Timeline of science fiction

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Rhombicuboctahedron by Leonardo da Vinci

This is a timeline of major events related to the evolution and development of science fiction as a literary tradition.

1 1500s
2 1600s
3 1700s
4 1800s
5 1900s
6 1910s
7 1920s
8 1930s
9 1940s
10 1950s
11 1960s
12 1970s
13 1980s
14 1990s
15 2000s
16 See also

[edit]

1500s

Year	Event	Literary History	Historical Events
1516	Thomas More publishes Utopia.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx">Template:Cite book</ref>

[edit]

1600s

Template:Infobox book

thumb|225px|Kircher's magnetic clock.

Year	Event	Literary History	Historical Events
1619	Johann Valentin Andreae publishes Christianopolis.<ref name="Stableford_p15">Template:Cite book</ref>
1623	Tommaso Campanella publishes The City of the Sun.<ref name="Stableford_p15" />
1627	Francis Bacon publishes New Atlantis.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1634	Johannes Kepler publishes A Dream.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1638	Francis Godwin publishes The Man in the Moone.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1656	Athanasius Kircher publishes Itinerarium Exstaticum (Ecstatic Journey).<ref name="Stableford_p16">Template:Cite book</ref>
1666	Margaret Cavendish publishes The Blazing World.<ref name="Stableford_p16" />
1686	Bernard de Fontenelle publishes Discussion of the Plurality of Worlds.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx /><ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />

[edit]

1700s

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1741	Ludvig Holberg publishes Niels Klim's Underground Travels.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1752	Voltaire publishes Micromégas.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1765	Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert publishes Voyage de Milord Céton dans les Sept Planètes (Journeys of Lord Seton in Seven Planets).<ref name="Stableford_p17">Template:Cite book</ref>
1771	Louis-Sébastien Mercier publishes The Year 2440.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1780	The Passage from the North to the South Pole is published anonymously in France.<ref name="Stableford_p17" />

[edit]

1800s

Template:Infobox book

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1805	Jean-Baptiste Cousin de Grainville publishes The Last Man.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />		Napoleon becomes First Consul of France in 1800 and then Emperor of France in 1804.<ref name=SF_encyc_36>Template:Cite book</ref>
1818	Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />	Jane Austen dies in 1817.<ref name=SF_encyc_36 />	Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo in 1815. United States buys Florida from Spain in 1819.<ref name=SF_encyc_36 />
1826	Mary Shelley publishes The Last Man.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />		Charles Babbage develops the concept of the difference engine, the world's first computer in 1822.<ref name=SF_encyc_36 />
1827	Jane Webb Loudon publishes The Mummy!.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1835	Edgar Allan Poe publishes "Hans Phaal".<ref name="Stableford_p18">Template:Cite book</ref>
1839	Edgar Allan Poe publishes the short story "The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion".<ref name="Stableford_p18" />
1848	Edgar Allan Poe publishes Eureka: A Prose Poem.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />		The Revolutions of 1848 occur.<ref name=SF_encyc_36 />
1851	Jules Verne publishes A Voyage in a Balloon.<ref name=SF_encyc_37>Template:Cite book</ref>		Louis-Napoleon comes to power in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_37 />
1859	Hermann Lang publishes The Air Battle: a Vision of the Future.<ref name="Stableford_p20">Template:Cite book</ref>
1863	Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon.<ref name="Stableford_p20" />
1864	Camille Flammarion publishes Real and Imaginary Worlds<ref name="Stableford_p17" />
1865	Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />		American Civil War is fought from 1861-1865. It introduces mechanized warfare.<ref name=SF_encyc_37 />
1868	Edward S. Ellis publishes The Steam Man of the Prairies, the first SF dime novel.<ref name=SF_encyc_37 />
1870	Jules Verne publishes Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1871	George T. Chesney publishes the novella The Battle of Dorking.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx /> Edward Bulwer-Lytton publishes The Coming Race.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1872	Samuel Butler publishes Erewhon<ref name=SF_encyc_37 />
1886	Robert Louis Stevenson publishes Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde<ref name=SF_encyc_37 />
1887	Camille Flammarion publishes Lumen.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx /> W. H. Hudson publishes A Crystal Age.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1888	Edward Bellamy publishes Looking Backward, 2000-1887.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1889	Mark Twain publishes A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx /> Camille Flammarion publishes Uranie.<ref name="Stableford_p20" />
1890	William Morris publishes News from Nowhere.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1893	Camille Flammarion publishes Omega: The Last Days of the World.<ref name="Stableford_p20" />
1895	H. G. Wells publishes The Time Machine.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />		The Lumière Brothers show the first motion films in 1895.<ref name=SF_encyc_37 />
1896	H. G. Wells publishes The Island of Doctor Moreau.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1897	Kurd Lasswitz publishes On Two Planets.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1898	H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />

[edit]

1900s

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1900	L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.<ref name=SF_encyc_42>Template:Cite book</ref>		The British Empire engages in the Boer War. The 16th World Exhibition takes place in Paris. Art Nouveau challenges Jugendstil.<ref name=SF_encyc_42 />
1901	H. G. Wells publishes The First Men in the Moon.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx /> M. P. Shiel publishes The Purple Cloud.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxx />
1903			The Wright brothers usher in the era of heavier than air flight with their successful flight of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, break away from the Mensheviks.<ref name=SF_encyc_42 />
1905	Rudyard Kipling publishes the short story "With the Night Mail".<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi">Template:Cite book</ref>		Albert Einstein postulates the light quantum, proves that atoms exist, and publishes on the Special Theory of Relativity.<ref name=SF_encyc_43>Template:Cite book</ref>
1907	Jack London publishes The Iron Heel.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi />	William James publishes Pragmatism<ref name=SF_encyc_43 />	The first helicopter, designed by Paul Cornu, flies for 20 seconds. Leo Baekeland invents Bakelite, the first commercially produced plastic. The Lusitania launches for the first time.<ref name=SF_encyc_43 />
1909	E. M. Forster publishes the novella The Machine Stops.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founds the Futurist Movement with the publication of Il Manifesto del Futurismo (Futurist Manifesto).<ref name=roberts_p157>Template:Cite book</ref>	Ezra Pound publishes Evolutions<ref name=SF_encyc_43 />	Richard Strauss completes Elektra. The Girl Guides form. Henry Ford produces the Model T.<ref name=SF_encyc_43 />

