World War II casualties  

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'''[[World War II]]''' was the [[List of wars and disasters by death toll|deadliest military conflict in history]]. Over 60 million people were killed. The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. '''[[World War II]]''' was the [[List of wars and disasters by death toll|deadliest military conflict in history]]. Over 60 million people were killed. The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses.
- 
-==Total dead== 
-World War II casualty statistics vary greatly. Estimates of total dead range from 50 million to over 70 million.<ref>[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm# Second''Second Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm'']</ref> The sources cited on this page document an estimated death toll in World War II of 62 to 78 million, making it the deadliest war ever. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Civilians killed totaled from 40 to 52 million, including 13 to 20 million from war-related disease and famine. Total [[Battle casualties of World War II|military dead]]: from 22 to 25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. 
- 
-==Recent historical scholarship== 
-[[Image:Einsatzgruppen Killing.jpg|upright|thumb|right|An ''Einsatzgruppe D'' member about to shoot a Jew kneeling at a mass grave in [[Vinnitsa]], [[Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]], in 1942. The photograph is inscribed: ''The last Jew in Vinnitsa.'']]Recent historical scholarship has shed new insight into the topic of Second World War casualties. Research in Russia since the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet war dead.<ref>Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union]''". [[Harvard University Press]]. p.242. ISBN 0-674-02178-9</ref> Estimated USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million.<ref>Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- ''Europe Asia Studies'', July 1994.</ref> In August 2009 the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million.<ref name="Tomasz Szarota 1945">Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.''[[Institute of National Remembrance]](IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6</ref> 
- 
-The [[German Armed Forces Military History Research Office|German Army historian]] Dr. Rüdiger Overmans published a study in 2000 that estimated German military dead and missing at 5.3 million.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000">Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1</ref> War dead totals on this page for the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] are based on the research of the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsub Commonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2008–09]</ref> 
- 
-Casualties listed here include about 4 to 12 million war-related famine deaths in China, Indonesia, [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945|Vietnam]], the Philippines, [[Bengal Famine of 1943|India]] that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">[[R. J. Rummel]]. '' China's Bloody Century ''. Transaction 1991 ISBN 0-88738-417-X</ref></br> 
==Human losses by country== ==Human losses by country==
-[[Image:Katyń, ekshumacja ofiar.jpg|thumb|left|[[Katyn massacre|Katyn]] 1943 exhumation. Photo by [[International Red Cross|Polish Red Cross]] delegation.]] 
- 
-Some nations in World War II suffered disproportionally more casualties than others. This is especially true regarding [[civilian casualties]]. The following chart gives data on the number of dead for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. Military figures include [[Killed in action|battle deaths]] (KIA) and [[Missing in action|personnel missing in action]] (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of [[prisoners of war]] in captivity. [[Civilian casualties]] include deaths caused by [[strategic bombing]], [[Holocaust victims|Nazi persecution]], [[Japanese war crimes]], [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|population transfers in the Soviet Union]], [[Allied war crimes during World War II|Allied war crimes]] and deaths due to war related famine and disease. Jewish losses in the [[Holocaust]] are listed separately for each nation, since they are known. Compiling or estimating the numbers of [[Casualty (person)|deaths]] caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a [[Conflict epidemiology|controversial subject]]. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II.<ref>[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second ''Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm'']</ref> The distinction between [[Killed in action|military]] and [[civilian casualties]] caused directly by warfare and [[collateral damage]] is not always clear cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the U.S.S.R., China, Poland, Germany and Yugoslavia, our sources can give us only the [[Demographic analysis|total estimated population loss]] caused by the war and a [[Approximation|rough estimate]] of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, [[crimes against humanity]] and war related famine. The [[World War II casualties#Footnotes|footnotes]] give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available. 
-{{-}} 
-{| class="toccolours collapsible" width="90%" 
-|- 
-!<center>Human losses of World War II by country</center> 
-|- 
-!<center>(Details provided in the footnotes)</center> 
-|- 
-| 
-{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right" 
-|- bgcolor="#cccccc" 
-!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE" width="190pt"|Country 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Total population<br>1/1/1939 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Military<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Civilian deaths due to<br>war and repression 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Jewish Holocaust<br>deaths (see notes) 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Total<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="10%"|Deaths as % of<br>1939 population 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Albania|1939}}'''{{Ref|Albania}} || 1,073,000 || 30,000 || ||200|| 30,200 || 2.81 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Australia}}'''{{Ref|Australia}} || 6,998,000 || 39,800 || 700 || || 40,500 || 0.57 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Austria}}'''{{Ref|Austria}} || 6,653,000 || || 58,700 || 65,000 || 123,700 || see table below 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Belgium}}'''{{Ref|Belgium}} || 8,387,000 || 12,100 ||49,600 ||24,400 || 86,100 || 1.02 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Brazil|1889}}'''{{Ref|Brazil}} || 40,289,000 || 1,000 || 1,000 || || 2,000 || 0.02 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}'''{{Ref|Bulgaria}} || 6,458,000 || 22,000 ||3,000 || || 25,000 || 0.38 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Burma|1937}}'''{{Ref|Burma}} || 16,119,000 ||22,000 ||250,000 || || 272,000 || 1.69 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Canada|1921}}'''{{Ref|Canada}} || 11,267,000 || 45,400 || || || 45,400 || 0.40 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Republic of China|name=China}}'''{{Ref|China}} || 517,568,000 || 3,000,000<br>to 4,000,000 || 7,000,000<br>to 16,000,000 || ||10,000,000<br>to 20,000,000 || 1.93<br>to 3.86 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Cuba}}'''{{Ref|Cuba}} || 4,235,000 || || 100 || ||100 || 0.00 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}'''{{Ref|Czechoslovakia}} || 15,300,000 || 25,000 || 43,000 || 277,000 || 345,000|| 2.25 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Denmark}}'''{{Ref|Denmark}} || 3,795,000 || 2,100 || 1,000 || 100 || 3,200 || 0.08 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Dutch East Indies}}'''{{Ref|DutchEI}} || 69,435,000 || ||3,000,000<br>to 4,000,000|| || 3,000,000<br>to 4,000,000 || 4.3<br>to 5.76 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Estonia}}''' (within 1939 borders){{Ref|Estonia}} || 1,134,000 || || 50,000 || 1,000 ||51,000 ||4.50 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Ethiopia|1897}}'''{{Ref|Ethiopia}} || 17,700,000 || 5,000 || 95,000 || || 100,000 || 0.6 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Finland}}'''{{Ref|Finland}} || 3,700,000 || 95,000 || 2,000 || || 97,000 || 2.62 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|France}}'''{{Ref|France}} || 41,700,000 || 217,600 || 267,000|| 83,000 ||567,600|| 1.35 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|French Indochina}}'''{{Ref|Frin}}|| 24,600,000 || || 1,000,000<br>to 1,500,000 || || 1,000,000<br>to 1,500,000 || 4.07<br>to 6.1 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}'''{{Ref|Germany}} || 69,310,000 || 5,533,000 || 900,000<br>to 3,170,000 ||160,000 ||6,593,000<br>to 8,863,000 || see table below 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Greece|old}}'''{{Ref|Greece}} || 7,222,000 || 20,000<br/>to 35,100 ||220,000<br/>to 700,500 ||69,500 ||309,500<br/>to 805,100|| 4.29<br/>to 11.15 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Hungary|1940}}'''{{Ref|Hungary}} || 9,129,000 || 300,000 || 80,000 ||200,000 ||580,000 || 6.35 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Iceland}}'''{{Ref|Iceland}} || 119,000 || || 200 || ||200 || 0.17 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagcountry|British Raj}}'''{{Ref|India}} || 378,000,000 || 87,000 || 1,500,000<br>to 2,500,000 || || 1,587,000<br>to 2,587,000 || 0.43<br>to 0.66 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Iran|1925}}'''{{Ref|Iran}} || 14,340,000 || 200 || || || 200 || 0.00 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Iraq|1924}}'''{{Ref|Iraq}} || 3,698,000 || 500 || || || 500 || 0.01 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Ireland}}'''{{Ref|Ireland}} || 2,960,000 || ||200 || || 200 || 0.00 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}'''{{Ref|Italy}} || 44,394,000 || 301,400 || 145,100 || 10,500 || 457,000 || 1.03 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}'''{{Ref|Japan}} || 71,380,000|| 2,120,000 || 580,000 || || 2,700,000 || 3.78 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Korea}}'''{{Ref|Korea}} || 23,400,000 || || 378,000<br>to 483,000 || || 378,000<br>to 483,000 || 1.6<br>to 2.06 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Latvia}}''' (within 1939 borders){{Ref|Latvia}} || 1,995,000 || || 147,000 || 80,000 || 227,000 || 11.38 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Lithuania|1918}}''' (within 1939 borders){{Ref|Lithuania}} || 2,575,000 || || 212,000 ||141,000|| 353,000 || 13.71 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}'''{{Ref|Lux}} || 295,000 || || 1,300 ||700|| 2,000 || 0.68 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Malaya}}'''{{Ref|Mala}} || 4,391,000 || ||100,000 || ||100,000 || 2.28 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Malta|1923}}'''{{Ref|Malta}} || 269,000 || || 1,500 || || 1,500 || 0.56 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Mexico|1934}}'''{{Ref|Mexico}} || 19,320,000 || ||100 || || 100 || 0.00 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Mongolia|1924}}'''{{Ref|Mong}} || 819,000 || 300 || || || 300 || 0.04 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Nauru]]'''{{Ref|Nauru}} || 3,400 || || 500 || || 500 || 14.7 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Netherlands}}'''{{Ref|Netherlands}} || 8,729,000 || 17,000 || 180,000|| 104,000 ||301,000|| 3.45 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Newfoundland}}'''{{Ref|Newfoundland}} || 300,000 ||included with U.K.||100|| || 100 || 0.03 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|New Zealand}}'''{{Ref|NZ}} || 1,629,000 ||11,900|| || || 11,900 || 0.73 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Norway}}'''{{Ref|NOR}} || 2,945,000 || 3,000 || 5,800 || 700 || 9,500 ||0.32 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Territory of Papua|Papua]] and [[Territory of New Guinea|New Guinea]]'''{{Ref|PNG}} || 1,292,000 || || 15,000 || || 15,000 ||1.17 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Philippines|1919}}'''{{Ref|Phil}} || 16,000,000 || 57,000 || 500,000<br>to 1,000,000 || || 557,000<br>to 1,057,000 || 3.48<br>to 6.6 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Poland|}}''' (within 1939 borders){{Ref|Poland}} || 34,849,000 || 240,000 || 2,380,000<br>to 2,580,000 ||3,000,000 || 5,620,000<br>to 5,820,000 || 16.1<br>to 16.7 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Portuguese Timor}}'''{{Ref|Timor}} || 500,000 || ||40,000<br>to 70,000|| || 40,000<br>to 70,000|| 8.00<br>to 14.00 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Romania}}''' (within 1939 borders){{Ref|Romania}} || 19,934,000 || 300,000|| 64,000 || 469,000 ||833,000|| 4.22 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Ruanda-Urundi]]{{Ref|Ruanda Urundi}} || 4,200,000 || || 0<br>to300,000 || ||0 to 300,000|| 0.00to<br>7.1% 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Singapore|colonial}}'''{{Ref|Sing}} || 728,000 || || 50,000 || ||50,000 || 6.87 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|South Africa|1928}}'''{{Ref|SA}} || 10,160,000 || 11,900 || || ||11,900|| 0.12 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[South Pacific Mandate]]'''{{Ref|PacIs}} || 1,900,000 || ||57,000|| ||57,000|| 3.00 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Soviet Union|1923}}''' (see table below) {{Ref|USSR}} || 168,500,000 ||8,800,000<br>to 10,700,000 || 12,254,000<br>to 14,154,000 || 1,000,000 || 23,954,000 || 14.21 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Spain|1945}}'''{{Ref|Spain}} || 25,637,000 || 4,500 || || ||4,500 || 0.02 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Sweden}}'''{{Ref|Sweden}}|| 6,341,000 || || 600 || ||600 || 0.01 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''{{Ref|Switzerland}}|| 4,210,000 || || 100|| ||100 || 0.00 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Thailand}}'''{{Ref|Thai}} ||15,023,000 || 5,600|| 2,000 || || 7,700 || 0.04 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''{{Ref|UK}} || 47,760,000 || 383,600 || 67,100 || || 450,700 || 0.94 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|United States|1912}}'''{{Ref|US}} || 131,028,000 || 416,800 ||1,700|| || 418,500 || 0.32 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Yugoslavia}}'''{{Ref|Yugo}} || 15,400,000 || 446,000 || 514,000 ||67,000 ||1,027,000 || 6.67 
-|- bgcolor="#cccccc" 
-|-class="sortbottom" 
-|align=left|'''Totals''' ||'''1,967,095,400''' || '''22,576,700<br>to 25,491,800''' || '''32,246,500<br>to 49,532,200''' || '''5,753,100''' ||'''62,476,670<br>to 78,878,170''' || '''3.17<br>to 4.00''' 
-|} 
-|- 
-|} 
- 
-===Third Reich=== 
-{| class="toccolours collapsible" width="90%" 
-|- 
-!<center>Human Losses of The Third Reich in World War II (Included in above figures)</center> 
-|- 
-| 
-{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right" 
-|- bgcolor="#cccccc" 
