The Masculine Cross and Ancient Sex Worship  

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The Masculine Cross and Ancient Sex Worship (1874) is a book by Hargrave Jennings published under the pseudonym of Sha Rocco.

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PREFACE. -oIT is hoped the line of discussion here adopted will explain some portions of Bible literature which have always stood in the attitude of offensive enigma to cultured thought. Improved taste of modern time must question the crudities of former days, and ask the reason why. Natural forces give direction to usage, and type to habits. The same agencies modify and polish them. The hallowed powers of one era become detritus of a later one ; and in still later eons of time those decayed objects reappear as relics, and show, to our surprise, bow much that is held to be original in our age is really the unconscious inheritance of a bygone ancestry. They also show early religious ideas were cast in a mold denoting a childlike apprehension, in conformity with things palpable, and roundly pronounced, with the child's direct bluntness of expression. Ancient religious literature is conspicuous for the number of Gods held in veneration. We find in Christendom but three, or, at most, four. Explanation of the " Trinity" and the natural origin of those four great creative, all-absorbing Gods are here elucidated upon historic and well-nigh scientific bases. The Phallic and Yonijic remains found in California are in these pages, for the first time, so far as known to lV PREFACE. the author, introduced to public attention as ancient religious relics belonging to the pre-historic stone age. Those who have perused Inman's" Ancient Faiths," Higgins' " Anacalypsis " and his "Celtic Druids," Payne Knight's "Worship of Priapus," Layard's Nineveh," papers of Dr. G. L. Ditson and others relating to kindred subjects, know the authentic sources of much of the information here briefly uttered. SHA Rocco. January, 1871,. THE MASCULINE CROSS AND ANOIENT SEJ:X: "W"ORSHIF. '~ ~oc: (f I. ORIGIN OF THE CROSS. FAn. back in the twilight of the pictured history of the past, the cross is found on the borders of the River Nile. A horizontal piece of wood fastened to an upright beam indicated tl1e height of the water in flood. This formed a cross, the Nilorneter. If the stream failed to rise a certain height in its proper season, no crops anu no bread was the result. From famine on the one hand to plenty on the other, the cross came to be worshipped as a symbol of life and regeneration, or feared as o.n image of decay o.nd death. This is one, so-called, origin of the cross. The cross wo.s a symbol of life and regeneration in India long before this usage on the Nile, and for another reason. The most learned antiquarians agree in holding it unquestionable that Egypt was colonised from India, and crosses migrated with the inhabitants. "Proofs in adequate confirmation of this point are found," says the 5 6 OTIIGIN OF THE CROSS. len.rned Dr. G. L. Ditson, "in waifs brought to light in ancient lore. Waif originally signified goods n. thief, when pursued, threw away to avoid detection. Mn.ny of the facts to be brought forth in our inquiry were doubtless intentionally scattered and put out of sight to prevent app~·ehension of the proper subject to which they belong." The cross bespeaks ,evolution in religion. It is the product of time, and the relic of the revered past. It begins with one thing n.ncl ends with another. In seeking for the origin of the cross it becomes necessary to direct attention in some degree to the forms of faith among mankind with whom the cross is found. Retrogressive inquiry enables the religio-philosophicu.l student to follow the subject back, if not to its source, to the proximate neighbourhood of its source. Like evel'y item of ecclesiastical ornament, and every badge of devotion, the cross is the embodiment of a symbol. That symbol represents a fact, or facts, of both structure n.nd office. The facts were gene'ration and ?'egeneration. Long before the mind matures the generative structure matures. The ce1·ebellum attains its natural size at three years of age, the ce?·ebTu?n at seven years, if we accept the measurements as announced by Sir William Hamilton. Throughout the ren.lm of animal life there is no physical impulse so overbearing as the generative, unless we except that for food. Food gives sn.tisfn.ction. Rest to tired nature gives pleasure. To the power of reproduction is appended the acme of physical bliss. How natural, then, that this ln.st.named impulse should, early in human development, take the lead, give direction and consequence to religious fancies, and lead its votaries captive to a willing bondage, as it did in India, OIUGIN OF THE CROSS. 7 Egypt, among the Buddhists, Babylonians, Phcenicians Assyrians, and ancient Hebrews. rrhe ancients personified the elements, air, water, fire, the earth, the sea, the celestial orbs ; in imagination gave superintending Deities to some and deified others. The sexual ability of man and Nature was also personified, and likewise supplied with a governing Deity, which was elevated to the niche of the Supreme. Once enthroned as the ruling God over all, dissent therefrom was impious. A king mig·ht be obeyed, but God must be worshipped. A monarch could compel obedience to the State, but the ministers of God lured the devotee to the shrines of Isis and Venus on the one hand, and to BacclJUs and Priapus or Baal-Peor on the other, by appealing to the most animating and sensuous force of our physical nature. The name of this God bore different appellatives in different languages, among which we find Al, El, Il, Ilos, On, Bel, Juo, Jab, J<Lk, Josh, Bru.hma, Eloiltim, Jupiter, and Jehovah. Being God of the genital power, he became the reputed sire of numerous children, and numberless children were born under his auspicious rule. The names of his dutiful descendants were composite in signification, and in many ways characterised the honoured Deity. Hence, derived therefrom, we meet with the El God in Michael, Raguel, Raphael, Gabrael, Joel, Pbaniel, Uriel, Sarakiel, Bethel, Chapel, Eli, Elijah. Al, El, II, are used interchangeably, one for the other; likewise Jab, J u, Jao, Yho, Ia.h, lao, Iu. On expresses the idea of the male Creator. Am, Om, Urn, or Umma, represent the female Deity. From Am we have Amelia and Emma. One is an integrant of many names, as Abdon, Onan, Aijalon, Ashcalon, Ezbon. From Ra, Re, or Ri, arise Rebekah, Regem, Rehoboam, and Reba, which 8 ORIGIN OF THE CROSS. signifies "sexual congress." The cognomens in which Jab enters are almost unlimited, as in Isaiah, Hezekia!t, Zedekiah, Padiah, Maniah, Jehu. The attributes of this presiding Deity were characteristic of his office. He was strong, powerful, erect, high, firm, bright, upright, happy, large, splendid, noble, mighty, hard, able. Corresponding to the same idea, he was often, indeed nearly always, associated in pictured relics with animals which denoted the above qualities These were the bull, elephant, ass, goat, ram, and lion, which were typical of strength and salacious vigour. When a large and strong man appeared, he at once resembled the prevalent idea of god, and was most naturally called the man of God, or the God-man ; also, large, strong animals were noted as the bulls of God, the rams of God. 'l'he meaning of a large number of Bible names verifies this view. From Dr. Inman's " Vocabulary of Bible Names" I set out to copy those the sign~fication of which related to "divine," sexual, generative, or creative power; such as Alah, "the strong one " ; Ariel, "the strong J ah is El " ; Amasai, " J ah is firm " ; Asher, " the male " or "the upright organ" ; Elijah, "El is Jah"; Eliab, "the strong father" · Elisha " El is upri aht" · Ara "the ' , 0 ' J strong one," " the hero ; Aram, " high," or " to be uncovered; Baalshalisha, "my Lord the trinity," or, "my God is three" ; Ben-zohett, " son of firmness ; Camon, the erect On; Cainan, "he stands upright;" but after copying over one hundred names with their meaningsome of which related to feminine qualities-I found I had advanced only to the letter E of the alphabet, and gave up the undertaking for these limited pages. We must look at this curious subject as we find it. ORIGIN m• TI:lE CROSS. 9 Quaint though most of it is, we hope to treat it with all the decorum of philosophic inquiry, and in the chaste language of scientific precision. That the cross, or crucifix, bas a sexual origin we l1etermine by a similar rule of research as that by which comparative anatomists determine the place and habits of an animal by a single tooth. The cross is a metaphoric tooth which belongs to an antique religious body physical, ann that essentially human. A study of some of the earliest forms of faith will lift the veil and explain the mystery. India, China, and Egypt have furnished the world with a genus of religion. Time and culture have divided and modified it into many species and countless varieties. However much the imagination was allowed to play upon it, the animus of that religion was sexualityworship of the generative principle of man and nature, male and female. The cross became the emblem of the male fe11ture, under the term of the i?·iad-three in one. The female was the unit; and, joined to the. male triad, constituted a sacred four. Rites and adoration were sometimes paid to the male, sometimes to the female, or to the two in one. From motives of improved modesty, or the less commendatory motive to gain prestige through the power of superstition, much truth bearing directly upon our subject has been suppressed by an interested hierarchy. Stripped of euphemisms, we find "the Uhaldees believed in a Celestial Virgin, who had purity of body, loveliness of form, and tenderness of person; and to whom the erring sinner could appeal with more chance of success tho.n to a stern father. She was portrayed with a child in her arms. Her full womb was thought to be teeming B 10 ORIGlN OF THE CROSS. with blessings, and everything which could remind a votary of a lovely woman was adopted into her worship." 'l'he worship of the woman by man naturally led to developments which our comparatively sensitive natures shun, as being opposed to all religious feeling. But among a people whose language was without the gloss of modern politeness, whose priests both spoke and wrote without the least disguise, and whose God, through his prophets and lawgivers, promised abundance of offspring and an increase in flocks and herds, as one of the greatest blessings he had to bestow, we can readily believe that what we call " obscenities might be re~arded as sacred homage or divine emblems. What are these emblems 1 When plainness of speech is restored to its original office, and the meaning of words is defined or trace<l to their primitives, names of natural objects give us this wonderful answer, and tell us the homely story of these emblems. EMBLEMS. The Phallus and Linga, or Lingham, stood for the image of the male organ; and the Yoni, or Unit, for th e f emale organ. PHALLUS. Privy member ('rnembrum vi1·ile) signifies "he breaks through, or passes into." This word survives in German pfahl, and pole in English. Phallus is supposed to be of Phcenician origin, the Greek word pallo, or phallo, " to brandish preparatory to throwing a missile," is so near in assonance and meaning to phellus that one is quite likely to be parent of the other. In Sanskrit it can be trucecl PHALLUS. 