York Retreat
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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This is a timeline of the modern development of psychiatry. Related information can be found in the Timeline of psychology and Timeline of psychotherapy articles.
Early history of psychiatry
- 1550 BCE
The Ebers papyrus, one of the most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt, briefly mentioned clinical depression.
- 6th century BCE
600 B.C., many cities had temples to Asklepios known as an Asklepieion that provided cures for psychosomatic illnesses
- 4th century BCE
Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the root of mental disorders.
- 280 BCE
Greek physician and philosopher Herophilus studied the nervous system and distinguished between sensory nerves and motor nerves.
- 250 BCE
Greek anatomist Erasistratus studied the brain and distinguished between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
- 705 CE
The first psychiatric hospital was built by Muslims in Baghdad, followed by Cairo in 800, and Damascus in 1270.
- 11th century
Persian physician Avicenna recognized "physiological psychology" in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings.
- 1247
Bethlehem Royal Hospital in Bishopsgate outside the wall of London, one of the most famous old psychiatric hospitals was founded as a priory of the Order of St. Mary of Bethlem to collect alms for Crusaders; after the English government secularized it, it started admitting mental patients by 1377 (1403?), becoming known as Bedlam Hospital; in 1547 it was acquired by the City of London, operating until 1948; it is now part of the British NHS Foundation Trust.
Psychiatry in the Age of Reason
- 1656
King Louis XIV of France founded Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris for prostitutes and the mentally defective.
- 1672
English physician Thomas Willis published the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology in terms of brain function.
- 1724
After being plagued with guilt over the Salem Witch Trials, influential New England Puritan minister Cotton Mather broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations.
- 1758
English physician William Battie published Treatise on Madness, calling for treatments to be utilized on rich and poor mental patients alike in asylums, helping make psychiatry a respectable profession.
- 1793
French physician Phillipe Pinel was appointed to Bicêtre Hospital in south Paris, ordering chains removed from mental patients, and founding Moral Treatment. In 1809 he published the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).
- 1796
The York Retreat in England was founded by Quakers, becoming known for humane treatment and serving as a model.
Psychiatry in the 19th century
- 1808
German physician Johann Christian Reil coined the term "Psychiatry".
- 1812
American physician Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, the first American textbook on psychiatry.
- 1821
The element Lithium was first isolated from Lithium oxide and described by English chemist William Thomas Brande.
- 1841
What became the Royal College of Psychiatrists, then known as the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, was founded in England, receiving a royal charter in 1926.
- 1844
The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), the forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 1845
The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums Act 1845 were passed in England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the Lunacy Commission.
- 1852
French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel published Traite des Maladies Mentales (2 vols.); the 2nd ed. (1860) coined the term "dementia praecox" (demence precoce) for patients suffering from "stupor" (melancholia). In 1857 he published Traité des Dégénérescences, promoting an understanding of mental illness based upon the theory of Degeneration, which became one of the most influential concepts in psychiatry for the rest of the century.
- 1859
Josef Breuer published Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie.
- 1893
German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin clinically defined "dementia praecox", later reformulated as Schizophrenia.
- 1895
Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published Studies on Hysteria, based on the case of Bertha Pappenheim (known as Anna O.), developing the Talking Cure; Freud and Breuer later split over Freud's obsession with sex.
- 1899
The Kraepelinian dichotomy between affective psychosis and dementia praecox (schizophrenia) was introduced in the 6th edition of Emil Kraepelin's famous Lehrbuch.
On November 4 Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Tramdeutung).
