer- liv'd for the molt part that live abroad in the open air, than they that live in Houfes ; and the Inha- bitants of the cold Coftntries, than the Inhabitants of the hot. Great ftore of clothes, either upon the bed or back, do refolvc the body. Wailiing the body in cold Hater is good for length of life ; ufe oihotB.ahs is naught. Touching s.iths oi Ajiringent Mineral i V at ers vie have fpoken before. AsioT Exerctfe; antW/f/z/rdoth manifeftly maketheflpfli foft and diflipablc .• robpi.fi exercife ( fo it be without over-muchfweating or wearinefs) maketh it hard and com- padl. Alfo f.vfrc//? within cold Water, as fwimming, is very good i and generally fATfrfi/f abroad is better than that within houfes. Touching Frications, (which area kind oi exercife) becaufe they do rather call forth the Aliment than harden the flelL, we wil! inquire hereafter in the due place. Having now fpoken oi hardnitw the juices of the body, we arc to come next to the Gleofity and Faitmefs of them, which is a more perfeft and potent Intention than indu- ration, becaufe it hath no inconvenience or evil annexed. For all thofe things which pertain to the hardmng o( the juices zre of that nature, that while they prohibit the abfumption of the Aliment, they alfo hinder the operation of the fame ; whereby it happens,that the fame things are both propitious andadverfe to length of life: but thofe things which pertain to making the Jutces O/Tyand %ofcid, help on both fides, forthey render the Aliment both lefs difTipable,and more reparable. But whereas we fay that the fmce of the body ought to be RofeidiXiA fat, it is to bo noted that we mean it not of a vifible /■<«?, but of a^D^ww^f/Jdifpcrfed, or (if you will call \i) Radical in the very fubftancc of the body. Neither again let any man think, that 0»/or the Fat of Meats or Marrow do engcn-, der the like, and lat'sfie our intention : for thofe things which are once perfeft are not brought back again ; but the Aliments ought to be fuch, which after digeftion and maturation do then in the end engender Oleofity in the^uices. Neither again let any inan think, that Oil or Fat by it felf and Cmple is hard of di/fi- pation, but in mixture it doth not retain the fame nature : for as Oil by it felf is much more longer in confuming then ^^ater; fo in Paper or Linnen it ftickcth longer, and is later dried, as wc noted before. To The Hiflory of Life and t>eath. To the Irrorationof the body, roaftcd meats or baked meats arcmoic cffc-ctual than boiled meatj, and all preparation of meat with water is inconvenient: bchjci, Oilis more plentifully extratlcd out of drie bod ics than out of moilt bodies. Generally, to the Irroraiio>i oiihc boJy much u(c of fiveet things is profitable, as of Sugar, Honey, fwcet ^.Imonds, l' tne- apples, lijl.uhio's, Dtttes, R.itfins oi thcSHn.Cornns, ftgs, and the like. Contrarily, all four, and very filt. and very biting tilings are onpo- fitcto the generation oVRjfcidJittce, Neither would we be thought to favaur the Manichecs, or their diet.though vrc com- mend the frequent ulc of all kinds of Seeds, Kernels, and Roots, in Meats or Sances, confidcring all Bread ( and Bread is that which maktth tkc Meat firm j is made either of Seeds or Roots. But there is nothing makes fo much to the Irroration of the body, as the quality of the Drink, which is the convoy of the Meat; therefore let there be inufc fueh Drinks as without ail acrimony or fowrnefs are notwithftandinp; fubtil : fueh are thofc Wines which arc (as the old woman faid in /Vowrw) vetujiats edentttU, tootiileis with age, and Ale of the fame kind. .l-fead ( as we fuppofe ) would not be ill if it were ftrong and old : but becaufc all Honey hath in it ibme iharp parts, ( as appears by tiiat (harp water which the C'y- i»'i7j extraft out of it, wliichwilldiflolvcmctals) it were better to take the fame por- tion of Sugar.not liglulyinfufed in it, but fo incorporated r.s Honey ufeth to be in yWMt/, and to keep it to the age ot a year, or at lead fix months, whereby the Water may loic the crudity, and the Sug>r acquire lubtiity. Now ancicntnefs in Wine or Beer iiatii this in it, that it ingenders fubtilty in the parts of the Liquor, andacrimony iiuhe Spirits, whercol' the firfl i«,prohtablc, and t!ic fccond liurtful. Now to rci5tific tiiis evil commixture, let there be put into the veilel, before tie Wme be fcparatcd from the Mult, Sjfhiesfie/h or 'Deers-fejh well boiled, that the Spirits of the NX'inc may have whereupon to ruminate and teed, and (o 1 ly alidc their mordacity. In like manner, if ,^/flliould be made not only with the grains of ^'hcat, Early, Oatcs, Peafe, and tlie like ; but alfo ihould admit a part ( fuppofe a third part tothcic grains) of fc.ie fat roots, fueh as arc Totada-roots, Pith oi ^rttchokfs, Burre^roois, or fomc other fwcet and efculcnt roots ; \vc fuppofe it would be a more ufeful drink for long life than y^/f made of grains oncly. Alio fueh things as have very thin parts , yet notwithflanding are without ail acri- mony or mordacity, are very good Sallets : which vcrtue we find to be in fomc tew ot the Flowers ; namely. Flowers of /z'j', which intufed in Vinegar are pleafant even tothctaftc ; Marigold leaves, which arc ufcd in Broths ; and Flowers ot lietonj. And touching the operation upon the Jpticti ot the Hodj thus much. The Operation upon the ^oneis for their Exirufion of Aliment. 5 . The Hifiorj. WHat t'ofcthings arc whichcomfort the ^rimipAl "Btvieh, wlicharcthc foun- tains of Contortions, namely, the ttomaci^. Liver, Heart mdHra/n, to perform their funftions well, (whereby aliment is diftributed into the parts, i Spirits are difpcrlcd, and the reparitttou of the whole body isaccomplilhcd ) may be derived from Thjf.ttans, and from their Prcfcripts and Advices. Toudxm^xhc Spleen, Gall, Kidneys, Mejenteries, Ghis nid Lungs, wefpeaknot, for thefe are members miniftring to the principal ; and whereas fpecch is made touchin" health, they require fomctimc a nioft fpecial confiJeration, bccauic each of thcfc have their difeafes, which unlcis they be cured, will have influence upon the Prtn- apal tSVtemben. But as touching the prolongation of life , and reparation by ali-
ments , and retardation of the incodion ot old age ; if the Concoctions and
Jj^_^ H tbofe 19. 14" 15- The Hijlory of Life and Death. thoie prtnctpal Bowels be wclldifpofedjlhc reft will commonly follow according to ones wifh. And as for thofc things which, according to the different ftatc of every man's body may be transferred into his Diet and the regiment of his life, he may colletfl them out of the Books ot Phyllcians, which have written of the comforting and prefcrvin" the four I'rtncfpal Mttnbers : For confervation of kcalthhath commonly need of no more thanfomelhortcourfcs of Phylick ; but length of life cannot be hoped without an or- derly diet.and a conftantracc oi fiver Atg)i Medicines. But we will propound fome few, andthofethe moft fdccland prime dircftions, Tha Stomach ( which, as they fay, is the Maftcr of the honfe, and whofc ftrenoth and goodnefs is fundamental to the other concodionsj ouglit fo to be e;iiarded and confirmed, that it may be without intemperatenefs iiot ; next ^flruJed or bound, not loole ; furthermore clean , not Uircharged with foul Humours , and yet ( in regard it is nouriihed from it fcif, not from the veins) not airo"ctbcr empty or hungry : laftly, it is to be kept ever in appetite, hccmCc appetite lliarpens digcflion. I wonder much how that fame falidftm hibtre, to drink warm drink, (xvhich w.i$ in ufc amongft the Ancients^ is laid down again. I knew a Phyfician ti-at was very fa mous, who in the beginning oF,dinncr andfupper, would ufually cat a few fpoontulls of very warm broth with much greedinefs, and then would prefcntiy wifh that it were out again, faying. He had no need of the broth, but only of the warmth. i I do verily conceive it good, that the firft draught either of nine, or Ale, or ^y other drir\, ( to which a man is moft accuftomcd ) be taken at fupper warm. } H inc in which (5aW hath been quenched, I conceive, would be very good onca#n a mca! ; not that 1 TScIicve the Gold conferreth any vertue thereunto, bat that I pRow that the quenching of all Metals in any kind of liquor doth leave a moft porent Aftri- (ftion : Now I chufe GoW, becaufe befides that Altriftion which I defire, it leaVeth nothing clfe behind it of a metalline imprelTion. 1 am of opinion, that the fops of bread dipped in wine, taken at the midft of the meal, are better than wine it fclf ; efpecially if there were infufed into the wine in which the fops were dipped %^femary and Citrm-pill, and that with Sugar, that it may not flip too fjft. It is certain tliat the ufe of Ontnces is good to ftrengthen the ftomach ; but we I take them to be better if they be ufed in that v^hich they call Quiddenj of Quinces, than in the bodies of the Qutnces thcmfelves, becaufc they lie heavy in thcftomacii. But thofe Quiddenies arc bcft taken after meals, alone ; before meals, dipped in Vi- negar. Such things as are good for the ftomach above other Simples arc ihcfc, 7\pfemary, Elecampane, A^affic^, ivormwood. Sage, CMint. I allow Pills oi Aloes , Majitck. and Saffron in Winter time, taken before dinner; but fo, as the Aloes be not only oftentimes wallicd in Rofe water, but alfo in ytnegar in which Tragacanth hath been infufed, and after that be macerated for a few hours in Oil of fweet Almonds new drawn, before it be made into Pills. Wine or «^/f wherein r^'or«s»W hath been infufed, with a little Elecampane and yellow 5/?Wf>-^, will do well, taken at times, and that efpecially in Winter. But in Summer, a draught of n hite-wme i\{i^C(i With strawberry- water, in which Wine Powder of Pearls and of the fliells of Crafi/hes exquifitcly beaten and ( which may perhaps fecm ftrange ) a little ^/)<i/^ have been infuled, doth excellently refrelli' and ftrengthen the ftomach. But generally, all Z)r<*;/(7/;/J in the morning (which are but too frequently ufed) of cooling things, as of Juices, Decodlions, Whey, Barly-watcrs, and the like^ aretobe avoided, and nothing is to be put into the ftomach fafting which is purely cold. Thcfc things are bettcrgiven, if need require, cither at five in the afternoon, or clfe an hour after a hglit breakfaft. Often faftingsare bad for long life ; bcfidcs, all thirft is to be avoided, and the fto- mach is to be kept clean, butalvsays moift. 