History of the Jews under Muslim rule
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| - | The '''Banu Qurayza''' were a [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribe which lived in northern Arabia]], at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as [[Medina]]), until the 7th century, when their conflict with [[Muhammad]] led to their extermination. | + | [[Jewish history|Jewish communities]] have existed across the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] since [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]]. By the time of the [[Muslim conquests]] of the 7th century, these ancient communities had been ruled by various empires and included the [[Babylonian Jews|Babylonian]], [[Persian Jews|Persian]], [[Jews in Carthage|Carthaginian]], [[Hellenistic Jews|Greek]], [[Roman Jews|Roman]], [[Byzantine Jews|Byzantine]], [[Old Yishuv|Ottoman]] and [[Yemenite Jews]]. |
| - | Jewish tribes reportedly arrived in [[Hijaz]] in the wake of the [[Jewish-Roman wars]] and introduced agriculture, putting them in a culturally, economically and politically dominant position. However, in the 5th century, the [[Banu Aws]] and the [[Banu Khazraj]], two Arab tribes that had arrived from [[Yemen]], gained dominance. When these two tribes became embroiled in conflict with each other, the Jewish tribes, now clients or allies of the Arabs, fought on different sides, the Qurayza siding with the Aws. | + | [[Islamic–Jewish relations|Jews under Islamic rule]] were given the status of [[dhimmi]], along with certain other pre-Islamic religious groups. Though [[second-class citizen]]s, these non-Muslim groups were nevertheless accorded certain rights and protections as "[[people of the book]]". During [[Jews in the Middle Ages|waves of persecution in Medieval Europe]], many [[Jewish refugees|Jews found refuge]] in Muslim lands. For instance, [[Golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula|Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula]] were invited to settle in various parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]], where they would often form a prosperous [[model minority]] of merchants [[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|acting as intermediaries for their Muslim rulers]]. |
| - | In 622, the [[Islamic]] prophet [[Muhammad]] arrived at Yathrib from [[Mecca]] and reportedly established [[Constitution of Medina|a pact]] between the conflicting parties. While the city found itself at war with Muhammad's native Meccan tribe of the [[Quraysh]], tensions between the growing numbers of Muslims and the Jewish communities mounted. | + | Today, Jews residing in [[Muslim countries]] have been [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|reduced to a small fraction]] of their [[Historical Jewish population comparisons|former sizes]], with [[Jews in Iran|Iran]] and [[Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] being home to the largest remaining Jewish populations. |
| - | In 627, when the Quraysh and their allies besieged the city in the [[Battle of the Trench]], the Qurayza entered into (eventually inconclusive) negotiations with the besiegers. Subsequently, the tribe was charged with treason and besieged by the Muslims commanded by [[Muhammad]]. The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered and all the men, apart from a few who converted to [[Islam]], were beheaded, while the women and children were [[Ma malakat aymanukum|enslaved]]. | + | ==Middle Ages== |
| - | + | ||
| - | The historicity of this incident has been questioned by some scholars. | + | |
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[History of the Jews under Muslim rule]] | + | *[[Musta'arbi Jews]] |
| - | *[[Islamic–Jewish relations]] | + | *[[Bukharan Jews]] |
| - | *[[Rules of war in Islam]] | + | *[[Maghrebi Jews]] |
| - | *[[Muhammad as a general]] | + | *[[Mizrahi Jews]] |
| - | *[[Jihad]] | + | *[[Persian Jews]] |
| - | *[[Criticism of Islam]] | + | *[[Sephardi Jews]] |
| - | *[[Criticism of Muhammad]] | + | *[[African Jews]] |
| + | *[[Islam and Judaism]] | ||
| + | *[[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]] | ||
| + | *[[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] | ||
| + | *[[History of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 22:47, 6 February 2017
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Jewish communities have existed across the Middle East and North Africa since Antiquity. By the time of the Muslim conquests of the 7th century, these ancient communities had been ruled by various empires and included the Babylonian, Persian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Yemenite Jews.
Jews under Islamic rule were given the status of dhimmi, along with certain other pre-Islamic religious groups. Though second-class citizens, these non-Muslim groups were nevertheless accorded certain rights and protections as "people of the book". During waves of persecution in Medieval Europe, many Jews found refuge in Muslim lands. For instance, Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula were invited to settle in various parts of the Ottoman Empire, where they would often form a prosperous model minority of merchants acting as intermediaries for their Muslim rulers.
Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been reduced to a small fraction of their former sizes, with Iran and Turkey being home to the largest remaining Jewish populations.
Middle Ages
See also
- Musta'arbi Jews
- Bukharan Jews
- Maghrebi Jews
- Mizrahi Jews
- Persian Jews
- Sephardi Jews
- African Jews
- Islam and Judaism
- Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
- Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
- History of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "History of the Jews under Muslim rule" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