[edit]

1910s

Template:Infobox book

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1910	Thomas Edison's film company produces the first film adaptation of Frankenstein.<ref name=SF_encyc_46>Template:Cite book</ref>	Marie Curie publishes Treatise on Radiography.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 /> Mark Twain dies. Florence Nightingale dies.	Manet and the Post-Impressionists opens at the Grafton Galleries in London. The Futurist Manifesto is published.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 />
1911	Hugo Gernsback publishes Ralph 124C 41+ in serial form in Modern Electrics.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> F. W. Mader publishes Wunderwelten in which a crew of young astronauts travels to Alpha Centauri at faster-than-light speeds.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 />
1912	J. D. Beresford publishes The Hampdenshire Wonder.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Garrett P. Serviss publishes The Second Deluge.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Edgar Rice Burroughs publishes the novella Under the Moons of Mars.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Arthur Conan Doyle publishes The Lost World, which gives the name to the Lost World sub-genre of science fiction. Ironically, it is also one of the last Lost World novels to be published.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 />		John Jacob Astor, Jacques Futrelle, and William Thomas Stead, all early science fiction authors, die in the sinking of the Titanic.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 />
1913	Bernhard Kellermann publishes Der Tunnel (The Tunnel) in which a transatlantic tunnel is built, tying North America and Europe together.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 /> Hugo Gernsback ceases publication of Modern Electrics. He then founds Electrical Experimenter.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 />
1914	George Allan England publishes Darkness and Dawn<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi />. H. G. Wells publishes The World Set Free.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 />		Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Serbia.<ref name=SF_encyc_46 />
1915	Charlotte Perkins Gilman publishes Herland.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Jack London publishes The Scarlet Plague.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Guy Thorne predicts armored tanks in his novel The Cruiser on Wheels.<ref name=SF_encyc_47>Template:Cite book</ref>		The Lusitania is sunk.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> Albert Einstein publishes General Theory of Relativity.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> Germany develops poison gas weapons.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> Zeppelins begin flying.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />
1916	Gustav Meyrink publishes The Green Face in Austria.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> The film Homonculus depicts an artificial being devoid of a motivating spirit.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> Otto Witt launches Hugin, widely considered the first true science fiction magazine.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />
1917	Victor Rousseau Emanuel publishes The Messiah of the Cylinder.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> The movie Himmelskibet (The Airship) is produced during the middle of World War I.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />	T. S. Eliot publishes Prufrock and Other Observations.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />	Tanks make their first appearance in World War I.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> The United States enters World War I.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> Vladimir Lenin leads the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />
1918	Abraham Merritt publishes the novella The Moon Pool.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Alraune is produced as a film twice in 1918. One is made in Hungary by Michael Curtiz.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> William Hope Hodgson is killed in World War I.	Lytton Strachey publishes Eminent Victorians.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />	British women get the vote.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> The United States Postal Service begins airmail service between Washington, D.C. and New York.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />
1919	City of Endless Night by Milo Hastings is serialized in "True Story" magazine.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />		The atom is split for the first time by Ernest Rutherford.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 /> Adolf Hitler spies on the German Worker's Party for the German authorities.<ref name=SF_encyc_47 />

[edit]

1920s

Template:Infobox book

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1920	Karel Čapek publishes R.U.R.: A Fantastic Melodrama.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> W. E. B. Du Bois publishes the short story "The Comet".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> David Lindsay publishes A Voyage to Arcturus.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> The film Der Golem is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_50>Template:Cite book</ref> Argosy and All-Story Weekly combine and become Argosy All-Story Weekly.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 />
1921	Homer Eon Flint and Austin Hall publish "The Blind Spot" in Argosy All-Story Weekly.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> J. D. Beresford publishes Revolution.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 />
1922	Alexei Tolstoy publishes Aelita.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 />	T. S. Eliot publishes The Waste Land.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> Sinclair Lewis publishes Babbitt.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 />	Mahatma Gandhi goes to jail.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> Benito Mussolini comes to power in Italy.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 />
1923	E. V. Odle publishes The Clockwork Man.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> P. Anderson Graham publishes The Collapse of Homo Sapiens.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> Ronald Knox publishes Memories of the Future.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> H. G. Wells publishes Men Like Gods.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> Hugo Gernsback dedicates an entire issue of the journal Science and Invention to science fiction. This leads directly to the publication of Astounding Stories.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 />		The United States continues its policy of isolationism.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> Inflation explodes in Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 /> Mustafa Kemal is elected President of Turkey.<ref name=SF_encyc_50 />
1924	Yevgeny Zamyatin publishes We.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi />
1925	Hugo Gernsback publishes Ralph 124C 41+ as a monograph.<ref name=SF_encyc_51>Template:Cite book</ref>	The New Yorker begins publication.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />	Electrical recordings become a reality.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Kodak develops 16mm film stock.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> John Logie Baird develops the technology to transmit images by television.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Sergeoi Eisenstein releases the silent film Battleship Potemkin.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> The Irish Civil War ends.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />
1926	Hugo Gernsback launches Amazing Stories.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Robert M. Coates publishes The Eater of Darkness.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Guy Dent publishes Emperor of the If.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Fritz Lang releases his ground-breaking classic Metropolis.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Thea von Harbou serializes the screenplay of the silent film Metropolis directed by her husband, Fritz Lang.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Edgar Rice Burroughs publishes The Moon Maid.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Charlotte Haldane publishesMan's World.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Reginald Glossup publishes The Orphan of Space.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />	A. A. Milne publishes Winnie-the-Pooh.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />	Robert H. Goddard successfully launches a liquid-fuel rocket in the United States.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Trotsky is ejected from the Politburo.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Rudolph Valentino dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />
1927	John Taine publishes Quayle's Invention and The Gold Tooth.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />
1928	E. E. Smith publishes The Skylark of Space. Victor Gollancz founds Victor Gollancz Ltd, which publishes science fiction from its very first year onward.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />		Joseph Stalin comes to power in the Soviet Union.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Walt Disney releases the first Mickey Mouse cartoon.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />
1929	Buck Rogers in the 25th Century begins publication as a comic strip.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Hugo Gernsback coins the term science fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Kay Burdekin publishes The Rebel Passion.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Jack Williamson publishes The Girl from Mars.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> S. Fowler Wright publishes The World Below.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> Fritz Lang releases the realistic-looking film The Woman in the Moon.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />	William Faulkner publishes The Sound and the Fury.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />	The Wall Street Crash occurs.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 /> The Graf Zeppelin circumnavigates the globe.<ref name=SF_encyc_51 />