-!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE" width="190pt"|Country 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Population<br>1939 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Military<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Civilian<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Jewish<br>Holocaust<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Total<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="10%"|Deaths as<br>% of 1939<br>population 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''[[Austria]]'''|| 6,653,000 || 261,000 || 58,700 || 65,000 || 384,700|| 5.8 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''[[Germany]]''' (within 1937 borders)|| 69,310,000 || 4,456,000 || 700,000<br>to 2,284,000 || 160,000 || 5,316,000<br>to 6,900,000 || 7.7<br>to 9.9 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''[[Volksdeutsche|Ethnic Germans]] from other nations'''|| 7,292,000 || 601,000 ||200,000<br>to 886,000 || ||801,000<br>to 1,487,000 || 11.0<br>to 20.4 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''Soviet citizens in the German military'''|| 800,000 || 215,000|| || || 215,000 || 26.9 
-|- 
-|- 
-|- bgcolor="#cccccc" 
-|-class="sortbottom" 
-|align=left|'''Totals''' ||'''84,045,000''' || '''5,533,000''' || '''958,700<br>to 3,228,700''' || '''225,000''' || '''6,716,700<br>to 8,986,700''' || '''8.0<br>to 10.7''' 
-|- 
-|align=left colspan=7|Sources: See footnotes for Germany and Austria {{Ref|Germany}} 
-|} 
-|- 
-|} 
- 
-===USSR=== 
-{| class="toccolours collapsible" width="90%" 
-|- 
-!<center>Human Losses of The USSR in World War II (Included in the above figures) </center> 
-|- 
-| 
-{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right" 
-|- bgcolor="#cccccc" 
-!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE" width="190pt"|Country 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Population<br>1/1/1939 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Military<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Civilian<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Jewish<br>Holocaust<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="14%"|Total<br>deaths 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE" width="10%"|Deaths as<br>% of 1939<br>population 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Soviet Union|1923}}'''<br>(within 1939 borders){{Ref|USSR}} || 168,524,000 ||8,800,000<br>to 10,700,000 || 12,254,000<br>to 14,154,000 || 1,000,000 || 23,954,000 || 14 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Estonia}}'''<br>(within 1939 borders)|| 1,100,000 || || 50,000 || 1,000 || 51,000 || 5 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Latvia}}'''<br>(within 1939 borders)|| 2,000,000 || || 147,000 || 80,000 || 227,000 || 11 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Lithuania|1918}}'''<br>(within 1939 borders)|| 2,400,000 || || 212,000 || 141,000|| 353,000 || 14.7 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Poland}} <br>[[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Eastern Regions]]-Less:Białystok <br>(figures included with Poland)'''|| 11,500,000 || || 500,000 || 1,000,000 || 1,500,000 || 13 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''{{flag|Romania}} <br>Bessarabia & Bukovina <br>(figures included with Romania)'''|| 3,700,000 || || 100,000 || 200,000 || 300,000 || 8.1 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''Less: Population Transfers -Net''' || (430,000) || || || || || 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''Growth of Population 1939–mid 1941''' || 7,923,000 || || || || || 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''Soviet deaths included in the German Military'''|| || || || || 215,000 || 
-|- class="sortbottom" 
-|align=left|'''Total population for USSR June 1941, in postwar 1946 borders'''{{Ref|USSR}} || '''196,716,000''' || '''8,800,000<br>to 10,700,000''' || '''15,163,000<br>to 13,263,000''' || '''2,472,000''' || '''26,600,000''' || '''13.5''' 
-|- 
-|align=left colspan=7|The borders of the USSR in 1941 are de facto not de jure. <br>*The occupation of the Baltic States by the USSR was considered illegal and never recognized by the United States. <br>*The formal transfer of the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]] occurred after the war in a treaty of August 1945.<br/>*The former [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]] included the Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and the Vilnius region,less Białystok which reverted to Poland after the war. 
-|} 
-|- 
-|} 
- 
-===Notes=== 
-[[Image:World War II Casualties.svg|right|thumb|Chart showing World War II deaths by country in millions as well as by percentage of population, and piechart with percentage of military and civilian deaths for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis Powers]]]] 
- 
-* Figures rounded to the nearest hundredth place. 
-* Population in 1939 - Source: Population Statistics <ref>[http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/populhome.html Population Statistics]</ref> 
-* War losses are for the national boundaries of 1939. 
-* Total Soviet losses in the postwar 1946–91 boundaries <ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ribbentrop-Molotov.PNG Map Territories Annexed by USSR 1939-40]</ref> were 26.6 million.<ref>Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- ''Europe Asia Studies'', July 1994</ref> 
-* Total Polish losses in the postwar 1946 boundaries <ref>Map Territories Annexed by USSR 1939-40[[:Image:Map of Poland (1945).png]]</ref> were about 3,500,000.<ref>U.S. Bureau of the Census ''The Population of Poland'' Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington- 1954 Page 183</ref> 
-* Total Romanian losses in the postwar 1946 boundaries.<ref name="Image:Romania WWII.png">[[:Image:Romania WWII.png]]</ref> were 460,000<ref>Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. Page 133</ref> 
-* Military deaths - Losses include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non combat causes. [[Partisan (military)|Partisan]] and [[Resistance during World War II|resistance]] fighter deaths forces are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel [[missing in action]] are also included with military deaths. The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, Soviets, French and [[Volksdeutsche|ethnic Germans]] in the [[Wehrmacht]] are included with German military losses. 
-* Holocaust victims<br/>The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the [[genocide]] of approximately six million European [[Jew]]s during [[World War II]], 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German dominated Europe died in the war.-<ref>[[Martin Gilbert]]. ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 Pages 242-244</ref> Estimates for [[Holocaust]] deaths range between 5.1 to 6.0 million Jews.<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/faq/details.php?lang=en&topic=03#02 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. How many Jews were killed during the Holocaust? ]</ref> Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' systematic murder of millions of people in [[Holocaust victims|other groups persecuted and killed by the Nazis]] <ref>[http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida , A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust]</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">A Mosaic of Victims- Non Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990 ISBN 1-85043-251-1</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005149 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia MOSAIC OF VICTIMS: OVERVIEW ]</ref><ref name="Niewyk, Donald L 2000">Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, ISBN 0231112009</ref><ref name="RJR DNGaMM">[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder''. Transaction 1992 ISBN 1-56000-004-X</ref>.included 130,000 to 500,000 [[Porajmos|Gypsies]] <ref name="Niewyk, Donald L 2000"/><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005219 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945]</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/roma/roma.php?menu=/export/home/www/doc_root/education/foreducators/include/menu.txt&bgcolor=CD9544 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945]</ref>; 150,000 to 200,000 [[Action T4|handicapped persons]] <ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005200 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia EUTHANASIA PROGRAM ]</ref> ; 2.6 to 3 million [[Extermination of Soviet prisoners of war by Nazi Germany|Soviet prisoners of war]]<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007178 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia NAZI PERSECUTION OF SOVIET PRISONERS OF WAR]</ref>; 1.8 to 1.9 million [[Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles|Poles]]<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ''Poles as Victims of the Nazi Era '']</ref>; 4.5 to 8.2 million [[Generalplan Ost|Soviet civilians]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="Niewyk, Donald L 2000"/><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007182 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia THE GERMAN ARMY AND THE RACIAL NATURE OF THE WAR AGAINST THE SOVIET UNION ]</ref>; about 10,000 [[History of homosexual people in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust|Gay men]]<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005261 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia PERSECUTION OF HOMOSEXUALS IN THE THIRD REICH]</ref>; about 1,000 [[Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany|Jehovah's Witnesses]]<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005394 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES ]</ref>; between 1,000 to 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/faq/details.php?lang=en&topic=03#03 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia How many Catholics were killed during the Holocaust?]</ref> and an unknown number of [[Suppression of Freemasonry|Freemasons]]<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007187 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia FREEMASONRY UNDER THE NAZI REGIME ]</ref>. "The fate of [[Rhineland Bastard|black people]] from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder."<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005479 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia BLACKS DURING THE HOLOCAUST]</ref> During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]], and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution <ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007332 Non-Jewish Resistance''Holocaust Encyclopedia'', United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. ]</ref>.<br/>[[Prisoner of war]] deaths in Nazi captivity totaled 3.1 Million<ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder''. Transaction 1992 ISBN 1-56000-004-X. Table A</ref> 
-*Japanese War Crimes<br/> [[R. J. Rummel]] estimates the civilian victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] at 5,424,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; [[Indochina]] 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya-Singapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM]</ref><br/> [[Werner Gruhl]] estimates the civilian victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China 12,392,000; [[Indochina]] 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and Singapore 100,000 ; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000.<ref name="WG IJWWT">Werner Gruhl, ''Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945'' Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)</ref>[[Werner Gruhl]] estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584. Detailed by country: China 270,000; Netherlands 8,500; U.K. 12,433; Canada 273; Philippines 20,000; Australia 7,412; New Zealand 31; and the United States 12,935<ref>Werner Gruhl, ''Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945'' Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-765List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II8-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)</ref></br>Out of “60,000" Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity<ref name="ID & MF 443">Ian Dear & MRD Foot, ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (2001) p 443</ref></br>There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 [[List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II|western civilians interned by the Japanese]] due to famine and disease. <ref> Van Waterford, ''Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II'' ,McFarland & Co., 1994 ISBN 0899508936 Pages 141-146 (figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by Dr. D. Van Velden</ref> <ref> Bernice Archer, ''The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese, 1941-1945 : a patchwork of internment'' / Bernice Archer. London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. ISBN 9622099106 Page 5</ref>  
-*Victims of Soviet Repression<br/>The deaths of 400,000 civilians deported during the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|Soviet annexations in 1939–40]] are included with World War II casualties.<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1.</ref><ref name="projectinposterum.org">[http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm Project In Posterum -go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski at the bottom of the page]</ref><br/> Russian sources list Axis [[Prisoner of war]] deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity<ref>[http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Tables 200-203]</ref> However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million.<ref>Elliott, Mark- Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and America's Role in Their Repatriation-University of Illinois Press, 1982 ISBN 0252008979</ref> 
-*The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] Annual Report 2008–09<ref name="cwgc.org">[http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsub Commonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2008–09. Finances, Statistics and Service, Page 10.]</ref> is the source of the military dead for the [[British Empire]] The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the [[CWGC]] to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated The Commonwealth War Graves Commission are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former U.K. Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of C.W.G.C. the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 03/09/1939 to 31/12/1947. 
- 
-*Sources - The footnotes list the details of the losses and their sources. 
- 
-==Losses by alliance== 
-{| class="table" 
-|- 
-| [[Image:WorldWarII-DeathsByAlliance-Piechart.png|left|thumb|210px|Military and civilian deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers.]] 
-| [[Image:WorldWarII-MilitaryDeaths-Allies-Piechart.png|left|thumb|250px|Allied Military personnel killed, percentage by country.]] 
-| [[Image:WorldWarII-MilitaryDeaths-Axis-Piechart.png|right|thumb|250px|Axis Military personnel killed, percentage by country.]] 
