Timeline of Christianity  

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{{Template}} {{Template}}
-''Note: All dates are [[Common Era]].'' 
-<center>+==See also==
-<div class="toc">+* [[History of Christian Missions|Timeline of Christian Missions]]
-'''Centuries:''' +* [[History of ancient Israel and Judah]]
-[[#5th century|5th]] - +* [[Chronology of the Bible]]
-[[#6th century|6th]] -+* [[Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church]]
-[[#7th century|7th]] -+* [[Society to Explore and Record Christian History]]
-[[#8th century|8th]] -+
-[[#9th century|9th]] -+
-[[#10th century|10th]] - +
-[[#11th century|11th]] - +
-[[#12th century|12th]] - +
-[[#13th century|13th]] - +
-[[#14th century|14th]] - +
-[[#15th century|15th]]+
-the medieval times were from 400–1400</div>+
-</center>+
-{{For|earlier events|Timeline of ancient history}}+{{GFDL}}
-==Early Middle Ages==+
-{{see|Early Middle Ages}}+
-===5th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 406 || || [[Visigoths]], [[Suevi]] and [[Burgundians]] cross the [[Rhine]] and invade Roman [[Gaul]]. || Beginning of the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]].+
-|-+
-| 410 || || Rome is captured by the [[Visigoths]] under [[Alaric I]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 416 || || [[Visigoth]]ic [[Visigoth#Kingdom of Toledo|conquest of Spain]].+
-|-+
-| 418 || || [[Roman Empire]] recognises the [[History of Toulouse#418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse|Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse]].+
-|-+
-| 428 || || [[Vandals]] begin North African conquest.+
-|-+
-| 430 || || [[Saint Patrick]]'s Irish mission begins.+
-|-+
-| 444 || || The "[[Groans of the Britons]]", a last appeal to Roman government. +
-|-+
-| 451 || || [[Attila the Hun]] is repelled from [[Gaul]] by Roman–Barbarian forces at the [[Battle of Châlons]].||+
-|-+
-| 452 || || Attila the Hun raids Italy, destroying [[Aquileia]] and causing the foundation of [[Venice]] by refugees.||+
-|-+
-| 455 || || The Vandals pillage Rome.+
-|-+
-| 476 || || The last Roman Emperor, [[Romulus Augustus]], is deposed by [[Odovacar]], conventionally ending the Western Roman Empire.+
-|-+
-| 481 || || [[Clovis I|Clovis]] becomes King of the [[Franks]].+
-|-+
-| 493 || || [[Ostrogoth]]ic Kingdom founded in Italy by [[Theodoric the Great|Theodoric]].+
-|-+
-| 496 || || [[Clovis I|Clovis]] converted to the [[Catholic faith]]. ||+
-|}+
- +
-===6th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 507 || || The [[Franks]] under [[Clovis I|Clovis]] defeat the [[Visigoths]] in the [[Battle of Vouillé]], forcing them to retreat into Spain. ||+
-|-+
-| 515 || || [[Battle of Mons Badonicus]].|| The [[West Saxon]] advance is halted by [[Britons (historic)|Britons]].+
-|-+
-| 527 || August 1 || [[Justinian I]] becomes [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Eastern Roman Emperor]]. || Justinian is best remembered for his Code of Civil Law (529), and expansion of imperial territory retaking Rome from the Ostrogoths.+
-|-+
-| 529&mdash;534 || || [[Justinian I]] publishes the [[Corpus Juris Civilis|Code of Civil Law]]. || This compiled centuries of legal writings and imperial pronouncements into three parts of one body of law.+
-|-+
-| 529 || || [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery at [[Monte Cassino]]. || The first of twelve monasteries founded by Saint Benedict, beginning the [[Order of Saint Benedict]].+
-|-+
-| 534 || || Byzantines, under [[Belisarius]], retake North Africa from the Vandals.+
-|-+
-| 542 || || [[Bubonic plague]] reaches [[Constantinople]]. At least 230,000 people die in the city and perhaps two million in the empire. || This [[Justinian plague]] undermines emperor's attempts to renew Roman glory through conquests. This plague becomes pandemic and continues to castigate Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa for the next 200 years, until 750.+