0»7 of O/fZ'w new and "ood, in which a little cj^f ethridate h:ith been diflolved, anointed upon the back-bone, juft againft the mouth of the ftomach, doth wonderfully comfort the ftomach. A final] bag filled with locks of Scarlet-wool ftcepcd in Red-v\inc, in which / Mjrtle, I The hiftory of Lije and Death, Mj/rtU, and Citron-ptll, and a little Saffron have been infufcd, may be always worn \ upon the ftomacli. And touching tlio/c things wich comfort the llomach thus much, I feeing many of thofc things alfo which fcrvc for other operations arc htlplul to ' this. j The liver, if it be prcfcrvcd from TorrefttcHon, or Dejiccation, and fromol'ffrutlion, \ it nccdcth no more ; for that loofcncfi of it which begets t^cjHoJittcs is plainly a tiil- r cafe, but the other two old agcapproacliing indiicctli. I Hereunto appcrtainmolt cipccially thofc things which arc fet down in the Operation j upon the 'Blond: \vc will addc a very tew things morc.but thole felcftcd. j Principally let there lie in ule the Wine otlvvcet/'owf^r^wj*/;, or, it" th.it c.mnot be > had, the juice of them newly cxprcfled ; let it be taken in the morning witli a little Sugar, and into the glafs into vvliichthc Expreffion is made put a fniall piece oft /"'<"'• pill green, and three or tour whole Cloves ; let this be taken trom februar^uW ihctiui oi/ipril. Bring alfo into ufc above all other Herbs fV^ter-crefes, but young, not old ; they may be ufed either raw in Sallcts, or in Broths, or in Drinks : and attcr that take Spoofi-wort. Aloes, however wallied or correftcd, is hurtful for the Liver, and therefore it is never to be taken ordinarily. Contrariwifc, Khul^arl' is fovcrcign for the /-«iirr, fo that thcfe three cautions be iincrpofed. Firft,that it be taken before meat, left it dry the body too much, or leave fome imprelTions ot the Siipictty thereof. Secondly, that ' it be macerated an hour or two in Oil of fwcct i^/w?W( ne.v drawn, with Rofe-rvater, I before it be infuled in Liquor, or given in the proper (nbftance. Thinily, that it be taken by turns, one while fimplc, another while \\\t\\ 1 artar, or a \n\.h Bay -fait, tli.it I it carry not away the hghtcr parts onely, and make the mafs of the Humours more ob- I ftinate. ' I allow Wine, or fome decodion with Steel, to be taken three or four times in the i year, to open the more ftrong obftruiftions ; yet fo, that a draught ot two or three ' fpoontuls ot Oil of fweet Almonds new drawn ever go before, and the motion ot the ] Body, efpccially of the arms and lide;, conlbntly follow. Sweetned Lienors, and th.it with fome fatncls, are princip-nlly, and not a little cftc- I clual to :prevcnt the ^refaHion, and Sttlmefs, and Torreftttiton, and in a word, the I Oldnefs ot the Liver, efpecially if they be well incorporated with age. They arc made j of fweet Fruits aiui R.onts, as namely, thc^'incsaiid Julipsot R;tifi>iso{ iwc Sunncss, ] jHJult^es, dried Inn, Dales, TArfnips, i'ot^toes, and the like, with the mixture ot /«- j arts fomctimcs : alfo a Julip ot the Indian grain, (which they call .i.<»/i) with tiic j mixture of fome fweet things, doth much to the fame end. But it is to be noted, I that the intention of prcferving the Liver in a kind of fottnels and fatnels, I is much more powerful than that other which pertains to the opening ot the \ Liver , which rather tendeth to health than to length of life , faving that that j iibftruclton which induceth Torref Action is as oppofitc to long lite as thole other 1 Arefatttom. I commend the Roots of Succory , sptnaae and Beets cleared of their piths , and j boiled till they be tender in \*J'ater, with a third part ot */ hue mine, for ordinary Sal- kts, to be e.uen with Oil and Vincg.ir .• alfo .•jj).tragHi, pith of Artichokes , and Bhrre-roots boiled and ferved in after the fame mamiir ; alfo Broths in the Spring-time of yine.i>nds, and the green blades of nbeat. And touching the prefcrving ot ilic ' »• ver thus much. The Heart rcceiveih benefit or harm moflfiom the Air which we breath, from FApours, and from the Afetitons. Now many ot thole things which have been tor- merly fpoken touching the Spirits may be transterred hither; but that indigcftedmafs of Cordials collected by I h^ficians avails littk to our intention ; notvvithttm^ii'.g | thofc things which are found to be good againlt Poylons may with good judgment i be given to ftrengthen and fortitie the Heart, cfpeciaily it they be of that kind, that I they do not fo much relift the particular poylons a^ arm the heart and fpirits againll poy- fon in general. And touching the fcvcral Cordials, you may repair to the 7 Able already ict down. The goodncfs of the Air is better known by experience than by (tgns. Wc hold that Air to be bell where the Country is level and plain, and tnat ligth open onallftJes, fo that the foil be dry, and yet not barren or findyj which puts tijrtb Hi H'lld 44- 2?. 30. 55- 34- 35- 3». 5?- The Hi [lory of Life and Death. Wild Thyme, and Eye-brtght, and a kind o£ Marjoram, and iierc and there ftalks of Ca- UmtNt; which is not altogether void of wood, but conveniently fct with fomc Trees forfhadc ; where the Sneet-brtar-refe fmcUeth Something Musky and Aromatically. if there be HJvers. we fuppofc them rather hurtful tlian good, iinlcfs they be very fmall, and clcar,and gravelly. It is certain that the morning air is more lively and rofrclliing than the evenmr air, though the latter be prcfcrr'd out of delicacy. We conceive alio, that the airfiirred with a gentle windls more wholcfome than the air o^Aferene and calm sl^ie ■ but the bcfl is, the w/W blowing from the h^ m tiic morning, and from the North in the afternoon. cdofirs arc efpecialiy profitable for the comforting of thcheart, yet not f<> as though ag ooAodour were the prerogative of a good air : for itiscertain.that as there arc fomc Pefiilential airs which fmell not fo ill as others that are Ids hurtful j fo, on tlic contra- ry, there are fome atrs moft wholfome and friendly to the fptnrs, which eichcr findl not at all, or arelcfs plcafing and fragrant to the fenfe. And generally, where thc-air i$ good, odours (hou\d be taken but now and then ; for a continual odour, tliough never fo good, is burthenfoine tothc fpiritj. We commend above all others (as wc have touched before ) odanr of PlaHts,grojv- tng, and not plftcked, taken in the open air : the principal of that kind are ^tolets, CjtlUflovters, Finks, Beau-f lowers, Ltme-tree-blojfoms, Fine-buds, Uoney-fuckles, yellon Wall' flortiers,MHskFofes, (forothcr Xoy?^ growing are faft of their finclls ) Stranberry-leaves, cfpccially dying. Sweet-briar, principally in the early $f nT\^,mld>^itnt, Lavender flowered -, and in the hotter Countries, Orengetree, Citron-tree,'SHyrtle,Lamrel: Therefore to walk or fit near the breath oitheicT lants would not be neglefted. For the comforting of the Heart, we prefer coo! fmels before hot fmclls .• therefore the bcft perfume is, cither in the morning, or about the heat of the day, to take an equal portion of Tinegar, Rofe-jtater, and clarct-nine^ and to pour them upon a Fire-pan fomc- what heated. Neither let hs be thought to facrifice to our Mother the Sarth, though we advife, that in digging or ploughing the Earth for health, a quantity oi claret-wme be poured thereon. Orenge-florver.water, pure and good, with a /mall portion of Rofe-ifater and brisks mm, fnuffed up into the noftrils, or putinto the noftrills with a j^r*>7ff,afterthemaanerofan Errhme, (but not too frequently) is very good. But champing ( though we have no "Betel) or holding in the mouth onely of fuch things as cheer the Spirits, (even daily done J is exceeding comfortable. Therefore for that purpofe make Grains or little ca{es of Amber-gritee, MhsI^, Lignum- Aloes, Lignum RhodiKm,Orraf Poivder,ind Rofes ; and let thofc Grains or Cakes bemade up with Rofe-water which hath pafl'ed through a little Indian Balfam. The Ffipours which arifing from things inwardly taken do fortific and chcrifli the heart ought to have thefe three properties, that they be Friendly, Clear, and Coolmg; for hot vapours are naught, and n inek fcif, which is thought to have onely an heating vapour, is not altogether void of an opiate ijualtty. Now we call thofe vapours Clear which have more of the vapour than of the exhalation, and which are not finoaky* or fuliginous, orunftuous, but moift and equal. Otlt of that unprofitable rabble of cordials, a few ought to betaken into daily diet : inftead of all. Amber. griece. Saffron, and the grain of Kermts, of the hotter fort ; Roots of Buglofs and "Barrage, Citrons, Svneet Limnns,and f'earmams, of the colder fort. Alfo that way which wc faid, both Gold and Pearls work a good cffcft, not onely within the veins, but in their paflage, and about the parts near the heart ; namely, by cooling, with- out any malignant quality. Of Bez.oar-fio»e we believe well, becaufe of many trials : but then the manner of takiug it ought to be fuch, as the vcrtue thereof may more cafily be communicated to the fptrits: therefore we approve not the takino of it in Broths or Syrups, or in Refe- water, or any fuch like ; but oncIy in ifine. Cinnamon-water, or the like diftilled water, but that weak or fmall, not burning or ftrong. Of the Affeciions we have fpoken before ; we onely adde this, That every Noble, and. %jf$lHte, and (auhey call it) flfro»f<«/Dtfy?r(r, ftrengthneih and inlargeth the powers of the Heart. Andtouching the Hwrr thus much. wammiS^ T7;c Hiflory of Life and Death. j As for the Srain, where the Seat and Court of tlic yi/iimalifirits is kept, thofe things I which were inquired before touciiing (V^»»w, andA'/Of, and the Suiwr^tnatis to them both, slfo touching, the procuna^ of plactdjleep, may iikcwirc be referred hither. This j alfo ismofl: certain, that the Brat n is in fomc fort in thccuftody of the Stomnch, and I therefore thofe things which comfort and (hcngthcn the Stomach do help the Tlrain j by confent,and may no Icfs be transfcricd hither. W'c will addc a few Obfcrvations, three Outward, one Inward. i We would have Z'^//;/*^ of the F^c/ to be often ufed, atleaftonce in a week : and I the B^Jf^ to be made of £/* with ^^7 y^/r, and a little .Trf^f, Lhamomilc, fennel, Sweet- ] marjoram, and Pepper-worr, with the leaves of /f;7rf///c<i green. Wc commend alio a Fume or SMJfHmifr^ation every morning of dried f-ofcmtirj, Baj- Uaves dried, and Ugnttm-Aloei : for ail Iwcct Gums opprcfs the heaii. Efpecially care mufl be taken that no hot r^/n^x be applied to the Head, outwardly, fuch are all kind of Spices, the very Nutmeg not excepted : for thole hut things we debafc them to the foles of the Feet, and would have them applied there onely ; but a light anointing of the Head with Oil, mixed with Rofes, Myrtle, and a little SaU and Saf- fron, we much commend. Not forgetting thofe things which we have before delivered touching Oputes, Nitre, and the like, which fo much condenfe the iftrtts ; wc think it not impertinent to that cffcft, that once in fourteen days krothhc taken in the morning with three or four grains of (^afloreum, and 3\nt\c^fgelfca>^d,and Ca/amw, which both fortific the «r/i;«, and in that aforcfaid dcnfity of the Aibflancc of the fpints, ( fo neccfl'ary to long life_J aJde alfo a vivacity ointottcn and vigour to them. In handling the Comforters of tlie iour principal Bo»e/s , wc have propounded thofe things which are both proper and choice , and may fafely and conveniently be tranf- ferred into Diets and Regiment of Life : for variety of tJMedicincs is the Dauqhtrr of Ignorance \ and it is not more true, that many 'Dtjhcs have caufed many Difeafes, as the Vroverb is, than this is true, that many (J^tedicmes havecaufedfciv Cures. And touch- ing the Gperation upon the principal Bowels for their Extrufign of fyiUment , thus much. Tl:ie Operation upon the Outlx>ard Tarts Jor their (t/fttraBion of Mime nt . 6 . The Hifiory. ALthough a good CoHcolfion performed by tlic /nmard Parts be the principal to- wards a pi;rfc(5t Alimentation ; yet the Anions of the Outward Parts ou^ht alfo to concur ; that like as the linrard Faculty (cndcth forth and cxtrudcth the Aliment, fo the Faculty of the Outmard Parts may call forth and attraft the fame: and the more weak the Faculty oi Concctlicn ihall be, the more need is there of a concurring help of the ylitrachve Faculty. A ftrortff j^tlraflton o( the outmard f>arts is ch\c(\y caufed by the motion of the Body, by which the parts being heated and comforted, do more chearfully call forth and ^f/r4^ the Aliment unto thcmlclves. But thisismoftof all to beforcfcenand avoidcd.that the fame motion and heat which calls the new juice to the members, doth not again defpoil the member of that juice wherewith it had been before rcfrelVied. Frtcatioris ufed in the morning fcrvc efpecially to this /ntention : but thij mu(^ evermore accompany them, that after the frtcatton the part be lightly anointed with Oil, left the Attrition of the outward pans make them by Perfpiration dry and juicelcfs. The next is Exercife, fby which tlic parts confricate and chafe ihcmfclvei) h it H i b= 45 4<». 