-|} 
- 
-==Casualties by branch of service== 
-{| class="toccolours collapsible" width="90%" 
-|- 
-!<center>Casualties of World War II by Branch of Service</center> 
-|- 
-| 
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right" 
-|- bgcolor="#cccccc" 
-!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Country 
-!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Branch of service 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Number served 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Killed/missing 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Wounded 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Prisoners of war Captured 
-!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Percent killed 
-|- 
-|align=left|'''[[Germany]]''' ||align=left|[[Heer (1935–1945)|Army]] <ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 333-335">Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Pages 333-335</ref> || 13,600,000 || 4,202,000 || || ||30.9 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[Luftwaffe|Air Force]](including infantry units) <ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 333-335"/> || 2,500,000 || 433,000 || || || 17.32 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[Kriegsmarine|Navy]] <ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 333-335"/> || 1,200,000 || 138,000 || || || 11.5 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[Waffen SS]] <ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 333-335"/> || 900,000 || 314,000 || || || 34.9 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[Volkssturm]] and other Paramilitary Forces<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 333-335"/> || || 231,000 || || || 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|Soviet citizens in German military service<ref name="I. Krivosheev. Page 278">G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Page 278</ref><ref>[http://www.feldgrau.com/rvol.html Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII-by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz]</ref> || || 215,000 || || || 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|Unidentified by branch of service (see note below) || || || 6,035,000 <ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Page 276</ref> || 11,100,000 <ref>Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 286</ref>|| 
-|- 
-| ||align=left| Total Germany|| 18,200,000|| 5,533,000||6,035,000 ||11,100,000 || 
-|- 
-| ||align=left| | || || || || ||  
-|- 
-|align=left|'''[[Japan]]'''<ref name="JWD 297">[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 page 297</ref> <ref>Ellis, John. ''World War II - A statistical survey'' Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. Page 254</ref> ||align=left|[[Imperial Japanese Army|Army]]1937-1945 || 6,300,000 || 1,326,076 || 85,600 || 30,000 || 24.22 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[Imperial Japanese Navy|Navy]]1941-1945 || 2,100,000 || 414,879 || 8,900 || 10,000 || 19.76 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|POW dead after Surrender.<ref>[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 page 363 According to [[John W. Dower]]; the "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities; An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender</ref> <ref>[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch5.htm#b6 ''Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN:THE OCCUPATION: MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT'' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 Page 130 Endnote 36]</ref> <ref>Nimmo, William.'' Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956,'' Greenwood 1989 ISBN 9780313257629 Pages 116-118 The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in [[Manchuria]]n transit camps, 36,000 in [[North Korea]], 9,000 from [[Sakhalin]] and 103,000 in the [[U.S.S.R.]]</ref>|| || 381,000|| || ||  
-|- 
-| ||align=left|Total Japan|| || 2,121,955|| || ||  
-|- 
-|- 
-| ||align=left| | || || || || ||  
-|- 
-| align=left|'''[[Soviet Union]] 1939–40 ''' ||align=left|All branches of service<ref name="GIK 51-80">G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Pages 51-80</ref> || || 136,945 || 205,924 || || 
-|- 
-| align=left|'''[[Soviet Union]] 1941–45 ''' ||align=left|All branches of service<ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Pages 85-87</ref>|| 34,476,700 || 8,668,400 ||14,685,593 ||4,050,000 || 25.1 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service (see note below) <ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Pages 230-238 </ref>|| || 500,000 || || || 
-|- 
-| | ||align=left|Civilians in POW Camps(see note below)<ref name="Vadim Erlikman 2004. Pages 13-14">Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Pages 13-14</ref>|| || 1,000,000 || ||1,750,000 || 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[Paramilitary]] and [[Soviet partisan]] units<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Pages 20-21</ref>|| || 400,000 || || || 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|Total USSR|| ||10,725,345 || 14,915,517 ||5,750,000 ||  
-|- 
-| ||align=left| | || || || || ||  
-|- 
-| align=left|'''[[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]]'''<ref name="HMSO 6832">''Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939–1945'' HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832</ref><ref>The UK Central Statistical Office ''Statistical Digest of the War'' HMSO 1951</ref><ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsub Commonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2008–09. Finances, Statistics and Service, Page 10 ]</ref> ||align=left|All branches of service|| 11,115,000 || 580,351 || 475,000 || 318,000 || 5.2 
-|- 
-| ||align=left| | || || || || ||  
-|- 
-| align=left|'''[[United States]]'''<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf Congressional Research Report – American War and Military Operations Casualties. Updated February 26, 2010]</ref>||align=left|[[US Army|Army]]<ref>[http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=1 Office of the Adjutant General, ''U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II: ort'', Table, p.&nbsp;8:"Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 -31 December 1946". Command and General Staff College (1953) ]</ref> || 11,260,000|| 318,274 || 565,861 || || 2.8 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[United States Army Air Forces|Air Force]] (included with Army)<ref name="CaGSC">[http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=1Office of the Adjutant General, ''U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II: ort'', Table, p.&nbsp;8:"Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 -31 December 1946". Command and General Staff College (1953) ]</ref>|| (3,400,000)|| (88,119) || (17,360) || || 2.5 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[US Navy|Navy]] || 4,183,446 || 62,614 || 37,778 || || 1.5 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[USMC|Marine Corps]] || 669,100 || 24,511 || 68,207 || || 3.66 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[United States Coast Guard]]<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page 584</ref>|| 241,093 || 1,917 || || ||0.78 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|[[United States Merchant Marine]]<ref>[http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html American Merchant Marine at War, www.usmm.org, ]</ref>|| 243,000 || 9,521 || 12,000 || || 3.9 
-|- 
-| ||align=left|Unidentified by branch of service<ref>[http://www.house.gov/bordallo/gwcrc/RL30606.pdf#search='civilians%20interned%20by%20japan CRS Report for Congress U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Updated December 17, 2002 ]</ref>|| || || || c.130,000 || 
-|- 
-| ||align=left| Total US|| 16,596,639|| 416,837||683,846 || C.130,000 ||  
-|} 
-|- 
-| 
-===Notes=== 
-'''Germany''' 
-# The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 [[missing in action]] or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Page 335">Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 335</ref>; 459,475 confirmed [[POW]] deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. [[POW]] deaths includes 266,000 in the post war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity;<ref>Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 239 and page 236</ref>; . 
-#Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable,that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody" <ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Page 289">Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 289</ref>; 
-#Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces [[POW]] taken in the War.<ref name="RAn 109">Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 Page 109</ref> 
-'''USSR''' 
-# Estimated total Soviet military war dead from 1941–45 on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)]] including [[missing in action]], [[POWs]] and [[Soviet partisans]] range from 8.6 to 10.6 million.<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pages 20-21</ref> There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the [[Winter War]] with Finland<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 page 20</ref> 
-# The official figures for military war dead and missing from 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non combat deaths.<ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Page 85</ref>., 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries. <ref name="GIK 176">[http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Table 176]</ref><ref name="GIK 85-86">G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Pages 85-86</ref>.<ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7.Page 236</ref> Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.<ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Page86</ref> Non combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page21</ref>. 
-# Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing, [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939 (8,931); [[Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] of 1939 (1,139); [[Winter War]] with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).<ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 pages 51-80</ref> 
-# The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.<ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 page 91</ref> 
-# The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet [[POW]] who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead). .<ref>G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 page 236</ref> <ref name="GIK 176"/> 
-# Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as [[POWs]] before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page13-14</ref>. 
- 
-'''British Commonwealth''' 
-# Number served: UK & [[British overseas territory|Crown Colonies]] (5,896,000); India (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).<ref>Ellis, John. ''World War II - A statistical survey'' Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. Pages 253-254</ref> 
-# Total war related deaths reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]: UK & Crown Colonies (383,667); Undivided India (87,031), Australia (40,458); Canada (45,364); New Zealand (11,928); South Africa (11,903);<ref name="cwgc.org"/> 
-# Wounded: UK & Crown Colonies (284,049); India (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363)<ref name="UK Central Statistical Office 1951">UK Central Statistical Office ''Statistical Digest of the War'' HMSO 1951.</ref><ref name="HMSO 6832"/><ref name="Times 11.1945">[[The Times]] on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here</ref> 
-# [[Prisoner of war]]: UK & Crown Colonies (180,488); India (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415))<ref name="UK Central Statistical Office 1951"/><ref name="HMSO 6832"/><ref name="Times 11.1945"/> 
-#The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.<ref>[http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission]</ref> 
- 
-'''U.S.''' 
-# Battle deaths were 292,131, Army 234,874, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps 19,733, Coast Guard 574, and [[United States Army Air Forces]] (included in Army) 52,173. (185,924 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations.) <ref>[http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=2 United States Dept. of the Army, Army Battle Casualties and Non Battle Deaths in World War II. ]</ref><ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Pages 584-591</ref> 
-# The [[United States Merchant Marine]] war dead of 9,521 are included with military losses. U.S. Merchant Mariners in “ocean-going service” during World War II have Veteran Status.<ref>[http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html American Merchant Marine at War, www.usmm.org]</ref> 
-# During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the Armed Forces and 708 were killed in combat. 350,000 American women served in the military during World War II and 16 were killed in action<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Pages 584-585</ref> 
-|} 
- 
-==See also== 
-* [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union]] 
-* [[German casualties in World War II]] 
-* [[Equipment losses in World War II]] 
-* [[World War I casualties]] 
-* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]] 
- 
-==Footnotes== 
-{{Refbegin|colwidth=45em}} 
-#{{note|Albania}}Albania<br />No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses.<ref>''Albania : a country study Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]] ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994'' ISBN 0-8444-0792-5. Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress See section On The Communist Takeover. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.html Library of Congress Country Study]</ref><br/>Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 200, these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania. Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244">[[Martin Gilbert]]. ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 Page 244</ref> 
-#{{note|Australia}}Australia<br /> The [[Australian War Memorial]]<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp ''Deaths as a result of service with Australian units''(AWM) web page]</ref> reports 39,761 military deaths. This figure includes all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47.<br /> The Australian government does not regard [[merchant navy|merchant mariners]] as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world,<ref>McKernan, Michael. ''Strength of a Nation: Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homefront in World War II'', Crows Nest NSW, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 174114714X. Page 393.</ref> are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian fatalities were due to [[Air raids on Australia, 1942–43|air raids]] and [[Axis naval activity in Australian waters|attacks on passenger ships]].<br />The preliminary 1945 data for Australian losses was 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded and 26,363 POWs.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/> 
-#{{note|Austria}}Austria<br />Military war dead reported by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans of 260,749 are included with Germany.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Page 335"/>.The Embassy of Austria, Washington DC USA, provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing raids.<ref>[http://www.austria.org/content/view/81/95/1/1/ Embassy of Austria, Washington, D.C. USA, ''Rule of the Nazis'']</ref> These figures include the genocide of [[Romani people]] of 6,500 persons<ref name="DK DEG">Donald Kendrick, ''The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies''. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1</ref> and Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaling 65,000.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Belgium}}Belgium<br />Belgian government sources reported that military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500 [[missing in action]], 200 executed, 800 [[resistance movement]] fighters and 1,800 [[POW]]s. Civilian losses included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 non-Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals and repression.<ref>Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951.</ref> Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures, they are included with German military casualties. <ref name="RO 230">Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 230</ref>. The genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] was 500 persons<ref name="DK DEG"/> .Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 24,387.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Brazil}}Brazil<br /> The [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] war dead were 510 <ref>Ellis, John. ''World War II - A statistical survey'' Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7.</ref>, Navy losses in the [[Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)|Battle of the Atlantic]] were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.<ref name="Michael Clodfelter 2000. Page 540">Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page 540</ref>. 
-#{{note|Bulgaria}}Bulgaria<br />Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, 2,000 military with Axis in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 military dead [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|as allies of the USSR]] and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.<ref name="Vadim Erlikman 2004. Pages 38-39">Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Pages 38-39</ref> Regarding partisan and civilian casualties the Russian journalist Vadim Erlikman notes "According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of civilians." .<ref name="Vadim Erlikman 2004. Pages 38-39"/> 3,000 civilians were killed by Anglo-American air raids.<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page 512</ref>, including 1,374 in [[Bombing of Sofia in World War II]].<ref>Kiradzhiev, Svetlin. ''Sofia 125 Years Capital 1879–2004 Chronicle''. Sofia 2006 (In Bulgarian) ISBN 954-617-011-9</ref> 
-#{{note|Burma}}Burma<br /> Military dead of 22,000 were with the pro-Japanese [[Burma National Army]] .<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Pages 74-75</ref> Civilian deaths during the [[Japanese occupation of Burma]] totaled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page 556</ref>. [[Werner Gruhl]] estimates Burma's dead at 170,000 civilians due to the Japanese occupation<ref name="WG IJWWT"/> 
-#{{note|Canada}}Canada<br />The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] lists 45,364 war dead <ref name="CWGC 10">[http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsubCommonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2008–09. Finances, Statistics and Service, Page 10.]</ref>. including 102 deaths from Newfoundland with the Canadian forces<ref>[http://ngb.chebucto.org/NFREG/index_wwii.shtml Listing of Newfoundlad's War Dead]</ref>. The [[Canadian War Museum]] puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 [[Merchant Navy]] deaths <ref>[http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931cost_e.shtml Canadian War Museum]</ref> The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country <ref>[http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=collections/virtualmem The CANADIAN VIRTUAL WAR MEMORIAL]</ref><br/>The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and [[POW]] 9,045.<ref name="Times 11.1945">[[The Times]] on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here.</ref> 
-#{{note|China}}China<br />Sources for total Chinese war dead range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below.<br/>[[John W. Dower]] has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain 'millions' of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union."<ref>[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 pages 295296</ref><br /> The official Chinese government statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] from 1937–1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: [[National Revolutionary Army|Nationalist]] 3.2 million; [[People's Liberation Army|Communist]] 580,000 and [[Collaborationist Chinese Army|collaborator forces]] 1.18 million; captured: collaborator forces 950,000.<ref>China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations.(In Chinese) Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005 ISBN 7214030349 Pages 4-9</ref><br/> The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men ( 1.797,000 WIA; 1,320,000 KIA and 120,000 MIA.) and 5,787,352 civilians in casualties<ref>Hsu Long-hsuen "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" Taipei 1972</ref><br/>An academic study published in the United States estimates total war deaths of 15–20 million from all causes: military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in [[Bombing of Chongqing|Japanese air attacks]]<ref>Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.</ref></br> [[R. J. Rummel]]'s estimate of total war dead from 1937–45 is 19,605,000<ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. '' China's Bloody Century ''. Transaction 1991 ISBN 0-88738-417-X. Table 5A</ref> The details are as follows:<br/> Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist and 432,000 [[Collaborationist Chinese Army|collaborator forces]].<br/> Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] (not including an additional 400,000 [[POWs]]);<br/>Other deaths: Repression by [[Chinese Nationalist]]'s 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]; political repression by [[Chinese Communists]] 250,000 and by [[Warlords]] 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.<br/> [[Werner Gruhl]] estimates China's war losses at 12,392,000 civilian dead due to the Japanese occupation and 3,162,00 military dead. He also estimates an additional 1,445,000 deaths due to internal Chinese conflicts<ref name="WG IJWWT"/> 
-#{{note|Cuba}}Cuba<br/>Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners .<ref name="Michael Clodfelter 2000. Page 540"/>. 