[edit]

1930s

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1930	Olaf Stapledon publishes Last and First Men.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> The F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead publishes The World in 2030.<ref name=SF_encyc_56>Template:Cite book</ref> John Taine publishes The Iron Star.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Astounding Science-Fiction begins publication.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> The film Just Imagine is released; it is badly received and sets science fiction as a film genre back many years.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Science Wonder Stories and Air Wonder Stories merge to become Wonder Stories magazine.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Astounding Stories of Super Science begins publication.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />		The Nationalist Socialist Party comes to power in Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Mein Kampf is published in English.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Mahatma Gandhi marches across India in protest of the Salt Tax.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />
1931	James Whale releases his classic film adaptation of Frankenstein.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Science and Invention ceases publication.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Astounding Stories of Super Science changes its title to Astounding Stories.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />
1932	Aldous Huxley publishes Brave New World.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is made into a film.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />		Adolf Hitler is defeated in presidential elections in Germany but holds onto a majority in the Reichstag.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Unemployment riots break out in England.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Franklin D. Roosevelt wins an overwhelming majority in the United States presidential elections.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />
1933	John Collier publishes the post-holocaust novel Tom's A-Cold (published as Full Circle in the United States).<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> James Whale directs the film version of The Invisible Man by H. G. Wells.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Street and Smith purchase Astounding Stories and retool its editorial policy which raises its prominence in the field of science fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />		Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> The Hitler Youth is formed in Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Germany and Japan withdraw from the League of Nations.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />
1934	Murray Leinster publishes the short story "Sidewise in Time".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Stanley G. Weinbaum publishes the short story "A Martian Odyssey".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> The Skylark series by E. E. Smith ends with the publication of Skylark of Valeron.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> E. E. Smith begins publication of his Lensman series with "Triplanetary" which is serialized in Amazing magazine.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 /> Jack Williamson begins publication of his Legion of Space series.<ref name=SF_encyc_56 />
1935	Olaf Stapledon publishes Odd John.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Joseph O'Neill publishes Land under England, a Lost World novel that provides the backdrop for a sharp political satire.<ref name=SF_encyc_57>Template:Cite book</ref> Maurice Renard's Le mains d'Orlac (The Hands of Orlac) is made into the film Mad Love.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />	Porgy and Bess by Ira Gershwin opens.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />	Germany strips is Jewish citizens of their citizenship.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> The Dust Bowl strikes the middle of North America.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />
1936	Things to Come, directed by William Cameron Menzies, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Paul Gurk publishes Tuzub 37.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> Karel Čapek publishes Valka s mloky (War with the Newts).<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> Flash Gordon appears on film for the first time.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> Wonder Stories is sold off and is recast as Thrilling Wonder Stories taking a definite turn towards stories and images of monsters and adventures.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />
1937	Flash Gordon appears in the first book version of the series in Flash Gordon in the Caverns of Mongo.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> John W. Campbell, Jr. becomes editor of Astounding Stories; he promptly changes the title to Astounding Science Fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />	George Orwell publishes The Road to Wigan Pier.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />	The Spanish Civil War erupts.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> Germany aligns with Benito Mussolini.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> Germany occupies the Rhineland.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />
1938	John W. Campbell, Jr., writing under the pseudonym "Don A. Stuart", writes the novella Who Goes There?.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> C. S. Lewis publishes Out of the Silent Planet.<ref name=roberts_p165>Template:Cite book</ref> Orson Welles dramatises H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds on the radio and causes widespread panic.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />		Germany annexes Austria.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> Germany occupies the Sudetenland.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />
1939	Stanley G. Weinbaum publishes The New Adam.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Startling Stories is launched.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />	The Alice in Wonderland series by Lewis Carroll is parodied in Adolf in Blunderland.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />	Hitler annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> Hitler invades Poland.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 /> France and Britain declare war on Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_57 />

[edit]