4»- 45- 45- 46 The Hijlory of Life and 'Death. 6. be moderate, and which (as was noted before) is not fwift, nor to the utmoftftrength, nor unto wcarincfs. But inExerctfe and Frtcaiion there is the fame reafoii and caution, that the body may not perfpire or exhale too much : Therefore Excrctfe u better in the open air than in the houl'c, and better in Winter than in Summer j and again, S'xer. ctfe is not onely to be concluded with Unction, as rrtcution is , but in vehement F.x- erctfes Unction is to be ufed both in the beginning and in the end, as it was .uKicnily to Clsimpiotjs. ThM ■ Exercife may refolvc either the fpirits or the juices as little as may be, it is nccclTary that it be ufed when the ftomach is not altogether empty : and therefore that it may not be ufcd upon a full ftomach, ( which doth much concern hcalchj nor yet upon an empty ftomach , (which doth no Icfs concern long life) it is heft to take a brcakfaft in the morning, not of any Phyfical Drugs, or of any Liquors orof Railins, or of Figs, or the like ; but of plain Meat and Drink, yet that very ]ight,and ia moderate quantity. Exercifis ufcd for the irrigation of the members, ought to be equal to ail the mem bers ; not {i% Socrates (ax^) that the Legs fhould movcy and the Arms f^ouUrefi, or on the contrary; but that all the parts may participate of the motion. And it is alto- gether rcquifite to long life, that the Body ihould nevcrabidc long in one pofture, but that every half hour, atlcaft, it change the pofture, favingoncly in flcep. Thofe things which are ufed to Moritficatton may be transferred to Fivification -. for both Hair ihirts, and Scourgings, and all vexations of the outward parts, dofortificthc Attractive force of them. Cardan commends Settlings even to let out Melancholly : but of this we have no ex- perience ; and befidcs, we have no good opinion of it, left, through the venemous quality of the 7{jttle, it may with often ufe breed Itches and other difcafes of the skin. And touching the operation upon the OHtufard Parts for their ^ttrailton of Aitmtnt, thus much. The Operation upon the dAlimenji^ it J elf for the Infinuatwn thereof 7 . TheHifiory. THe vulgar reproof touching many Dillics doth rather become a feverc Re- former than a I'hjfictan : or howfoever it may be good tor perfervation of health, yet it is hurtful to length of life, by reafon that a various mixture of Aliments, and fomewhat heterogeneous, finds a paflageinto the veins and juices of the body more lively and chcarfully than a ilmple and homogeneous diet doth : befides, it is more forcible to ftir up appetite, which is the fpur of Digeftion. Therefore wc allow both a fu/l Table, and a comtnual changing of'Jitjhes, according to the Seafonsof the year, or upon other occalions. Alfo that opinion oi xht Simplicity oft^ieats without 5'/zn'c« is but a /impHcity of judgment ; for good and weil-choiai Saivces are the molt wholefomc preparation of. eJ^Kf^i//, and conduce both to health and to long life. ] . It muft be ordered, that with Meats hard of digeftion be conjoyncdftrong I jquors
and Sawccs that may penetrate and make way ; but with Meats more eafie of digc ici-
' on, fmallcr Z-iquorsandfat Sawccs. ! Whereas we advifcd before, that the firft 2)>-tf«^^r at .fw^/'^rlliould be taken warm ; j now we adde, that for the preparation of the ftomach, a good draught of that Liquor I ( to which every man is moft accuftomcd) be taken warm half an hoiir before meat alfo, b(it a little fpiccd, to plcafe the tafte. The preparation of Meats, and Br.ead, and Drinks, that they may be rightly hand- j led, and in order to this Intention, is of exceeding great moment howfoever it may
feem a Mechanical thing, and favouring of the Kitchin and Buttery; yet it is of more
i confcquence than thofe Fables of Gold and precious:StOHes>and the like. The The Biflory of Life and Death. The moiftning of the juices of the body hy a moilt preparation of the aliiiiciit, is a childi/li thing ; it may be fonicwhat available againlt tlie fctvours of difcafcs, but it is altogether averfe to rofcid alimentation. Therefore boiling of meats, as concerning our Intention, is firinfcriour to roafting, and baking, and the like. Roafling ought to be with a quick fire, and loon difpatchcd ; not with a dull fire, and in long time. All folid flc/lies ought to be fervcd in, not altogether frcHi, but fomewhat pow- dered or corned ; the lefs Sale may be fpcnt at the table with them, or none at all ; for Salt incorporated with the meat bctore is better diftributcd in the body, then eaten withit at the table. There would be brought into ufc feveral and good Macerations, and Itifufiom of <^eats in convenient 1 icjuors, before theroafting ot them; the like whereof arc fomc- time in ufc before they bake them, and in the Pickles of fomcFiHics. Vtut beatini^s, and as it were/c"o«r^/w^, of flefh-mcats before they be boiled, would work no fmall matter. We fee it is confcllcd that Partrtdgei and l'heafa»ts killed with an Hajtl^^, alfo fiuckj 2nd stags killed in Hunting, (if they ftand not out too long, eat better even to the tafte ; and fome F»y/?« fcourgcd and beaten, become more tender and wholfomc ; alfo hard and four Pears, andfomeother Fruits, grow fweet with row- ling them. It were good to praftife fome fuch beating and bruifing of the harder kinds of Flelhcs before they be broughtto the fire ; and this would be one of the bcft prepa- rations of all. Bread a little Icvened, and very little falted, is bcft, and which is baked in an Oven throughly hcated.aiidnotwirh a taint hear. The preparation of Drinks in order to long life /hall not exceed one Precept. And as touching lyater-dnntas wehavenothingto lay ; luch a diet (as we faid before) may prolong lire to an indifrcrent term,but to no eminent length ; but in other Drinks, that are full of fpirit, (fuch as are " tie. Ale, Alend, and the like) this one thing is to beob- ferved and purfiicd, as the (um of all. That the parts of the Ltcjuor may be exceeding thin and iubcil, and the Spirtt exceeding mild. This is hard to be done by ^ige alone, for that makes the pares alittle morcfubtil, but the fpirits much more fharp and eager: therefore of the Infufions in the Veflels cf fome fat fubftance, which may rtftrainthe acrimony of the fpirits, counfel hath been given before. There is alfo another way without Infttfion or tJAiixture ; this is, that the Liquormight be continually agitated, eitlur by carriage upon the Water, or by carriage by Land, or by hanging the vcf- fels upon lines, and daily flirting them, or ibme fuch other way : for it is certain that this local tmtion doih both fubtihzc the parts, and doth fo incorporate and compaft the fpiiits with the parts, that they have no Icifure to turn to fowrncfs, which is a kind of fHtrcfaU'.cn. But in txtrcam oldaae fuch a preparation of meats is to be made as may be almoft in the middle way to clylns. And touching the 'Difltllaiions of Afeats,thcy arc mere toys ; for the Nwtritive p.irt, at leafl the bcft of it, doth not afccnd in Fapours. The incorporating of meat and drink before they meet in the ftomach is a degree to chyltts : therefore let Chickens, or Partridges, or Pheafanti, or the like, betaken and boiled in water with a little falc , then let them be dcanfcd and dried, after- ward let them be infilled in Mnji or Ale before it hath done working, with a little Sugar. Alfo Graz.ies of meat, and the mincings of them finall well fcafon'd, are good for old perforts ; and the rather, for that they arc deftitutcd of the office of their I eetb in chewing, which is a principal kind of preparation. And as for the helps of that defect, ( namely, of the flrcngth of Teeth to gtind the meat J there arc three things which may conduce thereunto. Firft, that ncfi Teeth may put forth } that which fcems altogether difficult, and cannot be accomplilhed without an inward and powerful reftauration of the body. Secondly, that the /j^j be fo con- firmed by due .i(ir$n^ents,x.\\iK. they may in fome fort fupply the office of the Teeth; which may poltibly be effcfted. Thirdly, that the meat be lo prepared, that there ihaJl be no need of chewing : which remedy is ready at hand. \k'e have Ibi'nc thought alfo touching the Qutinnty of thcmcat and drink, that the fame taken in a larger ejuantitj at fome times is good for the irrigation of the bodj ; therefore hot\\ ereat feafiings md free Drinktngi mz not aJtogcthcr to be inhibited. And touching the operation upon the AUments and the Treparation ot them, thus much, Tht 48 The Hi (lory of Life and Death. The Operation upon the la/l aJct ofA[similation, 8 . Touching the lafl A ft of Aflimilation (««/o which the three Operations immediately prec ceding chiefly tend ) our advtcefhall be brief tfnd ftngle : and the thinu itfelf ra. ther needs Explication, than any variotu Rules. IT is certain, that all bodies are endued with fomcdefire of .^/'Zwj/^r/'wj thofe things which arc next them. Ihis the rare andpneumatical bodies, as Flame, Spirit, ait, pcrl^orm gcneroufly and with alacrity; on the contrary, thofc that carry a grofs and tangible bulk about them, do but weakly, in regard that the dcfirc of <?^w»A.'///.'^ other things is bound in by a ftrongcr defirc of Reft,and containingthemfelves from Motion, ^gain, it is certain that the defire oi affimilating being bound, as wcfaid, in aGrofs body, and made uncffeftual, is fomcwhat freed and ftirrcdup by the heat and neighbour- ff^fp'f'fy fo that it is then aduated : which is the oncly caufc why J71 animates a ffimi- late not, and Animates ajfimilate. This alfo is certain, that the harder the Confiftcncc of the body is, tiic more doth that body ftand in need of a greater heat to prick forward the affimtlation : which fails out ill for old men, becaufe in them the parts are more obftinate, and the heat weaker ; and therefore cither the obftinacy of their parts is to be foftned, or their heat incrcafed. And as touching the Malaciffation or «»a////)»«2 of the members, we iliall fpeak afterward, having alfo formerly propounded many things which pertain to the prohibiting and preventing of this kind ofhardnefs. For the other, touching the incrcafing of the heat, we will now deliver a fiiigle precept, after wc have firftafliimed this Axiom. The AB of ■■^IJimilatton ( which, as we faid, is excited by the heat circumfufed} is a motion exceeding accurate, fubtilc, and in little; now all fuch motions do then come to their vigour, when the local Motion wholly ceafeth which difturbcth it. For the Motion oi Separation'miohomogeneal parts, which isinMilk, that the Cream fliould fwini above, and the Whey fink to the bottom, will never work, if the Milk be never fo little agitated ; neither will any PutrefaElion proceed in Water or mixt Bodies, if the fame be in continual Local Motion. So then, from this Affumption we will conclude this for the prefent Inquifition. The Aci it fclf of Affimilation is chiefly accompIilLed in Sleep and Refl, efpccially towards the morning, the diflribution being finilhed. Therefore wc have nothing elfeto advifc, but that men keepthemfclves hot in their fleep ; and further.that towards the morning there be jfed fomc Anointing, orlliirttinftcd with Oil, iiich as may gently ffir up heat, and after that to fall aflcep agaui. And touching the ialt aH of .-iJJimiLition thus much. The Operation upon the Inteneration of that which begins to
beArefied^ oi the z5\dalaciJJation of the^ody , 9.