11 to phal, "to burst," " to produce," "to be fruitful" ; then, again, phal is "a ploughshare," and is also the name of Siva and Mahadeva, who are Hindu Deities. Phallus, then, was the ancient emblem of creation: a Divinity who was companion to Bacchus. The figure holds a phallus, or lingham, in the left hand, formed after an imaginery lotus bud. The coarsely carved unit of the feminine figure completes the dogma of masculine and feminine powers combined in one. The son of Reuben, Phallu (Gen. xlvi. 9), signifies "a distinguished one," he splits, divides," "he is round and plump," all of which point to a religion of sensual love. Phallic emblems abounded at Heliopolis in Syria, and many other places, even into modern times. The following unfolds marvellous proof to our point. A brother physician, writing to Dr. Inman, says : " I was in Egypt last winter (1865-66), and there certainly are numerous figures of Gods and kings, on the walls of the temple at Thebes, depicted with the male genital erect. The great temple at Karnak is, in particular, full of such figures, and the temple of Danclesa likewise, though that is of much later date, and built merely in imitation of old Egyptian art. The same inspiring bas-reliefs are pointed out by Ezek. xxiii. 14. I remember one scene of a king (Ramescs II.) returning in triumph with captives, many of whom are undergoing the operation of castration, and in the corner of the picture nre numerous heaps of the complete genitals which have been cut offmany hundreds in all, I should think." This shows, first, how ln.rgely virility was interwoven with religion; second, how completely English Egyptologists have suppressed a portion of the facts in the histories which they have given to the world; third, it tells of the antiquity 12 PHALLUS. of the practice, which still obtains among the negroes of North Africa, of mutilating entirely every male captive and slain enemy. See 2 Kings xx. 18; Isa. xxxix. 7. This vindictive ·usage wn.s practised by Sn.ul and David, us may be seen in 1 Sam. xviii. 25, 27, when the king demands a hundred foreskins. David, more heartless than Saul, doubled the quantity and brought two hundred of the vulgar, trophies. Also Isaiah ( xxxix. 7) intimidates the people, and says, "Tby sons thn.t shall issue from the ... shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon. The Apache Indians of California and Arizona delight in perpetrating the same barbarous mutilations upon captives and the sln.in. Dr. Ginsipgburg, in " Kitto's Cyclopredia," says : " Another primitive custom which obtained in the putrin.rchal age was, that the one who took the oath put his hand under the thigh of the adjurer (Gen. xxiv. 2, and xlvi~. 29). This practice evidently arose from the fact that tbe genital member, which is men.nt by the euphemic expression thigh, wn.s regarded as the most sacred part of the body, being the symbol of union in the tenderest relation of matrimonial life, and the seat whence all issue proceeds, and the perpetuity so much coveted by the ancients. Compare Gen. xlvi. 26; Exod. i. 5; J udg. viii. 30. Hence the creative organ became the symbol of the Creator and the object of worship among all nations of antiquity. It is for this reason that God claimed it as a sign of the covenant between himself and his clwsen people in the rite of circumcision. Nothing therefore could render the oath more solemn in those days than touching the symbol of creation, the sign of the covenant, and the source of that issue who may at any future period avenge the breaking a compact made with their

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PHALLUS. 13 progenitor." From this we learn that Abraham, himself a Chaldee, had reverence for the phallus as an emblem of the Creator. We also learn the rite of circumcision touches phallic or liogasic worship. From Herodotus we are informed the Syrians learned circumcision from the Egyptians, as did the Hebrews. Says Dr. Inman: " I do not know any thing which illustrates the difference between ancient and modern times more than the frequency with which circumcision is. spoken of in the sacred books, and the carefulness with which the subject is avoided now. To speak of any man as being worthy or contemptible, as men and women did among the Jews, according to the condition of an organ never named, and very rarely alluded to, in a mixed company of males and females among ourselves, shows us that persons holding such ideas must have thought far more of these matters, and spoken of them more freely, than we have been taught to do. Abundance of offspring is the absorbing promise to the faithful; a promise liable to fail except the parts destined to that purpose were in an appropriate condition." 'Ne can compass some idea of the esteem in which people in former times cherished the male or phallic eml;>lems of creative power when we note the sway that power exercised over them. If these organs were lost or disabled, the unfortunate one was unfitted to meet in the congregation of the Lord, and disqualified to minister in the holy temples. Excessive was the punishment inf1icted upon the person who should have the temerity to injure the sacred structure. If a woman were guilty of inflicting such injury, her hand should be cut off without pity (Deut. xxv. 12). It was an unpardonable offence, a sin not to be forgiven, for it was a calamity that hum- 14 TRIAD. bled their God and made him of no esteem. When his ability failed, respect for him failed. Such a man was "an abomination." With a people enslaved to such grovelling tenets, it was an easy and natural step from the actual to the symbolical; from the crude, and, perhaps, to some, offensive, to the improved, the pictured, the adorned, the less ofi'ensi ve; from the plain and self-evident, to the mixed, disguised, and mystified; from the unclothed privy member to the letter T, or the cross ; for these became the phallic analogues. 'l'he linga is the symbol of the male organ and Creator in Hindostan. It is always repre- ~;:;ented standing in the yoni. Obelisks, pillars of any shape, stumps, trees denuded of boughs, upright stones, are some of the means by which the male element was symbolized. Siva is represented as a stone stan<.ling alone. TRIAD. To know exactly who is who, and what is what, it will be necessary to explain the 'l'riad, or Trinity, its origin and its changes or metamorphoses: then the tria jt~ncta in uno-the three in one-can be recognised in the cross more r eadily than most people see the three persons in one God." The triad generally belongs to the male, although the female Divinities were sometimes of triple constitution. If we turn to the analysis of the subject according to Rawlinson, we find that the first and most sacred trinity-three persons and one Godcon»isted of Asshur, or Asher, or Ashur, whose several names were Il, !los, and Ra; A nu and Hea, or H oa. Beltis was the Goddess associated with him. These four, that is, Asher, Anu, Hea, and Beltis, made up Arba, or TRIAD. 15 Arba-il, the four great Gods, the quadrilateral, the perfect Creator. Asher was the phallus, or the linga, the membrttm virile-the privy member; the cognomenAnuwas given to the right testis, while that of Hea designated the left testis. When Asher was canonised a Deity, it was but right and natural his ever-attendant appendages should be deified with him. The idea thus broached receives confirmation when we examine the opinions which obtained in ancient times respecting the power of the right side of the body compared with the titles given to Anu. It was believed that the right t esticle produced masculine seed, and that when males were begotten they were developed in the right side of the woman. Benjamin signifies "son of my right side; thus the name of a member of a family attests the reigning notion. The name Benoni, given to the same individual by his mother, may mean, literally, either" son of Anu," or" son of my On." The male, or active, principle was typified by the idea of "solidity," and "firmness"; and the female, or passive, principle by "water," "fluidity, or "softness." It is then, a priori, probable that Anu was the name of the testis on the right side. To inspect the perfect man, or a correctly designed statute of Apollo Belvidere, will detect the fact that the right"egg"hangs on a higher level than the left, for which there is an anatomical reason. The metaphors we sometimes hear, such as "king of the lower world," " the original chief," father of the Gods," "the old Anu," relate to these parts, and are of phallic import. "King of the lower world" cannot refer to the "infernal regions" of modern orthodoxy, since that mythical Hades had not then come into existence. How about the gland on the left side, the third 16 'l'niAD. divinity of the triad? Rawlinson states, as best he could determine, this was named Hea or Hoa, and he considers this Deity corresponds to Neptune. Neptune was the presiding Deity of the great deep, " Ruler of the Abyss," and" King of Rivers." He also regulates aqueducts, and waters generally. There is a correspondence between this Deity and Bacchus. As Darwin and his coadjutors teach, mankind, in com- · mon with all animal life, originally sprang from the sea, so physiology teaches that each individual has origin in a pond of water. The fruit of man is both solid and fluid. It was natural to imagine that the two male appendages had a distinct duty: that one formed the infant, the other the water in which it lived ; that one generated the male and the other the female offspring; !f and the inference was then drawn that water must be feminine, the emblem of the passive powers of creation. The use of water would then become the emblem of a new birth-" born of water;" and it would represent the phenomenon which occurs when the being first emerges into day. The night, which favours connubial intercourse, and the dark interior of the worn b, in which for • many months the new creature is gradually formed, are represented by the "darkness brooding." It was night when the world was formed out of chaos; likewise it was thongh to be obscure when the mingling of the male and female fluids started a new being into existence. Favouring food feel the tiny speck for months, and its

• Somewhat recent information on this point teaches that sex is

governed by the healt.h and maturity of the ovum. Female offspring will follow when conception occurs at the earliest period of the maturing ovum, anu male oflspring at tho concluding period of hen~ ' TRIAD. 17 emerging as male or female into the world of men was the prototype of the emergence of animal life from the bosom of earth, or the womb of time, into actual existence. Having dwelt on stem and branches of the god Asher, · it is proper to give his definition as a personality and function; in other words, as a God. Asher (Gen. xxx. 13), "to be straight," upright," fortunate,"" happy,"" happiness," i.e., unus cui membrum erectum est vel fascinum ipsum-the erect virile member charmed with the act of its proper function. Says Dr. Inman: "While attending hospital practice in London, I heard a poor Irishman apostrophise his diseased organ as ' You father of thousands ; ' and in the same sense Asher is the father of the Gods. I find that a. corresponding part of the female (pudenda) is currently called " the mother of all saints." Asher was the supreme God of the Assyrians, the Vedic God Mahadeva, the emblem of the human male structure and creative energy. This idea of the Creator is still to be seen in India, Egypt, Judea, the East, Phrenicia, the Mediterranean, Europe, Denmark, depicted on stone relics. This much for Asher seemed necessary to explain the origin of the Trinity. So we find the male p1•ivy membeT and the adjacent twin testes made the Triad, and constructed into the pictured formula thus- ~ rn ~ t.=:1 ~ ANU HEA. f With this glossary we can now understand the hidden

. meaning of Psa. cxxvii. 3, " Chiluren are an heritage of

