Political ideas in science fiction

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The exploration of politics in science fiction is arguably older than the identification of the genre. One of the earliest works of modern science fiction, H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine, is an extrapolation of the class structure of the United Kingdom of his time, an extreme form of Social Darwinism; during tens of thousands of years, human beings have evolved into two different species based on their social class.

1 Speculative societies
2 Utopian societies
3 Dystopian societies
4 Politics
- 4.1 Examples by category
5 See also

Speculative societies

Most story and novel-length works of science fiction include speculation (directly or indirectly) on modes of life and behaviour. They are sometimes allegorical and often serious attempts to model possible future societies, political institutions and systems. Examples include Harry Harrison's novel Make Room! Make Room!, The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin; and the Hostile Takeover Trilogy by S. Andrew Swann. Imagined societies may be based on very different assumptions. Often the future is modeled on historic forms - feudalism, or in the case of The Foundation series, the Roman Empire. A common theme is the integration of humanity into some greater interstellar society. A popular modern example is the Uplift series by David Brin where a species' status is defined based on the concept of biologically uplifting other species.

Utopian societies

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The term Utopia was invented by Thomas More as the title of his Latin book De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia (circa 1516), known more commonly as Utopia. He created the word "utopia" to suggest two Greek neologisms simultaneously: outopia (no place) and eutopia (good place). More depicts a rationally organised society, through the narration of an explorer who discovers it—Raphael Hythlodaeus. Utopia is a republic where all property is held in common. In addition, it has few laws, no lawyers and rarely sends its citizens to war, but hires mercenaries from among its war-prone neighbours.

Generally speaking, utopias are generally societies whose author believes either perfect, or as perfect as can be attainable. Ernest Callenbach's Ecotopia is a contemporary example. This can cause some confusion, in that some works generally recognized as “utopian”, such as Plato’s Republic, can come across as much less than ideal to a modern reader. They are one of the smaller subsets of political science fiction, possibly because it is difficult to create dramatic tension in a world the author believes is perfect. Various authors get around this problem by postulating problems in the utopian society, such L. Neil Smith does. Other ways of presenting a utopian society in science fiction, is to send characters outside it to explore beyond its confines (ala Star Trek), or focus on an outsider character entering the society, as in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World. This last method is often used to show that the utopian society shown is actually a dystopia. Kim Stanley Robinson's approach in The Mars Trilogy involved exploring the creation of utopian and ecotopian societies on Mars.

Another option for a Utopian society can be found in robotocracy, or the rule of Robots or Computers, with the theory that a programmed machine can dispassionately provide for the welfare of all. Examples of this include various works of Isaac Asimov and the planet of Sigma Draconis VI in the Star Trek episode "Spock's Brain". If the machine rule becomes harsh or oppressive, it may become a dystopia instead.

Dystopian societies

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Dystopias are societies where the author illustrates the worst that can happen. Usually this encompasses extrapolating trends the author sees as dangerous. During the 20th century many examples were written in reaction to the rise of Nazism, Communism and Religious Fundamentalism:

It is important to keep in mind that scenarios which some would describe as dystopic, others would describe as utopian. Norman Spinrad's novel The Iron Dream was generally recognised to be a dystopic novel, but lauded by neo-Nazis as a utopia.

Politics

Often the political focus of a science fiction novel is less on the social order, but how people maneuver and achieve their agendas within a given system. Many space operas rely on vast interstellar bureaucracies to drive their plots (see: Galactic empire). George Lucas's famous Star Wars saga features political science modeled after historic events. The Retief stories by Keith Laumer and the Chanur books by C. J. Cherryh have politics and political maneuverings as some of the main themes, and Frank Herbert's Dune books offer advanced explorations of human politics, including the dovetailing economics. Often this focus can descend into conspiracy and paranoia where the premise is that there are secret forces out to get the protagonists, the seminal example of which is the Illuminatus! Trilogy. Most commonly, science fiction deals with the political fallout of its own premises. A story will posit some new event or technology and explore its political dimensions; this includes most techno-thrillers but also encompasses a large body of traditional science fiction. An example is the Philip K. Dick story The Minority Report (upon which the film starring Tom Cruise is based), which introduces the idea of perfectly predicting a crime of violence so the perpetrator can be arrested before the crime is committed, and the political and legal ramifications of actually using such a system.