-#{{note|Czechoslovakia}}Czechoslovakia<br/>Military war dead of 25,000 included Killed during 1938 occupation(171); Czechoslovak Forces with the western allies (3,220); [[Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front]] (4,570); [[Slovak Republic (WWII)]] Axis forces (7,000); [[Partisan (military)]] losses of (2,170) and killed in 1945 uprising(8,000). Civilian losses in include killed during 1938 occupation(262); non Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals (26,500) and killed in military operations (10,000).<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1</ref> <ref>Pacner, K. Osudove okamziky Ceskoslovenska- Praha 1997 ISBN 80-85821-46-X Page 270</ref>,Civilian losses include the territories of prewar Czechoslovakia including [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] which was ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] was 7,500 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page184">Donald Kendrick, ''The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies''. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1 Page184</ref> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 277,000.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Denmark}}Denmark<br />During the [[Occupation of Denmark]] military war dead included 1,281[[Merchant Marine]], 797 resistance fighters and 39 Army personnel. Civilian deaths included 628 victims of Nazi reprisals and 427 killed during military operations. Total deaths 3,172. There were an additional 3,900 Danish deaths in German military service that are included with German losses.<ref>[http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/ww2stat/ww2stat.html Danish Military Historie website]</ref><br/>.Deaths of Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 77.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|DutchEI}}[[Dutch East Indies]]<br />[[John W. Dower]] cites a UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the [[Japanese Occupation of Indonesia]].<ref>[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 pages 295-296</ref>.<br/>The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age." <ref>United Nations, Economic and Social Council, ''Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East,'' Supp. 10. 1947 Pages 13-14></ref><br/> The Dutch Red Cross reported the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 European civilians out of 80,000 interned and 12,500 of the 34,000 POW captured.<ref name="Z. Aziz. 1955. Page 170">M. Z. Aziz. ''Japan's Colonialism and Indonesia''. The Hague 1955. Page 170</ref></br> [[Werner Gruhl]] estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans.<ref name="WG IJWWT"/> 
-#{{note|Estonia}}Estonia<br />Civilian deaths due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 51,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression</br> A.Civilian deaths due to the [[Estonia in World War II#Soviet occupation|Soviet occupation]] in 1940–1941 were 33,900 including (7,800 deaths)of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor .<ref name="just.ee">[http://www.just.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=12709/TheWhiteBook.pdf Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression. ''The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991''. Tallinn 2005. ISBN 9985-70-195-X Table 2]</ref></br> B.Losses during the 1941-1944 [[Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany]] were 12,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and (1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in germany. (800) deaths in [[Battle for Narva Bridgehead#Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities|Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities]], (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,200) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45.<ref name="just.ee"/></br>Included in the above figures is the genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] of (243) persons,<ref>[http://www.just.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=12709/TheWhiteBook.pdf Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression. ''The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991''. Tallinn 2005. ISBN 9985-70-195-X Page16]</ref> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaling (1,000).<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/></br>C.After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45. .<ref name="just.ee"/></br>D.The figures do not include the military deaths of the illegally drafted conscripts by the Soviet (10,000) and German Armed Forces (11,000).<ref name="just.ee"/></br/>E.Figures do not include the executions, deportee deaths, and [[Forest Brothers|insurgent losses]] in 1946–1989 during the [[Estonia in World War II#Soviet return|Soviet reoccupation]] of 11,000 persons.</br>Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation was approximately 82,000 persons (8% of the population).<ref name="just.ee"/> 
-#{{note|Ethiopia}}Ethiopia<br /> Total military and civilian dead in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] were 100,000.<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page491</ref>. Military losses were 5,000 <ref>Small, Melvin & Singer, Joel David, Resort to Arms : International and Civil Wars 1816–1965. 1982</ref>. <br/> These totals do not include losses in the Italian [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] and Italian occupation from 1935–41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War#Atrocities|Italian occupation]] from 1935–41.<ref>''Italy's War Crimes in Ethiopia''- 1946 (reprinted 2000), ISBN 0-9679479-0-1.</ref>. However, [[R. J. Rummel]] estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans killed by the Italians from the 1920s–41, his estimate is "based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program 'Timewatch{{' "}} 1/17/92.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM [[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 Chapter 14]</ref> 
-#{{note|Finland}}Finland<br />The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish military war dead <ref>[http://kronos.narc.fi/menehtyneet/ Finnish National Archives]</ref>.Figures include killed and missing from the [[Winter War]] and [[Continuation War]] with the Soviet Union as well as action against German forces in 1944–45, [[Winter War]] (1939–40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941–44 were 58,715 and 1,036<ref>National Defence College (1994), ''Jatkosodan historia 6'', Porvoo. ISBN 951-0-15332-X</ref> in 1944–45 in the [[Lapland War]] Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish [[POW]] taken in the War.<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 52</ref> During the [[Winter war]] of 1939–40 the [[Swedish Volunteer Corps]] served alongside the Finns in combat. 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the [[Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS]] and 256 were killed in action.<ref>[http://www.feldgrau.com/finland.html Finnish Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII by Jarto Nieme, Russ Folsom and Jason Pipes]</ref> <br/> Civilian war dead were 2,000 .<ref>Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. Pages 58-59</ref>, due in part to the [[Bombing of Helsinki in World War II]] 
-#{{note|France}}France<br />Military war dead include 150,000 regular forces(1939–40 [[Battle of France]] 92,000; 1940–45 on [[Western Front (World War II)]] 58,000; 20,000 [[French resistance]] fighters and 40,000 [[POWs]] in Germany.<ref name="Gregory, Frumkin 1951. Pages 60-65">Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. Pages 60-65</ref> There were an additional 5,000 military deaths in [[French Indochina]].<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Pages 415-416</ref> The pro-German [[Vichy France]] forces lost 2,653 killed.<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page 582</ref> Vadim Erlikman a Russian journalist, estimates losses of Africans in the [[French Colonial Forces]] at about 22,000.<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Pages 83-89</ref> French deaths in German Army (30–40,000), mostly men conscripted in [[Alsace-Lorraine]], are not included in these totals, they are included with Germany<br/> Civilian losses include 120,000 killed due to military action and 230,000 victims of the Nazi reprisals and genocide (including 83,000 Jews).<ref name="Gregory, Frumkin 1951. Pages 60-65"/>. 752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on [[French occupation of Tunisia|French Tunisia]] in 1942–43.<ref>Rick Atkinson, ''An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943'', Simon and Schuster, 2007-ISBN 0743570995 Page 478</ref>[[R. J. Rummel]] estimates the deaths of 20,000 [[anti-Fascist]] Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.<ref name="RJR DNGaMM"/>The genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] was 15,000 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page184"/> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 83,000.<ref name="MG AotH 244">[[Martin Gilbert]] ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 Page 244</ref> 
-#{{note|Frin}}French Indochina<br />Sources for total IndoChinese civilian war dead range from 1 to 1.5 million as detailed below.<br/> [[John W. Dower]] estimated 1.0 million deaths due to [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] during Japanese occupation <ref name="JWD 297"/> </br>[[Werner Gruhl]] estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000.<ref name="WG IJWWT"/> 
-#{{note|Germany}}Germany<br /> '''''German Population''''' <br/> The 1939 Population is for Germany within 1937 borders, not included with the German population are Austria and the 7,292,000 <ref name="Gerhard Reichling 1995">Gerhard Reichling. ''Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen'', Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-88557-046-7</ref> [[ethnic Germans]] of Europe <ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Deutsche_Mundarten.png Wiki media Map:German speaking regions of Europe prior to 1939].</ref> However, the 601,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans from Eastern and Western Europe and 261,000 Austrians are included with total German military losses <ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 335-336">Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Pages 335-336</ref>. <br/>'''Total German War Dead'''<br/>A German demographic study estimated 6.9 million excess deaths caused by the war, for the population within the 1937 borders.,<ref>Marschalck, Peter. ''Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert''- Suhrkamp 1984</ref>. These losses included about 4.4 million military and 1.0 million civilian deaths during the war and 1.5 civilians who died as a result of expulsions from Poland and the famine in Germany during 1945-46. There were additional deaths of the [[ethnic Germans]] in Eastern Europe. A recent study by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 538,000 military deaths of [[ethnic Germans]] who were conscripted by Germany in Eastern Europe<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000"/>. The number of war related civilian deaths among the [[ethnic Germans]] from Eastern European countries is disputed. An analysis by the West German government in 1958 estimated civilian deaths among the [[ethnic Germans]] from Eastern Europe countries at 886,000.<ref name="StatBA 1958">''Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.'' Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958</ref> However, a more recent study by the German government archives estimated total civilian deaths directly caused by the war among the [[ethnic Germans]] from Eastern European countries at about 200,000.<ref>Bonn : Kulturstiftung der Deutschen Vertriebenen, ''Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen, 1945-1948 : Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974 : Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte'' / [Redaktion, Silke Spieler]. Bonn :1989 ISBN 388557067X. (This is a study of German expulsion casualties prepared by the German government Archives)</ref><ref name="Rűdiger Overmans- 1994">Dr. Rűdiger Overmans- ''Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung''. (A parallel summary in Polish was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994</ref><br/>'''''German Military Casualties'''''<br/> Dr. Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the [[German Armed Forces Military History Research Office]] until 2004, has provided an official reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German military personnel records. The Overmans research project was supported and funded by the German government. The study found that the statistics collected by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000, included in this total are 344,000 deaths that were previously listed as civilian expulsion losses in eastern Europe and 230,000 deaths of [[paramilitary]], [[Volkssturm]] and police forces fighting with the regular forces.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000"/>, Overmans did not include an additional 215,000 deaths of Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany <ref name="I. Krivosheev. Page 278"/>.<br/>''Military Losses by Theatre''<br/> Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066 ; the [[Balkans]] 103,693 ; Northern Europe 30,165 ; Western Europe until 12/31/44- 339,957 ; Italy 150,660; against the [[U.S.S.R.]] until 12/31/44- 2,742,909 ; final battles in Germany during 1945- 1,230,045 ; other (including air war in Germany & at sea) 245,561 ; confirmed deaths of [[POWs]] in captivity 459,475<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 335-336"/>.<br/>'' Military Losses by Country of origin''<br/> Overmans lists deaths of 4,456,000 men from pre-war Germany(1937 borders) and the [[Free City of Danzig]], 261,000 from Austria, 534,000 [[ethnic Germans]] conscripted in eastern Europe, 30,000 French (mostly men conscripted in [[Alsace-Lorraine]]), and 37,000 volunteers from western Europe. <br/> ''Military Losses by branch of service'' <br/> Overmans lists losses by branch as: Army-4,202,030; Air Force-432,706; Navy-138,429; [[Waffen SS]] – 313,749; [[Volkssturm]] – 77,726;Other [[Paramilitary]] and support forces- 153,891-<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 335-336"/>. .<br/> ''Military Prisoners of War and Missing'' </br> Overmans Includes in the total of 5,318,000 war dead 2,008,000 men that are listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war and 459,000 prisoners of war who died in captivity.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Pages 335-336"/>. The details of these POW deaths by country that held them in custody are as follows: USSR 363,000; France 34,000; USA 22,000; UK 21,000; Yugoslavia 11,000; other nations 8,000.<ref>Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Pages 286</ref> Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that ''"It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody"'' <ref name="Rűdiger Overmans 2000. Page 289"/>. A 1995 study by the Russian Academy of Science lists the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces [[POW]] taken in the War.<ref name="RAn 109"/><br/>'''''German Civilian casualties during the war'''''<br/>German civilian deaths during the war and Holocaust victims totaled about 1,000,000 including:</br>A. 360–370,000 civilians killed by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Strategic bombing]] within the 1937 German boundaries, this estimate was made by the [[German Armed Forces Military History Research Office]] based on a study done in 1990<ref>Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Bd. 9/1, ISBN 3-421-06236-6. Page 460 (This study was prepared by the [[German Armed Forces Military History Research Office]], an agency of the German government)</ref>.,</br> B. A 1974 study by the German government archives estimated a death toll of about 250,000 (100,00 in pre war Germany and 150,000 ethnic Germans) civilians who died as a result of "war crimes" committed by the Soviet forces and their Allies .<ref name="KdDV 1989">Bonn : Kulturstiftung der Deutschen Vertriebenen, ''Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen, 1945-1948 : Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974 : Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte'' / [Redaktion, Silke Spieler]. Bonn :1989 ISBN 388557067X. (This is a study of German expulsion casualties prepared by the German government Archives)</ref>.</br>C.22,000 civilians were killed in the [[Battle of Berlin]] <ref>Peter Antill, Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: end of the Thousand Year Reich ISBN 1841769150 Page 85</ref></br>D.The German government reported that 300,000 Germans were victims of Nazi political, racial and religious persecution <ref>Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961] Page 32</ref>(including 160,000 German Jews<ref name="MG AotH 244"/> ,15,000 Roma people <ref name="Donald Kendrick Page184"/> and 130,000 political prisoners). In addition there were at least 100,000 German victims of the [[Action T4]] euthanasia program.<ref>Robert N. Proctor, ''Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis'', Harvard 1988,</ref></br>E.However, The German newspaper Die Welt on May 5, 2005 listed 500.000 - 600.000 civilian deaths caused by Allied bombing, as well as 250.000 civilian deaths in the period from autumn 1944 to may 1945 caused by the Allied invasion of Germany.