Ways of Seeing  

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-8 The Key of Dreams by Ren6 Magritte, 1898-1967, +8 [[The Key of Dreams]] by René Magritte, 1898-1967, private collection
-private collection +
-12 Regents of the Old Men's Alms House by Frans +12 Regents of the Old Men's Alms House by Frans Hals, 1580-1666, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem
-Hals, 1580-1666, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem +12 Regentesses of the Old Men's Alms House by Frans Hals, 1580-1666, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem
-1 2 Regentesses of the Old Men's Alms House by +18 Still Life with Wicker Chair by Picasso 1881- 20 Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, National Gallery, London
-Frans Hals, 1580-1666, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem +
-18 Still Life with Wicker Chair by Picasso 1881- +
-20 Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, +
-National Gallery, London +
-22 Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, +22 Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, Louvre, Paris
-Louvre, Paris +
-23 The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John +23 The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, National Gallery, London
-the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, +
-National Gallery, London +25 Venus and Mars by Sandro Botticelli, 1445-1510, National Gallery, London
- +
-25 Venus and Mars by Sandro Botticelli, 1445-1510, +
-National Gallery, London +
-27 The Procession to Calvary by Pieter Breughel the +27 The Procession to Calvary by Pieter Breughel the Elder, 1525-69, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
-Elder, 1525-69, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna +27 Wheatfield with Crows by Vincent van Gogh, 1853-90, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
-27 Wheatfield with Crows by Vincent van Gogh, +31 Woman Pouring Milk by Jan Vermeer, 1632-75, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
-1853-90, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam +
-31 Woman Pouring Milk by Jan Vermeer, 1632-75, +
-Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam +
38 (top left) Nude by Picasso, 1881 — 38 (top left) Nude by Picasso, 1881 —
 +38 (top right) Nude by Modigliani, 1884-1920, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London
 +38 (bottom left) Nevermore by Gaugin, 1848-1903, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London
-38 (top right) Nude by Modigliani, 1884-1920, Courtauld +38 (bottom right) Nude Standing Figure by Giacometti, Tate Gallery, London
-Institute Galleries, London +
-38 (bottom left) Nevermore by Gaugin, 1848-1903, +39 Bathsheba by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, Louvre, Paris
-Courtauld Institute Galleries, London +
-38 (bottom right) Nude Standing Figure by Giacometti, +43 Judgement of Paris by Peter Paul Rubens, 1577—1640, National Gallery, London
-Tate Gallery, London +
-39 Bathsheba by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, Louvre, +45 Reclining Bacchante by Felix Trutat, 1824—48, Musee des Beaux Arts, Dijon
-Paris +
-43 Judgement of Paris by Peter Paul Rubens, 1577—1640, +48 The Garden of Eden; the Temptation, the Fall and the Expulsion Miniature from 'Les Très Riches Heures du Due de Berry' by Pol de Limbourg and
-National Gallery, London +
- +
- +
-157 +
- +
- +
- +
-45 Reclining Bacchante by Felix Trutat, 1824—48, +
- +
-Musee des Beaux Arts, Dijon +
- +
-48 The Garden of Eden; the Temptation, the Fall and +
-the Expulsion Miniature from 'Les Tr6s Riches +
-Heures du Due de Berry' by Pol de Limbourg and +
brothers, before 1416, Mus6e Conde, Chantilly brothers, before 1416, Mus6e Conde, Chantilly