-|-+
-| 552 || || The Byzantine conquest of Italy completes.+
-|-+
-| 563 || || [[Columba|Saint Columba]] founds mission in [[Iona]].+
-|-+
-| 568 || || The [[Kingdom of the Lombards]] is founded in Italy.+
-|-+
-| 571 || || [[Mohammed]] is born. Professed receiving revelations from God, which were recorded in the [[Qur'an]], the basis of [[Islam]]ic theology, in which he is regarded as the most important prophet.+
-|-+
-| 577 || || The West Saxons continue their advance at the [[Battle of Deorham]].+
-|-+
-| 581&mdash;618 || || [[Sui Dynasty]] in China.+
-|-+
-| 590 || || [[Gregory the Great]] becomes [[Pope]].+
-|-+
-| 597 || || [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] arrives in [[Kent]].+
-|}+
- +
-===7th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event+
-|-+
-| 605 || || Grand Canal of China constructed.+
-|-+
-| 602-629 || || Last great [[Roman-Persian_Wars#The_climax|Roman-Persian War]] Long conflict leaves both empires exhausted and unable to cope with the newly united Arab armies under Islam in the 630s+
-|-+
-| 618&mdash;907 || || T'ang Dynasty in China. The essential administrative system of this dynasty lasts for 1,300 years.+
-|-+
-| 622 || || Muhammad [[Hijra (Islam)|flees Mecca for Medina]].+
-|-+
-| 626 || || [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|Joint Persian-Avar-Slav Siege of Constantinople]] Constantinople saved, Avar power broken and Persians henceforth on the defensive+
-|-+
-| 627 || || [[Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]]. The Byzantines, under [[Heraclius]], crush the [[Persia]]ns.+
-|-+
-| 631 || || Death of Muhammed. By this point, all of Arabia is [[Islam|Muslim]].+
-|-+
-| 632 || || Accession of [[Abu Bakr]] as first [[Caliph]].+
-|-+
-| 633/634 || || [[Battle of Heavenfield]]. [[Northumbria]]n army under [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]] defeat [[Wales|Welsh]] army. +
-|-+
-| 638 || || [[Jerusalem]] captured by [[Islam|Muslims]].+
-|-+
-| 641 || || [[Battle of Nihawānd|Battle of Nehawand]]. Muslims conquer Persia.+
-|-+
-| 643 || || Muslims take [[Alexandria]].+
-|-+
-| 645 || || In Japan, the [[Soga clan]] falls.This initiates a period of imitation of Chinese culture.+
-|-+
-| 650 || || Slav occupation of [[Balkans]] complete.+
-|-+
-| 663 || || [[Synod of Whitby]]. Roman Christianity triumphs over Celtic Christianity in England.+
-|-+
-| 674-678 || || [[Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]. First time Islamic armies stopped, saving Europe from Islamic conquest.+
-|-+
-| 681 || || Establishment of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]]. || A country with great influence in the European history in the Middle Ages.+
-|-+
-| 685 || || [[Battle of Dunnichen|Battle of Nechtansmere]]. Picts defeat Northumbrians, whose dominance ends.+
-|-+
-| 687 || || [[Battle of Tertry]]+
-|-+
-| 698 || || Muslims take [[Carthage]].+
-|}+
- +
-===8th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 711 || || Muslims under [[Tarik]] invade Spain.+
-|-+
-| 718 || || [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Second Muslim attack]] on [[Constantinople]], ending in failure. The combined [[Byzantine]]&ndash;[[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] forces stop the Arab threat in [[Eastern Europe]].+
- +
-|-+
-| 726 || || Iconoclast movement begun in the Byzantine Empire under [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]]. This was opposed by Pope [[Gregory II]], and an important difference between the Roman and Byzantine churches.+
-|-+
-| 732 || || [[Battle of Tours]]. [[Charles Martel]] halts Muslim advance.+