0 18 VOCABULARY. the Lord, and the fruit of the womb is his reward." Exactly ! Anu is Assyrian. There is a God in Babylon by the name of Ann. Asher is only another name for Al, On, Ra, II, El, Hos, Helos, Bel, Baal, Allah, Elohim. These are also sometimes given to tbe sun as the representative of the Creator and the phallic emblem, Ash er, Anu, and Rea, three persons and one God, or, as modern theologians have been led to speak of the Trinity, "the more three because one, and the more one because three." One, by himself, is of no value, but" all work together for good." VOCABULARY. In all ages and all localities of the ~orld , people conferred names which imply some one or more characteristics of person, feature, faith, place, or event. Among defectively educated people, and those of rough manner~, we find "Lon a John" "Broad Bottom" "Squintin<r 0 ) l "' Dick"; and names for helpless children, "Makepeace," "Faithful," "Freelove," and "Praise God Bare bones." In this matter the people of antiquity appear to have set the example. The Greeks had " Theodore," " the gift of God"; "Tbeophilus," the friend of God." The analysis .of the following vocabulary of ·Bible names throws a flood of light on the subj ect in hand. It unveils an interesting question, the nudity of which, for the most part, has been clothed with the vesture e£ words. Ahumai (1 Chron. iv. 2), "ach is mi," or "semen " ; Baal-Shalisha (2 Kings iv. 42), "my Lord the trinity, "my Lord is three," "the triple male genitals." Amorite, "speaking, flowing"; '~erecting or swelling up." Ankura, "a sprout, or intumescence," "an erection." VOCABULARY. 10 Arn.m, high," u to swell up," "to be uncovered or naked." Aras, "to erect," "to build," u a nuptial bed." Asn.bel, "to create, "to beget, " El-created." Bao.l-Peor (N um. xxv. 3), u the maiden's hymen opener," my Lord the opener." Baal-Perazim, "Baal of the £ssure. Baal-i'amar, "Baal the palm tree," "my Lord who is or causes to be erect. Benoni, "son of Anu," or "son of my On," son of my God." Ben-zohetb, "son of firmness," u to set up," "an erection," " a cippus. Beren, " the womb," " the round belly," " the female .organ. Boladan, "my Lord of pleasure and delight." Buli, "the vulva,"" the belly." Cainan, "he stands upright," u Hermes." Ca~on, "the erect On." Chesil, " the loins or flanks." Loins is an euphemism for the male genitals. Cyrus, "the bended bow,"" the abdomen of a pregnant worn an." Dimon, "river, place"; "the semen, or viscous discharge of On. Dodai, "loving, amatory. Ehud "conjugation, union ; "strong," "powerful, "the one.' Eliaso.ph, " El the fascinator." Elisha, " El is, "the erect El." Elkana, " El the erect ·one," " t'he tall ·reed," '" El burning with desire." Elkoshi, "El the hard .One." 20 VOCABULARY. En-am," the eye or fountain of the mother." En-an, "the eye of On, or Anu." Epaphroditus, "Love was my parent,"" gi'-v-en by Venus." Epher, "a calf,"" a faun," "to join," "be strong. Esau, " to make, to press, to dig, to build up, to squeeze immodestly," "the hairy EL" Eshek (1 Chron. viii. 39), " he presses, squeezes, penetrates in to." Eshton, " the power of woman." Ether, " fullness," a God in the second As.syrian triad, his colleagues being the Sun and Moon. His name may be read as Eva, Iva, Air, Aer, Aur, Er, Ar, also Vul. Ethnan, "a harlot's fee," begotten by harlotry. Eve, Chavah, havah, or hauah, " to breathe," to blow," "eagerness," "lust"; "a cleft, fissure, or gap"; really, a fissure" (Concha). Evi, " desire." Ezem, "to fit firmly to one another," "hard." Gaal, " the proud or erect Al." Galah, to be," or "to be naked," as in gala days. Gatb, "a wine press," also !'a slit, pit, hole, well," or the euphemism for the vulva. Gaza, "strong," " the trunk of a tree, "a phallic emblem." Gilboa, "the sun is Baal." Gilgal, a wheel," "a circle," "the sun's heap of stones," "a phallus." Giloh, " the revealer," " to be or make naked," " to uncover," " to disclose." Ginath, " the virgins," "the goddesses." Ginnethon, "the power of the virgins." Gomorrah, "a fissure, a cleft." Habakkuk," embrace of love." v ·ocABULAR 1. 21 Hai, Assyrian ai, " female power of the Sun." Hamor " the swelling up one," or " the red one," "to be dark red," "sudden in rising," also "an ass "-which is notorious for salacity. "My beloved is white and ruddy" (Sol. Songs, v. 10). Hashupa, "uncovering, "nakedness." Hephzibah, "pure deligbt," "my delight in her. Jaaz, "he is hard, firm, stiff,"" he rule~," "he decides, Jabal, "he rejoices," "he flows ou li," "he is strong. Jabok, "running, or flowing forth. J q.bash, "a stout, fat one." Jachin, "he strengthens," "to be bot with desire," "to have intercourse." Boaz bas the same phallic meaning. Jahdo, "he unites." Jabaz, "Ju.h shines, "to be fair," "to be proud,"" he is firm." J abdial, " El makes glad. Jair, "enlightens,"" shines," "blooms,"" flows." Jair is united with Eros (erotic desire). Jakim, "he set up, "standing erect," "raising seed to." Japho, "beauty," "widely extending," "seduce," persuade." J ehoaddan, " J ah is lovely," "Y eho is the provider of sexual pleasure. Jepthel-el, "El is a begetter." J eroham, " a beloved or favoured One." J esher, " he is upright." J esimel, " El creates." J eziah, he is son of J ah. Jonathan, "the gift of Jao (a God). Jhoharaph, "Jah is juicy, vigorous, strong or proud." Joshar, "he is straight," " upright." 22 VOCABULARY. Jurah, "he boils up," "to glow, to burn, "to pour out lnrgely." Kishon, " the firm or hard On." Maon, "pudenda of On. Tamar, the palm, an euphemism for the male organ. It will be observed, a few of the above names refer to the Sun Deity and solar worship. In some the solur 'and ph11llic tenets are combined in tbe s11me name, and depicted in tLe same figure. Snch an illustration will be found in Webster's Unabridgecl Dictionary, under 'the name Agnus Dei. The figure-lamb, ram, or goat-is in the impossible attitude of haloing a cross with the foot-sometimes a crosier, or shepherd's crook, either of which are phallic emblems. The head of the animal is surrounded by a circle, or with rays, which are always typical of the Sun God. For the Hebrew text of the above names the reader is referre9 to "Inman's Ancient Faiths." MARKS AND SIGN~ OF THE TRIAD. The triad is parent to the idea of Trinity. It is met with in the most distant countries, and is traced . t~ Ph ami cia, Egypt on the west, and Japan on the e::.tst, of our hemisphere, and to India. Constituting, as the triad and yoni did, the ever dominant thought, and actuated by the narrow realm of an absorbing selfpersonality, they formed the basis and spirit of religious observance. They were referred to openly and broadly, or more generally and in la£er times by a mark, a metaphor, a motion, or a sign. For that sign the letter T became typical, and still later the :figure of the cross became that sign. It is most remarkable," says Payne Knight, l\IARKS AND SIGNS OF THE TRIAD. 23 that "the letter T and the cross, symbols of symbols are made to represent the male procreative powers, which are emblems of generation and regeneration." Reverse the position of the triple deities Asher, Anu, Hea, and we have the figure of the ancient "tau j of the Christians, Greeks, and ancient Hebrews-not of the modern Hebrews.. It is one of the oldest conventional forms of the cross. It is also met with in Gallic, Oscan, Arcadian, Etruscan, original .Egyptian, Phcenician, Ethicpic and Pelasgian. The Etbiopic form of the "tau" is this I tbe exact prototype and image of the. cross; or, rathe1·, to state the f11ct in order of merit and position in time, the· cross is made in the exact image of the Ethiopic "ta·u." The fig-leaf, having three lobes to it, became a symbol of the triad. As tbe male genital organs were held in early times to exemplify the actual male creative powP.r, various natural objects were seized upon to express the theistic idea, and at the same time point to those parts of the human form. Hence, 11 similitude was recognised in a pillar, a heap of stones, a tree between two rocks, a club between two pine cones, a trident, a thyrsus tied round with two ribbons with the two ends pendant, a thumb and two fingers, the caduceu>:. Again, the conspicuc,us part of the sacred triad 1\sher is symbolised by a sing~e stone placed upright-as in Gilgal -the stump of a tree, a block, a tower, spire, minaret pole, pine, poplar, or palm tree. While eggs, apples, or citrons, plums, grapes, and the like, represented the remaining two portions ; altogether called phallic emblems. Baal-Sbalisba is a name which seems designed to perpetuate the triad, since it signifies "my Lord the Trinity," or " my God is three." We must not omit to mention other phallic emblems, 24 1\IARKS AND SIGNS OF THE TRIAD. such as the bull, the ram, the goat, the serpent, the torch fire, a knobbed stick, the crozier: and still further personified, as Bacchus, Priapus, Dionysius, Hercules, Hermes, Mahadeva, Siva, Osiris, Jupiter, Molech, Baal, Asher, and others. If Ezekiel is to be credited, the triad T, as Asher, Anu, and Hea, was made of gold and silver, and was in his day not symbolically used, but actually employed; for he bluntly says, " whoredom was committed with the images of men," or, as the margi~al note has it, images of "a male" (Ezek. xvi. 17). It was with this god-mark - a cross in the form of the letter T -that Ezekiel was directed to stamp the foreheads of the men of Judea who feared the Lord (Ezek. ix. 4). In China, Tau is Nature's absolute unity. Thus we find the cross is the Ethiopic and ancient Hebrew "tau" i. The T is the triad, the triad is Asher, Anu, and Hea-the male genitals deified-the genitals are pudenda, pudenda means shame or immodest, and so we arrive at the unavoidable conclusion that the cross is of sexual origin and purely masculine. It is the sign of a man-God. This is not all of the cross. In ancient days it had a natural counterpart little suspected by moderns. 'This essential opposite was denominated the Yoni. II. YON I. THERE is in Hindostan an emblem of great sanctity, which is known as the Linga-Yoni. H consists of a simple pillar in the centre of a figure resembling the outline of a conical ear-ring, or an old-fashioned wooden battledore. Dr. Inman says : <~As a scholar, I had he11rd th11t the Greek letter, Delta, A, is expressive of the female genital organ botb in shape and idea. The selection of name and symbol was judicious, for the .words Daleth (Hebrew) and Delta (Greek) signify the door of a house, and the outlet of a river, while the figure reversed, with the heavy sid e above, \! modestly represents the fringe with which the human delta is oversh~dowed." Yoni is of Sanskrit origin. Yauna, or Yoni, means (1) the vulva, (2) the womb, (3) the place of birth, (4) origin, (5) water, (6) a mine, a hole, or pit. As Asher and Jupiter were the representatives of the male potency, so Juno and Venus were representatives of the female attribute. Moore, in his "Oriental Fragments," says: "Oriental writers have generally spelled the word, 'Yoni,' which I prefer to write 'IOni.' As Lingham was the vocalised cognomen of the male organ, or Deity, so IOni was that of hers." Says R. P. Knight: "The female organs of generation were revered as symbols of the generative powers of Nature or of matter, as those of the male were 25 D 26 YON!. of the generative powers of God. They are usually represented emblematically by the shell Concha VcneTis, which was therefore worn by devout persons of antiquity, as it still continues to be by the pilgrims of many of the common people of Italy" (" On the worship of Priapus," p. 28). If Asher, the conspicuous feature of the male Creator, is supplied with types and representative figures of himself, so the female feature is furnished with substitutes and typical imagery of herself. One of these is technically known as the sisi?'U?n of Isis. It is the virgin's symbol. The bars across the fenestTt&m, or opening, are bent so they cannot be taken out, and indicate that the door is closed. It signifies that the mother is still virgo intacta-a truly immaculate female-if the truth can be strained to so denominate a mothe?'. The pure virginity of the Celestial Mother was a tenet of faith for 2,000 years before the accepted Virgin Mu.ry now adored was born. Vl e might infer that Solomon was acquainted with the figure of the sist?