 {{Template}}
+The exploration of [[politics]] in [[science fiction]] is arguably older than the identification of the [[genre]].  One of the earliest works of modern science fiction, [[H. G. Wells]]’ ''[[The Time Machine]]'', is an extrapolation of the class structure of the [[United Kingdom]] of his time, an extreme form of [[Social Darwinism]]; during tens of thousands of years, human beings have [[evolution|evolved]] into two different species based on their social class.
+==Speculative societies==
+Most story and novel-length works of science fiction include speculation (directly or indirectly) on modes of life and [[behaviour]]. They are sometimes [[Allegory|allegorical]] and often serious attempts to model possible future societies, political institutions and systems. Examples include [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison's]] novel ''[[Make Room! Make Room!]]'', ''[[The Dispossessed]]'' by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]; and the [[Hostile Takeover Trilogy|''Hostile Takeover'' Trilogy]] by [[S. Andrew Swann]].
+Imagined societies may be based on very different assumptions. Often the future is modeled on historic forms - feudalism,  or in the case of The Foundation series, the Roman Empire.  A common theme is the integration of humanity into some greater interstellar society. A popular modern example is the [[Uplift series|''Uplift'' series]] by David Brin where a species' status is defined based on the concept of [[biological uplift|biologically uplifting]] other species.
+==Utopian societies==
+{{main|Utopia}}
+The term Utopia was invented by [[Thomas More]] as the title of his Latin book ''[[De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia]]'' (circa 1516), known more commonly as Utopia. He created the word "utopia" to suggest two Greek neologisms simultaneously: outopia (no place) and eutopia (good place). More depicts a rationally organised society, through the narration of an explorer who discovers it—Raphael Hythlodaeus. Utopia is a republic where all property is held in common. In addition, it has few laws, no lawyers and rarely sends its citizens to war, but hires mercenaries from among its war-prone neighbours.
+Generally speaking, utopias are generally societies whose author believes either perfect, or as perfect as can be attainable.  [[Ernest Callenbach]]'s ''[[Ecotopia]]'' is a contemporary example.  This can cause some confusion, in that some works generally recognized as “utopian”, such as [[Republic (Plato)|Plato’s ''Republic'']], can come across as much less than ideal to a modern reader.  They are one of the smaller subsets of political science fiction, possibly because it is difficult to create dramatic tension in a world the author believes is perfect.  Various authors get around this problem by postulating problems in the utopian society, such [[L. Neil Smith]] does.  Other ways of presenting a utopian society in science fiction, is to send characters outside it to explore beyond its confines (ala ''[[Star Trek]]''), or focus on an outsider character entering the society, as in [[Aldous Huxley]]’s ''[[Brave New World]]''.  This last method is often used to show that the utopian society shown is actually a [[dystopia]].  [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]'s approach in ''The [[Mars Trilogy]]'' involved exploring the creation of utopian and [[ecotopia]]n societies on Mars.
+Another option for a Utopian society can be found in [[robotocracy]], or the rule of Robots or Computers, with the theory that a programmed machine can dispassionately provide for the welfare of all.  Examples of this include various works of [[Isaac Asimov]] and the planet of Sigma Draconis VI in the Star Trek episode "[[Spock's Brain (TOS episode)|Spock's Brain]]".  If the machine rule becomes harsh or oppressive, it may become a dystopia instead.
+==Dystopian societies==
+{{main|Dystopia}}
+Dystopias are societies where the author illustrates the worst that can happen.  Usually this encompasses extrapolating trends the author sees as dangerous. During the 20th century many examples were written in reaction to the rise of [[Nazism]], [[Communism]] and [[Religious Fundamentalism]]:
+*''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' by [[George Orwell]] which illustrates the ultimate [[totalitarian]] state in which the government is in control of every aspect of human existence, using [[propaganda]], universal [[surveillance]], and [[torture]].