-49 Adam and Eve by Jan Gossart called Mabuse, +49 Adam and Eve by Jan Gossart called Mabuse, died c.1533. Her Majesty the Queen
-died c.1533. Her Majesty the Queen +
49 The Couple by Max Slevogt, 1868-1932, 49 The Couple by Max Slevogt, 1868-1932,
-50 Susannah and the Elders by Jacopo Tintoretto, +50 Susannah and the Elders by Jacopo Tintoretto, 1518-94, Louvre, Paris
-1518-94, Louvre, Paris +
-50 Susannah and the Elders by Jacopo Tintoretto, +50 Susannah and the Elders by Jacopo Tintoretto, 1518-94, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
-1518-94, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna +
51 Vanity by Hans Memling, 1435-94, Strasbourg Museum 51 Vanity by Hans Memling, 1435-94, Strasbourg Museum
-51 The Judgement of Paris by Lucas Cranach the Elder. +51 The Judgement of Paris by Lucas Cranach the Elder. 1472-1553, Landesmuseum, Gotha
-1472-1553, Landesmuseum, Gotha +
- +
-52 The Judgement of Paris by Peter Paul Rubens, +
-1577-1640, National Gallery, London +
-52 Nell Gwynne by Sir Peter Lely, 1618-80, +52 The Judgement of Paris by Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640, National Gallery, London
-Denys Bower collection, Chiddingstone Castle, Kent +52 Nell Gwynne by Sir Peter Lely, 1618-80, Denys Bower collection, Chiddingstone Castle, Kent
-53 Mochica Pottery depicting sexual intercourse +53 Mochica Pottery depicting sexual intercourse Photograph by Shippee-Johnson, Lima, Peru
-Photograph by Shippee-Johnson, Lima, Peru +
53 Rajasthan, 18th century, Ajit Mookerjee, New Delhi 53 Rajasthan, 18th century, Ajit Mookerjee, New Delhi
-53 Vishnu and Lakshmi, 11th century, Parsavanatha +53 Vishnu and Lakshmi, 11th century, Parsavanatha Temple, Khajuraho
-Temple, Khajuraho +
-54 Venus, Cupid, Time and Love by Agnolo Bronzino, +54 Venus, Cupid, Time and Love by Agnolo Bronzino, 1503-72, National Gallery, London
-1503-72, National Gallery, London +
-55 La Grande Odalisque by J. A. D. Ingres, 1780—1867, +55 La Grande Odalisque by J. A. D. Ingres, 1780—1867, Louvre, Paris (detail)
-Louvre, Paris (detail) +
-56 Bacchus, Ceres and Cupid by Hans von Aachen, +56 Bacchus, Ceres and Cupid by Hans von Aachen, 1552-1615, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
-1552-1615, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna +
-57 Les Oreades by William Bouguereau, 1825-1905, +57 Les Oreades by William Bouguereau, 1825-1905, private collection
-private collection +
-58 Danae by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, Hermitage, +58 Danae by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, Hermitage, Leningrad (detail)
-Leningrad (detail) +
-60 Hel&ne Fourment in a Fur Coat by Peter Paul Rubens, +60 Hel&ne Fourment in a Fur Coat by Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
-1577-1640, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna +
-62 Man Drawing Reclining Woman by Albrecht Durer +62 Man Drawing Reclining Woman by Albrecht Durer 1471-1528
-1471-1528 +
-62 Woodcut from Four Books on the Human +62 Woodcut from Four Books on the Human Proportions by Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528
-Proportions by Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528 +
-63 The Venus of Urbino by Titian, 1487/90-1576, +63 The Venus of Urbino by Titian, 1487/90-1576, Uffizi, Florence
- +
-Uffizi, Florence +
63 Olympia by Edouard Manet, 1832—83, Louvre, Paris 63 Olympia by Edouard Manet, 1832—83, Louvre, Paris
-66 (top left) Virgin Enthroned by Cimabue, Louvre, +66 (top left) Virgin Enthroned by Cimabue, Louvre, Paris, c. 1240-1302?
-Paris, c. 1240-1302? +66 (top right) Virgin, Child and Four Angels by Piero della Francesca, 1410/20-92, Williamston, Clark Art Institute
-66 (top right) Virgin, Child and Four Angels by Piero +66 (bottom left) Madonna and Child by Fra Filippo Lippi, 1457/8-1504