·v.:m when he said, "A garden enclosed is my spouse, a spring shut up, a fo'u,ntain scaled" (Song of Solomon iv. 12). The sistrum, we are told, was only used in the worship of Isis, to drive away Typhon (evil). The Argha is a contrite form, or boat-shaped dish or plate used as a sacrificial cup in the worship of Astarte, Isis, and Venus. Its shape portrays its own significance. The Argha and C?'1&X ansata were often seen on Egyptian monuments, and yet more frequently on bas-reliefs. There is a Buddhist emblem in which the two triangles typifying the male and female principles are united by a serpent, the emblem of desire. It also typifies wisdom. Equivalent to lao, or the Lingham, we find Ab, the Father, the Trinity, Asher, Anu, Hea, Abraham, Adam, YON I. 27 Esau, Edom, Ach, Sol, Helios (Greek for Sun), Dionysius, Bacchus, Apollo, Hercules, Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, Jupiter, Zeus, Aides, Adonis, Baal, Osiris, Thor, Oden, the cross, tower, spire, pilla.r, minaret, tolmen, and a host of others ; while the Yoni was represented by IO, Isis, Astarte, Juno, Venus, Diana, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hera, Rhea, Cybele, Ceres, Eve, Frea, Frigga, the queen of heaven, the oval, the trough, tbe delta, the door, the ark, the ship, the chasm, a ring, a lozenge, cave, hole, pit, Celestial Virgin, and a number of other names. Lucian, who was an Assyrian, and visited the temple of Dea Syria, near the Euphrates, says there are two phalli standing in the porch with this inscription on them, These phalli I, Bacchus, deuicated to my step-mother Juno." Another emblem is that of the eternal door. Jesus is reported to have said, "I am the door," and some one in a sacred book said, ".My beloved put in his hand by the hole of the door (Sol. Song v. 4). It is a Buddhist theological badge, showing the God Si Ya standing in the ambient yoni, or door; the date of which was long before the birth of Jesus. It is one of the antecedents of the Virgin Mary. .Mary is a compound word, as many of the deities are compound deities, composed of male and female, principles and pattern. Mare, or Mar, in the Chaldee, signifies "Lord, the lord or master, and ri signifies "the Celestial Mother." Ri 'vas the name of an Assyrian Goddess. When these two words are united in one they form mar-ri, or Mary, a union of father and mother elements aml parts, as portrayed in the above crude figure of antiquity. Molly is the name of a married woman, or a woman with children. ' From time . immemorial to our day, it is to be noticed 28 YONI. the man is put first and foremost, the woman next. He is three; she is one. Christians have perpetuated the triune male God as Abba, father, but left out the mother altogether, except among the Catholics. The sacred four "dignitaries -of which Rev. Cotton Mather said" the Devil is one " are only made up by adding Satan, the Typhon or pagan of antiquity. In Ireland, up to almost the last century, there were three Christi11n churches over whose doors might be seen the coarsely sculptured figure of a nude woman exposing the maar (pudenda) in the most shameless manner, the iuea, being that the sight thereof brought good luck. The horse shoe is the modern representative of the organ in question, and is often fastened over the main entrance door by the superstitious for the same object. The Papal religion is essentially feminine, and built on the ancient Chaldea,n basis. It clings to the female element in the person of the Virgin Mary. Naphtali (Gen. xxx. 8) was a descendant of such worshippers, if there be any meaning in a concrete name. Bear in mind, nn.mes and pictures perpetuate the faith of many peoples. N epton.h is Hebrew for the "vulva," and, Al or El being God, one of the unavoidable renderings of N aphtali is "the Yoni is my God," or "I worship the Celestial Virgin." The Philistine towns generally had names strongly connected with sexual ideas. Ashdod, aish or esh, means "fire, heat," and dod means " love to love," "boil up,"" be agitated," the whole signifying" the heat of lo.ve, or" the fire which impels to union." Could not those people exclaim, " Our God is love ? " (1 J olm iv. 8). The amatory drift of Solomon's Song is undisguised, COLOUR OF GODS. 29 though the language is dressed in the habiliments of seeming decency. The burden of thought of most of it bears direct reference to the Linga-Yoni. He makes a woman'say, "He shall lie all night betwixt my breasts (Song of Sol. i. 13). Again, of the phallus, or linga, she says, "I will go up to the palm-tree, I will take hold of the boughs thereof" (vii. 8). Palm-tree and boughs are enphemisms of the male genitals. Solomon, like the ancients before him, worshipped at the high sanctuary of sex. COLOUR OF GODS. One would naturally suppose the colour of a Deity would . be the same as the complexion \.V hich belonged to the worshippers of it. Black Gods and Goddesses were met with among the Egyptians, Hindus, Greeks, and Romans -yes, in Europe. In explanation of these facts, Dr. Inman remarks thut "the female generative structure in some countries is of a dark or hluck colour; that Buddha and Brahma were as often painted black as white." There wus a black Venus ut Corinth. Osiris, Isis, and her child Horus, were black. A black Virgin and black child are to be seen at St. Stephens, in Genoa; at St. Francisco, in Pisa ; at St. Theodore, in Munich ; and in other places. These sombre facts seem to explain a passage in the Song of Solomon, where a woman is made to say, "I am blaclc, but comely" (i. 5). The reason for black Deities assigned above is less satisfactory than n.ttends the author's explanations generally ; for the same reason may apply among the same people ~o their male Gods, which are perhaps more often painted white or red, and for the same local reuson. Mahadeva in India was often .painted red. Some ancient 30 COLOUR OF GODS. figures of Bacchus, the Greek personification of Mahadeva, have been found painted red. In the Townley Collection a bisexual figure of Bacchus was, like his analogue, Priapus, painted red. Ezekiel says (xxiii. 14), "the images of Chaldean men portrayed upon the wall were with vermilion. The experience of thos e concerned in opening Etruscan tombs shows that whenever the phallus is found therein it is painted red. Adam means red or ruddy. "My beloved [he] is white and ruddy" (Sol. Song v. 10). Further generous light is thrown upon the subject of male sanctities and female worship by a religio-historic gem unearthed in Nineveh. It is an Egyptian seal, copied from Layard (" Nineveh and Babylon," p. 156). On it is engraved the Egyptian God Harpocratcs seated on the mystic lotus in profound adoration of the Yoni, or havah, the "Divine Mother of all," which is set in the field before him. "Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm, for love is strong as death " (Sol. Song viii. 6). Solomon's seal was in outline the shape of the unit. The same lozenge-shaped figure was the symbol of Astarte, the Celestial Virgin, wherefrom Solomon may have obtained it. Layard and others state that such homage as is here depicted in the above seal is actually' paid, in some parts of Palestine and India, to the living symbol, the worshipper on bended knees offering to it bread before he eats it, with or without silent prayer. A corresponding homage is paid by female devotees to the masculine emblem of the Sheik, or Patriarch, which is devoutly kissed by all the women of the tribe on one solemn occasion during the year, when the old ruler sits in state to receive the homage. The emblem is, for many, FISH AND GOOD FRIDAY. 31 of greater sanctity than the crucifix. Such homage is depicted in Picart's " Religious Ceremonies of all the People of the World," plate 71. It may easily be understood that few people would be so gross as to use in religious worship true similitudes of these parts, which their owners think it shame to speak of, and a punishment or reproach publicly to show. As there is circumlocution in language, so there is symbolism in sculpture. Words and figures are adopted which are ingeniously veiled so as not to be understood by the multitude, yet significant enough to the initiated. The palm-tree, the wine-press, the pomegranate, the tower, steeple, hand gestures, are quite innocent in common conversation, while in mythoses they have a hidden meaning. The scholar is aware there are occasions on which no such reticence was used, but where an excessive shamelessness prevailed. Of their nature it is unnecessary to speak further than to say that the exposures were made with the impulse of a religious idea, such as that thich might have actuated David when he leaped and danced naked before the ark, and in sight of the women of his household (2 Sam. vi. 14-20). Moderns who have not been initiated in the ancient mysteries, and only know the emblems considered sacred, have need of anatomical knowledge and physiological lore ere they can see the meaning of many a sign. Note the Greek Delta inverted \1, the door of life; likewise the concha shell, which was held to typify the same feminine organ. FISH AND GOOD FRIDAY. The Fish was a sacred being. Fish are found among the venerated pictures and sculptured works of the 32 FISH AND GOOD FRIDAY. Budqhists, Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians, PhceniCians. There is a. Buddhist emblem of the quadruple deity. The rudimentary fig-leaf at the summit is the triad or ma1e feature. The fish yield in a fauning bias for the yoni and female person. Imagine an Oriental priest expounding the mystery of the Godhead and unfolding the holy Trinity. While pointing to the above figure as the visible expression thereof, he might sayleaving out one person, as many Christians do-" There are three that bear witness in earth-the spirit, the water, and the blood-and· these three agree in one" (1 John v. 8). That one may be the yoni, though it be not named, neither would he name the fig-l eaf triad, or fish, but all would understand that figurative language says one thing and means two or more. " Tell me, is it religion To say, The Gods are three ? To attain to God, within you Your search for him must be. -Caldwell's" Indian Folk Lo1·c." The statue of Isis with her child Horus has a fish on her head; likewise Ardanari stands with an intrepid dolphin on his or her head-for one head seems to answer for the two persons. The modern id~a iu regard to the physical influence of fish as an article of diet is, that it is specially adapted to repair waste brain tissue, on account of the phosphatic elements it contains. Phosphates are larger constituents of brain than of other portions of the body. But tbe ancients took to fish repasts wholly for another end, and for the support of a full vein of divine ardor. They believed it benefited the virile powers. Says Dr. Inman : FISH AND GOOD FRIDAY. 