+*''[[The Man in the High Castle]]'' by [[Philip K. Dick]] was written after the war in response to [[Fascism]]. It is set in a world where the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces have won [[World War II]] and are rival [[superpower]]s. In it the main characters argue and are involved in politics and power.
+*''[[The Handmaid's Tale]]'' by [[Margaret Atwood]] tells the tale of a woman caught up in a [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist Christian]] [[dictatorship]] where women are forced into a system of sexual [[slavery]] for the ruling [[patriarchy]].
+It is important to keep in mind that scenarios which some would describe as dystopic, others would describe as utopian. [[Norman Spinrad|Norman Spinrad's]] novel'' [[The Iron Dream]]'' was generally recognised to be a dystopic novel, but lauded by neo-Nazis as a utopia.
+==Politics==
+Often the political focus of a science fiction novel is less on the social order, but how people maneuver and achieve their agendas within a given system. Many [[space opera]]s rely on vast interstellar bureaucracies to drive their plots ''(see: [[Galactic empire]])''. [[George Lucas]]'s famous ''[[Star Wars]]'' saga [[Star Wars#Themes|features political science]] modeled after historic events. The Retief stories by [[Keith Laumer]] and the [[The Chanur Novels|Chanur books]] by [[C. J. Cherryh]] have politics and political maneuverings as some of the main themes, and [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' books offer advanced explorations of human politics, including the dovetailing economics. Often this focus can descend into [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] and [[paranoia]] where the premise is that there are secret forces out to get the protagonists, the seminal example of which is the ''[[Illuminatus! Trilogy]]''. Most commonly, science fiction deals with the political fallout of its own premises.  A story will posit some new event or technology and explore its political dimensions; this includes most [[techno-thriller]]s but also encompasses a large body of traditional science fiction. An example is the [[Philip K. Dick]] story ''[[The Minority Report]]'' (upon which the [[Minority Report (film)|film]] starring [[Tom Cruise]] is based), which introduces the idea of perfectly predicting a crime of violence so the perpetrator can be arrested before the crime is committed, and the political and legal ramifications of actually using such a system.
+===Examples by category===
+* '''[[Adhocracy]]'''
+** [[Cory Doctorow]], ''[[Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom]]'' <!-- some other political ideas are explored as well - such as social reputation [see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whuffie] & sharing economy -->
+* '''[[First contact (science fiction)|Alien Contact]]'''
+** Although encounters between humanity and non-human intelligences serve as the primary theme in the series of novels by [[Arthur C. Clarke]] that began with [[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|2001: A Space Odyssey]], they also explore the irrationality produced by [[Cold War]] military [[secrecy]].
+** [[Carl Sagan]], ''[[Contact (novel)|Contact]]''
+** [[Peter Watts (author)|Peter Watts]], ''[[Blindsight (science fiction novel)|Blindsight]]''
+* '''[[anarchy (word)|Anarchy]]'''
+{{see also|:Category:Anarchist fiction}}
+** ''[[The Dispossessed]]'', by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], depicts a functional and liberated (but materially impoverished) [[anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]] society and contrasts it against its wealthy (but exploitative) [[capitalism|capitalist]] neighbor.
+** In the [[Culture series]] by [[Iain M. Banks]], the societies of humanity have essentially evolved into political anarchies; people associate or cooperate entirely on a voluntary basis for mutual support.  There are organisations for cooperative ventures such as defense, exploration and even espionage, but they are run on an entirely voluntary basis.  Advanced technology, [[cultural evolution]] and the [[planned economy]] liberate humanity from [[Economic inequality|inequality]] and [[economic scarcity]].
+** In ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]'', [[Robert A. Heinlein]] presents a human society on the Moon as an ideal anarchy, populated by political exiles and held together by the need for cooperation to ensure mutual survival, coupled with the ease for revenge in the event of harm. The revolutionaries in ''The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress'' are vaguely anarcho-capitalist.
+**The [[LaNague Federation]] series of novels and stories by [[F. Paul Wilson]].