-della Francesca, 1410/20-92, Williamston, Clark Art +
-Institute +
-66 (bottom left) Madonna and Child by Fra Filippo Lippi, +66 (bottom right) The Rest on the Flight into Egypt by Gerard David, d.1523. National Gallery of Art Washington, Mellon Collection
-1457/8-1504 +67 (top left) The Sistine Madonna by Raphael, 1483-1520, Uffizi, Florence
-66 (bottom right) The Rest on the Flight into Egypt by +67 (top right) Virgin and Child by Murillo, 1617-82, Pitti Palace, Florence
-Gerard David, d.1523. National Gallery of Art +
-Washington, Mellon Collection +
-67 (top left) The Sistine Madonna by Raphael, +67 (bottom) The Pretty Baa Lambs by Ford Madox Brown, 1821-93, Birmingham City Museum
-1483-1520, Uffizi, Florence +68 (top) Death of St Francis by Giotto, 1266/7-1337, Sta Croce, Florence
-67 (top right) Virgin and Child by Murillo, 1617-82, +68 (bottom) detail of Triumph of Death by Pieter Brueghel, 1525/30-69, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
-Pitti Palace, Florence +69 (top left) Guillotined Heads by Theodore Gericault, 1791-1824, National Museum, Stockholm
-67 (bottom) The Pretty Baa Lambs by Ford Madox +69 (top right) Three Ages of Woman by Hans Baldung Grien, 1483-1545, Prado, Madrid
-Brown, 1821-93, Birmingham City Museum +
- +
-68 (top) Death of St Francis by Giotto, 1266/7-1337, +
- +
-Sta Croce, Florence +
- +
-68 (bottom) detail of Triumph of Death by Pieter +
-Brueghel, 1525/30-69, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna +
- +
-69 (top left) Guillotined Heads by Theodore Gericault, +
-1791-1824, National Museum, Stockholm +
- +
-69 (top right) Three Ages of Woman by Hans Baldung +
-Grien, 1483-1545, Prado, Madrid +
69 (bottom) Dead Toreador by Edouard Manet, 1832-83 69 (bottom) Dead Toreador by Edouard Manet, 1832-83
Line 198: Line 132:
Gallery, London Gallery, London
-70 (bottom) Still Life by Francisco Goya, 1746-1828, +70 (bottom) Still Life by Francisco Goya, 1746-1828, Louvre, Paris
-Louvre, Paris +
-71 (top) Still Life by Jean Baptiste Oudry, 1686-1755, +71 (top) Still Life by Jean Baptiste Oudry, 1686-1755, Wallace Collection, London
-Wallace Collection, London +
-71 (bottom) Still Life by Jan Fyt, Wallace Collection, +71 (bottom) Still Life by Jan Fyt, Wallace Collection, London
-London +72 Daphnis and Chloe by Bianchi Ferrari, Wallace Collection, London
-72 Daphnis and Chloe by Bianchi Ferrari, Wallace +73 (top) Venus and Mars by Piero di Cosimo, 1462-1521, Gemaldegalerie, Berlin-Dahlen
-Collection, London +
-73 (top) Venus and Mars by Piero di Cosimo, 1462-1521, +73 (bottom) Pan by Luca Signorelli, c. 1441/50-1523, original now destroyed, formerly Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin
-Gemaldegalerie, Berlin-Dahlen +
-73 (bottom) Pan by Luca Signorelli, c. 1441/50-1523, +74 (top) Angelica saved by Ruggiero by J. A. D. Ingres, 1780-1867, National Gallery, London
 +74 (bottom) A Roman Feast by Thomas Couture, 1815-79, Wallace Collection, London
-158 +75 (top) Pan and Syrinx by Boucher, 1703-70, National Gallery, London
- +
- +
-159 +
- +
- +
-original now destroyed, formerly Kaiser Friedrich +
-Museum, Berlin +
- +
-74 (top) Angelica saved by Ruggiero by J. A. D. Ingres, +
-1780-1867, National Gallery, London +
- +
-74 (bottom) A Roman Feast by Thomas Couture, +
- +
-1815-79, Wallace Collection, London +
- +
-75 (top) Pan and Syrinx by Boucher, 1703-70, National +
-Gallery, London +
-75 (bottom) Love seducing Innocence, Pleasure leading +75 (bottom) Love seducing Innocence, Pleasure leading her on. Remorse following by Pierre Paul Prud’hon, 1758-1823, Wallace Collection, London
-her on. Remorse following by Pierre Paul Prud’hon, +
-1758-1823, Wallace Collection, London +
76 Knole Ball Room 76 Knole Ball Room