33 "I have ascertained that eating 6sh for supper on Friday night is a Jewish custom. It is well known that fecundity among that people is a blessing. specially promised by the Omnipotent. So it is thought proper to use human means for securing the desired end on the day set apart to the Almighty "-Almighty Asher of old. "The Hebrew Sabbath begins ali sunset on Friday. Three meals are to be t aken during the day, which are supposed to have a powerful aphrodisiac operation. The ingredients in their dishes are meat and fish, garlic and pepper. The parliicular fish selected, as near as I can determine, is the skate-that which in the Isle of Man is still supposed to be a powerful satyron." Layard remarks : "In our days, indeed, the Druses of Lebanon, in their secret vespers, offer a true worship to the sexual parts of the female, and pay their devotions every F'riday night-that is to say, the day in which was consecrated to Venus, likewise the day in which, on his side, the Mussulman finds in the code of Mahomet the double obligation to go to the mosque and to perform the conjugal duty." Mythology informs us that the body of Orsiris, when killed by Typhon, was carried in a chest to Byblos, there found by Isis and brought back to Egypt; but the malignant demon cut up the body,'and threw the pieces away. All were recovered but the pudenda, which were replaced by a model thereof, and this image, enshrined in an ark, became one of the symbols of the Go4. The missing parts are said to have been eaten by a fish. Thus we see " the Ark, "the Fish," and " Good Friday" brought into parallelism. V\7 e are also told that the holy chest (ark) of Isis was carried once in a year, in November, to the seaside; the priests. during the passage, pour- 34 TORTOISE-EARTH MOTHER. ing drink-offerings of water upon it from the river. The signification of this lavement must at once be apparent to those who know that the Hebrew ?ni in the text signifies not only "water," but "semen virile." In the foregoing we have seen how the eroto-religious feeling of antiquity deified the male members ofthe body under Asher, Anu, and Hea. We here perceive the same genius has divinised the fema.le structure. ·with a fish diet, the male God was believed to be omnipotent and all-powerful. Joshua was the son of Nun. Nun in Hebrew is the name for fish ; it also signifies a woman, or, rather, the sexual part of a woman. TORTOISE. The Tortoise, like the elephant, ox, ram, goat, ass, serpent, fish, was an object of pious veneration. In the Hindu mythos, the tortoise was the form taken by Vishnu in his second Avatar-Incarnation. The statue of the celestial Venus stands with one foot on the tortoise. Resemblances in form, similitudes in type, constituting as they did in the Hindu mind the highest power of express ton, logic was found in corn parisons. We can understand how the tortoise came to be regarded as sacred to Venus. It represents, by the extended bead and neck, the acting linga-virile member, a sustainer of creation, a symbol of regeneration, a renewer of life, a supporter of the world, a type of omnipotence, and pointing to immortal felicity. EARTH M:OTHER. " Mother Earth " is a legitimate expression, only of EARTH l\IOTHER. 35 the most general type. Religious genius gave the female quality to earth with a special meaning. When once the idea obtained that our world was feminine, it was easy to induce the faithful to believe that natural chasms were typical of that part which characterises woman. As at birth the new being emerges from the mother, so it was supposed that emergence from a terrestrial cleft was equivalent to a new birth. In direct proportion to the resemblance between the sign and the thing signifie~l was the sacredness of the chink, and the amount of virtue which was imparted by passing through it. From natural chasms being considered holy, the veneration for apertures in stones, as being equally symbolical, was a natural transition. 'Holes, such as we refer to, are still to be seen in those structures which are called Druidical, both in the British Islands and in India. It is impossible to say when these first arose; it is certain that they survive in India to this day. We recognise the existence of the emblem among the Jews in Isaiah li. 1, in the . charge to look "to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged." We have also an indication that chasms were symbolical among the same people in Isaiah lvii. 5, where the wicked among the J ev..-s were described as "inflaming themselves with idols under every green tree, and slaying the children in the valleys under the clefts of the rocks. It is possible that the "hole in the wall" (Ezek. viii. 7) had a similar signification. In modern B.ome, in the vestibule of the church close to the Temple of Vesta, I have seen a large pe1jorated stone, in the hole of which the ancient Romans ~re said to have placed their hands when they swore a solemn oath, in imitation, or, rather, a counterpart, of Abraham swearing his servant upon his thigh-that is, the male organ. Higgins dwells 36 EARTH M:OTBER. upon these holes and says: "These stones are so placed as to have a hole under them, through which devotees passed for religious purposes. There is one of the same kind in Ireland, called St. Declau's stone. In the mass of rocks at Bramham Crags there is a place made for t.he devotees to pass through. vVe read in the accounts of Hinclostan that there is a very celebrated place in Upper India, to which immense numbers of Pilgrims go to pass through a place in the mountains called the ' Cow's Belly.' In the Island of Bombay, at Malabar Hill, there is a rock upon the surface of which there is a natural crevice which communicates with a cavity opening below. This place is used by the Gentoos as a purification of their sins, which they say is effected by their going in at the opening below and emerging at the cavity above-' born again.' The ceremony is in such high repute in the neighbouring countries that the famous Conajee Angria ventured by stealth one night upon the island on purpose to perform the ceremony, and got off undiscovered. The early Christians gave them a bad name, as if from envy: they called these holes ' Cunni Diaboli '" (" Anacalypsis," p. 346). III. UNITY. MANY are the efforts made to set forth to the eye the conception of Deity in one person. The idea has evidently been one of growth from the crude to the more acceptable; and the result attained denotes composite labour. There is an original drawing made by a learned Hindu pundit, for vVm. Simpson, Esq., of London. It represents Brahma Supreme, who, in the act of creation, made himself double, i.e., male and female, as indicated by the crux ansata in the central part of the figure, which occupies the place of the conjoined triad and yoni of the original ; the original being far too grossly shown for the public eye. There is also a triad formed by the thumb and two fingers and serpent in the male hand, while in the female hu.nd is to be seen a germinating seed, indicative of reproduction of father and mother. The whole stands upon a lotus flower, the symbol of androgenity. The figure is of interest as a study; not as a work of art, but to measure the outcropping of primitive ideas. The extremities or the right ·side are less masculine than those of men, though the broad right e; houlder and ch est are co n~picu us compared with the feminine left. The dolphin tish on the head is a supplemental female symbol, as was 'mentioned before, on the subject of Fish and Good Friday." The yoni and the crescent on the fure37 38 FOURFOLD GOD. head are added, in imitation of the same personage in .Moore's " Hindu Pantheon." They denote the preponderance of the Y onigic bins of faith over the Lingasic. When the two personalities-male and female-are thus combined in one, the mystic number counts as a FOURFOLD GOD. Among church paraphernalia and ecclesiastical ornament we find many mystic figures. A very ancient and prominent one is an oval or egg-shaped ring added to the T. This is known as . the CTUX ansata. What does it mean ? It is another step in the augmentation of the sexual theism. It means that the triad is joined to the unit, which make four. In other words, it signifies the linga, or phallus, the male God, embraces the yoni, or female God. " Male and female created he them." vV e can only select a few among a large number of curious, and, many times, complicated, devices, all of which, with greater or less conspicuity, portray the prevailing thought of divine lustfulness, as four in one, and three in ·one, two in one, or, all as a whole. There is a device denoting the triad or cross connected with the ang1;1lar yoni. It is a favourite figure placed upon steeples and prominent parts of church edifices; the lower part is often formed in a circle or ring. There is still another. The T, or cross proper, is dropped, but the unit and triad condensed in tbe three balls are unmistakable. These metaphoric figures are so infinitely varied that only the learned in them will be apt to recognise their hidden meaning. What more rational explanation is there for the three gilded balls over the door of the pawnbrokers' shops than ·that they originally r FOURFOLD GOD. 39 ' represented the triad, and gave colour of orthodoxy to their trade. There is another. It is the Egyptian cr'l.t-X ansata and the Christian cross, We see in it the picture of the same conjugal tenets of four deities in one, as above stated. But it indicates the tendency to depart from the plainT and become more conventional. The more conventional, the more is its origin concealed. It is seen repeatedly figured on Egyptian bas-reliefs as held in the hand. Worn as part of the dress it is called the priest's pallium. It combines the cross and yonithe triad and unit-with the prelate's head passed through the latter. The robe or s1;1rplice is a tell-tale portion of phn.llic and yonijic worship. It is common at the present time in all but the most democratic churches in this country. The surplice is a figment of womans dress; it can be traced back to the Egyptians, Assyrian a . Phcenicians, and others, who worshipped Isis, Astarte, Venus, Iswari, and others in that garb. The priests put on female habiliments in which to perform their sacred rites, as the most pleasing, characteristic, and to make themselves like their Creator. On the other hand, worrien put on male attire. When religious rule instigates to sex consideration in dress, it is but a short step to a more over-ruling consideration of devout sex intercoromunion and behaviour, of which see sequel. Another of the quadruple symbols is the band, which is both a sign and a gesture. It is copied from the statuette of Isis and child. The three fingers denote the trinity, the unit is self-evident. The Serpent, with his tail in his mouth, is as significant as it is forbi dding. It indicates the conjunction of male and female, also the ring or unit; it was at the same time a sign of eternity. 40 FOURFOLD GOD. These visible emblems may have been needful for an uncultured people, but Paul discarded them in visible form, though he seems to have clung to them in idea, or by the "eye of faith." His definition of faith-i.e., "the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen "-points to the Linga-Yoni mysteries, and those mysteries explain his otherwise hidden meaning of faith. It is curious to be able to notice, in the present year of the world, how the fourfold conception of the unseen powers of the universe exists among ourselves. Throughout our churches a Trinity is worshipped, and a fourth power deprecated: the beneficent is portrayed as three, the malignant one-Typhon of antiquity, or the Devil of · · modern orthodoxy-is depicted as single. In Roman Catholic countries, on the other hand, the Godhead is painted as it was in Bablyon: i.e., the male triad with the female unit. In Gen. xxiii. 2. we find Arba, which signifies "giant Baal," or "Bual-Hercules;" the correct etymons appear to be A rba-el, "God is fourfold," or simply the Armaic Arba "four." And-strange to say, if it were not so common-the worshipful four is allied with erva, tho p11dencla of both sexes. It is to be borne in mind, there were in India different sects, as in our time. One, the Lingacitas, who worshipped the Trinity, or male Deity, and the sect of Y onijas, or worshippers of woman, as figured above. 'J.1ltere is, indeed, no single Papal church, whether chapel or cathedral, to which the name Beth-Arbel, "Fourfold God," 'vVould not apply; for all are types in which adoration is paid to the undiviriecl trinity in unity, and the Celestial Virgin, the mother of God and man. The name has also been traced to the Hebrew . I, . I. r MERU. 41 a?· and bel: ~.e., "a hero is Bel," or, " Bel IS powerful." MERU. The learned Higgins, an English judge, who for some years spent ten hours a day in antiquarian studies, says that Moriah, of Isaiah and Abraham, is the Meru of the Hindus, and the Olympus of the Greeks. Solomon built high places for Ashtoreth, Astarte, or Venus, which became mounts of Venus, mons veneTis-Meru and Mount Calvary-each a slightly elevated skull-shaped mount that might be represented by a bare bead. The Bible translators perpetuate the same idea in the word "calvaria. Prof. Stanley denies that" Mount Calvary" took its name from its being the place of the crucifixion of Jesus. Looking elsewhere and in earlier times for the bare calvaria, we find among Oriental women, the Mount of Venus, mons vene?