The Woman in White (novel)
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| - | The '''sensation novel''' was a [[literary genre]] of fiction popular in [[Great Britain]] in the 1860s and 1870s, following on from earlier [[melodrama]]tic novels and the [[Newgate novel]]s, which focused on tales woven around criminal biographies, also descend from the [[Gothic fiction|gothic]] and [[romance (genre)|romantic]] genres of fiction. [[Ellen Wood (author)|Ellen Wood]]'s controversial ''[[East Lynne]]'' (1861) was the first novel to be critically dubbed "sensational" and began a trend whose main exponents also included [[Wilkie Collins]] (''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]'', 1859; ''[[The Moonstone]]'', 1868), [[Charles Reade]], and [[Mary Elizabeth Braddon]] (''[[Lady Audley's Secret]]'', 1862). | + | '''''The Woman in White''''' is an [[epistolary novel]] written by [[Wilkie Collins]] in 1859, [[Serial (literature)|serial]]ized in 1859–1860, and first published in book form in 1860. It is considered to be among the first [[Mystery fiction|mystery novels]] and is widely regarded as one of the first (and finest) in the genre of '[[sensation novel]]s'. |
| - | Typically the sensation novel focused on shocking subject matter including adultery, theft, kidnapping, insanity, bigamy, forgery, seduction and murder. It distinguished itself from other contemporary genres, including the [[Gothic novel]], by setting these themes in ordinary, familiar and often domestic settings, thereby undermining the common [[Victorian-era]] assumption that sensational events were something foreign and divorced from comfortable middle-class life. [[W. S. Gilbert]] satirised these works in his 1871 [[comic opera]], ''[[A Sensation Novel]]''. | + | The story is considered an early example of [[detective fiction]] with the hero, Walter Hartright, employing many of the sleuthing techniques of later private detectives. The use of multiple narratives draws on Collins's legal training and as he points out in his Preamble: 'the story here presented will be told by more than one pen, as the story of an offence against the laws is told in Court by more than one witness'. |
| - | When sensation novels burst upon a quiescent England these novels became immediate best sellers, surpassing all previous book sales records. However, high brow critics writing in academic journals of the day decried the phenomenon and criticized its practitioners (and readers) in the harshest terms. The added notoriety derived from reading the novels probably served only to contribute to their popularity. | + | ==Plot== |
| + | A drawing teacher, Walter Hartright, is employed by Mr Fairlie of Limmeridge House in Cumberland to teach his niece, the beautiful heiress Laura Fairlie, and her devoted half-sister Marian Halcombe, who is poor and plain but clever. Hartright and Laura fall in love, but he is penniless and Laura is promised in marriage to Sir Percival Glyde, a friend of her late father. The pair part and Hartright leaves England to forget her. | ||
| - | ==Notable Sensation Novels== | + | Laura begins married life with Marian as a companion. It soon becomes clear that Sir Percival has money troubles and has married his wife for her fortune. His friend Count Fosco, whose wife is Laura's aunt, appears to be involved with the plot and Marian is deeply suspicious of him, despite his open admiration of her. Trying to eavesdrop on their plotting, she is soaked in the rain and taken very ill. Recovering, she is told that Laura has died suddenly while visiting her aunt in London. |
| - | * ''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]'' (1859-60) | + | |
| - | * ''[[Great Expectations]]'' (1860-61) | + | A strange woman dressed in white appears several times during the first part of the novel. Anne Catherick, the daughter of a former housekeeper to the Glydes, bears a striking resemblance to Laura. She knew Limmeridge as a child and wears white in remembrance of Laura's late mother, who was kind to her. Hartright meets her first under mysterious circumstances in the fourth chapter of the novel, at the end of which he learns that she had just escaped a private asylum, later learning that she had been confined there by Sir Percival and her mother. Mentally and physically frail, Anne hints repeatedly at a scandalous secret associated with Sir Percival, whom she hates and fears. Later, after Laura's death is reported, Anne is said to have been recaptured and returned to the asylum. |