1940s

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1940	Robert A. Heinlein publishes the short story "The Roads Must Roll".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Robert A. Heinlein publishes the short story "If This Goes On—".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> A. E. van Vogt publishes Slan as a serial; it is later published as a monographic volume in 1946.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Fred Allhoff publishes Lightning in the Night, which served as a warning of what might happen if Hitler won World War II.<ref name=SF_encyc_64>Template:Cite book</ref>		Paris falls to the Germany army.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico by Russian agents.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Walt Disney makes Fantasia.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />
1941	Isaac Asimov publishes the short story "Nightfall".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> L. Sprague de Camp publishes Lest Darkness Fall.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Robert A. Heinlein publishes the short story "Universe".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Theodore Sturgeon publishes the short story "Microcosmic God".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Phil Stong publishes the first major anthology of science fiction short stories.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Science fiction publishing nearly ceases in England due to severe shortages of paper.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> John W. Campbell, Jr. shuts down Unknown to preserve paper so as to keep Astounding Science Fiction in print.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />		The United States enters World War II after Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Russia enters World War II after Germany invades its Western border.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />
1942	Isaac Asimov begins publishing the short stories that later were compiled into his seminal work Foundation.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Robert A. Heinlein writes Beyond the Horizon then ceases writing science fiction to focus on war-related work.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt publish Land of Unreason.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Vita Sackville-West publishes Grand Canyon.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Austin Tappan Wright publishes Islandia (novel).<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Peter Vansittart publishes I am the World.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />
1943	The Gremlins is written by Roald Dahl for Walt Disney Productions.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Batman (serial) is released by Columbia Pictures as a 15 episode serial.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />		Heavily armed German forces occupy the Warsaw Ghetto.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />
1944	C. L. Moore publishes the short story "No Woman Born".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxi /> Clifford Simak begins publishing City in serial format in Astounding Science Fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Aldous Huxley publishes Time Must Have a Stop.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Olaf Stapledon publishes Sirius.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 /> Philip Wylie publishes Night Unto Night.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />		Adolf Hitler unleashes the V-2 rocket on London in September 1944.<ref name=SF_encyc_64 />
1945	Murray Leinster publishes the novella First Contact.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii">Template:Cite book</ref> A. E. van Vogt publishes The World of Null-A as a serial in Astounding Science Fiction and later as a book in 1948.<ref name=SF_encyc_65>Template:Cite book</ref> C. S. Lewis publishes That Hideous Strength.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />	George Orwell publishes Animal Farm (novel).<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />	The dropping of Atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima end World War II and usher in the nuclear era.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />
1946	The Best of Science Fiction anthology, edited by Groff Conklin, is published.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> A. E. van Vogt publishes Slan in book format.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> E. E. Smith publishes The Skylark of Space in book format.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> McComas and Healy publish Adventures in Time and Space, an anthology of short stories considered seminal in the genre.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> Pat Frank publishes Mr. Adam.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> New Worlds begins publication in England.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />		ENIAC, the world's first electronic computer, is built.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />
1947	Robert A. Heinlein publishes Rocket Ship Galileo.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Gnome Press becomes the most successful small press to publish science fiction content.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> J. O. Bailey publishes Pilgrims in Space and Time, the first academic analysis of science fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> Fantasy Fiction, a short-lived science fiction magazine, begins publication. Despite its short run, it publishes the works of established writers Isaac Asimov, A. E. van Vogt, and Murray Leinster, as well as the first published story by Cordwainer Smith, "Scanners Live in Vain", who had not been able to get published in more established SF magazines.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />
1948	Judith Merril publishes the short story "That Only a Mother".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Founded in 1947, Shasta Publishers is publishing works by major SF authors by 1948, including Robert A. Heinlein, L. Sprague de Camp, and Alfred Bester. Shasta rejects L. Ron Hubbard's first Dianetics volume.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> Astounding Science Fiction publishes Dianetics after it is rejected by Shasta Publishers.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />
1949	Everett Bleiler and T. E. Dikty edit and publish The Best Science Fiction Stories.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> George Orwell publishes Nineteen Eighty-Four.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> H. Beam Piper publishes the short story "He Walked Around the Horses".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> George R. Stewart publishes Earth Abides.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Jack Vance publishes the short story "The King of Thieves".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction begins publication.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /><ref name=SF_encyc_65 />		Mao Tse-Tung seizes control of China.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> South Africa adopts apartheid.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> Albert Einstein publishes Generalized Theory of Gravitation.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 /> Carol Reed directs the British film noir movie The Third Man.<ref name=SF_encyc_65 />

[edit]