·is, through motives of neatness or religious sentiment, deprived of all hirsute appendage. See a Mount Cal vary, in imitation, in the shaved poll of the head of the priest. The priests of Uhina, says Mr. J. M. Peebles, continue . to shave the head. To make a place holy, among the Hindus, Tartars, and people of Thibet, it was necessary to have a Mount Meru, also a Linga-Y oni, or Arba. RELIGIOUS PROSTITUTION. Passing from figures, paintings, statuary, ornaments and symbols, it is requisite to notice the religious observances, the actual practice of the faith held by the world's primal worshippers. 42 RELIGIOUS PHOSTITUTION. It would appear, or rather it does appear, that phallic worship, or religion, was, first, an instinct or passion; second, it was a privilege and luxury; third, it was u. pastime or calling; fourth, it became dominating and imperative; fifth, by euphemistic transformation, it was merged into the Hebrew cultus; and seventh, the Hebrew cultus was further modified iuto the Christian religion. In support of the first proposition that it was instinctive, or passion, and sexual passion at that, we have the law which ruled out those male devotees whose damaged sexual structure disqualified them for actuating their rites (Dent. xxiii. 1): "He that is wounded in the t esticles, cir hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter the congregation of the Lord." The above quotation also offers a shoulder of support to our second proposition namely, that their religious rites were a privileged luxury. As men were inspected in regard to fitness, women were provided in view of that fitness. In Numbers xxxi. 18 and 35, we are assured, without a lisp or a twinge of horror, that thirty-two thousand Midianitish virgins were consecrat~d to this end. vV e need not go into details about the manner in which the sacrifice was made; but we must call attentio;1 to the fact that a Christian church still promulgates the same idea, in an alleged spiritual form, and that the nunneries of Christendom are veiled, perhaps decent, counterparts of those Oriental establishments where women consecrated their bodies and themselves to fulfil . the special duties of their sex, as they were taught in the name and for the glorification of their Deity. There was a temple in Babylonia where every female had to perform once in her life a (to us) strange act of religion: namely, prostitution with a stranger. The RELIGIOUS. PROSTITUTION. 43 name· of it was Bit-Shagatha, or, "The Temple," the I( Place of Union." ·words and,history corroborate each other, or are apt to do so if cotemporaneous. Thus kadesh, or lcaesh, designate in Hebrew "a consecrated. one," and history te]:]s the unworthy tale in descriptive phtinness, as will. be shown in the sequel. That the religion was dominating and iJ;D.perative is determined by Deut. xvii. 12, where presumptuous refusal to listen to the priest was death to the offender. To us it is inconceivable that the indulgence of passion could be associated. with religion, but so it was. Much as it is covered over by altered words and substituted expressions in the Bible-n.n example of which see men for male organ, Ezek. xvi. 17-it yet stands out offensively bohl. The words exprcssi ve of " sanctuary," "con ecrated," and" Sodomite," are in the Hebrew essentially the same. They indicate the passion of amatory devotion. It is among the Hindus of to-day as it was in Greece and Italy of classic times; and we find that " holy women" is a title given to those who devote their bodies to be used for hire, the price of which hire goes to the service of the temple. As a general rule, we may assume that priests who make or expound the law~. which they declare to be from God, are men, and consequently, through all time, have thought, and do think, of the gratification of the masculine half of humanity. The ancient and modern Orientals are not exceptions. They lay it down as a momentous fact that virginity is the most precious of all the possessions of a woman, and, being so, it ou~ht, in some way or other, to be devoted to God. Throughout India, and also through the densely iu- 44 SHAG A. habited parts of Asia, and modern Turkey, there is a ch1.ss of females who dedicate themselves to the service of the Deity whom they adore; and the rewards accru- . ing from their prostitution are devoted to the service of the temple and the priests officiating thP.rein. With an eye to piety and pelf, the clerical officials at the Hindu shrines take effectual means for procuring none but the most fascinating women for the use of their worshippers. Tbe same practice prevailed at Athens, Corinth, and elsewhere, where the temples of Venus were supported by troops of women, who consecrated themselves, or were dedicated by their parents, to the use of the male worshippers. In modern times, reform and improvements have been effected; but it is certain that intercourse between the sexes in sacred places is common in India at the present day. The Hebrew word zanah, which signifies I( semen emittere," was the name of a woman who lived and practiced the same rite outside of the temple, from motives other than those esteemed pious. Feasts and holy days were devoted to this passion, and generally concluded with excess. SHAGA. In the Assyrian language, Shaga signifies "a feast." Tbe nature of this feast is explained by Diodorus Siculus. He says : "Our Gala or Solar days begin with fasting as a prelude to another form of sensual enjoyment." A detailed description of one of them conveys only a proximate idea of them. The most disgraceful of the Babylonian customs is the following: "Every native woman is obliged once in her life to sit in the temple of Venus and have intercourse with a stranger. And many, disdaining to mix with the rest, being proud SHAG A. - 45 on account of their wealth, come in covered carriages, and take up their station at the temple with a numerous train of servants attending them. But the far greater do thus: Many sit down in the temple of Venus wearing a' crown of cord around their beads; some are continually coming in, others are going out; ' passages marked out in a straight line lead in every direction through the women, along which strangers pass and make their choice. When a woman has once seated herself, she must not return borne until some stranger has thrown a piece of silver into her lap, and lain with her outside of the temple. He who throws the silver must say thus: 'I beseech the Goddess Mylitta to favour thee,' Mylitta being the Assyrian name for Venus. The silver may be ever so small, for she will not reject it, inasmuch as it is unlawful for her to do so, for such silver is accounted s'acred. The woman follows the first man that throws, and refuses none. When she has bad intercomse, and has absolved herself from her goddess, she returns home. Those that are endowed with beauty and symmetry of shape are soon set free, but the deformed are detained a long time from inability to satisfy the law: some wait for the space of three or four years. A similar custom exists in some parts of Cyprus. This custom is referred to in I. Sam. ii, 22, where "the sons of Eli lay with the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation." It is needless to say for the benefit of the captious that the temple of the Assyrians was the tabernacle of the Hebrews. In bot4 were co.ngregations of the Lord_. In both the holy presence of their God was ~ade manifest. COMMUNION Has long been a custom in Christendom. Without 46 COM1t1UNION. explaining the origin of this custom, it "'ill here suffice to give an example of it in early times, as an index of its character. Says S. B. Gould (" Origin of Religious Belief")~ "The idea involved in communion is the reception of something from God. By prayer, man asks something ; by purification, he makes himself meet to approach God; by communion, he receives what he de::;ire~ of Deity by union with him." - The methods adopted by different religions for accomplishing the desired union are numerous. The grossest and most repulsive is by sexual intercourse. The numerous legends and myths representing the union of Gods and women (as in Gen. vi, 2), or men and Goddesses, are reminiscences of ancient mysteries, the object of which was to effect such a union. At the summit of the temple of Belus was a chamber in which was a bed beside a figure of gold ; the same was to be seen in Egyptian Thebes, says Herodotus, and every night a woman was laid in this bed, to which the God was supposed t-o descend. The same took place at Patara in Lycia, where a priestess was locked into the temple every night. Diodorus alludes to the tombs of the concubines of Jupiter Ammon, and Strabo says the -fairest and noblest ladies were vowed to share his couch. It is easy to see how the obscene orgies celebrated during some of the festivals of the Gods rose ou~ of this sn perstition. The prince, head of Agapemone, as the impersonation of Deity, performed the sexual act with a young girl in the presence of the whole community, professedly in order to make her ·there·by a partaker ·pf the diviF~e nature." In Casgrain's " Vie de Marie de l' Incarnation" is a frank <eon~ession •of the bearing of ·erotic .sanctimony, COMMUNION. 47 nearer home than the above. This Marie, a woman of intense piety and heroism, 'Says of herself in her journal: "Going to prayer, I trembled in myself and exclaimed, 'Let us go into a solitary place, my dear love, that I may embrace you, a mon aise (at my ease), and that, breathing my soul into you, it may be but yourself only, in the union of love. Ob, my love, when shall I embrace you? Have you no pity on me in the torments that I suffer ? Alas, alas ! my love, my beauty, my life ! instead ·of healing my pain, you take plensure in it. Come, let me embrace you, and die in your sacred arms!' ... Then, as I was spent with fatigue, I was forced to say, 'My divine love, since you wish me to live, I pray you to let rue rest a little, that I may better serve you' ; nnd I promised him that afterward I would suffer myself to consume in his chaste and divine em braces." From a similar source, we find it stated that St. Christina, a virgin and abbess, believed herself to have received favours which left her no longer a virgin. TLc • state of society nnd that of the public mind evinced by such social habits may not be considered depraved: they were undeveloped. Society had not risen above the crude ; the moral mind had not reached the status of chaste refinement. With so prodigal a use of virtue, immodesty was without a contrast and \v.ithout a name. Therefore these customs were inspired by the same artful and self-involving spirit which inspired the Assyrian and Hindu priests to invent a special hell for childless women. A relic of the same spirit continues in modern times among Christians where masses have been ' said, saints invoked, offer.ings presented, for tbe cure of physical .impotence. 