| - | * ''[[East Lynne]]'' (1861) | + | |
| - | * ''[[Lady Audley's Secret]]'' (1862) | + | Hartright returns to England, and at Laura's graveside encounters Marian with Laura herself. He learns that Anne Catherick suffered heart failure when recaptured by Sir Percival and Fosco, who took advantage of the resemblance between the women; they buried Anne as "Lady Glyde", confined Laura in the asylum as "Anne Catherick", and took possession of her fortune. Marian has found and rescued Laura but she is mentally shattered, incapable of reclaiming her identity, and in constant danger of recapture. Hartright and Marian try in vain to expose what has been done, but eventually realise that a confession must be forced from Sir Percival. Seeking the secret mentioned by Anne, which he hopes to use as a bargaining tool, Hartright is led to the record of Sir Percival's parents' marriage. It appears to be a forgery by the baronet to conceal his illegitimacy, which would deprive him of his title and inheritance if made public. In the struggle to secure evidence the church burns down and the vital papers are lost in the fire, as is Sir Percival himself. Laura recovers her identity and the name on her tomb is replaced with that of Anne Catherick who truly lies there. Laura marries Hartright. Laura lost her money to Sir Percival, but when Mr Fairlie dies, Laura and Hartright's son becomes the heir of Limmeridge. |
| - | * ''Aurora Floyd'' (1863) | + | |
| - | * ''[[The Shadow of Ashlydat]]'' (1864) | + | ==Characters== |
| - | * ''[[Griffith Gaunt]]'' (1865-66) | + | * Walter Hartright - A poor young man who earns his living as a drawing master. |
| - | * ''[[Armadale (novel)|Armadale]]'' (1866) | + | * Frederick Fairlie - A fanciful, selfish invalid, owner of Limmeridge House in Cumberland. Laura's uncle. |
| - | * ''Foul Play'' (1868) | + | * Laura Fairlie - His gentle, pretty niece, an heiress and an orphan. |
| + | * Marian Halcombe - Laura's half-sister and companion, not attractive but intelligent and resourceful. She is described as one "of the finest creations in all Victorian fiction" by John Sutherland | ||
| + | * Anne Catherick - (aka: "The Woman in White") A young woman said to be of disordered wits. She is possibly an illegitimate daughter of Laura's father. | ||
| + | * Mrs Catherick - Anne's strange and unsympathetic mother, who is somehow in league with Sir Percival Glyde. | ||
| + | * Sir Percival Glyde - Laura's fiance and then husband, he is an unpleasant baronet with a secret. He is able to appear charming and gracious when he wishes, but his true character appears soon after his marriage to Laura. | ||
| + | * Count Fosco - Sir Percival's closest friend. A grossly obese Italian with a mysterious past, he is eccentric, bombastic, urbane, intelligent and menacing. He carries his pet mice around in his pockets. The Count greatly admires Marian for her intellect. | ||
| + | * Countess Fosco - Laura's aunt, once a giddy girl but now humourless, cold and in thrall to her husband and his schemes. | ||
| + | * Professor Pesca - A teacher of Italian, and a good friend of Hartright. The professor finds Hartright the Limmeridge job, introducing him to Laura and Marian, and proves Fosco's unexpected nemesis. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Adaptations== | ||
| + | '''Theatre''' | ||
| + | * 2004 [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] stage [[musical theater|musical]] ''[[The Woman in White (musical)|The Woman in White]]'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Film and television''' | ||
| + | * 1912 American silent film | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0184032|title=The Woman In White}} | ||
| + | * 1912 American silent film | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0274221|title=The Woman In White}} | ||
| + | * 1917 American silent film | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0184033|title=The Woman In White}} | ||
| + | * 1929 British silent film adapted by Robert Cullen starring Haddon Mason as Walter Hartright and Louise Prussing as Marian Halcombe | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0020601|title=The Woman In White}} | ||