1950s

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1950	Isaac Asimov publishes I, Robot.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Ray Bradbury publishes The Martian Chronicles.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Judith Merril publishes Shadow on the Hearth.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Galaxy Science Fiction begins publishing.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Destination Moon, directed by Irving Pichel, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Doubleday (publisher) begins publishing science fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_68>Template:Cite book</ref> The film Destination Moon is released. It is one of the first science fiction, as opposed to horror, films to be produced.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> Fifteen new science fiction magazines are established during 1950.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />		George Bernard Shaw dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> The Korean War breaks out.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> Thor Heyerdahl launches Kon-Tiki to sail across the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />
1951	Ray Bradbury publishes The Illustrated Man.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> John Wyndham publishes The Day of the Triffids.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Le Rayon Fantastique, a collection of French science fiction novels, is launched by Éditions Gallimard.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />		The Festival of Britain exhibition celebrates innovative British architecture, scientific discoveries, technology, and industrial design.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />
1952	Philip José Farmer publishes the short story "The Lovers".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Clifford D. Simak publishes City.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Theodore Sturgeon publishes the short story "The World Well Lost".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii />	Ballantine Books is founded.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />	The United States explodes the first hydrogen bomb at Eniwetok Atoll in the South Pacific Ocean.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />
1953	Alfred Bester publishes The Demolished Man, which wins the first Hugo Award for Best Novel.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Ray Bradbury publishes Fahrenheit 451.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Arthur C. Clarke publishes Childhood's End.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Hal Clement publishes Mission of Gravity.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Ward Moore publishes Bring the Jubilee.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth publish The Space Merchants.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Frederik Pohl edits the anthology Star Science Fiction Stories.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Theodore Sturgeon publishes E Pluribus Unicorn.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Theodore Sturgeon publishes More Than Human.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> The 1953 World SF Convention awards the first Hugo Award; the award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the pioneering founder of Amazing Stories.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> Project Moonbase is released. It is widely considered a disaster and marks the last time that Robert A. Heinlein attempted to work with Hollywood to produce a movie.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> Galaxie (French science fiction magazine) begins publishing in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />
1954	Poul Anderson publishes Brain Wave.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Isaac Asimov publishes The Caves of Steel.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Tom Godwin publishes the short story "The Cold Equations".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Donald Tuck publishes Handbook of Science Fiction and Fantasy, which is still used as a reference resource for scholars of science fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> The Présence du futur series is launched by Denoël.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> The movie Them! is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />		The Northwest Vietnamese city of Dien Bien Phu is seized by the Viet Minh in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy begins the period of accusation and trials of supposed communists that came to be known as McCarthyism.<ref name=SF_encyc_68 /> Robert Oppenheimer is labeled a "security risk".<ref name=SF_encyc_68 />
1955	James Blish publishes Earthman, Come Home.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Leigh Brackett publishes The Long Tomorrow.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Arthur C. Clarke publishes the short story "The Star".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> William Tenn publishes the collection of short stories Of All Possible Worlds.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxii /> Greg Benford and his twin brother launch a fanzine.<ref name=SF_encyc_69>Template:Cite book</ref> This Island Earth is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> Utopia Magazin is launched in Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />
1956	Alfred Bester publishes Tiger! Tiger! which was published two years later in 1957 in the United States under the title The Stars My Destination.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii">Template:Cite book</ref> Arthur C. Clarke publishes The City and the Stars.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Robert A. Heinlein publishes Double Star.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Judith Merril edits the anthology SF: The Year's Greatest Science Fiction and Fantasy.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Invasion of the Body Snatchers, directed by Don Siegel, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Forbidden Planet, directed by Fred M. Wilcox, is released;<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> the robot in the film is bound by Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> The Luna science fiction series is launched in Germany; it primarily reproduces existing titles.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> Astounding Science Fiction publishes Isaac Asimov's The Naked Sun in serial format.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> Galaxy publishes Alfred Bester's The Stars My Destination in serial format.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> Fantasy and Science Fiction magazine publishes Robert A. Heinlein's The Door into Summer as a serial.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />
1957	Terra, a new series of science fiction publications, is launched in Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> Galaxis is founded in Germany.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />		Anthony Eden's career ends as a result of the Suez Crisis.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> A dog named Laika orbits the Earth in Sputnik 2.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />
1958	Brian W. Aldiss publishes Non-Stop in England, which is later released as Starship in the United States.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> James Blish publishes A Case of Conscience.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Ivan Yefremov publishes Andromeda.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> C. M. Kornbluth dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> Walter Ernsting launches the Terra-Sonderband imprint.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> The Fly is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> Satellite Science Fiction is launched.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />		Wernher von Braun helps the United States launch the Explorer program.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />
1959	Philip K. Dick publishes Time Out of Joint.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Robert A. Heinlein publishes Starship Troopers.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Daniel Keyes publishes the novella Flowers for Algernon; the book of the same name is published in 1966.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. publishes The Sirens of Titan.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> The film The Giant Behemoth is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 /> The film On the Beach is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />		The Soviet Union launches Lunik 1.<ref name=SF_encyc_69 />

[edit]