+** The ''Fall Revolution'' books of [[Ken MacLeod]].  Various ideas for political systems are explored, ranging from anarcho-capitalism to a kind of selfish socialism.
+* '''[[Assassination]]'''
+** [[Poul Anderson]].  1968.  "A Man to My Wounding," in ''[[The Horn of Time]]''.  New York: Signet.  No ISBN.  pages 27–43.
+** [[H. Beam Piper]].  1958.  ''Lone Star Planet'' (originally ''A Planet for Texans'') expanded by John J. McGuire {{ISBN|0-441-24892-6}}.
+* '''[[Capitalism]]'''
+** [[Max Barry]]. ''[[Jennifer Government]]''.
+** [[Robert A. Heinlein]]. ''[[The Man Who Sold the Moon]]'' (Retro [[Hugo Award]], 1951)
+** [[H. G. Wells]]. ''[[The Time Machine]]''.
+** [[F. Paul Wilson]].  ''[[An Enemy of the State]]''.
+** [[Jack London]], ''[[The Iron Heel]]''.
+** [[Frederik Pohl]] and [[Cyril M. Kornbluth]], ''[[The Space Merchants]]''.
+* '''[[Communism]]'''
+** [[Alexander Bogdanov]], ''[[Red Star (novel)|Red Star]]''
+** [[Brian Aldiss]], ''[[Enemies of the System (novella)|Enemies of the System <ref>https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2902831-enemies-of-the-system</ref>]]''
+* '''[[Ecology]]'''
+{{see also|:Category:Environmental fiction books|List of environmental books}}
+** [[David Brin]], ''[[Earth (Brin novel)|Earth]]''.
+** [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]. ''[[Mars Trilogy]]'', ''[[Three Californias Trilogy]]''
+** [[Frank Herbert]].  The ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' novels
+** [[Ernest Callenbach]], ''[[Ecotopia|Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston]]''.
+** [[Karen Traviss]], ''[[City of pearl|City of Pearl]]''
+* '''[[Economics]]'''
+** [[Robert A. Heinlein]].  ''[[For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs|For Us, The Living]]''
+** [[Frank Herbert]].  The ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' novels (specifically [[hydraulic despotism]] and its effects)
+** [[Mack Reynolds]].  ''[[Tomorrow May Be Different]]''
+* '''[[Eugenics]]'''
+{{see also|:Category:Eugenics in fiction}}
+** [[C. J. Cherryh]].  ''[[Cyteen]]''.
+** [[Aldous Huxley]]. ''[[Brave New World]]''.
+** [[Frank Herbert]].  The ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' novels (see [[Bene Gesserit]] for a detailed review).
+* '''[[Fascism]]'''
+** [[Norman Spinrad]]. ''[[The Iron Dream]]''.
+** [[Philip K. Dick]]. ''[[The Man in the High Castle]]''
+** [[Jack London]]. ''[[The Iron Heel]]''
+** [[Jo Walton]]. ''[[Farthing (novel)|Farthing]]''
+** ''[[The Sound of His Horn]]'' by the senior British [[diplomat]] [[John William Wall]] (under the pen name of Sarban) — originally a [[Mass marketing|mass market]] paperback published in the U.S., UK, Spain and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, it was republished in hardback by [[Tartarus Press]]. It relates the story of a [[prisoner of war]] transported to a [[Nazism|nazi]] controlled world 100 years on from [[World War II]]. He is hunted by a "Reichsforester" (a title [[Hermann Göring]] held during the [[Third Reich]]). He takes refuge with [[Genetic engineering|genetically mutilated]] [[Desire (emotion)|undesirable]]s — one of the first portrayals of genetic manipulation.
+* '''[[Legal personality]]'''
+** [[Roger MacBride Allen]].  1992.  ''[[The Modular Man]]''.  New York: Bantam. {{ISBN|0-553-29559-4}}.
+* '''[[Libertarianism]]'''
+{{main|Libertarian science fiction}}
+** [[L. Neil Smith]] an author of [[libertarian science fiction]] currently writing.  In the series beginning with ''[[The Probability Broach]]'' he examines an [[Alternate history (fiction)|alternate history]] world where the [[United States]] took a substantial turn away from centralized authority shortly after its founding.  Arguably a [[libertarian utopia]] the plots of his novels generally deal with threats to this social order.
+** Many of [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s books included libertarianism as a prominent theme.  Some notable examples include ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]'', ''[[Time Enough for Love]]'', ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'', and the posthumously published ''[[For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs|For Us, the Living]]''.
+* '''Limited-franchise [[republic]]'''
+** In ''[[Starship Troopers]]'' [[Robert A. Heinlein]] describes a state in which citizens must earn [[voting]] rights and the right to hold electoral office and certain [[civil service]] jobs by completing a period of federal service.
+* '''[[Militarism]]'''