\ VT^E have in ejuired formerly touching the Inteneration from rrithi-i, which is d«ne by many bindings and Circuits, as vcell c/ Alimentation as 0/ Detaining //>? Spirit from iffuing forth, and then fore is accompli jhed flewly. I^ow me are to inquire touching that Inteneration which is from '>rtthout, and is effeSled, as it vtcre, fuddenly ; or touching the Malaciffation and Suppling c/r/jf Body. The Hfflory. IN the Fable of refloring Pclias to youth again, Medea, when Hie feigned to do it propounded this way of accomphiliing the fame, T hat the Old man's body lliould be cut into feveral pieces, and then boiled in a Cauldron with certain Medicaments. There may, perhapsjfome boiling be required to thismatter,but the cutting into pieces is not needful. Not- "{ The hijlory of Life and T)eath. I Notwithlhnding, this cutting into pieces fccms, in foinc ("orr, to be udhil ; not I with a kiutc, but with jii(l<.',mciit. For whereas the Coiililknce of the L'au>els and f Parts is very diverfe, it is iiccutull that the intencratian of them both be not ctfedccd tre lame way, but that there be a Curedellf ncd of each in particular, bclidcs thofc things which pertain to the hucncration of the whole mals of the Body ; of which, nocwitii- ftanding, in the firlt place. This Operation ( it perhaps it be within our power) it mofl: likely to be done by Baths, Undions, andthchkei concerniHg which thcfc things that follow- are to be obfcrvcH. Wc inufl: not be too forward in Loping to accomplilh this matter from the Exam- ples of thole things which we fee done in the Jmbibitwfis and Macerations of nxnt- mates, by which they are intcnerated, whereof we introduced fomc inftanccs before: For this kinil of operation is more c.ilie upon J fiah'tm.tt es , •bcc.mlc thcr attract and fuck in the Liquor ; but upon the bodies of Living creatures it is har- der, bccaufc in them the motion rather tendeth outward and to the Circnm- ference. Therefore the Emollient B»ths which are in ufe do little good, but on the contrary hurt, bccaufe they rather draw forth than make entrance, and relolvc the ftrufturc of the body rather than confolidate it. The B, It hs and t/'//(.7<««J which may fcrve to the prcfent0^*r4/;#« (namcl;, oi hite- ', ner^ttnaxhc bodj tvuiy and really) ought to have three properties. ( The firft and principal is, That they conlift of thofc tl ings which in their whole fubftancc are like unto the body zndfUJh ofman, and which have a f'cdifig and tmrftng virtue from without. The fccond is. That they be mixed with fuch things as through ihcfubti/t^ ofthe'r parts mzy mtiks w^>*«»<^f» and fo inlinuatc and conveigh their noHrilhtng virtue into the hody. The third is, Thst they receive fomc »?;.v/«rf (though much inferiour to the reft) of fuch things as are ^jirtngertt ; I mean not lour or tart things , but unfluous and comforting; that while the other two do operate, the exhaling out of the body, which deftroyeth the virtue of the things intenerating, may (as much asispo/Tiblc) be pro- hibited ; ar)d the motion to the inward parts, by the y^Jinilion of the skin and clofing of the pafTdges, may be promoted and furthered. That which is moft c»n[Hb(l^ntitil to the body of man is warm "Blond, either of man, or ot fomc other living creature : but the device o( Fici/im, touching the fucking of b/ondout of the arm of a wholefcme young man, for thcrcftauration ot flrength in old men, is very frivolous j for that which iiourilheth from within ought no way to be equal or homogeneal to the body nourillicd, but in fome fort intcnour and fubor- dinatc, that it may be converted : but in things applied outwardly, by how much the fubftance is /'tf, by fo much the confetit is better. It hath been anciently received, that a n>!th made of the bleud of InfAnts will cure the Lepro/ie, and heal the flc/li already putrcfi'd ; infomuch tlut this thing hath begot envy towards fome Kings from the common people. Jt is reported that //<r<»c///<«, for cure of the /)r«^/f, was put into the vmrmbelljofin 6.V newly ilain. They ufe thrb/oxd of Kitltns warm to cure ihcdjfe.ife called St. tyfntbon/s Fire, and to rcftore the flclli and skin. An j^rm brother Member newly cutoff, or that upon fomc other occalion will not leave bleeding, is with ^ood fucccfk put into the /'?//; of fomc crMrwrwwn*/;' rip^n^*^, for it worketh potently to flanch ihcbloud -, the bloud oi tUc member cut off by con- fent fuckin" in, and vclicmently drawingio itfclf, the ».?/»» bleudoi the creature ikin, whereby it fcif is ftopped and rctireth. It is much ufcd in extreme and defpcratc diftafes to cut in two jtfung Pigeons, yet living , and apply them tothc foles ot the feit, and to tliift them one aJier another, whereby fomctime there followeth a wonderful ea(c. This is imputed vulgarly as if thevlliould draw down the malignity of the difcafe ; but howlocver, this application goethto the Htad, andcomforteththc yinimal Spirits, But thcfe b!oudy "Baths and UnUions feem to us fluttillj and odious; let us fcarch out fomc others, wi;i^h perhaps have lefs loathfomencfj in tlicm, and yet no Icls benefit. I Next 50 17- i8. 19- 20. II. The Hijlorji of Life and Death. 24. 25. z6. 17. 28. Next unto Tparm Blond, things a!i{e infubrcance to the Body of a man arc nntrtuvts : fut flejhes of Oxen, Smrie, 'Dcttr ; Oifters amongft Fijhes ; Mil^, "Sutter, Tolks of E^^s, floiver of (f heat, fveet wine, cither Sugrcd, or before it be fined. Such things as \vc would have mixed to make imprclfion arc, inftead of all, SaUs, efpccially Kay fait; alfo Wine (when it is full of Spirit ) maketh entrance, and is an excellent Convoy. ylflrtngents ot that kind which we defcribcd, namely, unftuous and comfortabie things, are Sajfrariy t^iaflick^, t^tjrrhe, and iSHyrtle berries. Of thtfc parts, in our judgment, may very well be made fuch a Bath as wcdcfi«»n : Phjffictamund Pofierity will find out better things hereafter. But the C^^eratton will be much better and more powerful, if fuch i Bath us we have propounded ( which we hold to be the principal matter ) be attended with a fourfold Ceitrfe and Order. Firft, that tlicre go before the Bath a Privation of the body, and an Anointing with Oil, with fome thickning fubftance, that the virtue and moiftning heat of the Bath may pierce the body, and not the watry part ot the Liquor. Then let the Rath follow, for thefpaccof fome two hours. After the I'atb, let the body be Emplatficred vihh tJMa- ftic^y Aiyrrhe, Tragacanth, Diapalnta, and Saffron ; that the perfpiration of the body may ( as much as is pofTiblc) be inhibited, tijl ihc fupple matter be by degrees turned into filtd : This to be continued for the fpace of twenty four hours or more. Laftiy, the fmplaifiering being removed, let there be an anointing with Otl mixed with Salt and Saffron. And let this i<ath, together with the Emplaiftertng and XJnEiton, (Tas before) be renewed every fifth day. This Malaciffatton 01 fupplmg of the body be continued for one whole month. Alfo during the time of this Malaciffatiofty we hold it ufeful and propcr.and accord- ing to our intention, that men nourilh their bodies well, and keep out of the cold air, and drink nothing but warm drink. Now this is one of thofe things ( as we warned in general in the beginning ) whereof we have made no trial by Experiment, but oncly fet it down out of our aiming and levelling at the end : For having fet up the Mark, we deliver the Light to others. Neither ought the tvarmths and cherifhings of living bodies to be neglefled. Ficinns faith, and that ferioufly enough. That the laying of the jonng Matdtn David's bofom VIM w hoi fome for him, but it came too late. He iJiould alfo hare added. That the )oung <:Maid, after the manner of the Perjian /'7r^»«J,ought to have been anointed with Myrrhe, and fuch like, not for dclicioufnefs, but to incrcafe the virtue of this chcrilhing by a living body. Earbarojfa, in his extream old age, by the advice of a Phyfician, a Jetty did con- tinually apply young Boys to hisftomach and belly, for warmth and cherilhing: alfo fome old men lay Whelps (creatures of the hottcfl kind) dofe to their flomachs every night. rherc hath gone a report, almoft undoubted, and that under feveral names, of cer- tain men that had great Nofes, who being weary of the derifion of people, have cut ofl'the bunches or hillocks of their Ao/w, and then making a wide galli in their arms, have held their Nofes in the place for a certain time, and fo brought forth fair and come- ly l^ofes : which if it be true, it {hews plainly the «»/^«f of /Z^yi unto yi^'/Z', efpccially in live flejhes. Touching the particular hiteneration oE the principal Bowels, the Stomach, Lartgs,Liver, Heart, 'Br.unjJUarrov of the 'Back- bone, Ghis, Reins, G.ill.retnSy Arteries, Nerves, Car ti- lages, Bones, the In^uifitton and "DireElion would be too long feeing we now fet not forth a PraBick, , but certain Indications to the PrM^tc^. ^t\ ^fhe Hi [lory of Life, dnd Death. 51 The Operation upon the T^urginga'way of old Juice ^andSup^ plying of nc)v fuice ; or oj ^enoyation by Turns, i o . The Hifiory. Although thofc things which wclhall here fct down have been, for the moft pait. fpokcn ot before ; yet bccaufc this Operation is one of tlic principal, we will handle them over again more at large. It is certain that Drttuqht-Oxen vih^ich have been worn out with working, being put into trelh and rich pafturcs, will gather tender and young flclli again ■ and this will ap- pear even to the tailc and palat ; fo that the inreneratton o[ flelli is no hard matter. Now it is likely that this lutener^tienoi the^/ibcing otten repeated, will in time reach to xhc hicner4f ion oi the Bones and Aiembranes,znd like />.«>n of tlie body. j It is certain that Diets which arc now much in ufe, principally ot <^UMiacum, and of I Sarfdpertllit, C^i'in, :inA S ajfafras , if they be continued tor any time, and according to ftiift rules, do firll Mtennate the whole ;«/« olj tlic body, and attcr confurrw it and drink it up. Which is mod minifefl:, becaufc that by thcfc Diets the FrenQh Pox, when it is grown even to an hardncfi, and h.uh eaten up and corrupted the very mar- row of tiie body, mav be cfFct^tually cured. And further, becaulc it is maniteft that men who by thcfe diets arc brought to be cxiream lean, pale, and as it were ghofts, will foon alter become fat, well-coloured, and apparently young again. Wherefore we are ahfolutcly of opinion, tlut fuch kind of diets in the decluic ot age, being uled every year, would be very ufeful to our Intention ; like the old skin or Ipoil ot Scr- 1 vents. I We do confidently aflirm, ( neither let any man reckon us among thofc Hereticks [ which were called Cuthnrt ) that often Purges, and made even tamiliar to the body .arc [ more available to long life than £.vfra/« and 3' wMW; and this mull need'> be lo, it that j beheld, which is already laid for aground, ThatUndionsof the body, and Opplction ' of the pillages horn without, and Exdufionof air, and Detaining ot the fpirit within j the mais of the body, do much conduce to long life. For it ismoft certain, that by I Sweats and ouf.vard Pcrfpirations not only the Humours and cxcremcntitious vapours ■ are exhaled and toiifumed, but together with them the juices alfo and good fpirits, ' which are not 1(1 e.illl) repaired; but in Purges (unlcfs they be very immoderate) it is ■ not fo, feoing tlicy work principallv upon the Humors. But the bed Purges tor ihii
Intention arc thole which are taken immediately bcforcincat, bccaule they dry the body