-77 (top left) Emanuel Philibert of Savoy by Sir Anthony +77 (top left) Emanuel Philibert of Savoy by Sir Anthony van Dyck, 1599-1641, Dulwich
-van Dyck, 1599-1641, Dulwich +
77 (bottom left) Endymion Porter by William Dobson, 77 (bottom left) Endymion Porter by William Dobson,
Line 273: Line 184:
81 (top) Self-Portrait by Goya, 1746-1828, Mus6e Castres 81 (top) Self-Portrait by Goya, 1746-1828, Mus6e Castres
-81 (bottom) Not to be reproduced by Ren6 Magritte, +81 (bottom) Not to be reproduced by René Magritte,
1898-1967, Collection E. F. W, James, Sussex 1898-1967, Collection E. F. W, James, Sussex
Line 457: Line 368:
1795-1865, Tate Gallery, London 1795-1865, Tate Gallery, London
-1 22 (top right) A Scene at Abbotsford +122 (top right) A Scene at Abbotsford by Sir Edwin Landseer, 1802—73, Tate Gallery, London
-by Sir Edwin Landseer, 1802—73, Tate Gallery, London +122 (centre left) White Dogs by Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-88, National Gallery, London
-122 (centre left) White Dogs by Thomas Gainsborough, +
-1727-88, National Gallery, London +
-122 (centre middle) Dignity and Impudence +
-by Sir Edwin Landseer, 1802—73, Tate Gallery, London +122 (centre middle) Dignity and Impudence by Sir Edwin Landseer, 1802—73, Tate Gallery, London 122 (centre right) Miss Bowles by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723—92, Wallace collection, London
-122 (centre right) Miss Bowles by Sir Joshua Reynolds, +
-1723—92, Wallace collection, London +
-122 (bottom) detail: Farm Cart by Thomas Gainsborough, +122 (bottom) detail: Farm Cart by Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-88, Tate Gallery, London
-1727-88, Tate Gallery, London +
-1 23 (top) The James Family by Arthur Devis, 1711-87, +1 23 (top) The James Family by Arthur Devis, 1711-87, Tate Gallery, London
-Tate Gallery, London +
-123 (centre left) A Grey Hack with a White Greyhound +123 (centre left) A Grey Hack with a White Greyhound and Blue Groom by George Stubbs, 1724-1806, Tate Gallery, London
-and Blue Groom by George Stubbs, 1724-1806, +
-Tate Gallery, London +123 (centre right) The Bay Horse by John Ferneley, 1782-1860, Tate Gallery, London
-123 (centre right) The Bay Horse by John Ferneley, +123 (bottom) A Kill at Ashdown Park by James Seymour. Tate Gallery, London
-1782-1860, Tate Gallery, London +
-123 (bottom) A Kill at Ashdown Park +124 Girl in White Stockings by Gustave Courbet, 1819-77
- +
-by James Seymour. Tate Gallery, London +
- +
-124 Girl in White Stockings by Gustave Courbet, +
-1819-77 +
- +
-125 Demoiselles au bord de la Seine +
- +
-by Gustave Courbet, 1819-77, +
- +
- +
-163 +
- +
- +
-Musee du Petit Palais, Paris +
-1 26 (centre) Le Salon photograph +
-126 (top) Les Romains de la Decadence +
-by Thomas Couture, 1815—79 +
- +
-1 26 (bottom left) Madame Cahen d’Anvers by L. Bonnat +
 +125 Demoiselles au bord de la Seine by Gustave Courbet, 1819-77, Musee du Petit Palais, Paris
 +126 (centre) Le Salon photograph
 +126 (top) Les Romains de la Decadence by Thomas Couture, 1815—79
 +126 (bottom left) Madame Cahen d’Anvers by L. Bonnat
126 (bottom right) The Ondine of Nidden by E. Doerstling 126 (bottom right) The Ondine of Nidden by E. Doerstling
-1 27 (top right) The Temptation of St Anthony +127 (top right) The Temptation of St Anthony by A. Morot
- +
-by A. Morot +
- +
127 (top left) Witches Sabbath by Louis Falero 127 (top left) Witches Sabbath by Louis Falero
1 27 (bottom left) Psyche's Bath by Leighton 1 27 (bottom left) Psyche's Bath by Leighton
Line 541: Line 424:
National Gallery, London National Gallery, London
147 Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol 147 Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol
-1 55 On the Threshold of Liberty +155 [[On the Threshold of Liberty]] by René Magritte, 1898-1967
-by Ren6 Magritte, 1898-1967 +
==Book== ==Book==

