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-	{{Template}}	+	#redirect[[Civil rights movement ]]
-	The history of the 1954 to 1968 American [[civil rights movement]] has been depicted and documented in film, song, theater, television, and the visual arts. These presentations add to and maintain cultural awareness and understanding of the goals, tactics, and accomplishments of the people who organized and participated in this [[nonviolent]] movement.	+
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-	==Film==	+
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-	===Documentaries===	+
-	* ''[[Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment]]'' (1963), first-hand journalistic reporting of the [[University of Alabama]] "[[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]]" integration crisis of June 1963.	+
-	* ''[[Nine from Little Rock]]'' (1964), about the [[Little Rock Nine]] who enrolled in an all-white Arkansas high school in 1957.	+
-	* [[The March (1964 film)|''The March'']] (1964), about the 1963 [[1963 March on Washington|March on Washington]], was made for the [[United States Information Agency]].	+
-	* ''[[Louisiana Diary]]'' (1964) follows the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) from July to August 1963, as they undertake an African American voter registration drive in [[Plaquemine, Louisiana]].	+
-	* ''[[Cicero March]]'' (1966), details a civil rights march held by the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] on September 4, 1966 in [[Cicero, Illinois]], soon after the 1966 [[Chicago Freedom Movement|Chicago open housing movement]] ended.	+
-	* ''[[King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis]]'' (1970)	+
-	* [[Malcolm X (1972 film)|''Malcolm X'']] (1972), based on ''[[The Autobiography of Malcolm X]]''.	+
-	* ''[[Freedom on My Mind]]'' (1994), documents efforts to register [[African-American]] voters in [[Mississippi]], [[Freedom Summer]], and the formation of the [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]].	+
-	* ''[[A Time for Justice]]'' (1994), a short history of the civil rights movement narrated by [[Julian Bond]].	+
-	* ''[[4 Little Girls]]'' (1997), focusing on the 1963 events surrounding [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|the bombing of]] the [[16th Street Baptist Church]] just after the [[Birmingham campaign]].	+
-	* ''[[Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks]]'' (2002), created with archival footage	+
-	* ''[[February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four]]'' (2003), documents the 1960 [[Greensboro sit-ins|Greensboro lunch counter sit-ins]] and the four college students involved.	+
-	* [[The Murder of Emmett Till (film)|''The Murder of Emmett Till'']] (2003) about the murder and the impact of [[Emmett Till]]'s open-casket funeral.	+
-	* ''[[Brother Outsider]]'' (2003), about the life of civil rights organizer [[Bayard Rustin]].	+
-	* ''[[Home of the Brave (2004 film)|Home of the Brave]]'' (2004), documents the life and murder of [[Viola Liuzzo]].	+
-	* ''[[Mighty Times: The Children's March]]'' (2004) about the 1963 [[Birmingham campaign]] and its marches by schoolchildren.	+
-	* ''[[Dare Not Walk Alone]]'' (2006) focuses on the 1964 [[St. Augustine movement]].	+
-	* ''[[Mississippi Cold Case]]'' (2007), chronicles the [[Ku Klux Klan]] murders of two young black men in Mississippi in 1964 during [[Freedom Summer]], and the 21st-century quest for justice by the brother of one of those murdered.	+
-	* ''[[The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306]]'' (2008), details the events surrounding the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]] at the [[Lorraine Motel]] in Memphis, Tennessee.	+
-	* ''[[Neshoba (film)|Neshoba]]'' (2008), chronicles the events and thinking in [[Neshoba County, Mississippi]], 40 years after the 1964 [[murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner]].	+
-	* ''[[Soundtrack for a Revolution]]'' (2009), focuses on some of the songs sung during the civil rights movement.	+
-	* ''Crossing in St. Augustine'' (2010), produced by [[Andrew Young]], who participated in the civil rights movement in St. Augustine in 1964.	+
-	* ''[[The Barber of Birmingham]]'' (2011), about James Armstrong, a voting rights activist and an original flag bearer for the 1965 [[Selma to Montgomery marches]].	+