-|-+
-| 735 || || Death of [[Bede]]. Bede was later regarded as "the father of history"+
-|-+
-| 750 || || Beginning of [[Abbasid Caliphate]].+
-|-+
-| 751 || || [[Pippin the Younger|Pepin]] founds the [[Carolingian dynasty]].+
-|-+
-| 754 || || Pepin promises the Pope central Italy. This is arguably the beginning of the temporal power of the Papacy.+
-|-+
-| 768 || || Beginning of [[Charlemagne]]'s reign. ||+
-|-+
-| 778 || || [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]].+
-|-+
-| 786 || || Accession of [[Harun al-Rashid]] in Baghdad.+
-|-+
-| 793 || || Sack of Lindisfarne. [[Viking]] attacks on Britain begin.+
-|-+
-| 795 || || Death of [[Offa]]. Marks the end of [[Mercia]]n dominance in England.+
-|}+
- +
-===9th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 800 || || Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by [[Pope Leo III]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 814 || || Death of Charlemagne.+
-|-+
-| 825 || || Battle of [[Ellandun]]. Egbert defeats Mercians. [[Wessex]] becomes the leading kingdom of England.+
-|-+
-| 827 || || Muslims invade [[Sicily]].+
-|-+
-| 840 || || Muslims capture [[Bari]] and much of southern Italy.+
-|-+
-| 843 || || Division of Charlemagne's Empire between his grandsons with the [[Treaty of Verdun]]. || Sets the stage for the founding of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and France as separate states.+
-|-+
-| 840 || || [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth McAlpin]] becomes king of the Picts and Scots, creating the [[Kingdom of Alba]].+
-|-+
-| 862 || || Viking state in Russia founded under [[Rurik]], first at Novgorod, then Kiev.+
-|-+
-| 864 || || [[Christianization of Bulgaria]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 866 || || Fujiwara period in Japan.+
-|-+
-| 866 || || Viking "Great Army" in England. Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia were overwhelmed.+
-|-+
-| 868 || || Earliest known printed book in China with a date.+
-|-+
-| 871 || || [[Alfred the Great]] assumes the throne, the first king of a united England. || He defended England from [[Viking]] invaders, formed new laws and fostered a rebirth of religious and scholarly activities.+
-|-+
-| 872 || || [[Harold Fairhair]] becomes King of Norway.+
-|-+
-| 874 || || [[Iceland]] is settled by Norsemen.+
-|-+
-| 885 || || Arrival of the disciples of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in [[Bulgaria]] || Creation of the [[Cyrillic alphabet]]; in the following decades the country became the cultural and spiritual centre of the whole [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] World.+
-|-+
-| 885&mdash;886 || || Vikings attack Paris.+
-|-+
-| 893 || || [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]] becomes ruler of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in the [[Balkans]].+
-|-+
-| 896 || || [[Árpád|Arpad]] and the [[Magyars]] are present in [[Pannonia]].+
-|-+
-| 897 || || Death of [[Alfred the Great]].+
-|}+
- +
-===10th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 910 || || [[Edward the Elder]], son of Alfred, defeats the [[Northumbria|Northumbrian]] vikings at the [[Battle of Tettenhall]]; they never raid south of the River [[Humber]] again. ||+
-|-+
-| 910 || || [[Cluny Abbey]] is founded by [[William I of Aquitaine|William I]], [[Count of Auvergne]]. || Cluny goes on to become the acknowledged leader of Western [[Monasticism]]. [[Cluniac Reforms]] initiated with the abbey's founding.+
-|-+
-| 911 || || The Viking [[Rollo of Normandy|Rollo]] and his tribe settle in what is now [[Normandy]] by the terms of the [[Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte]], founding the Duchy of Normandy. ||+
-|-+