| + | *The 1940 film ''[[Crimes at the Dark House]]'' ([[1940 in film|1940]]) directed by [[George King (film director)|George King]] is loosely based on ''The Woman in White'' with [[Tod Slaughter]] playing the part of the false Sir Percival Glyde and [[Hay Petrie]] as Count Fosco. | ||
| + | * 1948 Hollywood film adapted by [[Stephen Morehouse Avery]] starring [[Gig Young]] as Walter Hartright, [[Alexis Smith]] as Marian Halcombe, [[Eleanor Parker]] as Laura Fairlie/Anne Catherick and [[Sydney Greenstreet]] as Count Fosco. | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0040974|title=The Woman In White}} | ||
| + | * 1982 [[BBC]] miniseries adapted by [[Ray Jenkins]] starring [[Daniel Gerroll]] as Walter Hartright and [[Diana Quick]] as Marian Halcombe | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0133324|title=The Woman In White}} | ||
| + | * 1982 [[Soviet]] film under the [[Russian language|Russian]] title ''Zhenshchina v belom'', directed by Vadim Derbenyov and starring [[Aleksandr Abdulov]] as Walter Hartright and [[Lithuania]]n actress Gražina Baikštite as both Laura Fairlie and Anne Catherick | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0161117|title=Zhenshchina v belom}} | ||
| + | * 1997 [[BBC]] [[The Woman in White (1997 TV series)|TV series]] adapted by [[David Pirie]] starring [[Andrew Lincoln]] as Walter Hartright and [[Tara Fitzgerald]] as Marian Halcombe; also broadcast on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] television in 1998 | ||
| + | **{{imdb title|id=0137279|title=The Woman In White}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Literature''' | ||
| + | * [[Douglas Preston]] and [[Lincoln Child]] published the novel ''[[Brimstone (book)|Brimstone]]'' (2004), featuring a modern re-imagining of the villain Count Fosco. | ||
| + | * James Wilson, ''The Dark Clue'' (2001): a "sequel" to ''The Woman in White'' | ||
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Yellow-back]] | ||
| - | *[[Penny novel]] | ||
| - | *''[[The Mysteries of London]]'' | ||
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The Woman in White is an epistolary novel written by Wilkie Collins in 1859, serialized in 1859–1860, and first published in book form in 1860. It is considered to be among the first mystery novels and is widely regarded as one of the first (and finest) in the genre of 'sensation novels'.
The story is considered an early example of detective fiction with the hero, Walter Hartright, employing many of the sleuthing techniques of later private detectives. The use of multiple narratives draws on Collins's legal training and as he points out in his Preamble: 'the story here presented will be told by more than one pen, as the story of an offence against the laws is told in Court by more than one witness'.
Plot
A drawing teacher, Walter Hartright, is employed by Mr Fairlie of Limmeridge House in Cumberland to teach his niece, the beautiful heiress Laura Fairlie, and her devoted half-sister Marian Halcombe, who is poor and plain but clever. Hartright and Laura fall in love, but he is penniless and Laura is promised in marriage to Sir Percival Glyde, a friend of her late father. The pair part and Hartright leaves England to forget her.
Laura begins married life with Marian as a companion. It soon becomes clear that Sir Percival has money troubles and has married his wife for her fortune. His friend Count Fosco, whose wife is Laura's aunt, appears to be involved with the plot and Marian is deeply suspicious of him, despite his open admiration of her. Trying to eavesdrop on their plotting, she is soaked in the rain and taken very ill. Recovering, she is told that Laura has died suddenly while visiting her aunt in London.
A strange woman dressed in white appears several times during the first part of the novel. Anne Catherick, the daughter of a former housekeeper to the Glydes, bears a striking resemblance to Laura. She knew Limmeridge as a child and wears white in remembrance of Laura's late mother, who was kind to her. Hartright meets her first under mysterious circumstances in the fourth chapter of the novel, at the end of which he learns that she had just escaped a private asylum, later learning that she had been confined there by Sir Percival and her mother. Mentally and physically frail, Anne hints repeatedly at a scandalous secret associated with Sir Percival, whom she hates and fears. Later, after Laura's death is reported, Anne is said to have been recaptured and returned to the asylum.