Revision as of 21:06, 25 June 2024

"This is the first of 4 programmes in which I want to question some of the assumptions usually made about the tradition of European painting. That tradition which was born about 1400, died about 1900. Tonight, it isn’t so much the paintings themselves which I want to consider, as the way we now see them."

"Men dream of women. Women dream of themselves being dreamt of. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at." ... "Women constantly meet glances which act like mirrors reminding them of how they look or how they should look." --Ways of Seeing (1972) by John Berger

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Ways of Seeing is a book by John Berger, a companion to the 1972 BBC television series of the same name. Ways of Seeing consists of a series of written and visual essays that raise questions about hidden ideologies in European oil painting of the 15th century until the end of the 19th century and depictions of women in advertisements and oil paintings, which is typical for the then-emergent feminist readings of popular culture. Ways of Seeing is considered to be a seminal text for studies of visual culture and art history.

It starts with the sentence: “Seeing comes before words. The child sees and recognizes before it can speak,” which erroneously stresses the visual component of culture. As David Toop and other have since pointed out, a child hears and feels before it sees.

The work, esp. the first episode 'Painting and the Camera" was in part derived from Walter Benjamin's essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.

On the cover is the English version of Magritte's The Key of Dreams.


Contents

Production

Ways of Seeing was a 1972 BBC television series created chiefly by writer John Berger and producer Mike Dibb, that led to a book of the same name. The book Ways of Seeing was made by Berger and Dibb, along with Sven Blomberg, Chris Fox, and Richard Hollis. The book consists of seven numbered essays: four using words and images; and three essays using only images.

Response to Civilisation (TV series)

The series and book criticize traditional Western cultural aesthetics by raising questions about hidden ideologies in visual images. The series is partially a response to Kenneth Clark's Civilisation series, which represents a more traditionalist view of the Western artistic and cultural canon.

TOC

Ways of Seeing, Part 1: Painting and the Camera

The program starts with Berger taking out a knife and cutting out Venus's face from Botticelli's Mars and Venus. Then there is a voiceover reciting Dziga Vertov's Kinoks Revolution manifesto over footage of Man with a Movie Camera. This episode is in part derived from Walter Benjamin's essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction and is concerned with the effects of mechanical reproduction. It then moves to a discussion of the prime version of Leonardo's Virgin of the Rocks and its authenticity.

Ways of Seeing, Part 2: Painting Nudes and Women

Ways of Seeing, Part 3: Painting and Possessions

Ways of Seeing, Part 4: Painting and Advertising

List of works reproduced

8 The Key of Dreams by René Magritte, 1898-1967, private collection

12 Regents of the Old Men's Alms House by Frans Hals, 1580-1666, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem 12 Regentesses of the Old Men's Alms House by Frans Hals, 1580-1666, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem 18 Still Life with Wicker Chair by Picasso 1881- 20 Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, National Gallery, London

22 Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, Louvre, Paris

23 The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, National Gallery, London

25 Venus and Mars by Sandro Botticelli, 1445-1510, National Gallery, London

27 The Procession to Calvary by Pieter Breughel the Elder, 1525-69, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna 27 Wheatfield with Crows by Vincent van Gogh, 1853-90, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam 31 Woman Pouring Milk by Jan Vermeer, 1632-75, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 38 (top left) Nude by Picasso, 1881 — 38 (top right) Nude by Modigliani, 1884-1920, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London 38 (bottom left) Nevermore by Gaugin, 1848-1903, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London

38 (bottom right) Nude Standing Figure by Giacometti, Tate Gallery, London

39 Bathsheba by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, Louvre, Paris

43 Judgement of Paris by Peter Paul Rubens, 1577—1640, National Gallery, London

45 Reclining Bacchante by Felix Trutat, 1824—48, Musee des Beaux Arts, Dijon

48 The Garden of Eden; the Temptation, the Fall and the Expulsion Miniature from 'Les Très Riches Heures du Due de Berry' by Pol de Limbourg and brothers, before 1416, Mus6e Conde, Chantilly