+{{see also|:Category:Military science fiction novels}}
+** In ''[[Starship Troopers]]'', [[Robert A. Heinlein]] describes a future Earth in which a [[world government]] is run by military veterans who despise the previous "[[social scientist]]s" that ran the world.
+** [[Joe Haldeman]], ''[[The Forever War]]''
+* '''[[Telepathy|Mind reading]] and [[mind control]]'''
+{{see also|:Category:Mind control in fiction}}
+** [[Alfred Bester (author)|Alfred Bester]].  1953.  ''[[The Demolished Man]]''.
+** [[Thomas M. Disch]].  1968.  ''[[Camp Concentration]]''.
+** [[Greg Bear|Greag Bear]], ''[[Eon (novel)|Eon]]''
+* '''[[National security state]]'''
+** [[Rex Gordon]].  1969. ''[[The Yellow Fraction]]''. New York: Ace. {{ISBN|0-441-94350-0}}  . pages. 26–28.
+* '''[[Nepotism]]'''
+** [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]].  2001. ''[[The Merchants of Souls]]''. New York: Tor.  {{ISBN|0-8125-8969-6}}.  pages 119–120.
+* '''[[Social peer-to-peer processes#P2P economic system|P2P system]]'''
+** [[Daniel Suarez (author)|Daniel Suarez]], [[Freedom™]]
+* '''[[Pacifism]]'''
+** [[Ursula K. Le Guin]].  ''[[The Dispossessed]]''.
+* '''[[Plutocracy]]'''
+** [[Max Barry]].  2003.  ''[[Jennifer Government]]''.  New York: Vintage.  {{ISBN|1-4000-3092-7}}.  pages 238–239.
+** [[Jonathan Morris (author)|Jonathan Morris]]. ''[[Anachrophobia|Doctor Who: Anachrophobia]]''. London: [[BBC Books]]. {{ISBN|0-563-53847-3}}.
+* '''[[Proportional representation]]'''
+** [[David Brin]].  1999.  ''[[Foundation's Triumph]]''.  New York: Harper Torch.  {{ISBN|0-06-105639-1}}.  page 65.
+** [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]. 1996. ''[[Mars trilogy|Blue Mars]]''
+** [[Scott Westerfeld]].  2003.  ''[[The Killing of Worlds]]''.  New York: Tor. {{ISBN|0-7653-0850-9}} .  page 298.
+* '''[[Racism]]'''
+{{see also|:Category:Novels about racism}}
+** [[Malorie Blackman]]. ''[[Noughts & Crosses series]]''.
+** [[Norman Spinrad]]. ''[[Bug Jack Barron]]''.
+* '''[[Revolution]]'''
+** [[Robert A. Heinlein]]. ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]''.
+** [[Norman Spinrad]]. ''[[The Men in the Jungle]]''.
+** [[Frank Herbert]].  The ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' novels
+* '''[[Slavery]]'''
+** [[Robert A. Heinlein]]. ''[[Citizen of the Galaxy]]''
+* '''[[Socialism]]'''
+** In ''[[For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs]]'', [[Robert A. Heinlein]] describes a future United States of America with liberal social values and a [[social credit]] or anti-bank economic system.
+** The ''Fall Revolution'' books of [[Ken MacLeod]].
+** The ''[[Mars Trilogy]]'' books of [[Kim Stanley Robinson]].
+* '''[[Theocracy]]'''
+{{see also|Fictional theocracies}}
+** In ''[[Revolt in 2100]]'', [[Robert A. Heinlein]] describes a future conservative Christian [[theocracy]] ruling what had been the United States of America.
+** [[Margaret Atwood]]. ''[[The Handmaid's Tale]]''.
+** [[Allen Steele]]. ''[[Coyote - Allen Steele|Coyote]]''.
+** [[Ian Stewart (mathematician)|Ian Stewart]] & [[Jack Cohen (scientist)|Jack Cohen]]. ''[[Heaven (2004 novel)|Heaven]]''.
+** [[Ben Bova]].  In his ''[[Grand Tour (novel series)|Grand Tour]]'' series Earth is run by a loose federation of theocracies.
+* '''[[Totalitarianism]]'''
+{{See also|:Category:Novels about totalitarianism}}
+** [[George Orwell]]. ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''.
+** [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]]. ''[[We (novel)|We]]''
+** [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]] explores the nature of [[totalitarianism]] in his ''[[Century Next Door]]'' novels: [[Candle (novel)|''Candle'']] and ''[[The Sky So Big and Black]]'', which involve the threat of a hegemonic software program [[One True]] that takes control of individual human minds and entire human societies.
+** [[Frank Herbert]].  The ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' novels.
+** [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky]]. ''[[Hard to Be a God]]''
+* '''[[Treason]]'''
+** [[C. J. Cherryh]]. ''[[Downbelow Station]]''.
+** [[Rex Gordon]].  1969. ''[[The Yellow Fraction]]''. New York: Ace.  {{ISBN|0-441-94350-0}}  . Pp.&nbsp;28–30.
+==See also==
+* [[Utopian and dystopian fiction]]
+* [[Social science fiction]]
 {{GFDL}}

Political ideas in science fiction

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Revision as of 20:44, 23 December 2018

Contents

Speculative societies

Utopian societies

Dystopian societies

Politics

Examples by category

See also

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