Hartright returns to England, and at Laura's graveside encounters Marian with Laura herself. He learns that Anne Catherick suffered heart failure when recaptured by Sir Percival and Fosco, who took advantage of the resemblance between the women; they buried Anne as "Lady Glyde", confined Laura in the asylum as "Anne Catherick", and took possession of her fortune. Marian has found and rescued Laura but she is mentally shattered, incapable of reclaiming her identity, and in constant danger of recapture. Hartright and Marian try in vain to expose what has been done, but eventually realise that a confession must be forced from Sir Percival. Seeking the secret mentioned by Anne, which he hopes to use as a bargaining tool, Hartright is led to the record of Sir Percival's parents' marriage. It appears to be a forgery by the baronet to conceal his illegitimacy, which would deprive him of his title and inheritance if made public. In the struggle to secure evidence the church burns down and the vital papers are lost in the fire, as is Sir Percival himself. Laura recovers her identity and the name on her tomb is replaced with that of Anne Catherick who truly lies there. Laura marries Hartright. Laura lost her money to Sir Percival, but when Mr Fairlie dies, Laura and Hartright's son becomes the heir of Limmeridge.
Characters
- Walter Hartright - A poor young man who earns his living as a drawing master.
- Frederick Fairlie - A fanciful, selfish invalid, owner of Limmeridge House in Cumberland. Laura's uncle.
- Laura Fairlie - His gentle, pretty niece, an heiress and an orphan.
- Marian Halcombe - Laura's half-sister and companion, not attractive but intelligent and resourceful. She is described as one "of the finest creations in all Victorian fiction" by John Sutherland
- Anne Catherick - (aka: "The Woman in White") A young woman said to be of disordered wits. She is possibly an illegitimate daughter of Laura's father.
- Mrs Catherick - Anne's strange and unsympathetic mother, who is somehow in league with Sir Percival Glyde.
- Sir Percival Glyde - Laura's fiance and then husband, he is an unpleasant baronet with a secret. He is able to appear charming and gracious when he wishes, but his true character appears soon after his marriage to Laura.
- Count Fosco - Sir Percival's closest friend. A grossly obese Italian with a mysterious past, he is eccentric, bombastic, urbane, intelligent and menacing. He carries his pet mice around in his pockets. The Count greatly admires Marian for her intellect.
- Countess Fosco - Laura's aunt, once a giddy girl but now humourless, cold and in thrall to her husband and his schemes.
- Professor Pesca - A teacher of Italian, and a good friend of Hartright. The professor finds Hartright the Limmeridge job, introducing him to Laura and Marian, and proves Fosco's unexpected nemesis.
Adaptations
Theatre
- 2004 Andrew Lloyd Webber stage musical The Woman in White
Film and television
- 1912 American silent film
- 1912 American silent film
- 1917 American silent film
- 1929 British silent film adapted by Robert Cullen starring Haddon Mason as Walter Hartright and Louise Prussing as Marian Halcombe
- The 1940 film Crimes at the Dark House (1940) directed by George King is loosely based on The Woman in White with Tod Slaughter playing the part of the false Sir Percival Glyde and Hay Petrie as Count Fosco.
- 1948 Hollywood film adapted by Stephen Morehouse Avery starring Gig Young as Walter Hartright, Alexis Smith as Marian Halcombe, Eleanor Parker as Laura Fairlie/Anne Catherick and Sydney Greenstreet as Count Fosco.
- 1982 BBC miniseries adapted by Ray Jenkins starring Daniel Gerroll as Walter Hartright and Diana Quick as Marian Halcombe
- 1982 Soviet film under the Russian title Zhenshchina v belom, directed by Vadim Derbenyov and starring Aleksandr Abdulov as Walter Hartright and Lithuanian actress Gražina Baikštite as both Laura Fairlie and Anne Catherick
- 1997 BBC TV series adapted by David Pirie starring Andrew Lincoln as Walter Hartright and Tara Fitzgerald as Marian Halcombe; also broadcast on PBS television in 1998
Literature
- Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child published the novel Brimstone (2004), featuring a modern re-imagining of the villain Count Fosco.
- James Wilson, The Dark Clue (2001): a "sequel" to The Woman in White