49 Adam and Eve by Jan Gossart called Mabuse, died c.1533. Her Majesty the Queen

49 The Couple by Max Slevogt, 1868-1932,

50 Susannah and the Elders by Jacopo Tintoretto, 1518-94, Louvre, Paris

50 Susannah and the Elders by Jacopo Tintoretto, 1518-94, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

51 Vanity by Hans Memling, 1435-94, Strasbourg Museum

51 The Judgement of Paris by Lucas Cranach the Elder. 1472-1553, Landesmuseum, Gotha

52 The Judgement of Paris by Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640, National Gallery, London

52 Nell Gwynne by Sir Peter Lely, 1618-80, Denys Bower collection, Chiddingstone Castle, Kent

53 Mochica Pottery depicting sexual intercourse Photograph by Shippee-Johnson, Lima, Peru

53 Rajasthan, 18th century, Ajit Mookerjee, New Delhi

53 Vishnu and Lakshmi, 11th century, Parsavanatha Temple, Khajuraho

54 Venus, Cupid, Time and Love by Agnolo Bronzino, 1503-72, National Gallery, London

55 La Grande Odalisque by J. A. D. Ingres, 1780—1867, Louvre, Paris (detail)

56 Bacchus, Ceres and Cupid by Hans von Aachen, 1552-1615, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

57 Les Oreades by William Bouguereau, 1825-1905, private collection

58 Danae by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, Hermitage, Leningrad (detail)

60 Hel&ne Fourment in a Fur Coat by Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

62 Man Drawing Reclining Woman by Albrecht Durer 1471-1528

62 Woodcut from Four Books on the Human Proportions by Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528


63 The Venus of Urbino by Titian, 1487/90-1576, Uffizi, Florence

63 Olympia by Edouard Manet, 1832—83, Louvre, Paris

66 (top left) Virgin Enthroned by Cimabue, Louvre, Paris, c. 1240-1302?

66 (top right) Virgin, Child and Four Angels by Piero della Francesca, 1410/20-92, Williamston, Clark Art Institute

66 (bottom left) Madonna and Child by Fra Filippo Lippi, 1457/8-1504

66 (bottom right) The Rest on the Flight into Egypt by Gerard David, d.1523. National Gallery of Art Washington, Mellon Collection

67 (top left) The Sistine Madonna by Raphael, 1483-1520, Uffizi, Florence

67 (top right) Virgin and Child by Murillo, 1617-82, Pitti Palace, Florence

67 (bottom) The Pretty Baa Lambs by Ford Madox Brown, 1821-93, Birmingham City Museum

68 (top) Death of St Francis by Giotto, 1266/7-1337, Sta Croce, Florence

68 (bottom) detail of Triumph of Death by Pieter Brueghel, 1525/30-69, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

69 (top left) Guillotined Heads by Theodore Gericault, 1791-1824, National Museum, Stockholm

69 (top right) Three Ages of Woman by Hans Baldung Grien, 1483-1545, Prado, Madrid

69 (bottom) Dead Toreador by Edouard Manet, 1832-83

70 (top) Still Life by Pierre Chardin, 1699-1779, National Gallery, London

70 (bottom) Still Life by Francisco Goya, 1746-1828, Louvre, Paris

71 (top) Still Life by Jean Baptiste Oudry, 1686-1755, Wallace Collection, London

71 (bottom) Still Life by Jan Fyt, Wallace Collection, London

72 Daphnis and Chloe by Bianchi Ferrari, Wallace Collection, London

73 (top) Venus and Mars by Piero di Cosimo, 1462-1521, Gemaldegalerie, Berlin-Dahlen

73 (bottom) Pan by Luca Signorelli, c. 1441/50-1523, original now destroyed, formerly Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin

74 (top) Angelica saved by Ruggiero by J. A. D. Ingres, 1780-1867, National Gallery, London

74 (bottom) A Roman Feast by Thomas Couture, 1815-79, Wallace Collection, London

75 (top) Pan and Syrinx by Boucher, 1703-70, National Gallery, London

75 (bottom) Love seducing Innocence, Pleasure leading her on. Remorse following by Pierre Paul Prud’hon, 1758-1823, Wallace Collection, London

76 Knole Ball Room

77 (top left) Emanuel Philibert of Savoy by Sir Anthony van Dyck, 1599-1641, Dulwich

77 (bottom left) Endymion Porter by William Dobson, 1610—46, Tate Gallery, London

77 (right) Norman, 22nd Chief of Macleod by Allan Ramsay, 1713-84, Dunvegan Castle