1960s

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1960	Poul Anderson publishes The High Crusade.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Philip José Farmer publishes Strange Relations.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Walter M. Miller, Jr. publishes A Canticle for Leibowitz.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Theodore Sturgeon publishes Venus Plus X.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Kingsley Amis publishes New Maps of Hell, a compilation of his lectures on science fiction given at Princeton University.<ref name=SF_encyc_72>Template:Cite book</ref> George Pal adapts The Time Machine to the big screen.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> John W. Campbell begins the process of changing the title of Astounding Science Fiction to Analog Science Fact and Fiction'.'<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />	Albert Camus dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> Boris Pasternak dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />	The first weather satellite is launched.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> The Concorde begins to take shape on the drawing boards.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />
1961	Gordon R. Dickson publishes Naked to the Stars.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Harry Harrison publishes The Stainless Steel Rat.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Robert A. Heinlein publishes Stranger in a Strange Land.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Zenna Henderson publishes the collection of short stories entitled Pilgrimage: The Book of the People.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Stanisław Lem publishes Solaris in Russia. It is translated into English in 1970.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Cordwainer Smith publishes the short story "Alpha Ralpha Boulevard".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Frederik Pohl takes over as editor for Galaxy and If.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> Brian W. Aldiss publishes Hothouse in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />		Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to orbit the Earth.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> Rudolf Nureyev defects to the West.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> The Berlin Wall is constructed, separating West Berlin from East Berlin.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />
1962	J. G. Ballard publishes The Drowned Land.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Anthony Burgess publishes A Clockwork Orange Philip K. Dick publishes The Man in the High Castle.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Naomi Mitchison publishes Memoirs of a Spacewoman.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Eric Frank Russell publishes The Great Explosion.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> The Manchurian Candidate is released to the big screen.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />		Telstar broadcasts the first live transatlantic pictures.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />
1963	Pierre Boulle publishes La planète des singes, which is translated as Planet of the Apes.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> Doctor Who begins airing in England.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> The literary journal Quarber Merkur is launched in Austria.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />		President John F. Kennedy is assassinated.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> British politician John Profumo is caught in a sex scandal.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> The Soviet Union launches the first woman into orbit.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />
1964	Philip K. Dick publishes Martian Time-Slip.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Robert A. Heinlein publishes Farnham's Freehold.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> James Blish publishes The Issue at Hand under the pseudonym William Atheling.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> Michael Moorcock becomes editor of New Worlds in Great Britain.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />		Nelson Mandela is imprisoned in South Africa.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> The Soviet Union launches Zond 2 to the Moon.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 /> The United States launches Mariner 4 to the Moon.<ref name=SF_encyc_72 />
1965	Philip K. Dick publishes Dr. Bloodmoney.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Harry Harrison publishes The Streets of Ashkelon.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Frank Herbert publishes Dune which wins the Nebula Award for best novel.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Jack Vance publishes Space Opera.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> World's Best Science Fiction: 1965, edited by Donald A. Wollheim and Terry Carr, is published.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Cele Goldsmith Lalli steps down as editor of Amazing Stories and Fantastic Fiction when the two magazines are sold by Ziff Davis to Sol Cohen.<ref name=SF_encyc_73>Template:Cite book</ref>		The United States enters the conflict in Vietnam.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> Martin Luther King, Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />
1966	Samuel R. Delany publishes Babel-17.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Harry Harrison publishes Make Room! Make Room!.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiii /> Robert A. Heinlein publishes The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv">Template:Cite book</ref> Damon Knight edits Orbit 1, the first in a series of anthologies.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /><ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Keith Roberts publishes The Signaller.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Star Trek begins being broadcast in the United States.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /><ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> The first Nebula Award is given out.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />		The Cultural Revolution begins in China.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> The Soviet Luna 9 and American Surveyor 1 space probes successfully land on the Moon.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />
1967	Samuel R. Delany publishes The Einstein Intersection.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Harlan Ellison edits the anthology Dangerous Visions.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Roger Zelazny publishes Lord of Light.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> The Prisoner begins airing in Great Britain.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> Horizons du Fantastique is launched in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />		Israe] goes to war with neighboring Arab states in the Six-Day War.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> The Concorde project is revealed to the world.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />
1968	John Brunner publishes Stand on Zanzibar.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Philip K. Dick publishes Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Thomas M. Disch publishes Camp Concentration.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Anne McCaffrey publishes Dragonflight.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Judith Merril edits the England Swings SF anthology.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Alexei Panshin publishes Rite of Passage.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Keith Roberts publishes Pavane.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Robert Silverberg publishes Hawksbill Station.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> 2001: A Space Odyssey, directed by Stanley Kubrick, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> The Molecular Café, an anthology of Russian science fiction, is published in the West.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> Nueva Dimension is founded in Spain.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />		Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> The Soviet Union sends in military forces to crush the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> Paris is paralyzed by rioting students.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />
1969	Michael Crichton publishes The Andromeda Strain.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Ursula K. Le Guin publishes The Left Hand of Darkness.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Visions of Tomorrow, a short-lived science fiction journal, is founded. While it remains in publication for only one year, it is the first English-language periodical to publish one of Stanisław Lem's short stories.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />		Apollo 11 lands on the Moon.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> The Woodstock Music & Art Fair takes place.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 /> Charles Manson and his followers commit a series of grizzly murders in Southern California.<ref name=SF_encyc_73 />

[edit]

1970s

Year	Event	Literary history	Historical events
1970	Larry Niven publishes Ringworld.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Marge Piercy publishes Dance the Eagle to Sleep.<ref name=SF_encyc_78>Template:Cite book</ref> George Lucas releases his film THX 1138.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />	Allen Lane, the mastermind behind mass market paperbacks, dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />
1971	Terry Carr edits Universe 1.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Robert Silverberg publishes The World Inside.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Donald A. Wollheim, editor of Ace Books, leaves to establish DAW Books. He uses the opportunity to include topics that were forbidden at Ace, including sex.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> C. J. Cherryh begins publishing her books through DAW books.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />	Stanley Kubrick releases A Clockwork Orange.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />	Great Britain adopts the decimal system.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> The Soyuz spacecraft docks with the Salyut space station for the first time. The cosmonauts do not survive re-entry.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />
1972	Isaac Asimov publishes The Gods Themselves.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Harlan Ellison edits Again, Dangerous Visions.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Barry Malzberg publishes Beyond Apollo.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Joanna Russ publishes When It Changed.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Arkady and Boris Strugatsky publish Roadside Picnic.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Gene Wolfe publishes The Fifth Head of Cerberus.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> The Science Fiction Foundation begins publishing the journal Foundation.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Stanisław Lem's novel Solaris is made into a film.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> Ben Bova officially becomes the editor of Analog Science Fiction and Fact after having been running the magazine following John W. Campbell's death.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />
1973	Arthur C. Clarke publishes Rendezvous with Rama.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Thomas Pynchon publishes Gravity's Rainbow.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Mack Reynolds publishes Looking Backward from the Year 2000.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> James Tiptree, Jr. publishes the collection of short stories Ten Thousand Light-Years from Home.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Ian Watson publishes The Embedding.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> The journal Science Fiction Studies begins being published.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> The John W. Campbell Memorial Award is established by Harry Harrison and Brian Aldiss.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> Brian Aldiss piublishes Billion Year Spree.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> Moonbase 3 is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />		The Vietnam War ends.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> Skylab's first crew arrives at the station.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 /> Political tensions in the Middle East cause oil prices to skyrocket 70%.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />
1974	Suzy McKee Charnas publishes Walk to the End of the World.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Joe Haldeman publishes The Forever War.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Ursula K. Le Guin publishes The Dispossessed.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> SF Magazine begins publication in Japan; it primarily translates works found in Fantasy and Science Fiction magazine.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />		Richard Nixon resigns as U.S. President.<ref name=SF_encyc_78 />
1975	Samuel R. Delany publishes Dhalgren.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Joanna Russ publishes The Female Man.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxiv /> Pamela Sargent edits Women of Wonder.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv">Template:Cite book</ref> Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson publish Illuminatus!.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Gérard Klein edits the first Anthologies de la Science-Fiction in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_79>Template:Cite book</ref> Univers begins publication in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />		The Soyuz (spacecraft) and Apollo (spacecraft) link up in Earth orbit.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 /> Margaret Thatcher becomes leader of the British Conservative Party.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />
1976	Samuel R. Delany publishes Triton.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Marge Piercy publishes Woman on the Edge of Time.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> James Tiptree, Jr. publishes the novella Houston, Houston, Do You Read?.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Odyssey Science Fiction magazine is founded and folds after only two issues.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 /> Galileo Magazine is founded and folds after a single issue.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />		Mao Tse-tung dies in China.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />
1977	Mack Reynolds publishes After Utopia.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Close Encounters of the Third Kind, directed by Steven Spielberg, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Star Wars, directed by George Lucas, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Collectif is published in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 /> Asimov's Science Fiction magazine is founded.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />		The first boat people flee Vietnam.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />
1978	George H. White publishes his La saga de los Aznar in Spain.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 /> The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams is aired on BBC Radio.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 /> Bob Guccione founds Omni magazine.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />
1979	Douglas Adams publishes The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Octavia Butler publishes Kindred.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> John Crowley publishes Engine Summer.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Frederik Pohl publishes Gateway.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. publishes Slaughterhouse-Five.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Alien, directed by Ridley Scott, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Darko Suvin publishes the translation of his Pour une poetique de la science-fiction as Metamorphoses of Science Fiction. It later receives the Pilgrim Award.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />		Three Mile Island releases radioactive gas into the surrounding countryside.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 /> Margaret Thatcher becomes the British Prime Minister.<ref name=SF_encyc_79 />