> lefs ; and therefore they mutt be of thofc Purgers which do leafttroabic the belly. I Ti.eje Intentions of the Operations jthich jte h*ve propounded (^at.»e conceived *rt j »>»/? true, the KioM:d]cs faithful to the intentions. Neither u it credible tel>e told (^nL thouffh !-ot a few of thcfe Remedies m.ty feem hut vnlgdr ) withwhtu c*re ttnei choice they hdve b:en examined by m, that they mt^f.t be {thelntcnuonnot atall impe.iched) hoik fafe and cjfcElH^l Experience, no doubt, will both verijie and promote thefe matters. ylndfnck, in aH thtnos, are the works of ever j prudent counfel, that they are .Admi- rable in their EfFeds, Excellent dlfo in their Order , hutfetmina Vulgar m iIk Way and Mans. TIk Torches ofT)eath. W '£ are not* to etijitire touching the Porches o/ Death, that is, touchiMf thoft thinfs w' ich h.tpperi nnto men at the point of Death, both « little before and after ; that ftemg thete are m.vn Paths w'.'/c« le.tdto Death, it may be mnderjtoodm what Coirunon \_ Li , "^Jt 52. The Hifiory of Life and Death, 14. way thejr all end, efpecidllj tn thofi Deaths vhtch *rt CAnfed bj Indigence 0/ Nature rather than by Violence.- although femething of this Uttir alfo mnfl kttnftrted, hicanfi ef the connexion of things. The Htjhrj, THc living Spirit ftands in need of three things that it may fubfift; C"'^'"*"'^ tJMotion, Temperate "J^jfrigeration^Oind Ftt iyiliment. Flame ftcms to ftaml in need but of two of thefc , namely , Motion and Aliment j bccairfc Flame is a fimple fiibftancc, the Spirit a compounded, infomuch that if it approach lome what too near to a flamy nature, it overthrowcth it Iclf. Alfo Fhme.by a greater and ftronger Flame is extinguiflicd andfiain, i%Ariftotle well noted, much more the Spirit. Flame, if it be much comprefTed and ftreightned, is extingAii/Lcd : as we may fee in a Candle having a Glafs caft over it; for the Air being dilated by the heat, doth con- trude and thruft together the Flame, andfo Icfleneth itj and in the end extinguillieth it ; and fires on hearths will not flame if the fuel be thruft clofe together without any fpace fcr the flame to break forth. Alfo things fired arc extinguifhcd with eompreffion ; as if you prefs a burning coal hard with the Tongs or the toot, it is ftreight extinguillied. But to come to the Spirit : if Bloud or Phlegm get into the Ventricles of the Brain , it caufeth fudden death , bccaufe the Spirit hath no room to move it felf Alba great blow on the head inducetii fudden death, the Spirits being ftreightned within the Ventricles of the Brain. Opium and other ftrong StupefaSlives do coagulate the Spirit, and deprive it of the motion. A venemous Vapour, totally abhorred by the fpirit,caufeth fudden death: as in deadly poifons, which work ( as they call it; by a fpecifical malignity ; for they ftrike a loath- ing into the Spirit, that the fpirit will no more move it leif, nor rife againft a thing fo muth dttcftcd. Alio extreme Drunkcnncfs or extreme Feeding fometimc caufe fudden death, feeing the fpirit is not oncly opprcflcd with over- much cW<rw/JW, or the malignity of the vapour, ( as in Opium and malignant poifons ) but alfo with the abundance of the Vapours. Extreme Grief or Fear, cfpecially if they be fudden, (as it isia a fad and unexpcdcd meflage) caufe fudden death. Notonely over-much ComprclTinn, but alio over-much Dilatation of the fpirit, is deadly. Joys exceilive and fudden have bereft many of their lives. In greater Evacuations,as when they cut men for the Drapfie, the waters flow forth abundantly ; much more in great and fudden fluxes of bloud oftentimes prefcnt deatli foiloweth : and this happens by the mere flight of Facuum within the body, all the parts moving to fill the empty places , and amongft the reft the Ipirits themfclves. For as for flow fluxes of blood, this matter pertains to the indigence of nouri/iiment , not to the diffufion of the fpirits. And touching the nwtion of the fpirit fb far, either comprcfled or difFufed, that it bringeth death, thus much. We muft come next to the want of Kefrigeration. Stopping of the breath caufeth fudden death, as in all fuffocation or ftrangling. Now it iccms this matter is not fo much to be referred to the impediment cf Motion , as to the impediment of Refri- geration ; for air over-hot , though attraiflcd freely, doth no Icfs fuffocate than if breathing were hindred; as it is in them who have been fometime fuftocatcd with burning coals, or with char-coal, or with walls newly plaiftered in clofe chambers where a fire is made.- which kind of death is reported to have been the end of the Emperor Jovinian. The like happeneth from dry Baths over heated, which was pra- difed in the killing of Faufia,\\i fe to Co»fi'*"f*"<' t^^e G reat. It is a very Imall time which Nature taketh to repeat the breathrrg, and in which The hiftory of Life and Death, which (he dcfircth to expel, the h)ggy air drawn into thcLungs^ and to taiic in new, icarcc the third part of a minute. Again, the beating of the I'ulfe, and the motion of the Si(lole and Diajiote of the heart, arc three times quicker than that of breathing : infomuch thatif it were po(Ti- blc that that motion of the heart could be flopped without flopping thcbrcatii, death would follow more fpcdily thereupon than by Itrangling, Notwithflanding, ufc and cuflom prevail much in this natural aflion of brcathini' ; as it is in the Deltan Divers and Tilhcrs for Pearl, who by long ufc can hold their brcatii: at Icaft ten times longer thjn other men can do. Amongft liring Creaturcs,evcn of thofc that have Lu»gs, there arc fomc that are able to hold their breaths a long time, and others that cannot hold them ib long, according as they need more or Icfs refrigeration. Ftp^es need Icis refrigeration than Terreflrial Creatures, yet fomc they need, and take it by their Gills. And as 'J'errefirial Creatures cannot bear the air that ii too hot or too clofe 5 fo Fijhes are futfocatcd in waters if they be totally and long fro2cn. I If the Spirit be aflaultcd by another heat greater than it fclfj it is dl/Tiparcd and dc- 1 ftroyed ; for it cannot bear the proper heat without refrigeration, much Icfs can it | bear another heat which is hr llronger. This is to be fccn inbMrntnir. Fevers, where the heat of the putrefied humours doth exceed the native heat, even to extinction or dilTipation. The want alfo and ufc of Sleep is referred to Refrigeration. For Motion doth attc nuate and rarifie the fpirit, and doth iharpen and incrcafc the heat thereof; contra- rily, sleep fetleth and rellraincth the motion and gadding of the fame ; for though Sleep doth ftrengthcn and advance the adions of the parts and of the livtlcfs fpi- rits, and all that motion which is to the circumference of the body 1 yet it doth in great part quiet aiui ftill the proper motion ot the Uvin(7 Spirit. Now flccp res;u- larly is due unto luimanc nature once within four and twenty hours, and that for lix or tire hours at the Icaft : thougii there are, even in this kind, fometiines miracKs of Nature; as it is recorded of /.iVc^«i«, that he Hcpt not for a long time before his death. And as touching the want oi Refrigeration for confcrvingof the .'p/n; thus much. As concerning the third Indiaence, namely o{ Alimcrt, it fccms to pertain rather to the farts than to the living Spirit ; for a man may eafily believe that the living ^pi>it fubdfteth in Identity, not by lucccfTion or renovation. And as for the reaftnable Stiul in man, it is above all queftion that it is not engendrcd of the Soul of the Parents, nor is repaired, nor can die. They Ipcak of the A'atnral Spirit of living Creatures, and alfo of Vegetables, which differs from that other Soul cflen:ially and formally. 1-or out ot the confiidon of thcle tbatfameiranfinigratiun of Souls, and innumerable other devices of Heathens and Hcrcticks have proceeded. The Body of man doth regularly require Renovation by y4liment every day , and 3 body in health can Icarcc endure filling three days together ; notwithflanduip ule and cuftomc will do much even in this calc : but in (ickncfs fafting is lels grievous to the body. Alio sleep doth fupply lomewh.it to nourilhment ; and on the other (idrf Excrcife doth requne it more abundantly. Likewile there have fomc been found who fuflaincd themfclves (almoft tp a miracle in nature) a very long time without meat or drink. Dead Sedies if they be not intercepted by piitrefucHon, will fubfift a long time with- out any notable t-^/'/ww^fww ; bin Living bodies not above three days, ( as we faid) un- lefs they be repaired b> nourilhment : which llicweth that quick .i b/umption to be the work of the living spirit, which either repairs it lelt , or puts the parts into a ne- ccflity of being repaired, or both. 1 his is tcitified by that alfo which was noted a little before, namely, that //^//(^crf4/•*r« may fublilllomcwhat tie longer v^\:hou^Allm*nt if they flcep : now lleep is nothing cllc but a reception and retirement of the iivi/»j ."■"^iVirintoit ftlf. An abundant and continual effluxion of blood, which fometimes happencth in the Htmorrhotdes , fometimes in vomitting of blood , the inward Veins being unlocked or broken, fometimes by wounds, caufcth fudden death, in regard that the bloud of the Keins miniftreth to the Arteries , and the bloud of the ty^rtenes to the Spirit, I I The i 53 16. H T^he Hi(lory> of Life and T>€ath. iS. 19. The quantity ot meat and drink which a man, ratinj^ two meals a day, reccircth into his body is not linall \ much more than he voidcth agam cither by ftool, or by urine, ' or by fweating. You will fay, Nomartel, feeing the remainder gocth into the juices j and fubftancc of the body. It is true ; but conltdcr then that this addition is tntjje twice ! a day, and vet the body aboundcth not much, in like manner, though the fpirit be rc- [ paired, yet it grows not exceffivciy in the quantity. / It doth no good to have the Aliment ready, in adcr;rce removed, but to have it of that kind, .nnd lb prepared and fupplied that the fpirit may work upon it : tor the Itaft'of a Te)cb alone will not maintain the flame, unlels it be fed with wax, neither can men live upon herbs alone. And from thence comes tlic Incortcotlion of old age, that though there be flclli and bloud, yet the fpirit is become fo penurious and thin, and the juices and bloud fo hcartlcfs and obllinate , tliat they hold no proportion to Ah- ment.ttion. Let us now caft up the Accounts of the Needs and Indiainccs, according to the ordi-' nary and ufual courfc of nature. The Spirit hath need of opening and moving u Icif I in the rentrtcles of the Brain and Nerves even continually, ot rhe motion ot the Heatt every thirH part of a moment, of breathing every moment, ot ilcep and nouriiliment once within three days, of the power of nourilhnient commonly till eighty years be paft; And if any of thefc/«<i<^fwc« beneglcded, Df-er/jcnfueth. So tlicre arc plainly three Porches of Death; Deftitution of the Spirit in the Motion, in the Refrucratioti, in the Aliment. It ti An error to think th»t the Lw'in^S^xm is ^erfttuslly generAted and extino Hipped, <« Flame «V, and Ahtdeth not any not Able time : for tvenY\imc tt felfis not thtu out of its orvn proper nature, bnt becAufe it Itveth amon^fi enemies, for Flame yvithtn Flame enduretb. Now the LWinob]p\x\t Itveth amongji friends. And all dHCobfecjutoHfnefs. St then, as Flame is a momentAny fubpAnce, Air w afixedfubftance, the Z,iving Spirit*^ betwixt both. Touchtnathe cxtinguilliingo/ //* Spirit ^j* the deftrufiion 0/ r/)f Organs {wkithii catifcd by Dtfeafes And ytolence') ne entfuirtnot now, as we foretold in the begimnng, al- though that atfo endethin the fame three Vorches. And touching tht Form of Death it felf thus much. There are two ^vctlx. forerunners of Death, the one fcnt from the He^^, the other from the Heart ; Cenvulfion, and the extreme labour of the I'alfe; for,asforthe deadly Hicccrfgh, it is a kind oi ContfulfioH. But the deadly labour of the Fulje hath that unufual fwittncfs , bccaufe the Heart at the point of death doth fo tremble , that the Syfiole and IDiaftole thereof are almoff confounded. There is alfo conjoyned in the Pufe a weaknefs and lownels, and oftentimes a great intcrmiilion , becaufc. the motion of the Heart faileth, and is not able to rile agaiuft the a(fault ftoutly or conftantly. The immediate proceeding figns of Death are , great unquietncfs and to/Tlng in the bed, fumbling with the hands, catching and grafping hard, gnalhing widi the teeth, fpeaking hollow, trembling of the neather lip, palcneis of the face, tlie memory con- fufed, Ipecchlcis, cold fweats, the body iLooting in length, lifting up the white of the cye> changing of the whole vifagc, (as thenoieiharp. tycs hollow, cheeks f.<llcn) ' contradion and doubling of the coldneis in the extreme parts of the body ; in fomc," fhedding of bloud or fpcrm, ihricking, breathing thick and ihort, faUing of the nca- ther chap, and fuchlikc. There follow Death 3 privation of all fcnfc and motion, as well of the Heart and Arteries as of the Nerves and Joynts, an inability of the body to lupport it fcif upright, Ififfnefs of the Nerves and parts, extream coldncfs of the whole body ; after a little while, putrcfadionandftinking. Etles, serpents and the Jnfetta will move a long time in every part after they arc cut afundcr, inlomuch that Country people think that the parts ffrive to joyn together again. Alfo Birds will flutter a great while attcr their heads arc pulled off; and the hearts of living creatures will pant a long time after they are plucked out. I remem- ber I have fecn the heart of one that was bo welled, as fuffcnngfoi HighTreafon, that being calf into the fire, leaped at the firft at leaff a foot and h.ih in height, and after by degrees lower and lower, for the fpacc, as 1 remember, of fevcn or eight minutes. There is alfo an ancient and credible Tradition ofanOA: lowing after his bowels were plucked out. But there is a more certain tradition of a man, who being under the Execu - ne hiftory of Life and Death. I Executioner's hand for high Trcafon, after his He,trt was pluckcil out and inthc txc- , cutioncr's hand, was heard to utter three or four words of prayer : which therefore vvc laid to be more credible than that of the Ox in SACnfice, bccaufe the friends of the party fuffgring do ufiKilly give a reward to the txccutioncr to difpatch his office with the niorcfpccd, th^t they may the fooncr be rid of their pain; but in ^««c^///f« wc fee no caufc why the Pi icfl: ihould be fo fpcedy in his gfficc. For revivinq^ thole again wliich tall into iudden Swooning and Caulrpfes oi nflonipt- ments, (in which Fits many, without prefcnt help, would utterly expire) tiicie things arc ufcd ; Putting into their mouths Water diftillcd of Wine , which they call Hoi- 794ters, andCordi'tt-tf attrs, bending the body forwards, floppingthc mouth andnolfrils hard, bending or wringing the fingers, pulling the hairs of the beard or head, rubbing of the parts, cfpccialiy