48 BUNS AND RELIGIOUS CAKES. The above is further testimony in proof of our first proposition: that the primitive religion in this early day of adolescent manhood was purely passion consecrated and sanctified-a religion of feeling. It was a physical heaven counterpoised by a physical hell. Promises were sensuous bliss, and punishments were bodily woe. A religion of intellect or reason, apart from corporeal touch, seems unknown to them. It was based on the dynamics of nerve. We must notice how this sexual faith has come down to recent times, and how it constitutes the framework of certain modern observances. BUNS AND RELIGIOUS CAKES. Says Hyslop: "The hot ·cross-buns of Good Friday, and the dyed eggs of Pasch or Easter Sunday, figured in the Chaldean rites just as they do now. The buns known, too, by that identical name were used in the worship of the Queen of Heaven, the Goddess Easter (Ishtar or Astarte), as early as the days of Cecrops, the founder of Athens, 1,500 years before the Christian em." " One species of bread," s11ys Bryant, "'which used to be offered to the gods, was of great antiquity, and called Boun.' Diogenes mentioned ' they were made of flour and honey. It appears that Jeremiah ·the Prophet was familiar with this lecherous worship. He says : " The children gather \Yood, the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead the dough to make cakes to the Queen of Heaven (Jer. vii, 18). Hyslop does not add that the "buns" offered to the Queen of Heaven, and in sacrifices to other deities, were framed in the shape of BUNS AND RELIGIOUS CAKES. 4:9 the sexual organs, but that they were so m ancient times we have abundance of evidence. Martial distinctly speaks of such things in two epigrams, first wherein the male organ is spoken of, - second wherein the female part is commemorated, the cn.kes being made of the finest flour, and kept especially for the palate of the fair one. Captain Wilford (" Asiatic Researches," viii., p. 365) says: " When the people of Syracuse were sacrificing to Goddesses, they offered cakes called mulloi, shaped like the female organ, and in some temples where the priestesses were probably ventriloquists they so far imposed on the credulous multitude who came to adore the Vulva as to make them believe that it spoke and gave oracles." We .can understand how such things were allowed in licenti0us Rome, but we can scarcely comprehend how they were tolerated in Christian Europe, as, to all innocent surprise, we find they were, from the second part of tLe "Remains of the Worship of Priapus": that in Saintonge, in the neighbourhood of La Rochelle, small cakes baked in the form of the phallus are made as offerings at Easter, carried and presented from house to house. Dulaure states that in his time the festival of Palm Sunday, in the town of Saintes, was called le fete des pinnes -feast of the privy members-and that during its continuance the women and children carried in the proceession a phallus made of bread, which they called a pinne, at the end of their palm branches ; these pinnes were subsequently blessed by the priests, and carefully preserved by the women during the year. Palm Sunday ! Palm, it is to be remembered, is an .-euphemism of the male organ, and it is curious to see it united with the phallus in Chril)tendom. Dulaure also says that, in some of the 50 ANTIQUITY OF THE CROSS. earlier inedited French books on cookery, receipts are given for making cakes of the salacious form in question, which are broadly named. He further tells us those cakes symbolised the male, in Lower Limousin, and especially at Brives, while the female emblem was adopted at Clermont, in Auvergne, and other places. ANTIQUITY OF THE CROSS. In a work entitled " The Celtic Druids," by Godfrey Higgins, occurs this strong statement: "Few causes have been more powerful in producing mistakes in ancient history than the idea, hastily formed by all ages, that every monument of antiquity marked with a cross, or with any of those symbols which they conceived to be monograms of Christ, were of Christian origin. The cross is as common in India as in Egypt or Europe." The Rev. Mr. .Maurice says ("Indian Antiquities"): " Let not the piety of the Catholic Christian be offended at the assertion that the cross was one of the most usual symbols of Egypt and India. The emblem of universal nature is equally honoured in the Gentile and Christian ·world. In the cave of Elephanta in India, over the head of the principal figure, may be seen the cross, and a little in front a huge lingham (male organ). The last-named author describes a statue in Egypt as bearing a kind of a cross in his hand-that is to say, a lingham-which among the Egyptians was the symbol of fertility. Upon the breast of one of the Egyptian mummies in the museum of the London University is a cross exactly in the shape of a cross upon a Calvary, a Meru, or Mount of Venus. People in the above-named countries marked their sacred water jars, dedicated to Canopus, with T CRUCIFIXION. 51 or this r.ft. Sometimes they were marked thus tif· From the erudite Dr. G. L. Ditson, on this subject, we learn: " The rabbins say that when Aaron wus made high priest he was m11rked in the forehead by Moses with the figure X. And whenever proselytes were admitted into the religious mysteries of Eleusis they were murked with a cross." Tertu llian says : " The Devil signed his soldiers with the cross in the forehead in imitation of the Christians. CRUCIFIXION. From the cross we are naturally led to the topic of crucifixion. Many Deities have been crucified. Christ was preceded by Christon, Prometheus, Esculapius, Wittoba, and Buddha. They were all crucified Redeemers long before Jesus of Nazareth wus born. They were all sons of virgins: So say mythological accounts. In view of the prevalent ideas in relation to the cross it i1:1 singular and more than strange that the cross is not to be seen on any ancient sculpture as an instrument of punishment. In no.ne of the ancient gems pictured by Luyard is any form of the cross except the crux ansata to be found. In the Ninevite remains, the punishment which is depicted of the vanquished is impalement. 'Ne are told by Herodotus (Book III., 159) that, after the taking of Babylon, Darius impaled about three thousand of its principal citizens, and his plan, Seneca tells us, was one carried out among the Romans. When the cross was made of t wo pieces of wood, there seems to have been no orthodox shape, and the victims were sometimes tie.d and sometimes nailed, being usually left to perish of thirst and hunger. We learn from J uvenal thut crucifixion was a punishment for slaver;:, 52 CRUCIFIXION. Whe~her the story of the crucifixion of Jesus has any better foundation than the myths of antiquity, like those relating to Christna, Wittoba, and Prometheus, we will not discuss; but it is pertinent to our subject to speak of the idea which possessed the minds of Christian bishops that met in the third century at Nicea, and determined that the cross should be the characteristic emblem of the Catholic faith. We may admit that they regarded tbe emblem as a sign of the death of the Redeemer by a painful method; but we must believe that the astute bishops of Africa and the East recognised in it the emblem of fertility. Their doctrine was that all men were dead in sins, but that through Christ they received life. Shorn of palpable phallic immodesty, ~:~.nd of all its offensive indications, there was nothing in, the symbol ()f the cross to offend the eye, while they were able to attach to it much that suggested certain doctrines. From it alone, as ~rom a text, one hierarch might expatiate on the sufferings of the Saviour, while another might dwell on the glories of the resurrection; one might paint the horrors of eternal death, another the glories of eternal life; one might view it as a man with arms outstretched so as to secure the whole world under his care, another as an emblem pointing two ways-one to heaven, the other to hell. · Whatever may have been its precedents, one thing seems to be perfectly certain, that its form was extremely simple, and that every modern addition, namely, the addition of the circle and the triple ornaments, is a return to ancient heathenism, a commingling of ancient tenets with modern dogmas. Higgins (p. 7 50) gives an account of the crucifixion of So.livahana, Wittoba, and Buddha, who were Hindu CHRJSTNA. 53 divinities, and figured in a drawing (Ball, ii.) from the famous temple of the crucified Wittoba at Tripetty. These differ in no respect from the crucified Jesus with which we are familiar. A halo of glory shines upon his bead, on which there is a. crown, serrated with sharp angles on its upper margin. The hands are extended the feet are slightly separated, and all are marked with stigmata-the notable nail prints. These are pictures of the imagination, instead of pictures of reality. The resemblance between Christna and Christ is too striking not to append a short sketch of the Hindu God, and compare their likeness. CHRISTNA Was mouldy with years ere Jesus was born. He is one of the most popular of all the Hindu Deities. An immense number of legends are told of him which are not worth recording, but the following condensed from the "Anacalypsis" of Godfrey Higgins will repay perusal. H appears to be the legitimate fountain from which that of Christ springs. He is represented as the son of Brahma and Maria, or as some say of Devaci, and is usually called "the Saviour," or the preserver. He, being God, became incarnate in tbe flesh. As soon . as he was born, he was saluted by a chorus of devatars, or angels. His birthplace was Mathura. He was cradled among shepherds. Soon after his birth he was carried away by night to a remote place, for fear of a tyrant, Consa, whose destroyer it was foretold he would become, and who ordered all male children to be slain. (An episode marked in the sculptures at Elephanta; and over the head of this 54 CHRJSTNA. slaughtering figure, surrounded by supplicating mothers and murdered male infants, are the mitre, a crosier, and a cross.) By the male line he was .of royal descent, though born in a dungeon, which on his arrival he illumined, while the face of his parents shone. He was believed to be born of the left intercostal rib of the Virgin Davaci. Uhristna spoke as soon as he was born, and comforted his mother. He was persecuted by bis brother Ram, who helped him to purify the world of monsters and demons. Christna descended into Hades, and returned to Viacontha. One of his names is the Good Shepherd. An Indian prophet, N ared-Sapbos, or Wisdom, visited him, consulted the stars, and pronounced him a celestial being. Christna cured a leper; a woman poured a box of ointment on his head, and he cured her of disease. He was chosen king among his fellow cowherds. He washed the feet of Brahmins. Christna had a dreadful fight with the serpent Caluga. He was sent to a tutor, whom he astonished with his learning. Christna was crucified between two thieyes, went to hell, and afterward to heaven. The story of Jesus of Nazareth is so identical with that of Christna in name, origin, office, history, incidents, and death as to make it manifest that the latter was copied from the earlier almost entire. Some whose reverent sympathy feels hurt at the thought that the ~ory of Christ may not be original try to maintain that Christna's is subsequent to Christ. But the following points of historic fact afford a burden of proof that puts a bar to controversy thereon. "It has been satisfactorily proved, on the authority of a passage in Ad1·ian, that the worship of Christna was practised in the time of Alexander the Great (330 years before Christ), at what still remains CHRISTNA. 