<ref>[http://www.nibis.de/~rsgarrel/deutschlandstundenull.pdf Die Welt May 5, 2005 -the website of the state of Lower Saxony (Federal German Government)cited the following figures that were published in the German newspaper Die Welt on May 5, 2005]</ref>.The [[Deutsches Historisches Museum]] also gives a figure of 500.000 - 600.000 civilian deaths from Allied bombing<ref>[http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/wk2/kriegsverlauf/staedte/index.html Website of the Deutsches Historisches Museum-Foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany]</ref> In 1956 West German government published statistics on deaths in the Air War within the German borders of 1937- Total dead 593,000( including 410.000 civilians killed in Allied Strategic Bombing and 128,000 refugees killed in the flight from the Russians in 1945. The remaining balance of 55,000 dead were military, police, POWs and foreign workers. There were an additional 42,000 dead in the annexed territories(including 24,000 in Austria).<ref>''Wirtschaft und Statistik'' October 1956,</ref> </br>'''Civilian deaths due to the[[expulsion of Germans after World War II]] and the [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]'''</br>These losses are sometimes included with World War II Casualties. The figures for these losses are currently disputed. The following is a summary of the various estimates for German civilian deaths in Eastern Europe. <br/> A. In 1950 the West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions. At the same time German Red Cross began to investigate the cases of persons reported missing in the area of the expulsions.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans- 1994"/> The first attempt to compute the losses was made in 1953 by the German scholar Gotthold Rhode who estimated German military and civilian deaths in the East Europe at 3,140,000.<ref>Rhode,Gotthold, ''Die Deutschen im Osten nach 1945''. Zeitschrift Für Ostforschung, Heft 3, 1953</ref> The [[Schieder commission]] estimated a civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons, broken out as follows: Poland 2,000,000; Czechoslovakia 225,600; Yugoslavia 69,000; Rumania 20,000; Hungary 11,000.<ref>Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, ''Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa'' Vol. 1-5, Bonn, 1954–1961</ref> These early estimates are no longer considered valid because subsequent investigations provided a revised accounting of the losses <br/> B. A 1958 West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions, broken out as follows: Poland 1,607,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Rumania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000.<ref name="StatBA 1958"/> The figures from the 1958 German government statistical analysis as well as the report of the [[Schieder commission]] are often cited in English language sources dealing with the expulsions.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM R. J. Rummel''Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 Chapter 7]</ref>. In 2006 The German government reaffirmed its belief that 2 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe.<ref name="bundespraesident.de">[http://www.bundespraesident.de/Anlage/original_632737/Rede-beim-Tag-der-Heimat-des-Bundes-der-Vertriebenen.pdf German President Horst Köhler, Speech on September 2, 2006]</ref>. However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes that civilian losses in the expulsions have been overstated in Germany for decades for political reasons. Harr argues that [[Cold War]] political pressure influenced the findings of the [[Schieder commission]] and the 1958 West German government demographic study of Expulsion deaths.<ref name="Herausforderung Bevölkerung Pages 267-281">''Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"'' Pages 267-281 Ingo Haar,''Bevölkerungsbilanzen“ und „Vertreibungsverluste“. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung'' Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 ISBN 9783531155562</ref><ref name="pism.pl">[http://www.pism.pl/zalaczniki/PPD_39_Haar.pdf Ingo Haar, ''Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy''. Polish Diplomatic Review. 2007, nr 5 (39)]</ref> The German scholar Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that the statistical foundations of the 1958 West German government demographic report to be questionable and cannot be regarded as definitive.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans- 1994"/> A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that; ''Generally speaking, the German estimates…are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses''<ref name="igipz.pan.pl">[[:pl:Piotr Eberhardt]], '[http://www.igipz.pan.pl/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf''Political Migrations In Poland 1939-1948'' Warsaw2006]</ref> He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the expulsions.<ref name="igipz.pan.pl"/><ref>[[:pl:Piotr Eberhardt]], ''Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis'' Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 2003. ISBN 0765606658</ref><br/>C. By 1965, the Suchdienst (search service) of the German churches was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe, broken out as follows: Poland 367,392; Czechoslovakia 18,889; other countries 86,735. There were an additional 1,905,991 unconfirmed cases of persons reported missing and presumed dead. Dr.Rüdiger Overmans gave a summary of this unpublished data at a 1994 historical symposium in Poland. Overmans pointed out that the figures are incomplete and only a partial not an exact accounting of total deaths. Overmans believes that since there are only about 500,000 confirmed deaths of German civilians in eastern Europe, the balance being a demographic estimate, that new research on the number of expulsion deaths is needed.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans- 1994"/> . However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes that the Church Service records provide a more realistic view of the total deaths due to the expulsions <ref name="Herausforderung Bevölkerung Pages 267-281"/><ref name="pism.pl"/> <br/>D. A 1974 study by the German government archives estimated a civilian death toll of about 600,000 of civilians who died as a result of war crimes. Broken out as follows: Poland: c. 400,000(-Killed by Soviet forces and their Allies 100,000; dead during the [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]] 200,000; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions 100,000.) Czechoslovakia 130,000- All killed by Soviet forces and their Allies. Yugoslavia- c. 80,000(-Killed by Soviet forces and their Allies 15-20,000; dead during the [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]] 4,500; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions c.60,000). This report did not provide an estimate for ethnic German deaths in Rumania and Hungary.<ref name="KdDV 1989"/>.Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that the 1974 report is only a partial not a definitive accounting of total deaths in the expulsions.<ref>Dr. Rűdiger Overmans-''Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung''. (A parallel summary in Polish was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994</ref> However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes the Archives study has provided a more realistic view of the total deaths due to the expulsions.<ref name="Herausforderung Bevölkerung Pages 267-281"/><ref name="pism.pl"/><br/>E. A revised demographic analysis published in 1995, which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]] broken out as follows: Poland 1,192,000; Czechoslovakia 220,000; Yugoslavia 106,000; Rumania 75,000; Hungary 84,000; Baltic States 33,000; USSR 310,000.<ref name="Gerhard Reichling 1995"/> The German government maintains that the figure of about 2 million deaths is correct because it includes additional post war deaths from hunger and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions.<ref name="bundespraesident.de"/>. <br/>F. In 1996 a joint Czech-German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable.<ref>[http://www.tschechien-portal.info/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=134 Final Statement and Conclusions of the Czech-German Historical Commission]</ref><ref>Hoensch, Jörg K. und Hans Lemberg, ''Begegnung und Konflikt. Schlaglichter auf das Verhältnis von Tschechen, Slowaken und Deutschen 1815 - 1989'' Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2001 ISBN 3898610020</ref><br/>G. Research by former ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia determined that 57,730 civilians perished after the war. Broken out as follows:-Killed by partisans 8,049; dead during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union 1,994; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions 48,687.<ref>''Leidensweg der Deutschen im kommunistischen Jugoslawien'' -Arbeitskreis Dokumentation im Bundesverband der Landsmannschaft der Donauschwaben aus Jugoslawien, Sindelfingen, und in der Donauschwäbischen Kulturstiftung, München. Imprint München : Die Stiftung, 1991-1995. Vol 4 Pages 1018-1019</ref><br/>H. In his 2000 study of German military casualties Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 344,000 additional military deaths of Germans from the [[Former eastern territories of Germany]] and conscripted [[ethnic Germans]] from Eastern Europe. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilians previously listed as missing in the expulsions.<ref>Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Pages 298-299</ref>.<br/> H. The Polish historian [[Bernadetta Nitschke]] has provided a summary of the research in Poland on the calculation of German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland only, not including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported in 1958 by the West German government with the more recent figure of 400,000 that was detailed by Rudiger Overmans in 1994. She noted that the Polish researcher Stefan Banasiak estimated in 1963 that the death toll was 1.136 million, a figure accepted by other Polish historians who maintain that that most of the deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor and after the resettlement due to the harsh conditions in the [[Soviet occupation zone]] in post war Germany.<ref>Bernadetta Nitschke. ''Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949.'' München, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-486-56832-9. S. 269-282.</ref>. This is in sharp contrast to the 1958 West German government [[Schieder commission]] report which maintained that these deaths occurred after the war on Polish territory.<br/> '''Famine Deaths 1945-1946.''' </Br>. There were additional post war famine deaths in occupied Germany of 250,000 <ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 43</ref> In Allied occupied the Germany shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47 the average [[kilocalorie]] intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.<ref>Alan S. Milward, ''The Reconstruction of Western Europe''</ref> ,<br/>'''''Prior estimates made in the 1950s by German government'''''</br> A preliminary estimate of war dead made in 1949 by the West German government for the population only within the borders of 1937 Germany, was 3,250,000 military dead and missing plus 500,000 dead and 1,533,000 missing civilians<ref>''Wirtschaft und Statistik'' November 1949, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office)</ref>.<br/> In 1956 these figures were revised by the West German government for losses only within the borders of 1937 Germany; 3,760,000 military dead and missing, 410,000 civilians killed by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Strategic bombing]], 20,000 civilians killed in ground fighting, 1,260,000 civilian refugees killed in the flight from the [[Former eastern territories of Germany]] and the expulsions from Poland.<ref>''Wirtschaft und Statistik'' October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office)</ref>.These figures did not include additional losses from Austria, 280,000 in the German military and 24,000 civilians killed in air raids; A separate accounting of [[ethnic Germans]] from eastern Europe was made in 1958, 432,000 deaths in the German military and 886,000 ethnic German civilians killed in expulsions<ref name="StatBA 1958"/>; not including 60,000 German military deaths of men conscripted in France and western Europe. Total 4,530,000 for entire German Armed Forces and 2,576,000 civilians. 
-#{{note|Greece}}Greece<br /> The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II]]. Military dead: 35,077 including, 13,327 killed in the [[Greco-Italian War]] of 1940–41; 1,100 with the Greek Forces in the Mid East and 20,650 partisan deaths. Civilian Deaths: 771,845 including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces ; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps(including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing, 3,500 merchant marine dead, and 600,000 war related famine deaths <ref>[http://library.antibaro.gr/text/History/1940/Mavri_Vivlos_Katochis.pdf Council for Reparations from Germany, ''Black Book of the Occupation''(In Greek and German) Athens 2006 p. 1018-1019]</ref> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 69,500.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/><br/>Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the ''Statistical Year-Book of the. League of Nations'' gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that that, ''"the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent".'' His estimates for Greek losses are as follows: The war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II]] <ref>Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. Pages 89-91</ref> 
-#{{note|Hungary}}Hungary<br />Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of losses from 1941–45 [[Hungary during the Second World War|in Hungary]]. Military losses were 300,000–310,000 including 110–120,000 killed in battle and 200,000 [[missing in action]] and POW in the Soviet Union. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of [[History of Hungary#World War II|Greater Hungary]] in [[Slovakia]], Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20–25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Civilian losses were 44,500 killed in the 1944–45 military campaign and in air attacks,<ref name="TS 1995">Támas Stark. ''Hungary's Human Losses in World War II''. Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91-86624-21-0</ref> Russian sources give the deaths of 54,700 of the 513,700 Hungarian [[POW]] taken in the War.<ref name="I. Krivosheev. Page 278"/> The genocide of Roma people of 28,000 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page183">Donald Kendrick, ''The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies''. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1 Page183</ref> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Iceland}}Iceland<br />Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.<ref>[http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=5057 Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni?]</ref> 
-#{{note|India}}India<br />1939 Population of [[British Raj|India]] included the present day [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The war dead listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]], total deaths were 87,031<ref>Commonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2008–09. Finances, Statistics and Service, Page 10. Available online at [http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsub]</ref>. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.<ref name="CWGC DoHR">[http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ]</ref> The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and [[POW]] 79,489.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/>Out of “60,000" Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity<ref name="ID & MF 443"/>The pro-Japanese [[Indian National Army]] lost 2,615 dead and missing<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.Page 556</ref>. [[Gurkha]]s recruited from [[Nepal]] fought with the [[British Indian Army]] during the Second World War. <br /> Sources for total Indian civilian war dead range from 1.5 to 2.5 million as detailed below. <br/>[[John W. Dower]] estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the [[Bengal famine of 1943]].<ref name="John W Page 296">[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 Page 296</ref> [[Amartya Sen]] currently the Lamont University Professor at [[Harvard University]] has recently estimated that a figure of 2.0 to 2.5 million fatalities may be more accurate.<ref>[[Amartya Sen]] [http://www.indiatogether.org/interviews/sen.htm interviewed by David Barsamian of Alternative Radio]</ref></br>[[Werner Gruhl]] estimates the civilian death toll due to the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] at 2,000,000. <ref name="WG IJWWT"/> 
-#{{note|Iran}}Iran<br />Losses during allied occupation in 1941.<ref name="Michael Clodfelter 2000. Page 498">Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page 498</ref>. 