the face and legs, fudden cafling of cold water upon the face, ilirieking out aloud and luddcnly ; putting A' •/J-»'4ftfr to the uoffrills with /V/^-jT-jriu faintings ; burning of Feathers or Cloth in the fuftbcation of die Mother: but cfpc- cialiy a frytn(r-p.tn heated red hot is good in apoplexies ; alio a dofc embracing ef the body hath helped fomc. 1 here have been many examples of men in fliew dead, either laid out upon the cold floor, or carried forth to burial ; nay, of fomc buried in the earth, which not- withftanding have lived again, which hath been found in thofc that were buried (the earth being afterwards opened ) by the bruifingand woundin£»of their head, through the flrugling of the body within the Coffin ; whereof tlic moft recent and memo- rable example was xhit oi Joannes scotut, called the S'w/'///, and :x School- man, who beine; digg;cd up again by his Servant, ( unfortunately abfent at his burial, and who knew his Maflers manner in fuch fits J was found in that Itate : And the like happened in our days in the perfon of a Player, buried at Cambridge. I remember to have heard of a certain Gentleman, that would needs make trial incuriofity what men did feci that were hanged ; fo he faftcned the Cord about his neck, raifinghimfcif upon a flooi, and then letting himfcif fall, thinking it Ihould be in his power to recover the ftool at his pleafurc, which he failed in, but was helped by a friend then prefcnt. He was asked afterward what he felt. He faid he felt no pain,butfirft he thought he favv before his eyes a great fire and burning ; then he thought he faw all black and dark ; laflly it turned to a pale blew, or Sea-water green ; which colour is alio often fecn by them which fall into Swoenincs. I have heard alfo of a Phyllcian, yet living, who reco- vered a man to life which had hanged himfelf, and had hanged halt an hour, by Frt- cations and hot "Baths: And the fame Phyllcian did profcfs, that he made no doubt to recover any man that had hanged fo long, fo his Neck were not broken with the tirft fvring. T^he Dijfercnces of Youth and Old^ge, THc r adder of Man's Body is this. To be conceived, to he quickncd in the womb, \ To ihe \6 to be born, to fuck, to be weaned, to feed upon Pap, to put forth Teeth the firft time about the fecond year of age, to begin to go, to begin to fpcak, to put forth Teeth the fecond time about fcven years of age, to come to THberty ihoni twelve or fourteen years of age, to be able for generation and the flowingof the Men- Jfrua, to hare hairs about the legs and arm holes, to put forth a Beard ; and thus long, and fometimes later, to grow in ffaturc, to come to full years of Qrcngth and agility, to grow gray and bald ; the A'fen^ruitccifin^, and ability to generation, to grow decrepit and a monftcr with three legs, to die. Mean-whilethc Mind alfo hath cenain periods, but they cannot be dcfcribcd by years, as to decay in the J^ientorj, and the like ; of which hereafter. The differences of Touth and tld gyf^t arc thcfc : A young man's skin is fmo«th and plain, an old man's dry and wrinkled, cfpcciilly about the forcheid and eyes ; • young man's flelh is tender and foft, an old man's hard ; a young man hath ftxength and agility, an old man feels decay in bis ftrengtii and is flow of motion ; a young nun !uth 56 I ^hc Hiftory of Life and Death. hithgoocidigcftion, an olilman bad; a young man's bowels arc (oft and fucculcnt, an old man's iait and parched ; a young man's body is creel and ftrciglit, an old man's bowing and crooked ; a young man's limbs are ftcady, an old man's weak and trem- bhng ; the humours inayoiingmanarc cholerick, and his bloud inclined to heat, in an old man phlcgmatick and meiancholick, and his blond inclined to coldncfs ; a young man ready for the acl oifcHPu, an old man flow unto it : in a youngman the juices of his body arc more rofcid, in an old man more crude and watcriHi ; the fpirit in a young man plentiful and boiling, in an old man fcarce and jejune .• a yonng man's fpi- rit is dcnfe and vigorous, an old man's eager and rare ; a young man hath his fenfes quick and iatirc, an old man dull and decayed; a young nan's teeth are flrong and entire, an old man's weak, worn, and bin out; a young man's hair is coloured, an old man's (of what colour foever it were) gray : a young man hath hair, an old man baldncfs ; a young man's pulfc is ftrongcr and quicker, an old man's more confiifed and flower, tncdifeafcs of young men are more acute and curable, of old men longer and hard to cure; a young man's wounds foon clofe, an old man's later ; a)oungman's cheeks are of a frclh colour, an old man's pale, or with a black bloud ; a young man is Ids troubled with rheums, an old man more. Neither do we know in what things old men do improve as touching their body, favc ontly fometinie in fatnefs; whereof the reafonis loon given, Becaufe old men's bodies do neither perfpire well, noraflimi- late well : now F.uncft is nothing clfc but an exuberance of nourilliment above that which is voided by excrement or which is perfectly ailimilatcd. Alfo fome old n. en improve in the appetite of feeding by reafon of the acid humors, though old men digcit •worft. And all thefc things which we have faid, Phyficians negligently enough v\ill refer to the tiiminiinon of the Natural heAt and Radical moifiure, v,hii.h arc thingsof no worth for ufc J his is certain, Drinefs in the coming on of years doth forego (^old tiej's ; and bodies when they come to the top and ftrcngth of heat do decline in Drinefs, and after that follows Coldness. Now we are to confider the i^iffeElions of the tJMind. I remember when I was a young man, at Pointers in France I converfed familiarly with a certain French man, a witty young man, but fomething talkative, who afterwards grew to be a very eminent man : he was wont to inveigh againft the manners of old men, and would fay. That if their Minds could befcen as their Bodies arc, they would appear no lefs deformed. Be- fidcs, being in love with his own wit, he would maintain, ihat the vices of old men's Minds have fome corrcfpondcncc and were parallel to the putrcfadlions of their Bo- dies : For the drinefs of their skin he would bring \n Impudence ; for the hardnefs of their bowels, vnmercifulnefs : for the Itppitude of their eyes, an evil Eye zwASnvy: for the cafting down of their eyes, and bowing their boely towards the earth, zyiiheifm ; ( for, faith he, they look, no more up to Heaven as they are wont ) for the trembling of their members, Jrrefolutton of their decrees and light friconfiancy ; for the bending of their fingers, as it were to catch, l^jtpacity and covetoufnefs s for the buck- ling of their knees, Fearfnlnefs; for their wrinkles, Qaftinefs ^ni Obliquity: and other things w hich 1 have forgotten. But to be ferious, a young man is modelland iliame- fac'd, an old man's forc-hcad is hardncd ; a young man is full of bounty and mercy, an old man's heart is brawny ; a young man isafFeCfed with a laudable emulation, an old i man with a malignant envy ; a young man is inclined to Religion and Devotion, by I reafon of his fervency and inexperience of evil , an old man coolcth in piety I through the coldncfs of his charity, and long converfation in evil, and likewifc ^ through the difficulty of his belief ; a young man's defircs are vehement, an old man's' 1 moderate ; a voung man is light and moveable, an old man more grave and conflant; a youngman is piven to liberality, and beneficence, and humanity, an old man to co- vetoulnefs, wifdom for his own fclf, and fccking his own ends ; a young man is \ confident and full of hope, an old man diffident and given to fufped: mofl things; a I youngman is gentleand obfcquious, an old man froward and difd^iinful; ayoungman j is finccrc and open-hearted, an oldman cautclous and clofe ; ayoungman is given I to defire great things, an old man to regard things neccfl'ary ; a young man thinks well of the prcfcnt times, an old man pretcrrcth times pall before them ; ayoungman rcverenccth his Superiours, an oldman is more forward to taxthcm : And many other things, which pertain rather to Manncrsthanto the prefcntlnquifition. Notwithftand- j ing old men, as in fome things they improve in their Bodies, To alfo in thrir ^.inds, j unlefs they be altogether out' of date: namely, that as they are Lfsapt for inven- l tion, j The Hifiory of Life and \Deatk tion, fo they excel in judgmcii: , and prefer fafc things and found things before fpc- cioiis ; alfo they improve in Garrulity andOftcntation,for they feck the fruit of fpcech, while they arc lefsablc for adion : So as it was not abfurd that the I'oets feigned old Tithan to be turned into a GrAp^onper. $7 zIAfoveable (^ anom of the Duration of Life and Form of Death. Canon I. COnfumption it not caufcd, untefs that which is departed jvith bj one bodj paffcth tnto Another. The Explication. "T Here is in Nature no yinmhilating, or Keductn^ro Not hin/r: therefore that which is confumcd is cither rcfolvcd into Air, or turned into lomc Body adjacent, bo J we fee a spider, or f/r, ot A>it in Amber, entombed in a more ilateiy Monument than [ Kings ZTC, to be laid up for Eternity, although they be but tender things, and foon ( diffipated : But the matter is this, that there is no air by, into which they iliould be j rcfolvcd; and the fitbfi.'tuce of the timber is fo heteregeneous, that it receives nothing of them. The like we conceive would be if a Stick, or Root,or fome fuch thing were 1 buried in Omck^- fiver : alfo Wda", and Honej, ■i.n^Gttmi have the iunc Operation, but in ; partoncly. Canon IT. CT'fJerc is in every Tangible body a Spirit, covered and encem^affcd with the groffer pjirts of the body , and from tt all Confumption and DilToIution h^th the begin- ning. The Explication. "^O Body known unto us here in the upper part of the Earth is without a Spirit, cither by .ittaiu.xttou and ConcoBion from the heat of the Heavenly Bodies, or by fome other v\ay : for the CoiicHvines of Tangible things rccciire not F.tcuHm, but cither Air, or the proper Spirit o't x.\\c thing. And this5^;n/ whereof we fpeakis not fome P'trtue, or Lnergie, or ylfl, or a Injle, but plainly a Body, rare and iovilihie; notv/ithitanding circumfcribed by Place, Quantitative, Real. Neither again is that Spirit Air, fno more than Wine is Water) but a body rarefied, of kin to Air, though much different from ir. Now the groflor parts of bodies (being dull things, and not apt tor motion) would lafl a long time ; but theSpirit is that which treublcth, and pluckcth, and undcimincth them, and convertcth the moifturcof thcbody, andwhat- foever it isable to digclf.into new Spirit ; and then as well the prc-cxifting Spirit of the body as that newly mide Hie away together by degrees This is bell feen bv the Di- mniiit:o:i ot the jvno^ht'in bodies dried thro:igh Perfpimtion : for neither ">" - Ijich is ifliicd forth was Spirit when the body was ponderous, neither was it not -c ^cij it iflued forth. <'anon III. ■ ' Cftie Spirit ifTuing forth Dricth ; Ticu'mcA and vforkingv^ithin either ^chah, sr Pu- trclieth, or Vivificth. The Explication. T Here are four ProccfTcs of the Spirit, to ArefaHion, to ColliquAtion , fntre- fatlien, to Generation of bodic":. .^reQflion is not the proper work of the Spirit. but of the groflcr parts after the Spirit ifTued fortli .• for then they contract thcm- felves partly by their flight of facttum, partly by the «»/a« of the Homogeneah : as appears in all things which arc arcficd by age, and in the drier fort of bodies which have paficd the fire, ^s'Bricl^, Q'ar co.tl, 'Bread. fo///^«.ir/5« isthc mere workof the Spirit .• neither is it done but when they are excited by heat : tor when the Spirits dilating thcmfclVcs , yet not getting forth , do inCnuatc and difpcrle themlclvcs among the groffer parts, and fo make them foft and apt to run, as it is in Afetalljand j H'MX : for Aictatls and all tenacious things are apt to inhibit the Spirit, that being I K cxchcd 5S T'he Hijlory of Life and Death, excited it iffuetli not forth. Putreftt^ion is a mixed work of the Sptrtts and ol the orortcr parts ■ for the Spirit ( which before reftraincd and bridled the parts of the thing) being partly iflued forth and partly infcebled, all things in the body do diflblvc and return to their Homogenetttesy or (if you will) to their Elements : that which was Sotrtt in it is congregated to it fcif, whereby things putrefied begin to have an ilHa- vour : the 0«7y parts to thcmfclvcs, whereby things putrefied have that ilipperinefs and unftuofity ; the "vifr/ parts alfo to thcmlclvcs : the /5r<^; to thcmfclvcs ; whence foilowcththac coufufion in bodies pucrefitd. But Generation or f 'tvificatioms a work alfo mixed of the Spirit and grolVer parts, but in a tar different manner i for the Spirit is totally detained, but it fvvcHcth and moveth locally ; and the grofler parts arc not diHoIvcd, but follow the motion of the fpirit, and drc, as it were, blown out by it, and extruded into divers figures, from whence comcth that Gcnerattnn and Organiz.ii. tton : and therefore Fivtficittton is always done in a matter tenacious and clammy, and aoain, yielding and foft, that there may be both a detention of the fpirit, and .illo a gentle cclTion of the parts, according as the fpirit forms them. And this is lecn in the matter as well of all Vegetables as of living Creatures, whether they be engcndrcd of Putrefaftion or of Sperm ; for in all thcfc things there is maniftftly fccn a matter hard to break through, eafie to yield. Canon IV. JN all living Creatures there aretvto k}nds 0/ Spirits .