-	* ''[[Julian Bond: Reflections from the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement]]'' (2012), on the life and thoughts of activist [[Julian Bond]].	+
-	* ''[[The March (2013 film)|The March]]'' (2013), documents the 1963 [[March on Washington]] and the "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech by King.	+
-	* [[Freedom Summer (film)|''Freedom Summer'']] (2014), documents the events of the 1964 [[Mississippi Freedom Summer]] movement.	+
-	* ''[[King in the Wilderness]]'' (2018), focuses on the last 18 months of Dr. King's life.	+
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-	===Dramatizations===	+
-	*''[[Mississippi Burning]]'' (1988), about the 1964 [[murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner]] in [[Mississippi]].	+
-	* [[Hairspray (1988 film)|''Hairspray'']] (1988, [[Hairspray (2007 film)|2007 remake)]], features a major subplot about demonstrations against racial segregation in [[Baltimore]], Maryland.	+
-	* ''[[The Long Walk Home]]'' (1990), portrays a woman who is boycotting city buses during the 1955-1956 [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]].	+
-	* [[Malcolm X (1992 film)|''Malcolm X'']] (1992), a biopic focused on the life and assassination of [[Malcolm X]].	+
-	* ''[[Ghosts of Mississippi]]'' (1996), an account of the murder of Mississippi activist [[Medgar Evers]] and the subsequent investigation.	+
-	* ''[[The Chamber (1996 film)|The Chamber]]'' (1996)	+
-	* ''[[Selma, Lord, Selma]]'' (1999), follows the life of 11-year-old [[Sheyann Webb]] during the events leading up to the 1965 [[Selma to Montgomery march]] and its "Bloody Sunday".	+
-	* ''[[Our Friend, Martin]]'' (1999 animated)	+
-	* [[Boycott (2001 film)|''Boycott'']] (2001), depicts some of the events of the 1955-56 [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]].	+
-	* ''[[The Rosa Parks Story]]'' (2002), the life of the key figure in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.	+
-	* ''[[The Butler]]'' (2013), depicts a civil rights movement training session conducted during the [[Nashville Student Movement]] by [[James Lawson (American activist)|James Lawson]] and other civil rights movement events.	+
-	* ''[[Selma (film)|Selma]]'' (2014), focusing on the events leading up to, during, and after the 1965 [[Selma to Montgomery marches]], including the 1965 [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|Voting Rights Act]].	+
-	* ''[[All the Way (film)|All the Way]]'' (2016), focusing on [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s successful attempt to pass the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].	+
-	* ''[[An American Girl Story – Melody 1963: Love Has to Win]]'' (2016), a direct-to-video film depicting the racism faced by [[American Girl]] character Melody Ellison in her home town of [[Detroit]], during the events leading up to the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]].	+
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-	==Television==	+
-	* ''[[Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan]]'' (1975) two-part [[television movie]] dramatizing the events following the 1964 disappearance and murder of three [[civil rights]] workers in [[Mississippi]].	+
-	* [[King (miniseries)|''King'']] (1978 miniseries) about [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] chairman and movement spokesman, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]	+
-	* ''[[Crisis at Central High]]'' (1981), [[made-for-television movie]] about the [[Little Rock Integration Crisis|Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957]].	+
-	* ''[[For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story]]'' (1983), [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] [[Biographical film|biopic]] about assassinated Mississippi civil rights activist [[Medgar Evers]], his work, and his family.	+
-	* ''[[Eyes on the Prize]]'' (1987-1990), a 14-hour documentary series chronicling the civil rights movement.	+
-	* ''[[My Past Is My Own]]'' (1989), a portrayal of students organizing an early 1960s civil rights movement [[Sit-in#Civil rights movement|sit-in]].	+