[edit]

1980s

Year	Event	Historical Events
1980	Gregory Benford publishes Timescape.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Gene Wolfe publishes The Shadow of the Torturer, the first volume of The Book of the New Sun series.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Tor Books is founded by Tom Doherty after he leaves Ace Books.<ref name=SF_encyc_86>Template:Cite book</ref> George Lucas releases his film The Empire Strikes Back.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> SF et Quotidien is published in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />	Ronald Reagan becomes President of the United States.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> Solidarność trade union is founded in Poland.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />
1981	C. J. Cherryh publishes Downbelow Station.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> William Gibson publishes the short story "The Gernsback Continuum".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Vernor Vinge publishes the short story "True Names".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Serge Brussolo publishes Sommeil de sang (Blood Sleep) in France.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is translated to film.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> Interzone begins publication in Great Britain.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />	The Space Shuttle Columbia is launched.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> Prince Charles gets married to Diana, Princess of Wales.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />
1982	Brian Aldiss publishes Helliconia Spring.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott, is released.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Steven Spielberg releases E.T..<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> John Carpenter releases a remade version of The Thing (1982 film).<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />	Great Britain goes to war with Argentina in the Falklands.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> Israel goes to war with Lebanon.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />
1983	David Brin publishes Startide Rising.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Bluejay Books is set up as an imprint of St. Martin's Press.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> Return of the Jedi is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> The mini-series V airs.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 /> Analog serializes Greg Bear's book Blood Music.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />	Ronald Reagan proposes the Star Wars Missile Defense System.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />
1984	Octavia Butler publishes the short story "Bloodchild".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Samuel R. Delany publishes Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Gardner Dozois edits The Year's Best Science Fiction: First Annual Collection.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Suzette Haden Elgin publishes Native Tongue.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> William Gibson publishes Neuromancer.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Gwyneth Jones publishes Divine Endurance.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Kim Stanley Robinson publishes the short story "The Lucky Strike", which was reprinted in the collection of short stories entitled The Planet on the Table in 1986, and the novel The Wild Shore.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Frank Herbert's Dune is brought to the cinemas by David Lynch.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />	The Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV) is named.<ref name=SF_encyc_86 />
1985	Margaret Atwood publishes The Handmaid's Tale, which wins the first Arthur C. Clarke Award for Best Novel in 1987.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Greg Bear publishes Blood Music and Eon.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Orson Scott Card publishes Ender's Game.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /><ref name=SF_encyc_87>Template:Cite book</ref> Lewis Shiner and Bruce Sterling publish the short story "Mozart in Mirrorshades".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Bruce Sterling publishes Schismatrix.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Kurt Vonnegut publishes Galápagos.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Iain Banks publishes Walking on Glass.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Back to the Future is released in the movie theaters.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />	Mikhail Gorbachev becomes head of state of the Soviet Union.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> The Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace Ship, is sunk by French secret agents.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />
1986	Lois McMaster Bujold publishes Ethan of Athos.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Orson Scott Card publishes Speaker for the Dead.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxv /> Ken Grimwood publishes Replay.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi">Template:Cite book</ref> Pamela Sargent publishes The Shore of Women.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Joan Slonczewski publishes A Door into Ocean'.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> The Arthur C. Clarke Award is given out for the first time; The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood wins.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Aliens is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Charles C. Ryan founds and edits Aboriginal SF.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Frank Miller publishes the graphic novel Batman: The Dark Knight Returns.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />	The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes on take-off, killing all aboard.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> The Chernobyl power plant goes critical in the Soviet Union.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />
1987	Iain M. Banks publishes Consider Phlebas'.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Octavia Butler publishes Dawn: Xenogenesis I'.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Pat Cadigan publishes Mindplayers'.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Judith Moffett publishes Pennterra'.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Lucius Shepard publishes Life During Wartime.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Michael Swanwick publishes Vacuum Flowers'.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Arkady and Boris Strugatsky are allowed to leave Russia to attend their first WorldCon in Great Britain.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Star Trek: The Next Generation launches on television in the United States.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Alan Moore publishes his Watchmen in the U.S. comics market.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />	Seventy countries sign the Montreal Accord pledging to reduce Chlorofluorocarbon emissions.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />
1988	John Barnes publishes Sin of Origin.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Sheri S. Tepper publishes The Gate to Women's Country.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Robert A. Heinlein dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Red Dwarf begins airing in Great Britain.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />	Ronald Reagan travels to the Soviet Union and signs a major agreement to reduce the United States and Russia's nuclear arsenals.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />
1989	Orson Scott Card publishes The Folk of the Fringe.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Geoff Ryman publishes The Child Garden.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Dan Simmons publishes Hyperion.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Bruce Sterling publishes the short story "Dori Bangs".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Sheri S. Tepper publishes Grass.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Locus Magazine documents a 50% per year increase in the number of science fiction books being published.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 /> Doctor Who is cancelled.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />	The Berlin Wall is torn down.<ref name=SF_encyc_87 />