- Livclefs Spirits, fuchat are in bo- dies Inanimate ; and a. Vital bpirit fuperadded. The Explication. TT was faid before, that to procure long life the Body of man muft be confidcred, firfl, as Inanimate, and not repaired by nouriihmcnt .• fccondly , as Animate, and repaired by nouriihmcnt: for the former confideration gives Laws touching Confump- tion, the latter touching Reparation. Therefore wc muft know that there are in hu- mane flelh bones, v embranes, Organs : finally , in all the parts fuch fpirits diffufcd in the fubftance of them while they are alive, as there arc in the fame things (Flelh, Bones, Membranes, and the reft ) feparatcd and dead : fuch as alfo remain in a Car- 1 k,afs : but the Fital Spirit, although it ruleth them, and hath fome confent with them, yet it is far differing from them, being integral, and fubfilUng by it felf Now there are two fpecial differences betwixt the Livekfs Spirits and the Fital Spirits. The one, that the Uvelefs sptrtts arc not continued to themfclves , but are , as it were, cut offi and encompafled with a grofs body which intercepts them ; as Air is mixed with Snow or h'roth : but the f^ttal Spirit is all continued to it ftlf by certain Conduit-pipes through which it paffeth, and is not totally intercepted. And this Spirit is two-told alfo : the one branched, onely palfing through fmall pipes, and, as it were, firings : the other hath a Cell alfo, fo as it is not onely continued to it felf, but alfo congre- oated in an hollow fpace in realonable good quantity, according to the Analogy of the body, and in that Cell is the fountain of the Kivulcts which branch from tlrence. That CeU\s chiefly in the Ventricles of the Brain, which in the ignobler fort of crea- tures are but narrow, infomuch that the fpirits in them feem fcattered over their whole body '"'l^Ci: tnan Celled ; as may be feen in Serpents, Sels and Flies, whereof every of their r*" .^'vc long after they are cut afllinder. Thirds alfo leap a good while after ^-'■^ ^^i "' 3re pulled off.becaufe they have litdc heads and little Cells. But the nobler fort'-OT"e:eaturcs havethofe Ventricles larger, and Man the largeft of all. The other difference betwixt the Spirits is, that the Vital Spirit hath a kind of enkindling, and is like a Wind or Breath compounded of Flame and Air, as the Juices of living creatures have both Oil and fVater. And this enkindling miniftreth peculiar motions and faculties : forthcfmoke which is inflamable, even before the flame conceived, is hot, thin and movable, and yet it is quite another thing after it is become flame : but the enkindling of the vital fpirits is by many degrees gentler than the fofteft flame, as of Spirit offVine, or otherwife; and befidcs, it is in great part mixed with an Aerial fubllance, that it iLould be a tj^ijjhr^ or tJHtracle, both of a Flammeepu and ayiere- oKi nature. Canon V. CT'He Natural Aflions fire proper to the fcveral Parts, but it is the Vital Spirit that exeitet andjharpens them, ' The The Hi/lory of Life and 'Death. 59 The Explicatiojt. •pHc^ffiowor FHnHiom which arc in the icvcral Members follow the nature of the Members thcinfclvcs, (^^ttraci,on;l{jtentioH,'Dt^eft,on,ylfimilat,o,i,Xeparation, Fxcreuon, TerSptratio»y even S:r/fe it IlIF) according to the propriety of the fcveral Orgam, (the Stom.ich, i.iver. Heart, .spleen, (/.«//, r.rxin, F.ye, E^r, and the reft :) vet none of rhcfc Actions would ever have btcn ac'tuatcd but by tlcvioour and pre- fcnce of the filial ifmt and heat tiicreof .• as one /ran would not'h.ivc d^awn another iron, unlcfsitbad been excited by the Lead florie, nor an Sfge would ever have broupjit forth zBird, unlefs thcfublbncc of the Htn had been aduatcd by the trcadintj of the ' Cock, ^ Canon VI. CTHe llvclcfs Spirits Art next ConftilftAntiuL to Air ; the vital Spirits approach more to the j fitbfiiince of Flame. 7"/ e Explication. nrHc Explication of the precedent fourth (^unon is alfo a declaration of this prcfcnt Caffon : but yet hirthcr, from hence ic is that ail fat and oily things continue long in their Being ; l-'or neither doth the Jtr mucii pluck them , neither do they much defuc to joyn thcmfclves with /tir. As for that conceit it is altogether vain. That Flame iljould be Air fct on lire, feeing lUme and ^/r arc no Icfs 'heteroceneal than 0/7 and « ^.ter. But whereas it is laid in the Canon, that the vitAt (pints approach more to the fubfUncc of fUme ; it mufl: be underflood, tliat they do this more than the livtlefs fptr*ts, not tliat they arc morcf/*«»r than ^trj. Canon VII. fT'He Spirit hath t»o Dcfires ; one «/" multiplying it felf, the other of fl/ing forth and (ongrtgating ttftlf with the C onnaturals. 7 he ExpUcatien. •TpMe Canon is undcrftood of the ImiUfs sftrttt; for as for the fccond Deflre , the vttal Spirit doth moft of all abhor flymg forth of the body, for it finds no Con- natHral here below to joyn withal : Perhaps it may fometimcs flie to the outward partJ of the body, to meet that which it ioveth; but the flying forth, as lijid, jtab- horrcth. But in thc^Uvelefi fptnts each cf thefe two Deftrts holdeth. For to the for- mer this bclongeth, Every fptrtt feated amoH^ thegrofftr parts dmelUth mnhappily ; and therefore when it finds not a like unto ic fclf, it doth fo much the more labour to cre- ate and make a like, as being in a great folitude, and endeavour earncftly to multiplv it felf, and to prey upon the volatile of the ^rofSrr parts, that it maybe cncreafed in ouan- tity. As for the fesond Dejire oi flying torth,anJ betaking it felf to the tylir, it is cer- tain that all light things ( which arc ever movable ) do willingly go unto their /»^« near unto them, ac a Drip of water is carried to a 'Drop, flame to Flame: but much more this i« done in the flying forth of /pint into the lyftr ambient, becaule it is not carried to a particle like anto it felt,but alio as unto the Globe of the ca>$>i.itura/s. Mean- while this is to be noted, That the f^otn^ forth and fight of tbefpirit into air is a redoubled afiiou, partly out of the appetite of the fpfnt, partly out of the appetite of the air ; for tbc common atr is a needy thing,and receiveth all things (peeddj,disSpiritt,Odo>trs,leams, Soundf, and the like. Canon VIII. CPirit deuincd, if it B-tve no pofjtiiltty of begetting n^ f^irhs, iteneratcth thegrojer - parts. The fxpluaiioa. ^Eneration of new Spirit it not accompliihcd but upon thofe tilings which arc in (bme degree near to fpirit, fuch as are humid bodies. And therefore if the fjrollcr parts f amongft which the Spirit converictb ) be m a remote degree, although the /pirit cannot convert them, yet ( as much as it can; it wcakneth, and fofmeth, andfubducth tbeai, that feeing ic cannot incrcafe in quantity, yet it will dwell more at large, and live amongft good neighbours and friends. Now this j4phortfm ic moft ufcful to our £nd,becaufeittcndcth to the Intcneration of the obftinacc parts by the detention of the fpirit. Canon IX. Cr'fit Intcneration of the harder parts comet h to good tftif, »Ihb **# Spirit ntititr fly- <th forth, nor begetteth new Spirit. K I T'fe 6o l^he Hi[lory of Life and 'Death. The F.xplicatton. THis (^,inon folvcth the knot and difficulty in the Operation of Intencratino by the Detention of the spirit : for if the !^ptrit not flying forth waftcth all within.therc is nothinf^gottcuto the intenerationoi the parts in their (ublidence, but rather tliey are diflolvcd and corrupted. Therefore t^cthcr with the Detention the >pirtts ought to be cooled and rcftrained, that they maillot be too aftivc. Canon X. CT'He heat of the Spirit to k.eep the body frejh and green, ought tt be Robuft, not Eager. The Explication. A I.fo this Cttnon pertaineth to the folving of the knot aforefiid , but it is of a much larger extent , for it fcttcth down of whit temperament the heat in the body ought to be for the obtaining of Long life. Now thi^ is ufetui, whether the >j>irtts be detained, or wiicthcr they be not. For howfoevcr the heat of the fptrits mult be fuch, as it may ratiier turn it fcif upon the bard parts than waftc the foft ; for the one Dcficcatcth, the other intcncratcth, Bcfidcs, the fame thjng is available to the wcllpcrfcfting of ^j^w///</;o«; for futh an heat doth excellently excite xhe fa- culty o( y^fpmiLitiony and withall doth excellently prepare tiic matter to be ^fflmi- Inted. Now the properties of this kind of /r^r ouglit to be tliefe. Firff, that it be flotp, and heat not fuddenly : Secondly, that it be not very intenfe, hnt miderate : Thirdly, that it be ecjual, not incempofid-, namely, intending and remitting it fclf .• Fourthly, that if this heat meet any thing to refill it, it be not eafily fuffocated or lan- guiih. This0^f/*i/;o« is exceeding fubtil.but feeing it is oneofthemoftufeful,it is not tobedeferted. Now in thofc Remedies which we propounded to invefl the fpirits with a Kobufl heat, or that which we call Operative, not 'Tredatory, we have in fomcfort fatif- ficd this matter. Canon XI. The Condenfing of the Spirits in tketr Subftance isavaiUble to Long life. The Explication. nr His Ctnon is fubordinate to the next precedent : for the Spirit condenfid recclveth all thofc four properties of heat whereof wc fpcak ; but the ways of Condenfing them are fctdown in the firfl of the Ten operations. Canon W. CT'He Spirit in great cjuantity haflneth more to flying forth, andprejeth upon the body more, than m fhiall quantity. The Explication. "Y His Canon is clear of it felf, feeing mere Qii,intity doth regularly increafc virtue. ^ And itis to be feen in flames, that the bigger they are, the ftrongerthey break forth, and the more fpeedily they conliimc. And therefore over- great ^/<r«/7 or exuberance of the fpirits is altogether hurtful to Long life ; neither need one with a greater ftore of fpirits than what is fufficicnt for the tundion of life, and the office of" a good Re- paration. Canon XIII. CT'He Spirit equally difperfed ma\eth lefs hafie to flie forth, andpreyeth lefs upon the bodyy thun unequally^/rfCf<*'. The Explication. KjOt oncly abundance of fpirits in refpcct of the whole is hurtful to the Duration of things, but alfo the fame abundance unevenly placed is in like manner hurtful ; and therefore the more the fpirit is fhrcd and inferred by fmall portions,thelefsitprey- eth; for Diflblutionever beginncth at that part where the fpirit is loofer. And there- fore both Exercife and Frications conduce much to long life , for Agitation doth finc- liefl: diffufe and commi.v things by fmall portions. Canon XIV. HHe inf)rdinate<?»</fubfultory motion of the ^^xnts doth more hafien to going forth, 4tid doth prey upon the body more, than the conftant and equal. Tie Explication. TN Inanimates this Canon holds for certain ; for Inequality is the Mother of DifTo- iution : hi\ui\,Ammates (becaufe notonely the Confumption is confidered, but the Repara- The Hi [lory of Li j^ ana Death. 61 RcpDi-ation, and Reparation procccdctli by the Appetites of things, and Appetite is /liarpncd by variety ) it hoidcrh not rigoroiifly j but it is (o hr Korth^o be rcceivcci.that i this variety be rather an aiceriiatioii orciitcrchange than acontuiion.and as it ucrcToii- ftant in inconftancy. ' Canon XV. 7>;f Spirit /'« ^Body of a foVid com^toCiirc ij/iet.iined, thotigh unmlUrtoh, Ti e ExDlication. " Ll things do abhor a Solution of their Continititj, but yet in proportion to their Denfitj or %Artty : for the more rare the W/nbc, tiic more do they fuffcr themfclvcs to be thriift into final! and narrow p,ifl"iges ; ioxw.xtermW go into a paflhpc which Stf: will not go into, and atr which water will not go into/ nay, fi.tme and ^^mt which rf/>uill not go into. Notwithftjnding of tins tiiin th?rc are fomc bounds : for the r/J/w is not fo much tranfporied with the defirc ot^"oinc; forth, that it will fufler it fcif to be too much difcontinued, or be driven into ovcr-ftrcifht pores and paflfagcs ; and tlcreforc if the fpirit be cncomp.iflcd with an hardho^s, or cllc with an uncluom and tentictow, ( which is not caHly divided; it is plainly bound, and, as I may fay, imprifoned, and Liyeth down the .ippctitc of going out : wherefore wc fee that tJHetal/i and tones require a longtime for their fpirit to go forth, unlcfs either the fpirit be excited by the Hrc, or the groflcr p.irts be dilllvcrc'd with corroding and llrong waters. The like rcnfon is there of tetinciom bodiea, fuch as are G»ms,fivc oncly that they arc melted by a more gentle heat : and therefore the /V/c« of the body hard, z clofe and compact <l^!i, andthelikc, Cwhichare procured by the ^)/»f/( of the Aliment, and by E.xcrcife, and by the coldnefs of the air) are good for long life, bccaiifc they detain the fpirit indole prifonthatitgocthnot forth. Canon XVI. In Oily andViX things the Spirit is detained ml/inglj, though the; Ire r:ot taucious. The Explication. T" Ho fpirit, if it be not irritated by the antipathy of the bodv enclofing it, nor fed by -*■ the over- much hkencfs of that body, norfollicited nor invited by ihc external body, it makes no great llir to get out : all which are wanting to oily bodies ; for they arc neither fo prcfTmgupon the fpirits as ^4r^W/«, nor fo near as watr^ bodtes, neither have they any good agreement with the atr ambient. Canon XVII. CTHe fpccdy fljing forth ef the Watry humor conferves the Oily the longer in hi* being. ** The Explication. irrE faid before that the fVatry humors, as being confubftantial to the ^/r, flic ^' forth fooncll ; the Otly later, as having fmall agreement with the ^ir. Now whereas thefc two humors are in moll bodies, it comes to pafs that the .