-	* ''[[Murder in Mississippi]]'' (1990) movie following the last weeks of three civil rights workers, [[Michael Schwerner|Michael "Mickey" Schwerner]], [[Andrew Goodman (activist)|Andrew Goodman]] and [[James Chaney]], and the events leading up to [[Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner|their disappearance and subsequent murder]] during [[Freedom Summer]].	+
-	* [[Separate But Equal (film)|''Separate But Equal'']] (1991), depicts the landmark [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[desegregation]] case ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'', based on the phrase "[[Separate but equal]]".	+
-	* ''[[The Ernest Green Story]]'' (1993), film chronicling the true story of [[Ernest Green]] ([[Morris Chestnut]]) and eight other high-school students (dubbed the "[[Little Rock Nine]]") and the 1957 integration of [[Little Rock Central High School]] in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Arkansas]].	+
-	* ''[[George Wallace (film)|George Wallace]]'' (1997), a film about [[George Wallace]], the Alabama governor, and his involvement in many of the events of the era including the 1963 "[[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]]".	+
-	* [[Ruby Bridges (film)|''Ruby Bridges'']] (1998), the true story of six-year-old [[Ruby Bridges]] who, in 1960, became the first black student to integrate an elementary school in the South.	+
-	* ''[[Any Day Now (TV series)|Any Day Now]]'' (1998-2002), series with a major subplot involving the [[Birmingham campaign]].	+
-	* ''[[Freedom Song (film)|Freedom Song]]'' (2000), a film based on true stories of the civil rights movement in [[Mississippi]], involving voting rights, [[Freedom Summer]], and the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC).	+
-	* [[Sins of the Father (2002 film)|''Sins of the Father'']] (2002) chronicles the 1963 [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]] in Birmingham, Alabama in which four young African American girls were killed while attending Sunday school.	+
-	* ''[[Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK]]'' (2011), BET documentary details Martin Luther King Jr.'s college years and fraternity.	+
-	* ''[[Freedom Riders (film)|Freedom Riders]]'' (2011), a [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] film marking the 50th anniversary of the first [[Freedom Riders|Freedom Ride]] in May, 1961.	+
-	* ''[[Hairspray Live!]]'' (2016), a presentation of the [[John Waters]] musical about a fictional Baltimore desegregation of a television dance program.	+
-	* [[Rosa (Doctor Who)|Rosa (''Doctor Who'')]] (2018), an episode of the popular science-fiction series depicts [[Rosa Parks]] and her 1955 sit-in which began the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]].	+
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-	==Music==	+
-	*"[[We Shall Overcome]]", [[Gospel music|gospel]]-based song that became an anthem for the civil rights movement.	+
-	*"[[I Shall Not Be Moved|We Shall Not Be Moved]]", [[African-American spiritual|spiritual]]-based song often sung during the civil rights movement.	+
-	*"[[Keep Your Eyes on the Prize]]", sung during the Movement actions, based on the traditional folk song ''[[Gospel Plow]]''.	+
-	*"[[This Little Light of Mine]]", originally a hymn, the lyrics were modified as it became a movement anthem.	+
-	*"[[Fables of Faubus]]" (1957), [[Charles Mingus]]'s jazz composition written and performed in response to the [[Little Rock Nine]] incident	+
-	*"[[The Death of Emmett Till]]" (1962), one of several songs Bob Dylan paid tribute to civil rights; this one a reference to the [[Murder of Emmett Till]]	+
-	*"[[Oxford Town]]" (1962), written and sung by [[Bob Dylan]], pertains to [[James Meredith]]'s enrollment at the University of Mississippi.	+
-	*""[[Alabama (John Coltrane song)|Alabama]]" (1963), [[John Coltrane]]'s [[jazz]] composition response to a 1963 [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|church bombing that killed four young girls]].	+
-	*"[[A Change Is Gonna Come]]" (1964), written and sung by [[Sam Cooke]], became an anthem for the civil rights movement.	+
-	*"[[Birmingham Sunday]]" (1964), [[Richard Fariña]]'s response to the Birmingham church bombing recorded by [[Joan Baez]], Fariña's sister-in-law, on her 1964 album ''[[Joan Baez/5]]''.	+
-	*"[[Mississippi Goddamn]]" (1964), [[Nina Simone]]'s response to the murder of [[Medgar Evers]].	+