55 one of the most famous temples of India, the temple of Mathura, on J umna, the Matura Deorum of Ptolemy. Further, the statue of the God Christna is. to be found in the very oldest caves and temples, the inscriptions on which are in a language used previously to the Sanskrit, and now totally unknown to all mankind. This may be seen any day among the places in the city of Seringham and at the temple at Malvalipurram." Why were these twins, Christna and Christ, born m eras so divergent, with incidents so identical? For years the J ews were slaves at different times to many nations of antiquity. Like vassals in all ages of the world, they had no learning, or only ·such as a slave may gather from his master. They originated nothing, and added nothing to the knowledge of the world. Like all menials, they were quick at imitation. They had a genius for taking an old garment and making it resemble a new one, and putting it on to the stranger as such. So it was natural, and from the pinch of necessity they took from their masters many lines of faith, which by change of name and complexion tbey wrought into Hebraic shape as their own. If it were within the scope of our plan, many proofs in confirmation of this statement could be adduced. We will only refer to one which seems to find solution nowhere else so fully as in the story of Christna. Paul did not scruple to "lie for the glory of God" (Rom. iii. 7), and was not averse to dissimulation, nor was he afraid "to become all things to all men." He is said to have been a learned man; if so, it is presumable be knew about the history of Christna. That he did, and that he was a helper and a witness to the tvansfonning, brushing, and pressing over the old cloak of Cbristna into the new mantle of Christ the an- 56 CHRISTNA. nouncement of the following remarkable passage seems to testify: "We are fouls for Christ's sake" (1 Cor. iv. 10). IV. PHALLIC AND SUN WORSHIP. THE sun was a majestic Deity, revered among many peoples. Volumes w~uld be required to give the history of the Sun God and his worshippers. We here ad vert to him and speak of an act or two in order to show he has not been neglected, also to indicate his good standing among the other Gods in general, as well as among inhabitants of earth. It is a moot-point whether the worship of sexual appointments as Sovereign Creator and the foundation of the great thought of creation had priority, or whether solar worship had precedence. Looking at the fact that physical development moves in a free advance of the rational and philosophical, that impulse outstrips inquiring _thoughtfulness, that phallic religion is purely one of feeling and passion, while solar faith involves more of the mental structure-a slower and later outgrowth of man-would, in the nature of things, indicate sex worship to be long anterior to that of the sun. The one is practical and matter-of-fact. The other is inferential and imaginary. Youth would swell the eager votaries in one; maturity and age would cultivate the other: for there are infancy, youth, and maturity in nations and society as well as in individuals. Without deciding which may be the older, we find them mixed. The phallic or linga-yoni worship and that of 57 50 PHALLIC AND SUN WORSHIP. the sun were not merely contemporaneous with each other; they were tenets which mingled together under the same faith'. All had the same or similar significance; both embody sex divinity. The sun was male and the moon and earth were females; the moon an attendant emblem of the feminine Deities, and the earth, with the aid of concurring deities, gave birth to man. There is a representation of certain articles of this complex faith, sculptured on agate, which is copied by Lajara from the original in Calvert's Museum at Avignon. It proves the existence of solar and phallic worship at an early period of the world. It is worthy of study. We see the snn and moon in proximity, and the priest in female habiliments-like those of the Catholic and Episcopalian priests of to-day-adoring the male trinity in the form of the triangle near the band of the hierarch; while on the right side of the sacred chair, or "throne," is the mystic palm-tree of male significance, and on the left and front of the devotee is the never-to-be-forgotten lozenge, unit, or yoni. Altogether they form the greu.t four, the male and female Creators, Preservers, and Regenerators of the world. This is really one of the most comprehensive revelations of ancient faiths, in a small compass, yet brought to light. It deserves more than a passing notice. The male and female counterparts of the human form are viewed as palpu.ble Creators and Regeneru.tors in the most immediate as well as the most continuous sense. The idea that the imperiu.l Sun is the only other all-powerful, omnipresent C1.·eator known to man agrees with modern science. The scientific high priests of to-day, like Mayers and Tyndall, informs us that all forces manifest to man on this planet, except those of earthquakes, tides u.nd gravitation, proceed from PHALLIC A.ND SU~ WORSHIP. 59 the sun. · Every plant o.nd e\Tery animal is each a product of the sun. Every steam engine moves by means of force derived from the sun: force shot in beams of beat and light from his beneficent breast millions of years ago ; here condensed in teeming vegetation, and re-condensed in silent., sleeping beds of coal in the worn b of mother earth. The shrill whistle of every steum engine in the stdrtled uir may be interpreted us o.n appropriate preun sounded in honour of the everlasting God Sol. Though he hus reared a majestic living world like ours, and maintains the continuity of life upon it from year to year, and from age to uge, yet only a small portion of his rays are spent upon the theatre of our grand old globe. Grand to us, but a speck in the universe of worlds. As we quoted Bible names in proof of the faith of the ancient fathers who gave to their children certain good names of phullic import, so we refer to a few in illustration of the faith in the sun men cherished, tho proud ruler of earth and heaven. In the Vedas, the sacreu books of the Hindus, the sun has twenty different names not pure equivalents, but appelatives descriptive of it, such as Brilliant, Beneficent, Beautiful, Creator, Master, Preserver. The Sanskrit Devu, "Splendour,"isoneof them. Aaron, "the Heavenly On," "the God of Air." Abigal, " the Father of the Circle," i.e., "the Sun." Abro.m, "the Father is high." ' Ahasbai, Jab is shining," "God is blooming." Ammiel, "The Mo.ternal Sun." Amalek, "Mother King," or "Mother Sun." Elijah. This innocent is weighted with the the names of two Gods at once, the El of the Chaldees, and the J ah of the Hebrews, which signifies "El is Jab." 60 PHALLIC AND SUN WORSHIP. Eland Ilos were Babylonian names of the" Sun God." Esthon, "the Uxorious On." Ether, "fullness," A God in the Assyrian triad, his colleagues being the Sun and Moon. His name may be read Eva, Iva, Air, Aer, Aur, Er, Ar, also V ul. Hai, "female power of the Sun." Helon, "God Sun," " El is On." Jahmai, "Jah is hot." Malcham, "the Queen of Heaven," wife of Asher. Mishael, " El is firmness," or, " El is powerful," or, El is Mish," the Sun. N aashon, ~< Shining On." Potiphar (Coptic), "belonging to the Sun." Punon, the Setting On." Samson or Shimshon, "Shemesh is On," or " On is the Sun." Like many others, the Sun was a crucified God. " It is certainly proved as completely as it is possible in the nature of things for a fact of this kind to be proved that the Romans had a crucified obj ech of adoration of the God Sol (Sun)-represented in some way to have been crucified. The cross was an emblem of the sun, though rarely met with in Assyrian and Baby Ionian sculptures. Besides the crux ansata, the most remarkable which I have beard of is a votive offering found near Numidia in 1833, on which was n. man surrounded with n. wreath of beams, with both arms stretched out and holding a branch in each hn.nd, thus representing a perfect cross. Below him was this surprising inscription, which r~ads n.s translated by Gesenius, 'To the Lord Baal, the Solar King eternal, who bn.s heard prayers.' Kindred to this it must be noticed that, in many ancient pictures of our Saviour in Italy, the words Deo Soli are inscribed, which PHALLIC AND SUN WORSHIP. 61 signify, alike, 1 to the only God,' and 1 to the God Sol.' Solomon built temples to the Sun God Chemosh" 2 Kings xxiii. 13, (" Inman's Ancient Faiths "). v. THE PHALLUS IN CALIFORNIA. SEx worship being the most natural, the most personal or self-relating, and ever associated with physical maturity, we may safely conclude it to have bad spontaneous origin in widely separated localities. As it arose in India it may have likewise arisen elsewhere. At all events, we believe India and the East are not the only places where the vestiges of it are found. There is reason to think the aboriginal people of California had phallic and yonijic usages, if those usages did not amount to a r eligious fttith. In support of this view several stone relics of antiquity give evidence, if it be proper to base a conclusion upon the study of a few specimens. The first of the kind it was my fortune to inspect was a atone phallus I obtained on the Big Solado Creek in the foot-hills of Stanislaus County, California. It is cylindrical in shape, nearly sixteen inches long, and two and a quarter inches in diameter. The 5econd one is formed of basaltic rock, is eighteen inches in length, and two and one fourth inches in diameter at the largest part. These are commonly called "Indian pestles." But this appea.rs to be a swift and too ea.sy conclusion. To be so cal'f fully wrought out of obdurate rock for the object of pestles implies a poor adaptation to the supposed use. It elevates the autochthon's constructive above his 62 THE PHALLUS IN CALIFOR::SIA. G3 applied skill. These phalli show no marks of wear ; the larger ends having the same appearance of disuse as the smaller. A specific feature denoting weighty proof that our specimens are sexual emblems of the male organ cannot be overlooked. Near the summit of the. lesser end is a well-defined depressed line which typifies the adult uncircumcised prepuce, in semi-recession upon the glands. C. C. Jones ("Antiquities of Southern Indians") says: "The worship of Priapus probably obtained among some of the Southern Indian nations. In the collection of Dr. Troost were many carefully carved representations in stone of the male organ of generation." Another point worthy of note is the fact that the length of the so-called pestles exceeds that of nearly every other celt, as figured by Lubbock, Evans, or J,ones. The latter depicts a stone axe and handle in one piece, fifteen and three-fourths inches long; a spade and handle, cut from solid rock, seventeen and a quarter inches long. Only one specimen has a length greater than the phalli; that is a flint sword which measures a little over twenty-one inches long. · Like all Gods, the parts which make the person are human or mundane; the divinity thereof consists . in office and proportion. To be godlike, those proportions must be exorbitant, as we not only here witness, but as may be seen in most of the virile members figured on the bas-reliefs exhumed from the buried cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. All present the same excess in the divine gift of magnitude-a never-failing attribute of the Almighty. Another specimen, the original of which is in the collection of the Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, 64 THE PHALLUS IN CALIFORNIA. Cal., but without history except such as may be read from each as an individual fact. This oval-shaped relic has been dominated a" mortar." But that term seems a misnomer. The object departs from the type of the mortar. Other vessels in the collection that are unquestioned mortars have a less elaborate finish, and all strictly conform to the one idea of rough utility. It is fourteen inches long, nine inches broad, and six inches high. It is not polished, but it bas an even smoothness on the outer surface. The oblong cavity, which is nearly three inches deep, shows quite sharp pits of hammer or delving tool marks, while in the mortaL proper these marks are very much effaced, as if by attrition of use. The base of the mortars have each a consistent flat bottom to rest on, while the underside of the celt in question is oval, making it unstable as an egg. I find no diagram or description of a stone relic ofthis kind in Sir John Lubbock's" Pre-historic Times," Evans' "Stone Relics of England," or C. C. Jones, Jr.'s" Antiquities of Southern Indians." Though the direct evidence is small, the foregoing indirect evidence leads us to regard the relic purely a sacred emblem of the female type, answering to the yoni of India, and a companion to the phallus.

See also

unus cui membrum erectum est vel fascinum ipsum