78 (top) Descartes by Frans Hals, 1580/5-1666, Copenhagen

78 (bottom) Court Fool by Diego Velasquez, 1599—1660, Prado, Madrid

79 (top left) Dona Tadea Arias de Enriquez by Francisco Goya, 1746-1828, Prado, Madrid

79 (top right) Woman in Kitchen by Pierre Chardin,

1699-1779

79 (bottom) Mad Kidnapper by Theodore G6ricault, 1791—1824, Springfield, Massachusetts

80 (top) Self-Portrait by Albrecht Diirer, 1471-1528

80 (bottom) Self-Portrait by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69

81 (top) Self-Portrait by Goya, 1746-1828, Mus6e Castres

81 (bottom) Not to be reproduced by René Magritte,

1898-1967, Collection E. F. W, James, Sussex

83 Paston Treasures at Oxnead Hall, Dutch School, c. 1665, City of Norwich Museum

85 The Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in His Private Picture Gallery by David I. Teniers, 1582-1649, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

86 Picture Gallery of Cardinal Valenti Gonzaga by G. P. Panini, 1692-1765/8, Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut


87 Interior of an Art Gallery, Flemish, 17th century. National Gallery, London

89 The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1497/8-1543, National Gallery, London

91 Vanitas by Willem de Poorter, 1608—48, collection, Baszenger, Geneva

92 The Magdalen Reading by Studio of Ambrosius Benson (active 1519-50), National Gallery, London

92 Mary Magdalene by Adriaen van der Werff,

1659-1722, Dresden

92 The Penitent Magdalen by Baudry, Salon of 1859, Mus6e des Beaux-Arts, Nantes

93 Water-colour illustration to Dante's Divine Comedy — inscription Over the Gate of Hell by William Blake, 1757—1827, Tate Gallery, London

95 Admiral de Ruyter in the Castle of Elmina

by Emanuel de Witte, 1617-92, collection. Dowager Lady Harlech, London

96 India Offering Her Pearls to Britannia,

painting done for the East India Company in the late 18th century. Foreign and Commonwealth Office

97 Ferdinand the Second of Tuscany and Vittoria della Rovere by Justus Suttermans, 1597-1681,

National Gallery, London

98 Mr and Mrs William Atherton by Arthur Devis, 1711-87, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool

98 The Beaumont Family by George Romney, 1734-1802, Tate Gallery, London

99 Still Life with Lobster by Jan de Heem, 1606-84, Wallace collection, London

99 Lincolnshire Ox by George Stubbs. 1724-1806,

Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool 100 Still Life ascribed to Pieter Claesz, 1596/7-1661, National Gallery, London

100 Charles II Being Presented with a Pineapple by Rose, the Royal Gardener after Hendrick Danckerts, c. 1630-78/9, Ham House, Richmond

101 Mr Towneley and Friends by Johann Zoffany, 1734/5-1810, Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museum, Burnley, Lancashire


160


161


101 Triumph of Knowledge by Bartholomew Spranger,

1546-1611, Vienna Gallery

102 Three Graces Decorating Hymen by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723-92, Tate Gallery, London

102 Ossian Receiving Napoleon's Marshalls in Valhalla by A. L. Girodet de Roucy-Trioson, 1767-1824,

Chateau de Malmaison

103 Tavern Scene by Adriaen Brouwer, 1605/6-38,

National Gallery, London

104 Laughing Fisherboy by Frans Hals, 1580-1666, Burgsteinfurt, Westphalia: collection. Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt

104 Fisherboy by Frans Hals, 1580—1666, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin

104 An Extensive Landscape with Ruins

by Jacob van Ruisdael, 1628/9-82, National Gallery, London

105 River Scene with Fishermen Casting a Net

by Jan Van Goyen, 1596—1656, National Gallery, London

106 Mr and Mrs Andrews by Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-88, National Gallery, London

111 Portrait of Himself and Saskia by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, Pinakotek, Dresden

112 Self-portrait by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69,

Uffizi, Florence

114 (top) Europe supported by Africa and America by William Blake, 1757-1827 11 4 (bottom) Pity by William Blake, 1757-1827 11 5 Mildew Blighting Ears of Corn by William Blake,