-	*"[[Only a Pawn in Their Game]]" (1964), [[Bob Dylan]]'s response to the murder of Medgar Evers.	+
-	*"[[Keep on Pushing (song)|Keep on Pushing]]" (1964), [[rhythm and blues]] hit single by [[The Impressions]].	+
-	*"[[Here's to the State of Mississippi]]", (1965) a protest song by [[Phil Ochs]] that criticizes the state of [[Mississippi]] for its mistreatment of [[African Americans]].	+
-	* "[[Eve of Destruction (song)#Lyrical references|Eve of Destruction]]" (1965) references the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]].	+
-	*"[[Abraham, Martin and John]]" (1968), a tribute to [[Abraham Lincoln]], Martin Luther King Jr, [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Robert Kennedy]] written by [[Dick Holler]] and first recorded by [[Dion DiMucci|Dion]].	+
-	*"[[If I Can Dream]]" (1968), recorded by [[Elvis Presley]] in honor of King soon after King's death.	+
-	* ''[[Scenes from the Life of a Martyr]]'' (1981), a 16-part [[oratorio]] composed by [[Undine Smith Moore]] in memory of King.	+
-	*"[[MLK (song)|MLK]]" (1984) by [[U2]], a [[lullaby]] to honor Martin Luther King, Jr.	+
-	*"[[Pride (In the Name of Love)]]" (1984) a song about King by U2	+
-	*''[[Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King]]'' (1995), an album of classical music by the [[Oregon Symphony]] in honor of King.	+
-	*"[[Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)]]" (2006), [[Patty Griffin]]'s song about the emotions surrounding King's 1968 [[I've Been to the Mountaintop]] speech.	+
-	* "[[A Dream (Common song)|A Dream]]" (2006), by [[Common (rapper)|Common]] for the film ''[[Freedom Writers]]'', uses King's "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech	+
-	*"[[Glory (Common and John Legend song)|Glory]]" (2014), from the film ''[[Selma (film)|Selma]]'', won both the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Golden Globe]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].	+
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-	==Theater==	+
-	* [[The Meeting (play)|''The Meeting'']] (1987), a play about an imaginary 1965 meeting between [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Malcolm X]] in a hotel in Harlem.	+
-	* ''[[James Baldwin: A Soul on Fire]]'' (1999), set in Baldwin's apartment on the morning of May 24, 1963, immediately before Baldwin and other Black leaders are scheduled [[Baldwin–Kennedy meeting|to meet with]] Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]] concerning events in the civil rights movement.	+
-	* [[Hairspray (musical)|''Hairspray'']] (2002), a musical based on the 1988 film described above.	+
-	* ''[[The State of Mississippi and the Face of Emmett Till]]'' (2003) is a play centered on the murder and subsequent open-casket funeral of [[Emmett Till]].	+
-	* ''[[The Mountaintop]]'' (2009), a play set in Room 306 of the [[Lorraine Motel]] the night before King's assassination.	+
-	* [[I Dream (musical)|''I Dream'']] (2010), a musical about the life of Martin Luther King Jr.	+
-	* [[All the Way (play)|''All the Way'']] (2012), a play about President [[Lyndon Johnson]] and his work to pass the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|1964 Civil Rights Act]].	+
-		+
-	==Graphic non-fiction==	+
-	* ''[[Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story]]'' (1957), graphic portrayal of the 1955-56 [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]] written by [[Alfred Hassler]] and Benton Resnik and illustrated by [[Sy Barry]].	+
-	* [[March (comics)|''March'']] (2013, 2015, 2016), a three-volume graphic autobiography of activist [[John Lewis (civil rights activist)|John Lewis]] recalls his life and the events of the civil rights movement in Nashville, [[Selma to Montgomery march|Selma]], and other movement sites, co-written by [[Andrew Aydin]] and illustrated by [[Nate Powell]].	+
-	* ''[[Darkroom: A Memoir in Black and White]]'' (2012) by Lila Quintero Weaver, graphic memoir recounting Weaver's childhood during the 1960s in [[Marion, Alabama|Marion]], [[Alabama]]. Published in Spanish as ''Cuarto oscuro: Recuerdos en blanco y negro''.	+
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-	==Art==	+
-	[[File:Rosa Parks statue NSHC.jpg|thumb|''[[Rosa Parks (National Statuary Hall)|Rosa Parks]]'' by [[Eugene Daub]] (2013), in [[National Statuary Hall]], United States Capitol]]	+