-#{{note|Iraq}}Iraq<br />Losses during [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] and UK occupation in 1941.<ref name="Michael Clodfelter 2000. Page 498"/>. 
-#{{note|Ireland}}Ireland<br />Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties. In 1995 Irish Taoiseach(Prime Minister)[[John Bruton]] claimed at least 10,000 Irish were killed serving in the British or Commonwealth armed forces.<ref>The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War [http://www.reform.org/TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/war.htm The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War]</ref> The civilian death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a [[U-Boat]] torpedoed the [[SS Irish Pine (1919)]] and deaths caused by the presumably accidental [[Bombing of Dublin in World War II|bombing of Ireland]] in three instances.<ref>[http://www.csn.ul.ie/~dan/war/bombings.html Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939 - 1945.]</ref>. 
-#{{note|Italy}}Italy<br /> The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940–45 losses listed the following data. Total military dead and missing from 1940–45 were 291,376, losses prior to the September 8, 1943 [[Armistice with Italy]] totaled 204,346 ( 66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died of disease), after the September 8, 1943 [[Armistice with Italy]], 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing, 24,274 died of disease). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; [[Chaplains]] 91; [[Fascist]] militia 10,066; [[Paramilitary]] 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania & Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other & unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). [[POW]] losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks.<ref>Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica' '' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45 '' Rome 1957</ref> A brief summary of data from this report can be found online <ref>[http://www.demographic-research.org/ The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy A first attempt Demographic Research Vol 13, No. 15]</ref><br/> There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] of 1940–41.<ref>Del Boca, Angelo, The Ethiopian war. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1969 ISBN 0226142175</ref> Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in [[Italian Libya]] were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000.<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 90</ref> <br/> Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews <ref name="RJR DNGaMM"/> Russian sources list the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 [[Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954]].<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 47</ref> Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 [[Armistice with Italy]], included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 [[Italian resistance movement]] fighters and 13,000 RSI [[Italian Social Republic]] Fascist forces.<ref>Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa - Edizioni 1986</ref> The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page184"/> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 8,562 (including Libya)<ref name="MG AotH 244"/> 
-#{{note|Japan}}Japan<br />1939 Japanese population includes 1.7 million Japanese in China and Korea.<ref>''Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920–1 October 1947'', General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division. Tokyo, July 1948.</ref><br/> Japanese military losses were 2,120,000 including 1,740,000 in the war from 1937–1945 and 380,000 POW deaths after the surrender. [[John W. Dower]] reported that Japanese government figures list the military deaths of 1,740,955 from 1937–45. The details are as follows: 185,647 in China from 1937–41 and 1,555,308 from 1941–45 in the [[Pacific War]]. Army - Against US- 485,717; Against UK/Netherlands-208,026; In China-202,958; Against Australia -199,511; French Indochina -2,803; Against USSR -7,483; Other overseas -23,388; Japan proper -10,543. Navy 1941/45 -414,879."only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation"<ref name="John W Pages 297-299">[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 Pages 297-299</ref> In addition there were the deaths of prisoners after the surrender. According to [[John W. Dower]]; the "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities<ref>[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 Pages 363</ref> An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender in Manchuria, Korea and the [[Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|U.S.S.R]]."<ref name="John W Pages 297-299"/> The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in [[Manchuria]]n transit camps, 36,000 in [[North Korea]], 9,000 from [[Sakhalin]] and 103,000 in the [[U.S.S.R.]].<ref>Nimmo, William. Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956, Greenwood 1989 ISBN 9780313257629 Pages 116-118</ref> These figures were disputed by the Soviet Union, Russian sources report the POW deaths of 62,105(61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured(609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces).<ref>[http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154]</ref> <br/>Military deaths include Koreans and Chinese from Taiwan conscripted by Japan. Not included in Japanese war dead are 432,000 [[Collaborationist Chinese Army|Chinese military forces collaborating with Japan.]] <ref name="ReferenceB"/><br/> [[John W. Dower]] reports civilian losses due to U.S. [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Strategic bombing]] according to official Japanese figures were 393,367 dead, including 210,000 killed in the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] and 97,031 in the [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II]]. In addition to these deaths 150,000 civilians were killed on [[Okinawa]] and 10,000 on [[Saipan]] during the fighting.<ref name="John W Pages 297-299"/>. War related deaths of Japanese [[merchant marine]] personnel were 27,000.<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.Page 578</ref><br/> The [[Yasukuni Shrine]] in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 military deaths from 1937–1945 including civilians who participated in combat, Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces. 
-#{{note|Korea}}Korea<br />Sources for total Korean civilian war dead range from 378,000 to 483,000 as detailed below. <br/>The American researcher [[R. J. Rummel]]'s estimates 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated.".<ref name="hawaii.edu">[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM R. J. Rummel''Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 Chapter 3]</ref>. <br/> [[John W. Dower]] has noted "Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" <ref>[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 Page 47</ref>.<br/>[[Werner Gruhl]] estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 483,000 and an additional 50,000 deaths of Koreans conscripted in the Japanese military service<ref name="WG IJWWT"/><br/> A Korean demographic study reports "the mortality level and the course of mortality changes among Koreans in Korea during the war, appear not to have been much affected. Even for all Koreans living in Korea, Japan and Manchuria, the impact of World War II on the trend and level of mortality is not likely to have been significant. The same source reports '6,369 Koreans to have died in the Japanese military forces, and the number rises to 14,527 when civilians attached to the military forces is added<ref>Tai Hawn Kwon. Demography of Korea. Seoul National University Press. 1977</ref><br/> Korean military forces fighting against Japan were the [[Korean Liberation Army]] under [[Chinese Nationalist]] command and the [[Korean People's Army|Korean Volunteer Army]] which fought with the [[Chinese Communist]] guerrillas. 
-#{{note|Latvia}}Latvia<br />Includes civilian losses due to war (220,000) and [[Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940|Soviet occupation in 1940–41]](7,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet(13,000) and German Armed Forces (24,000).Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 287,000(14% of the population)<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 28</ref> The genocide of Roma people was 2,500 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page183"/> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 80,000<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Lithuania}}Lithuania<br />Includes civilian losses due to war (345,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940–41(8,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet (27,000) and German Armed Forces (8,000).Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 448,000(15% of the population)<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 29</ref> The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page183"/> Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 141,000<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Lux}}Luxembourg<br />Total war dead were 5,000<ref>Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. Page 107</ref> which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in Belgian Army. The genocide of Roma people was 200 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page183"/> Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 700<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Mala}}Malaysia<br />Victims of forced labor and reprisals during the Japanese occupation."<ref name="John W Page 296"/>. 
-#{{note|Malta}}Malta<br />Air attack victims.<ref name="Michael Clodfelter 2000">Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.</ref>. The BBC has an online report on the siege of Malta<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/siege_malta_01.shtml The Siege of Malta in World War Two]</ref> 
-#{{note|Mexico}}Mexico<br />Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners.<ref name="Michael Clodfelter 2000"/>.A Mexican Air Force unit [[Escuadrón 201]] served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths. 
-#{{note|Mong}}Mongolia<br />Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] (200) and the 1945 [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]] (72) campaigns.)<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 74</ref> 
-#{{note|Nauru}}Nauru<br /> Deaths are 463 Nauruan labourers deported by Japanese authorities to the Caroline Islands <ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/16447.htm United States State Department Background notes Nauru]</ref> 
-#{{note|Netherlands}}Netherlands<br />Dutch government figures for losses in Europe released in 1948 <ref>[http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/1FA7DF00-F612-4F46-8539-E04DCFECD7BA/0/2007k4b15p53art.pdf Central Bureau of Statistics( CBS)Netherlands]</ref>listed 210,000 direct war casualties plus an additional 70,000 post war disease deaths caused by the war. The details are as follows: Military deaths of 8,100; which included 2,200 regular Army, 1,700 [[Dutch Resistance]] forces, 2,600 Navy forces, 250 POW in Germany and 1,350 Merchant seaman. Civilian deaths of 271,900; which included 27,000 forced workers in Germany, 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany, 2,800 victims of executions, 2,500 deaths in Dutch concentration camps, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 20,400 deaths due to military activities, 3,700 Dutch serving in the German military, 104,000 [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands#The Holocaust|deported Jews]] and 16,000 deaths in the [[Dutch famine of 1944]]. The official statistics also reported an additional 70,000 "indirect war casualties", which are attributed to various diseases caused by wartime conditions. Not included in these figures are an additional 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine<ref>[http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/1FA7DF00-F612-4F46-8539-E04DCFECD7BA/0/2007k4b15p53art.pdf CBS, 1948, Oorlogsverliezen 1940–1945. Maandschrift van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, blz. 749. Belinfante, 's-Gravenhage]</ref> The losses of the 3,700 Dutch in the German Armed Forces are not in Dutch war casualties on this page, they are included with the military of Germany.<br/> The Dutch suffered additional losses in the Far East which were not included in the above figures except for the Navy. Military losses in Asia were 900 in the 1942 [[Dutch East Indies campaign]] and 8,500 military POW deaths in Japanese captivity <ref>Fremy, M.,Quid 1996,Page 1275</ref> Paris.[[The Australian War Memorial]] reports 8,000 of the 37,0000 Dutch POW died in Japanese captivity <ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/alliesinadversity/prisoners/captivity.asp Dutch and Australian servicemen in captivity ]</ref>. Civilian losses in Asia reported by the Dutch Red Cross included the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 Europeans out of 80,000 interned in the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="Z. Aziz. 1955. Page 170"/><br/>The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead.<ref>[http://www.ogs.nl The Netherlands War Graves Foundation]</ref> The genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] was 500 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page183"/> 
-#{{note|Newfoundland}}Newfoundland<br>Newfoundland's losses are not listed separately by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] since they served with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war. Military losses were 1,058: with 956 with the UK: Navy(351),Army (115),Air Force (134) and Merchant Navy (356) and 102 with Canada: Navy (21), Army(41) and Air Force (40).<ref name="chebucto.org">[http://ngb.chebucto.org/NFREG/index_wwii.shtml Military Records of Newfoundlanders Who Served in Various Units During World War II]</ref>. The losses of the Newfoundland [[Merchant Navy]] are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland,<ref>[http://www.cdli.ca/monuments/nf/merchant.htm Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland]</ref> Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the [[SS Caribou]] in October 1942 <ref>[http://www.iosphere.net/~sullivan/caribou.htm sinking of the SS Caribou].</ref> 
-#{{note|NZ}}New Zealand<br /> The military deaths listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] Total deaths were 11,928 .<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsubCommonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2008–09. Finances, Statistics and Service, Page 10. ]</ref>. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.<ref name="CWGC DoHR 2">[http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission]</ref> Details can be found online at the New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project<ref>[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/links-military New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project]</ref> The preliminary 1945 data for New Zealand losses was, killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and [[POW]] 8,453.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/> 
-#{{note|NOR}}Norway<br />Military deaths were 2,000 regular forces; 1,500 resistance fighters and political prisoners. Civilian dead include 3,600 [[merchant marine]], 1,800 war related civilian deaths and 700 Jews. The 700 deaths with German Armed Forces are included with Germany on this schedule.<ref>Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951.Pages 112-113</ref> The Norwegian Foreign Ministry reported that "10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670 seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. About 6,000 Norwegians had served the German war cause, and 709 of them had fallen in battle.<ref>[http://www.b24.no/background.htm Ministry of Foreign Affairs Norway and World War II]</ref> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 728.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|PacIs}}Pacific Islands <br />- This territory includes areas now known as the [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], [[Palau]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]].<br /> The estimate by [[R. J. Rummel]] of the number of victims due to [[Japanese war crimes]] on the various Pacific Islands is 57,000.<ref name="hawaii.edu"/>.<br/>Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities.<ref name="PL FS CL 2001">Poyer, Lin; Falgout, Suzanne; Carucci, Laurence Marshall . The ''Typhoon of War: Micronesian Experiences of the Pacific War'' Univ of Hawaii Pr, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2001 ISBN 0824821688</ref><br/>During the [[Battle of Guam (1944)]] the number of [[Chamorro people]] killed or wounded is not accurately known but it was well over six hundred.<ref name="PL FS CL 2001"/>, During the [[Battle of Saipan]] 10,000 persons in a mass suicide of the Japanese civilian population.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br/> [[Papua New Guinea]]<br /> Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters.<ref>Bjij, V. Lal and Kate Fortune. ''The Pacific Islands- An Encyclopedia''Page 244</ref> 
-#{{note|Phil}}Philippines<br /> Sources for total Filipino civilian war dead range from 500,000 to 1,000,000 as detailed below. <br/>The United States State Dept. has reported that, ''In total, an estimated one million Filipinos lost their lives in the war''<ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm United States State Dept. ''Background Note: Philippines'']</ref> The primary reason for this high death toll was war related famine and disease. Civilian losses included victims of [[Japanese war crimes]], such as the [[Bataan Death March]] and the [[Manila massacre]] which claimed the lives of 90,000 Filipinos.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> </br>[[Werner Gruhl]] estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 500,000 ( 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine).<ref name="WG IJWWT"/><br/> The estimate in 1946 by the U.S. War Dept. for Filipino military war dead was 27,260.<ref name="hawaii.edu"/>. More recent figures for military war dead, include 7,000 in the [[Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)]], 8,000 [[HUKBALAHAP|anti-Japanese guerrillas]] and 42,000 (out of 98,000) [[POW]]s in Japanese captivity<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.Page 566</ref> Werner Gruhl estimates an 27,000 Filipinos died serving in the military(including 20,000 POW).<ref name="WG IJWWT"/> 