[edit]

1990s

Year	Event	Historical Events
1990	Colin Greenland publishes Take Back Plenty.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Kim Stanley Robinson publishes Pacific Edge.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Sheri S. Tepper publishes Raising the Stones.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Brian Stableford publishes his first Werewolves of London series.<ref name=SF_encyc_92>Template:Cite book</ref> Total Recall is released.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 /> Eidolon is launched in Australia.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 />	Nelson Mandela is released from prison after 27 years of captivity.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 /> Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 /> Iraq invades Kuwait.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 /> East and West Germany are reunited.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 /> The Channel Tunnel workers digging from both ends meet in the middle.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 />
1991	Stephen Baxter publishes Raft.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Emma Bull publishes Bone Dance.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Pat Cadigan publishes the short story "Dispatches from the Revolution".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Michael Crichton publishes Jurassic Park.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Gwyneth Jones publishes White Queen.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Brian Stableford publishes Sexual Chemistry: Sardonic Tales of the Genetic Revolution.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> James Cameron releases Terminator 2: Judgment Day.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 />	Operation Desert Storm launches the beginning of the Gulf War.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 />
1992	Greg Egan publishes Quarantine.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Nancy Kress publishes the short story "Beggars in Spain".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Maureen McHugh publishes China Mountain Zhang.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Kim Stanley Robinson publishes Red Mars.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Neal Stephenson publishes Snow Crash.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Vernor Vinge publishes A Fire Upon the Deep.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Connie Willis publishes Doomsday Book.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Isaac Asimov dies.<ref name=SF_encyc_92 />	Yugoslavia dissolves into a number of smaller states.<ref name=SF_encyc_93>Template:Cite book</ref> Political reforms in South Africa unfold.<ref name=SF_encyc_93 /> Riots break out in Los Angeles after police are caught beating Rodney King on film.<ref name=SF_encyc_93 />
1993	Eleanor Arnason publishes Ring of Swords.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Nicola Griffith publishes Ammonite.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Peter F. Hamilton publishes Mindstar Rising.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Nancy Kress publishes Beggars in Spain.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Paul J. McAuley publishes Red Dust.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Paul Park publishes Coelestis.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi />
1994	Kathleen Ann Goonan publishes Queen City Jazz.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Elizabeth Hand publishes Waking the Moon.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvi /> Mike Resnick publishes A Miracle of Rare Design.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii">Template:Cite book</ref> Melissa Scott publishes Trouble and Her Friends.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Stargate is released in cinemas.<ref name=SF_encyc_93 />	Multiracial elections are held for the first time in South Africa.<ref name=SF_encyc_93 /> Civil war breaks out in Rwanda.<ref name=SF_encyc_93 />
1995	Greg Egan publishes Permutation City.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Ken MacLeod publishes The Star Fraction.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Melissa Scott publishes Shadow Man.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Neal Stephenson publishes The Diamond Age.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />
1996	Orson Scott Card publishes Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Kathleen Ann Goonan publishes The Bones of Time.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Mary Doria Russell publishes The Sparrow.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />
1997	Wil McCarthy publishes Bloom.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Paul J. McAuley publishes Child of the River.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />
1998	Graham Joyce and Peter F. Hamilton publish the short story "Eat Reecebread".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Keith Hartman publishes the short story "Sex, Guns, and Baptists".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Nalo Hopkinson publishes Brown Girl in the Ring.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Ian R. MacLeod publishes the short story "The Summer Isles".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Brian Stableford publishes Inherit the Earth.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Bruce Sterling publishes Distraction.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Howard Waldrop publishes "US".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />
1999	Greg Bear publishes Darwin's Radio.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Neal Stephenson publishes Cryptonomicon.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Vernor Vinge publishes A Deepness in the Sky.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />

[edit]

2000s

Year	Event	Historical Events
2000	Nalo Hopkinson publishes Midnight Robber, a coming-of-age story set in a Caribbean-settled colony world.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Ursula K. Le Guin publishes The Telling.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Ken MacLeod publishes Cosmonaut Keep.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />
2001	Terry Bisson publishes the short story "The Old Rugged Cross".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Ted Chiang publishes the short story "Hell is the Absence of God".<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> John Clute publishes Appleseed.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Mary Gentle publishes Ash: A Secret History.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Maureen McHugh publishes Nekropolis.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> China Miéville publishes Perdido Street Station.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Joan Slonczewski publishes Brain Plague.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />	September 11 - The United States is attacked by Al Qaeda.
2002	Greg Egan publishes Schild's Ladder.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Jon Courtenay Grimwood publishes Effendi.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii /> Kim Stanley Robinson publishes The Years of Rice and Salt.<ref name=CambridgeCompanion2003_pxxvii />

[edit]

Timeline of science fiction

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

Contents

1500s

1600s

1700s

1800s

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

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2000s

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