-	* ''[[The Problem We All Live With]]'' (1964), a painting by [[Norman Rockwell]] depicting [[Ruby Bridges]], the six-year-old [[African-American]] girl who, in 1960, was the first to desegregate [[William Frantz Elementary School]] in the South during the [[New Orleans school desegregation crisis]].	+
-	* [[Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (Alston)|Bust of Martin Luther King Jr.]] (1970), by [[Charles Alston]], has been featured in the [[Oval Office]] of the [[White House]] by the [[Barack Obama|Obama]] and [[Donald Trump|Trump]] presidential administrations.	+
-	* ''[[Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Pueblo, Colorado)|Martin Luther King, Jr., Prophet for Peace]]'' (1976), a statue of King and Emmett Till in Pueblo, Colorado, by Ed Rose	+
-	* [[Martin Luther King Jr. (Wilson sculpture)|U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture]] (1986), a bust of Martin Luther King Jr., by [[John Woodrow Wilson]]	+
-	* [[Civil Rights Memorial]] (1989), a [[memorial]] fountain in [[Montgomery, Alabama]] designed by [[Maya Lin]] dedicated to 41 people who died in the civil rights movement.	+
-	* [[Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Mexico City)|Statue of Martin Luther King Jr.]] (1993), in Mexico City.	+
-	*''[[Landmark for Peace Memorial]]'' (1994), a statue honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy in Indianapolis, Indiana, by Greg Perry and [[Daniel Edwards]].	+
-	*''[[Homage to King]]'' (1996), statue of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, by Xavier Medina Campeny.	+
-	* ''[[The Bridge (sculpture)|The Bridge]]'' (1997), sculpture in Atlanta, Georgia, by [[Thornton Dial]] honoring civil rights movement activist and SNCC leader [[John Lewis (civil rights leader)|John Lewis]]	+
-	* ''[[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Blome sculpture)|Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]]'' (1998), a statue in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by Eric Blome.	+
-	* ''[[The Dream (sculpture)|The Dream]]'' (1998), a sculpture honoring Martin Luther King Jr. in Portland, Oregon, by Michael Florin Dente.	+
-	* ''[[Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Austin, Texas)|Martin Luther King Jr.]]'' (1999) a statue in Austin, Texas, by Jeffrey Varilla and Anna Koh-Varilla.	+
-	* [[Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)|Statue of Martin Luther King Jr.]] (2002), in Denver Colorado, by [[Ed Dwight]], also features depictions of activists [[Frederick Douglass]], [[Mohandas Gandhi]], [[Rosa Parks]], and [[Sojourner Truth]].	+
-	* [[Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Houston)|Statue of Martin Luther King Jr.]] (2007) in Houston, Texas, by [[Ed Dwight]].	+
-	* [[Statue of Rosa Parks (Eugene, Oregon)|Statue of Rosa Parks]] (2009), a statue in [[Eugene, Oregon]], portrays activist [[Rose Parks]] waiting for a bus.	+
-	* [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial]] (2011), showcases the statue of Martin Luther King Jr. by [[Lei Yixin]] and several surrounding art pieces and quotations on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C.	+
-	*''[[Emmett Till: How She Sent Him and How She Got Him Back]]'' (2012), a painting by Lisa Whittington depicting the results of the 1955 lynching of [[Emmett Till]]	+
-	* [[Rosa Parks (National Statuary Hall)|''Rosa Parks'']] (2013), statue in [[National Statuary Hall]], Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.	+
-	* ''[[Open Casket]]'' (2016), a painting by [[Dana Schutz]] depicting [[Emmett Till]] after his 1955 lynching.	+
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-	==See also==	+
-	* [[List of photographers of the civil rights movement]]	+
-	* [[Freedom Songs]]	+
-	* [[Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument]]	+
-	* [[Freedom Riders National Monument]]	+
-	* ''[[A Force More Powerful]]'', 1999 documentary and 2000 television series	+
-	* [[Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.]]	+
-	* [[List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.|Streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.]]	+
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-	{{GFDL}}	+

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Current revision

1. redirectCivil rights movement