-#{{note|Poland}}Poland<br/>'' Total Polish War Dead''.</br>In August 2009 the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 3 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust, as well as [[Poles|ethnic Poles]] and other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and Belarussians)<ref name="Tomasz Szarota 1945"/> <br/> [[Czesław Łuczak]] estimated in 1994 the actual total of war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million, including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews. He estimated the number of [[Poles|ethnic Poles]] who died at 2.0 million, including 1.5 million, due to the German occupation of the territory of modern day Poland and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under both Soviet and German occupation. Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] ethnic groups who comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population. The Polish government estimate made in 1947 of 6.0 million war dead excluded ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] losses.<ref name="CT 1994">[[Czesław Łuczak]], ''Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach'' 1939–1945''. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994</ref>- <ref name="ceeol.com">Gniazdowski, Mateusz. ''Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline '' The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1.This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com</ref></br> [[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Dr. Tadeusz Piotrowski]] estimated in 2005 [[Historical demography of Poland#Second World War (1939-1945)|Poland's losses in World War Two]] to be 5.6 million; including 5,150,000 victims of [[Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles]] and the [[Holocaust]], 350,000[[treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers|deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41]] and about 100,000 [[Poles]] killed in 1943–44 during the [[massacres of Poles in Volhynia]]. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic [[Poles]]; 500,000 [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]] <ref name="projectinposterum.org"/><br/>Civilian losses by[[:Image:Map of Poland (1945).png|geographic area]] were about 3.0 million in present day Poland<ref>U.S. Bureau of the Census ''The Population of Poland'' Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington- 1954</ref> and about 2.0 million in the [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]]<ref name="CT 1994"/>- <ref name="KK 1994">Krystyna Kersten, ''Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej''. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994</ref> Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths.<ref>Andreev, EM, et al., ''Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991''. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1 Page 78. Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid 1941 in the territory of the Soviet Union of 1946-1991</ref></br> The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic [[Poles]] and Jews; this report excluded ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the U.S.S.R.<ref>Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych, Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947.(the figures of 2.8 miilion Jews and 3.2 miilion Poles are based on language spoken, not religion)</ref> The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 5.0 million. They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the west and the USSR after the war.<ref name="CT 1994"/><ref name="ceeol.com"/> [[USHMM|The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust. "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war",<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.''Poles Victims of the Nazi Era'']</ref></br> The genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] was 35,000 persons<ref>Donald Kendrick, ''The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies''. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1 Page18</ref> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims, in 1939 borders, totaled 3,000,000<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/>, including 2 million within the borders of contemporary Poland and 1 million in the territories annexed by the U.S.S.R.<ref>Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951.Pages 115-126</ref><br/> ''Polish Losses during the Soviet Occupation (1939–1941)''<br/>In August 2009 the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.<ref name="KK 1994"/> [[Andrzej Paczkowski]] puts the number of Polish deaths at 90–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.<ref>Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard Univ Pr, 1999 ISBN 0674076087 Page 372</ref> In 2005 [[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]] estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000<ref name="projectinposterum.org"/> An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000.<ref>Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987</ref> <br/> Poland lost a total of 239,800 regular soldiers and [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] fighters during the war.<ref name="ceeol.com"/> Military dead and missing were 95,000–97,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]], including 17–19,000 killed by the Soviets in the [[Katyn massacre]] and 12,000 in German POW camps.<ref>T. Panecki, ''Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej'' [[:pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny]],1995, no. 1–2, pp.&nbsp;13–18</ref> The [[Polish contribution to World War II]] included the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]], and the [[1st Polish Army]] fighting under Soviet command. Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned.<ref>T. Panecki, ''Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej'' [[:pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny]], 1995, no. 1–2, pp.&nbsp;13–18</ref> The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]] cost the lives of 120,000 -130,000 Polish civilians and 16–17,000 [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement fighters]]<ref name="ceeol.com"/> The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online <ref>[http://www.straty.pl/index.php Victims of the Nazi Regime-Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation ]</ref><br/>During the war 2,762,000<ref>Nürnberg Document No. 3568. Data from this document is listed in ''Martin Brozat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik'' Fischer Bücheri 1961. Page 125</ref> Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the [[Deutsche Volksliste]]. A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces<ref name="StatBA 1958"/>, these men were conscripted in violation of international law<ref>Schimitzek, Stanislaw, Truth or Conjecture? Warsaw 1966</ref> 
-#{{note|Timor}}Timor<br/>Officially neutral, [[East Timor]] was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied commandos initiated a guerilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The civilian death toll is estimated at 40,000 to 70,000 <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor"] (Access date: October 13, 2010.)</ref> 
-#{{note|Romania}}Romania<br/>Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000 <ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.Page582</ref> Total Killed were 93,326 ( 72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with allies): Total missing and POW were 341,765( 283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with allies) only about 80,000 survived Soviet capitivity) <ref>Mark Axworthy. ''Third Axis Fourth Ally''. Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1-85409-267-7 pages 216-217</ref> Russian sources list the deaths of 54,600 of the 201,800 Romanian [[POW]] taken in the War.<ref name="Vadim Erlikman 2004. Page 51">Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 51</ref> Figures do not include an additional estimated 40,000 to 50,000 dead included with the Hungarian Army.<ref name="TS 1995"/> Civilian losses of 64,000 included 20,000 during Soviet occupation of [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina]] in 1940–41 .<ref name="Vadim Erlikman 2004. Page 51"/>; the genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] 36,000 deaths.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page184"/>; Allied air raids on Romania caused the deaths of 7,693 civilians<ref>Mark Axworthy. ''Third Axis Fourth Ally''. Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1-85409-267-7 Page 314</ref>.<br/> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 469,000 in 1939 borders which includes 325,000 in [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina]] occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940.<ref name="Image:Romania WWII.png"/><ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Ruanda Urundi}}Ruanda Urundi<br/> The 1943 famine in Ruanda which took 300,000 lives was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo. <ref> Catharine Newbury''The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in R''wanda: 1860-1960 Columbia University Press, 1993 ISBN 0231062575 Pages 157-158</ref> <ref>Linden, Jan ''Church and revolution in Rwanda'', Manchester University Press 1977 ISBN 0841903050 Page207</ref> Since Rwanda was not occupied nor the supply of food cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War Two casualties. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine in Ruanda to the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] which is attributed to the war. <ref>Alexander De Waal, ''Famine crimes: politics & the disaster relief industry in Afr''ica Indiana Univ Pr, 1999 ISBN 0253211581 Page30</ref> 
-#{{note|Sing}}Singapore<br /> Victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] including the [[Japanese Occupation of Singapore]] and the [[Sook Ching massacre]]<ref name="hawaii.edu"/>.  
-#{{note|SA}}South Africa<br />The military deaths listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] Total deaths were 11,903 .<ref name="CWGC 10"/>. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.<ref name="CWGC DoHR 2"/> The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and [[POW]] 14,589.<ref> [[The Times]] on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here</ref> 
-#{{note|USSR}}Soviet Union<br /> ''Military Losses''<br/> Military deaths from 1939–1945, totaling 10.7 million, include 7.7 million killed or missing in action; 2.6 million POW dead, and 400,000 paramilitary and [[Soviet partisan]] losses.<ref name="VE 20">Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 20-21</ref></br> The official Russian Ministry of Defense figure for military total dead and missing from 1941–1945 is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action or died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes; 500,000 [[missing in action|MIA]] and 1,283,000 dead and missing [[prisoner of war|POW]]. Official Russian figures indicate 4,559,000 POWs and missing, out of which about 500,000 missing were killed in battle, 939,700 were conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated,2,016,000 POW survived the war, 1,836,000 POWs are known to have returned to the U.S.S. R. after the war, this leaves 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 missing POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.<ref name="GIK 176"/><ref name="GIK 85-86"/>[[Richard Overy]] has noted that "The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted".<ref>[[Richard Overy]], ''Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941–1945'', Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 0-14-027169-4 Page XV</ref> The official Russian statistics for military dead do not include an additional estimated 500,000 conscripted reservists missing or killed before being listed on active strength, 1,000,000 civilians treated as POW by Germany; and an estimated 150,000 militia and 250,000 [[Soviet partisan]] dead, which are considered civilian war losses in the official figures. <ref name="VE 20"/> The estimate by most western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands <ref name="RJR DNGaMM"/><br/> There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totaled 136,945: [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939 (8,931); [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] of 1939 (1,139); and the [[Winter War]] with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).<ref name="GIK 51-80"/> <br/>The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the [[OBD Memorial]] database online <ref>[http://www.obd-memorial.ru/ OBD Memorial]</ref><br/>''Total Population Losses of the Soviet Union 1941–1945''</br> A report published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993 estimated that the total Soviet population losses from 1941–1945, within Soviet borders of 1946–1991, were 26.6 million out of a total population of 196.7 million, which included the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|annexed territories]].<ref>Andreev, EM, et al., ''Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991''. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1</ref> <ref> Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- ''Europe Asia Studies'', July 1994</ref></br>In 2000 the late Dr. S. N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University<ref>[http://www.andjusev.narod.ru/a/Michalev.htm Obituary of S N Mkhalev who passed away in 2005]</ref> published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics, he estimated actual Soviet military war dead at more than 10.9 million persons. He maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated. Mikhalev believed that the official figure of 26.6 million war dead should not be regarded as definitive. His analysis of the demographic balance of the USSR in the war indicated total losses ranging from 21.240 million to 25.854 million, with the mid range being 23.568 million total war dead. Mikhalev pointed out that the estimate of total war deaths are based on a range of estimates for the population in 1939 and the population of the annexed territories that are by no means certain.<ref>S. N Mikhalev ''Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie'' Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 5-85981-082-2. Page 28</ref></br> Michael Haynes has noted that "We do not know the total number of deaths as a result of the war and related policies" We do know that the demographic estimate of excess deaths was 26.6 million plus an additional 16.1 million [[Death by natural causes|natural deaths]] that would have occurred in peacetime, bringing the total dead to 42.7 million. At this time the actual total number of deaths caused by the war is unknown since among the 16.1 million "natural deaths" some would have died peacefully and others as a result of the war.<ref>Michael Haynes, ''Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note'' ''Europe Asia Studies'' Vol.55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309</ref><br/> ''Civilian War Dead''</br>Civilian deaths listed on the table above of 23.9 million are for the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ribbentrop-Molotov.svg USSR within 1939 borders] and does not include an estimated 2.5 million civilian dead in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-1945 and the 215,000 Soviet war dead in the German armed forces. Civilian losses in territories annexed by USSR are included in totals of the [[Baltic states]](600,000).<ref name="VE 23-34">Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Pages 23-34</ref>, Poland(1,500,000) <ref name="CT 1994"/>-<ref name="KK 1994"/> Romania(300,000) and [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Czechoslovikia]](50,000)<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> <br/>The deaths of Soviet civilians, including Jews, were documented from 1942–1946 by the Soviet [[Extraordinary State Commission]]<ref>A Mosaic of Victims- Non Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990 ISBN 1-85043-251-1 Page 140</ref><ref>[http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/data/719/825/1219/01Shevyakov.pdf A. A. Shevyakov ''“Gitlerovski genotsid na territoriyakh SSR.”'' Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 12, 1991]</ref> <ref> [http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/data/068/084/1217/001.SHEVIAKOV.pdf A. A. Shevyakov ''“Zherty sredi mirnogo nasseleniya v gody otechestvennoi voiny”'' Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 11, 1992]</ref> In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published a report that summarized Soviet losses in the war. They reported civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR totaling 13.7 million, which includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory.<ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 Pages 124-131(These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including territories annexed in 1939–40).</ref> Total Soviet war dead include losses include an estimated 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans <ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 Page 158 </ref> Additional famine deaths which totaled 1 million during 1946–47 are not included with World War II casualties.<ref name="VE 20"/>Documents from the Soviet archives list the total deaths of prisoners in the [[Gulag]] from 1941 to 1945 at 621,637.<ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 Page 175</ref>. An independent Russian journalist believes the actual death toll may be as high as 1.7 million, when one takes into account summary executions and [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deaths of those forcibly deported during the war.]]. <ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 Page 22</ref>,<br/>An independent Russian journalist has provided the estimated breakdown for each Republic for total Soviet war dead from 1941–45).<ref name="VE 23-34"/>,</br> Military deaths (including partisans & militia), of the individual Soviet republics were 10.5 million : Russia 6,750,000 ; Armenia 150,000 ; Azerbaijan 210,000 ; Belarus 620,000 ; Georgia 190,000 ; Moldova 41,000 ; Ukraine 1,620,000 ; Estonia 13,000 ; Latvia 18,000 ; Lithuania 27,000 ; Kazakhstan 310,000 ; Kyrgyzstan 70,000 ; Tajikistan 50,000 ; Turkmenistan 70,000 ; Uzbekistan 330,000.</br> Civilian deaths, (including territories annexed 1939–45), of the individual Soviet republics were 15.7 million:Russia 7,200,000 ; Armenia 30,000 ; Azerbaijan 110,000 ; Belarus 1,670,000 ; Georgia 110,000; Moldova 120,000 ; Ukraine 5,200,000 ; Estonia 35,000 ; Latvia 220,000 ; Lithuania 345,000 ; Kazakhstan 350,000 ; Kyrgyzstan 50,000 ; Tajikistan 70,000 ; Turkmenistan 30,000 ; Uzbekistan 220,000.<br/> The genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] was 30,000 persons.<ref name="Donald Kendrick Page184"/> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims, within 1939 borders, totaled 1,000,000.<ref name="Holocaust' Page 244"/> 
-#{{note|Spain}}Spain<br /> Military deaths were with the all Spanish [[Blue Division]] serving alongside Germany Army in the [[U.S.S.R]]. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page 515</ref> [[R. J. Rummel]] estimates the deaths of 20,000 [[anti-Fascist]] Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.<ref name="RJR DNGaMM"/> 
-#{{note|Sweden}}Sweden<br />During the [[Winter war]] of 1939–40 the [[Swedish Volunteer Corps]] served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 117 men in combat<ref>[http://www.svenskafrivilliga.com/ Swedish Volunteer Corps]</ref>. About 300 Swedish volunteers served in the German Wehrmacht and 30–45 were killed in action. <ref>[http://www.feldgrau.com/articles.php?ID=58 Swedish Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht]</ref><br/> 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.<br/> During 1939-1941 Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by German submarines and 391 merchant seamen were killed. Soviet attacks on Swedish merchant shipping from 1941-1944 cost the lives of 187 merchant seamen. The Red Cross Ship ''Stureborg'' was attacked by Italian aircraft in July 1942 resulting in the deaths of 19 of the crew and a Red Cross Official.<ref>The article in Swedish Wikipedia [[:sv:Lista över krigshandlingar mot Sverige under andra världskriget|Lista över krigshandlingar mot Sverige under andra världskriget]] ''The List of Acts of War Against Sweden In World War Two'' has details with sources on Sweden's Merchant Marine Losses in the war</ref> 
-#{{note|Switzerland}}Switzerland<br />The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties. <ref>[http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich.html Aerospace Power Journal –Summer 2000 The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Dr. Jonathan E. Helmreich]</ref><ref>[http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich1.htm Aerospace Power Journal –Summer 2000 The Bombing of Zurich by Dr. Jonathan E. Helmreich]</ref>Losses of about 300 Swiss in the German Armed Forces are included with German casualties. <ref name="RO 230"/>.  