1757-1827

116 (top) Mademoiselle de Clermont

by Jean Marc Nattier, 1685-1766,

Wallace Collection, London

116 (bottom) Sale of Pictures and Slaves in the Rotunda, New Orleans, 1842

117 (top left) Princess Rakoscki by Nicolas de LargilliSrre, 1656-1746, National Gallery, London

117 (top right) Charles, Third Duke of Richmond by Johann Zoffany, 1734/5-1810, private collection 117 (bottom) Two Negroes by Rembrandt van Ryn, 1606-69, The Hague, Mauritshuis


162


118 Sarah Burge, 1883. Dr Barnardo's Homes

by unknown photographer

119 Peasant Boy Leaning on Sill by Bartolomfe Murillo, 1617-82, National Gallery, London

120 (top left) A Family Group by Michael Nouts, 1656?, National Gallery, London

120/1 (top centre) Sleeping Maid and her Mistress

by Nicholas Maes, 1634—93, National Gallery, London

120 (bottom left) Interior, Delft School, c. 1650-55?, National Gallery, London

120/1 (bottom centre) Man and a Woman in a Stableyard by Peter Quast, 1605/6—47, National Gallery, London

121 (top right) Interior with Woman Cooking by Esaias Boursse, Wallace Collection, London

121 (bottom right) Tavern Scene by Jan Steen, 1626-79, Wallace Collection, London

122 (top left) The Frugal Meal by John Frederick Herring, 1795-1865, Tate Gallery, London

122 (top right) A Scene at Abbotsford by Sir Edwin Landseer, 1802—73, Tate Gallery, London

122 (centre left) White Dogs by Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-88, National Gallery, London

122 (centre middle) Dignity and Impudence by Sir Edwin Landseer, 1802—73, Tate Gallery, London 122 (centre right) Miss Bowles by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723—92, Wallace collection, London

122 (bottom) detail: Farm Cart by Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-88, Tate Gallery, London

1 23 (top) The James Family by Arthur Devis, 1711-87, Tate Gallery, London

123 (centre left) A Grey Hack with a White Greyhound and Blue Groom by George Stubbs, 1724-1806, Tate Gallery, London

123 (centre right) The Bay Horse by John Ferneley, 1782-1860, Tate Gallery, London

123 (bottom) A Kill at Ashdown Park by James Seymour. Tate Gallery, London

124 Girl in White Stockings by Gustave Courbet, 1819-77

125 Demoiselles au bord de la Seine by Gustave Courbet, 1819-77, Musee du Petit Palais, Paris 126 (centre) Le Salon photograph 126 (top) Les Romains de la Decadence by Thomas Couture, 1815—79 126 (bottom left) Madame Cahen d’Anvers by L. Bonnat 126 (bottom right) The Ondine of Nidden by E. Doerstling 127 (top right) The Temptation of St Anthony by A. Morot 127 (top left) Witches Sabbath by Louis Falero 1 27 (bottom left) Psyche's Bath by Leighton 127 (bottom right) La Fortune by A. Maignar.

1 29 Photograph by Sven Blomberg

134 Dejeuner sur I'Herbe by Edouard Manet, 1832—83, Louvre, Paris

136 (top) Jupiter and Thetis by J. A. D. Ingres, 1780-1867, Mus6e Granet, Aix-en-Provence

1 36 (bottom left) Pan Pursuing Syrinx

by Hendrick van Balen I and follower of Jan Breughel I, 17th century, National Gallery, London 1 37 (bottom left) Bacchus, Ceres and Cupid by Bartholomew Spranger, 1546—1611

137 (top left) Interior of St Odulphus' Church at Assendelft, 1649 by Pieter Saenredam, 1547-1665

137 (top right) Wave by Hokusai, 1760-1849 139 Carlo Lodovico di Borbone Parma with Wife, sister and Future Carlo III of Parma,

Anon, 19th century, Archducal Estate Viareggio 141 Still Life with Drinking Vessels by Pieter Claesz, 1596/7-1661, National Gallery, London 147 Mrs Siddons by Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-88, National Gallery, London 147 Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol 155 On the Threshold of Liberty by René Magritte, 1898-1967

Book

In 1972, a book version was published with contributions by John Berger, Sven Blomberg, Chris Fox, Michael Dibb, Richard Hollis

See also

References


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