•■ atry doth in a fort betray thcC>/7r, lor that ifl'uing forth infenfiblycarricth this together with ir. There- fore there is nothing more f urthereth the confcrvation of bodies than a gentle drymn of them, which caufcth the n atry humonr \o Qy.y\\Q, and invitcth not the Oily; for then the Oily enjoycth the proper nature. And this tendeth not oncly to the inhibitin" of PutrefacHon , (though that alfo followcth) but to the confcrvation of Greennefs. Hence it is, that gentle Fricattonsmd moderate Exercifes, CMdngnthcr Per/piration than SweatingiConduct much to long life. Canon X'Vni. Air excluded conferreth to Lona life, if other inconveniences be avoided. The Explicattyi. \T^E faid a little before , that the fiyma forth of the s~^irit is a redoubled aftion, from the appetite oi the/^/r/rand of the <«V, and thcrclore it cither of thefc be taken out of the way , there is not a little gained. Notwithftanding divers Inconve- niences foWow hereupon, which how they may be prevented wc have llicwcd in the fecond ot our Operations. Canon XIX. VOuthful Spirits inferted into tn old Body might fion turn Nature's courfc bacl\_ .laain, K ? The 62 The History of Life and T>eath. The Explication. "T^Hc nature of the Spiriti is as the uppcrmoft w'^mI, which tiirncth about the other wheels in the body of man, aiidthcrctorc in the Intention of Long life, that ought to be firft placed. Hereunto may be added, that there is an caficr and more expedite way to aher the Jpirus, than to other OperHttons. ¥or t\n: Operation upon ihc ifirtts is two-fold: the one by -///»»?»«, which is flow, and, asit were, about; the other, fand that two fold ) which is fuddcn, and goeth dircdly to the fpirits, namely, by Fiipoitrs, or by the ^jfeHtoris. Canon XX. Juices of the Body hard <«».rf rofcid /ire jrood for Long life. The Explication. 'T'He rcafon ir plain, feeing we fliewed before, that A*^*^ things, and oih or rofcidatc hardly diffipatcd : notwithftanding there is difference, fas we alfo noted in the tenthopertttion ) Thitjuice fomcwhati&.«-(^ is indeed Icfs d'ffipah-'e, but then it is withal lefs reparable ; therefore a Convenience is interlaced with an inctnvenience, and for this caufc no wonderful matter will be atchicved by this. But rofcid juice will admit both aperattons ; therefore this would be principally endeavoured. Canon XXI. U'T^Hatfoever U o/thin parts to penetrate^ ^ndyet hath no Acrimony to bite, be^ettetb Rofcid Juices. The Explication. THis Canon is more hard to pradife than to undcrftand. For it is manifcft, what- focver penetrateth well, but yet with 3. fiim or tooth, (as do all lliirp and four things) it leaveth behind it whercfoevcr it goeth fomc mark or print of <ir»»#y7 and c/f/eww. fo that it hardncth the /«fc«, andchappeth thc/7/»r/;.- contrarily, whatfocver ib'iii^s penetrate through their thtnnefs merely, as it were by ftealth, and by way of in- finuation, without violence, they btdew and y>ater in their paflagc. Of which fort wc have recounted many in the f(Hirth and fcventh Operations, Canon XXII. AiTimilation u beji done when all Local Motion ii expended. The Explication. T" His Canon wc have fufficicntly explained in our Difcourfc upon the eighth Ope- ration. Canon XXIIL A Limcntation from without, at leafi feme other way than b]/ the Stomach, is mo^ pro- fitable for Long life, if it tan be done. The Explication. \17E fee that all things which arc done by T{^Htrttion,i%k a long timcbut thofc which are done by embracing of the like (as it is in Infafions) require no long time. And therefore Alimentation from without would be of principal iifc,and fo much the more, becaufe the Faculties of Co»co5}io» decay in old age ; fo that if there could be fome auxi- liary ISl^Mtritions, -by Bathings, Vn^iens, orelfcby Clyfters, thefe things in conjundion might do much, which fingle are lefs available. Canon XxlV. If/Here the Concoftion u weak, to thruft/orf/' //>? Aliment, there ?A* Outward parts fI;oiildbe ftrengthned to aW forth tie Aliment. The Explication. THat which is propounded in this Canon is not the fame thing with the former ; for it is one thing for the ot4tr»ard Aliment to be attraSied in»ard, another for the in- | i*ard aliment to be attracled outward : yet herein they concur, that they both help the wcaknefs ofthc«««r/ir^ Ctf«f»(3/o«H though by divers ways. Canon XXV." JLL fudden Renovation of the 'Body U wrought either by the Spirit, or bj Malacifla- tions. Tke Explication. TTHere are two things in the body. Spirits and Parts • to both thefe the way byNa- trition is long and about ; but it is a ihort way to the Spirits by ^apoms and by the Affeaions, and to the 7arts by tJHalaciffations. But this \i diligently to be noted, that by no means we confound Alimentation from wtthont with Malactfanon ; for the intention of Malacijfation is not to nouri/li the parts, but oncly to make them more fit to be nourillied.. CvAoa^ I The Hijiory of Lijc and Death, Canon XXVI. \/f Alaciiratioii « wrought by Confubftantials , hj Imprinters, and hy Clofcrs up. The Explication, TTIIc rcafon is rtianifcft , for that CoiifibflanitAls do properly fuppic the body, Im- printers do carry in. Clofcn Kp do retain ami bridle the Pcrijiiration, which is a motion oppo/itc to AinUctJfation. And therefore ("as we dcfcribcd in the ninth ope- ration) Adalactjfation annntwciihc dontM once, butinacourfcor order. Firft,by txcluding the Ltquor by Thtck,ners : for an outward and grofs Infufion doth not well compatic the body; that which cntrcth mud be iubtii, and akindot vapour Second- ly, by Inteneratmghy tlic conlcnt ot Conftthftantials ; for bodies upon the touch of thole things which have good agreement with them, open themfclvcs, and relax their pores. Thirdly, Imprinters arc Convoys, and infinuatc into the parts the Cenfuhfi^it- ttals, and the mixture of gentle .-tjlrtngents doth fomcwhat retrain the Pcrfliration, But then, in the fourth place, follows that great ^>-/i;?;o« and C/(>/»<?-<.' up ofthc body by SmplaiftrattoH, and then afterward by Inun^ton, until the Supple be turned into Solid, as we faid in the proper place- Canon xxvir. Z7i?<'^«tf«r Renovation oftf.e Parts R-epairablc vttitereih andreneweth thelef Reparable alfo. Tie Explication, IX/E faid in the Preface to this Hiftory, that the >iay o£ Dcttth was this , That the Parts Separable died in the fellowlhip of the Parts left \tparable : fo that in the Reparation of thcfc fainc Icfs Reparable Parts all our forces would be employed. And therefore being adnionilhcd by (v^nflotWi obfcrvation touching 7^/.j«//, r\zmc\)',That the putting forth cfmw jhoots and branches refrejheth the body of the Tree in thepajfage ; we conceive the like rcifon might be, it the flejh and blo:<d\n the body of man were often renewed, that thereby the hones tliemfclvcs, and membranes, and other parts which in their own nature arc left Reparable, partly by the chearful paflagc of the juices, partly by that new cloathing of the yonn^jftejh and bloud, might be watered and renewed. Canoii XXVllI. D Efrigcration or Cooling */ the bodj, which pnjfeth fome other ways than by the Sto- mach, is iifefulfor Long life. The explication. "T He rcnfon is at hand : for feeing a '/Refrigeration not temperate, but powerful, (elpc- cially of the ^/o«^) is above all things neccfl'ary to Long hfe .• this can by no mcaHS be cffeifled from within as much as is rccjuiUtc, without tfac dcftruAion ot the ito- maeh and Bowels, Canon XXiX. i ffHat Intermixing or Intangliixg, that as well Confumption at Reparation 4re the works of Heat, if thegreatefl ohflacle to Long life. The Explication. I A Lmoftall grcatworksarcdcdroyedby the r^rfrwrw of things /wrrrwiAW, whcnis that which hclpeth in one rclpccc hurccth in another : therefore men mult proceed herein by a found ;iulgtmcrt, and a difcrcet practice. For our part, we have done fo as far as the matter will bear, and our memory fcrveth us , by Icparating benign teats iram hurtful, and ihcKemedies which tend to both. Canon XXX. C^Urin^of Difeafes is effecled br 1 cmporary Medicines ; but Lcngthning«/Lifc r*- quireth Obfervation of Diets. The Explication. •THofc things which come by accident , as foon as the caufes ire removed ceafe again ; but the continued c'ourfc of nature, like a running River, requires a con- tinual rowing and failing againft the (trcam : therefore wc muft work regularly by Di- ets. Now O'^iets are of two kinds ; :set D/m.whichare to be obfervcd at certain timet; and Familiar Diet, vi;\\\ch is to be admitted into our daily repafl, But the ^et Dutsixz the more potent, that is, acourfc of .•»/f^an« for atime.- for thofc things which arc of fo great virtue th.it they arc able to turn Nature back again, are, for the mofl part, more (trong, and more fpcedily altering, than thofc which may without danger be re- ceived into a continual ufc. Nj .v iii the R.emedies fijt down in our Intentions you thall 6+ The Hi (lory of 'Life and Denth. iLall findoncly tlirce Set'Dicrs, thcOptate Diet, the Diet tJ^aUciJf tut or Snfpli>ig, and the Ditt Bmaciitn 1 3m\ Renervwg. Butamongft thole whicli we prcfcribcjlor Familiar "Diet, and to beufcd daily, the moll efficacious are thcfc that follow, which alfo come not far iliortof the vertuc of ^«Z)«« ; Nitre -ind the /itlfordiftates to T^ttre; tlie !^f- gimene oi the ^ffeliiofisznA Cottrfe oi our Life ; Refrigeratoars vjhxch ^a(s not by the I Stomach ; Drtn{s Rofcidattng.,or inoendrmg Oily Juices ; bcfprinkiing or the bloud vvitli , fame firmer A/.ttter, as^Pearts, c-trcain H oods, competent ZJntltons to keep out the Air, t and to keep in the Vpjrit ; Heaters from without, durin" the Aliimilacion jhcr deep ; avoiding of thofe jlimt^ whiah inflame the Spirit, and put it into an eai^er he.it , :xiifine and spices • lalll^'fa moderate and feafonabic ule of thofc things which endue the Spi- ] rits 'with a YobnSi Hiat^ tssaffron, Crojfes, Garlicl^, £lecampafie.,and compattud Opiates. j ';.: i :r^v .-;;',:,:: 'i, :, . , ■ ' ( . ■•■ .. , - • • Canon XXXI. \ . ■ j Cr'Ht hWiTio Spjrit't< in0amljr exttngutjhed if It he deprived either of Motien,(ir of Ke. ■ fri<*bration,<»r of Aliment. The. Explication. ■^Amely', thefc arc thofc three which before wc called the Perthes of T)e.tth , and they arc the proper and immediate paflions of the Spirit. For all the Organs of the principal parts fcrve hereunto, that thefc three offices be performed ; and again, all deftru<5tion of the Organs which is deadly brings the matter to this point, that one or more ofthefe three fail. Therefore all other things are the divers ways to Death, but they end in thefe three. Now the mhole F,ibrtck^of theParts is the Organ of the Spirit, as the spirit is the Organ of the Keafonable SokI, which is tncorpereons and Divine. Canon XXXII. pLame is a Momentany Subftancc, Air a Fixed ; /A* Living Spirit ;« Creatures « of 4 middle Nature;' • 7'he Explication. IP His matter ftands in need both of an higher Indagation and of a longer Explica- tioa than is pertinent to the prefent Inquifition, Mean-while wc muft know this, that Flame is almofl: every moment generated and extinguillied ; fo that it is con- tinued only by fucceffion : but y^ir is z fi.xedbodjf, znd is not diflolved ; tor though Air begets new Air out of watery moifture, yet notwithftanding the old Air Hill remains ; whence cometh that Supcr-oneration of the Air whereof wc have fpoken in the Title De yentis. But Spirit is participant of both Natures, both of Flame and Air, even atf the nourilliments thereof are, as well Oil, which is homogeneous to Flame, as Water, which is homogeneous to tyiir : for the Spirit is not nourillicd either of Osly alone, or of ;/ atry alone, but of both together ; and though Air doth not agree well with Flarae, nor Gil with water , yet in a mix'd body they agree well enough. Alfo the .i'^/'w hath from the -^»r his cafie and delicate imprcfiions and yieldings, and from the Flame his noble and potent motions and activities. In like manner the Duration oE spirit is a mixed thing, being neither lo momentan-j as that of Flame, nor (o fixed as that oi Air : And fo much the rather it follovvcth not the condition oi Flame, for that Flafvek felf is extinguilTied by accident, namely, by Contraries and Enemies envi- roning it ; but Spirit is not fubjeft to the like conditions and nccefTities. Now the Spirit is repaired from the lively and florid bloud of the fmall Arteries which arc in- ferred into the Brain; but this Reparation is done by a peculiar manner, of which we fpcak not now. {{GFDL}}

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