-#{{note|Thai}}Thailand<br /> Military deaths included: 108 dead in the [[French-Thai War]] (1940–41) <ref>Sorasanya Phaengspha (2002) ''The Indochina War: Thailand Fights France''. Sarakadee Press.</ref> and 5,559 who died either resisting the [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand|Japanese invasion]] (1941), or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the [[Japanese conquest of Burma|Burma Campaign]] of 1942–45.<ref>Eiji Murashima, “The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942&ndash;43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence” ''Modern Asian Studies'', v40, n4 (2006) pp1053–1096, p1057n: "Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, and 4,942 soldiers. (Defense Ministry of Thailand, ''In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle'' [in Thai], Bangkok: Krom phaenthi Thahanbok, 1947). With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December [1941] battles and another 150 who died in battles in the [[Shan States|Shan states]] [Burma], almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases."</ref> [[Bombing of South East Asia, 1944–1945|Allied bombing in 1944&ndash;45]] caused 2,000 civilian deaths.<ref>E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'', v21, n1, March 1990, pp66-87. "An [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944&ndash;45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by [[Seni Pramoj|M. R. Seni Pramoj]] (a typescript entitled 'The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain' and filed under ''Papers on World War II'', at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids."</ref> Unlike other parts of South East Asia, Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war.<ref>E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'', v21, n1, March 1990, pp66-87. Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese-occupied countries during 1942&ndash;45 (p72n) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina (see above), during 1943-1944.</ref> 
-#{{note|UK}}United Kingdom and Colonies<br />The losses listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]. Total military deaths were 383,677, including Newfoundland <ref name="CWGC 10"/>. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.<ref name="CWGC DoHR"/>The losses of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] (956 military) are included in these figures.<ref name="chebucto.org"/>. <br/> The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67.073 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour. <ref name="CWGC 10"/>.<br/> UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml BBC Colonies, Colonials and World War Two By Marika Sherwood]</ref> UK colonial forces included units from [[King's African Rifles|East Africa]], [[Royal West African Frontier Force|West Africa]], [[Ghana Regiment|Ghana]], [[Caribbean Regiment|the Caribbean]], [[Royal Malay Regiment|Malaya]], [[Burma Rifles|Burma]], [[Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)|Hong Kong]], [[Arab Legion|Jordan]], [[Sudan Defence Force|Sudan]], [[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]] and the [[Jewish Brigade]] The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and [[POW]] 8,115.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/><br/> The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); [[Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service]] (624); [[Merchant Navy]] (30,248); [[British Home Guard]] ( 1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); [[Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service]] (18); [[Merchant Navy]] (530); [[British Home Guard]] (0) and Civilians (0). These figures included the losses of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and [[Southern Rhodesia]]. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 [[British Home Guard]]. The deaths of civilians interned was not given in the report.<ref name="HMSO 6832"/> <ref>UK Central Statistical Office ''Statistical Digest of the War'' HMSO 1951</ref> 
-#{{note|US}}United States<br />Total U. S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 416,837 The breakout by service is as follows, Army 318,274 <ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"> [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf Congressional Research Report – American War and Military Operations Casualties. Updated February 26, 2010]</ref>Navy 62,614, <ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/>Marine Corps 24,511 <ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/>[[United States Coast Guard]] 1,917. <ref name="USCG">[http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/wars.asp U.S. Coast Guard History]</ref> <ref> Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6 Pages 584-591</ref> and [[United States Merchant Marine]] 9,521. <ref name="USMM">[http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html American Merchant Marine at War, www.usmm.org] </ref> <ref>[http://www.usmm.org/contact.html#contact2 Mariners in “ocean-going service” during World War II have Veteran Status. They may be entitled to a gravestone, flag for their coffin, and burial in a National Cemetery.] </ref></br>Deaths in battle were 292,131 The breakout by service is as follows, Army 234, 874 <ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/>Navy 36,950, <ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/>Marine Corps 19,733<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/> [[United States Coast Guard]] 574. <ref name="USCG"/> <ref> Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Pages</ref> These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the [[USS Kearny]] and the [[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|USS Reuben James]] were attacked by U-Boats. The [[United States Army Air Forces]] losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non combat causes <ref name="CaGSC"/> U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war - Europe-Atlantic 183,588; Army ground forces 141,088; [[United States Army Air Forces]] 36,461 and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039; Asia-Pacific 108,504; Army ground forces 41,592; [[United States Army Air Forces]] 15,694; Navy/Coast Guard 31,485; Marine Corps 19,733. Unidentified Theatres- Army 39<ref name="CaGSC"/> <ref name="MC 2002 584-591"> Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Pages 584-591</ref> Included with combat deaths are 14,059 [[POWs]], in Europe (1,124) and (12,935) in Asia<ref name="MC 2002 584-591"/>The details of U.S. casualties are listed online: The US Army<ref name="CaGSC"/>The U.S. Army Air Force<ref>[http://www.usaaf.net U.S. Army Air Force in World War Two].</ref> The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps <ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq11-1.htm US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World WarII]</ref>. The U.S. Merchant Marine <ref name="USMM"/><br/> Civilian dead were 1,704 American civilians interned, by the Japanese(1,536) and by Germany(168),<ref>[http://www.house.gov/bordallo/gwcrc/RL30606.pdf#search='civilians%20interned%20by%20japan CRS Report for Congress U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Updated December 17, 2002], page CRS-11</ref> <ref>Center for Internee Rights- ''Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands'' Turner Press 2002, ISBN 1563118386] (The total of 1,536 is broken out-992 "died" and 544 "unknown" out of 13,996 total detained by Japan) (Those detained by Germany-168 "died" and 715 "unknown" out of 4,749 total detained)]</ref>. <ref>The annual death rate from 1942-1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5% There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians from 1942-1945.</br> The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans from 1942-1945. The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior “The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description” gave the annual death rate from 1942-1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7% There were 1,862 deaths of among the 100,000 to 110,00 Japanese civilians interned in the U.S. from 1942-1945. The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole from 1942-1945 was about 1.1% per annum.</ref> During the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] 68 U.S. civilians were killed by [[friendly fire]] <ref> Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page552</ref>, and 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in 1945 by Japanese [[Fire balloon|balloon bombs]] <ref> Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. Page550</ref>.<br/> The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/ U.S. National Archives Casualties from World War II]</ref><br/> The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org<ref>[http://www.usmm.org/casualty.html U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II]</ref><br/> [[American Battle Monuments Commission]] website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing <ref>[http://www.abmc.gov/search/wwii.php American Battle Monuments Commission]</ref> 
-#{{note|Yugo}}Yugoslavia<br /> The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census" <ref> U.S. Bureau of the Census ''The Population of Yugoslavia'' Ed. Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell, Washington Page 23</ref> A recent study by [[Vladimir Žerjavić]] estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000 which included military losses of 237,000 [[Yugoslav partisans]] and 209,000 [[Ustaše]]. Civilian dead of 581,000, including 57,000 Jews. Losses of the Yugoslav Republics were Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000. <ref>[http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/ 'Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims'', - Zagreb: Croatian Information center,1993 ISBN 0-919817-32-7]</ref> . [[Bogoljub Kočović]] a Yugoslav statistician,calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000 <ref>Kočović ,Bogoljub-Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji 1990 ISBN 8601019285 Pages 172-189</ref>The late Jozo Tomasevich , Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, believes that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable" <ref>Tomasevich, Jozo. ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0804736154 In Cap.17 ''Alleged and True Population Losses'' there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses.Page 737</ref><br/>The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows:<br/> A.[[Yugoslav Front of World War II|Military operations]] between the Germans, Italians and their [[Ustaše]] collaborators on one hand against the [[Yugoslav partisans]] and [[Chetniks]] <ref name="JT 17 744-750">Tomasevich, Jozo. ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0804736154 In Cap.17 ''Alleged and True Population Losses'' there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses. Page 744-750</ref> <br/>B.German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special [[World War II persecution of Serbs|vengeance against the Serbs]], who were considered [[Untermensch]] <ref name="JT 17 744-750"/>One of the worst massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the [[Kragujevac massacre]].<br/> C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war [[Ustaše]] collaborators were killed during the [[Bleiburg massacre]] <ref name="JT 17 744-750"/></br>D.The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were [[Serbs]] <ref name="JT 17 744-750"/> The [[USHMM]] reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]] <ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Jasenovac.]</ref>. The genocide of [[Romani people|Roma]] was 40,000 persons. <ref name="Donald Kendrick Page184"/> Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 67,122.<<ref>[[Martin Gilbert]] ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 Page 244:</ref><br/> E.The reduced food supply caused famine and disease. <ref name="JT 17 744-750"/><br/> F.Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were [[Podgorica]], [[Leskovac]], [[Zadar]] and [[Belgrade]]. <ref name="JT 17 744-750"/>:<br/> G. The demographic losses due to a 335,000 reduction in the number of births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties. <ref name="JT 17 744-750"/> 
-{{Refend}} 
 +Some nations in World War II suffered disproportionally more casualties than others. This is especially true regarding [[civilian casualties]]. The following chart gives data on the number of dead for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. Military figures include [[Killed in action|battle deaths]] (KIA) and [[Missing in action|personnel missing in action]] (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of [[prisoners of war]] in captivity. [[Civilian casualties]] include deaths caused by [[strategic bombing]], [[Holocaust victims|Nazi persecution]], [[Japanese war crimes]], [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|population transfers in the Soviet Union]], [[Allied war crimes during World War II|Allied war crimes]] and deaths due to war related famine and disease. Jewish losses in the [[Holocaust]] are listed separately for each nation, since they are known. Compiling or estimating the numbers of [[Casualty (person)|deaths]] caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a [[Conflict epidemiology|controversial subject]]. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II. The distinction between [[Killed in action|military]] and [[civilian casualties]] caused directly by warfare and [[collateral damage]] is not always clear cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the U.S.S.R., China, Poland, Germany and Yugoslavia, our sources can give us only the [[Demographic analysis|total estimated population loss]] caused by the war and a [[Approximation|rough estimate]] of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, [[crimes against humanity]] and war related famine. The [[World War II casualties#Footnotes|footnotes]] give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.
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World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. Over 60 million people were killed. The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses.

[edit]

Human losses by country

Some nations in World War II suffered disproportionally more casualties than others. This is especially true regarding civilian casualties. The following chart gives data on the number of dead for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Nazi persecution, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes and deaths due to war related famine and disease. Jewish losses in the Holocaust are listed separately for each nation, since they are known. Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the U.S.S.R., China, Poland, Germany and Yugoslavia, our sources can give us only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war related famine. The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.

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