-| 917 || || [[Battle of Anchialus]]. [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I the Great]] defeats the [[Byzantines]]. || Recognition of the Imperial Title of the Bulgarian rulers.+
-|-+
-| 919 || || [[Henry the Fowler]], [[Duke of Saxony]] elected German King. First king of the [[Ottonian Dynasty]]. || Henry I considered the founder and first king of the medieval German state.+
-|-+
-| 927 || || Death of Simeon I the Great. Recognition of the [[Bulgarian Patriarchate]], the first independent National Church in Europe. || +
-|-+
-| 929 || || [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] of the [[Ummayads|Ummayad]] dynasty in [[al-Andalus]] (part of the [[Iberian peninsula]]) takes the title of [[Caliph]] or ruler of the Islamic world. || Beginning of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] (929-1031).+
-|-+
-| 955 || || [[Battle of Lechfeld]]. [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]], son of Henry the Fowler, defeats the [[Magyars]]. || This is the defining event that prevents them from entering Central Europe.+
-|-+
-| c.960 || || [[Mieszko I of Poland|Mieszko I]] becomes duke of [[Polans (western)|Polans]]. || First historical ruler of [[Poland]] and de facto founder of the Polish State.+
-|-+
-| 962 || || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] crowned the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 963-964 || || Otto deposes [[Pope John XII]] who is replaced with [[Pope Leo VIII]]. || Citizens of Rome promise not to elect another Pope without Imperial approval.+
-|-+
-| 965-967 || || Mieszko I of Poland and his court embrace Christianity, which becomes national religion.+
-|-+
-| 969 || || [[John I Tzimiskes]] murders [[Nikephoros II]] and is crowned Byzantine co-emperor in his place.+
-|-+
-| 976 || || Death of John I Tzimiskes; [[Basil II]] (his co-emperor) takes sole power. || Under Basil II zenith of the power of Eastern Empire after Justinian.+
-|-+
-| 978 || || [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir]] becomes ''de facto'' ruler of Muslim Al-Andalus. || Peak of power of Moorish Iberia under "Almanzor".+
-|-+
-| 981 || || Basil II (called "Bulgar Slayer") begins final conquest of [[Bulgaria]] by Eastern Empire. || Conquest finished by 1018.+
-|-+
-| 985 || || [[Eric the Red]], exiled from [[Iceland]], begins Scandinavian colonization of [[Greenland]].+
-|-+
-| 987 || || Succession of [[Hugh Capet]] to the French Throne. || Beginning of [[Capetian Dynasty]].+
-|}+
- +
-==High Middle Ages==+
-{{see|High Middle Ages}}+
-===11th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 1010 || || [[Malcolm II]] defeats the Danes in five battles, including [[Mortlach]] and [[Camuston]]. || [[Scotland]] remains free from the empire of [[Cnut]]+
-|-+
-| 1018 || || The Byzantines under [[Basil II]] conquer Bulgaria after a bitter 50-years struggle. || +
-|-+
-| 1049 || || [[Pope Leo IX]] ascends to the papal throne. ||+
-|-+
-| 1050 || || The [[astrolabe]], an ancient tool of navigation, is first used in Europe. ||+
-|-+
-| 1054 || || The [[East-West Schism]] which divided the church into [[Roman Catholic Church|Western Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1066 || || [[William the Conqueror]], Duke of Normandy, invades England and becomes King after the [[Battle of Hastings]]. || End of Anglosaxon rule in England and start of Norman lineage+
-|-+
-| 1067 || || [[Pope Gregory VII]] elevated to the papal throne. || This begins a period of church reform.+
-|-+
-| 1071 || || The [[Seljuks]] under [[Alp Arslan]] defeat the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army at [[Manzikert]]. The [[Normans]] capture [[Bari]], the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy. || Beginning of the end of Byzantine rule in Asia Minor.+
-|-+
-| 1075 || || [[Dictatus Papae]] in which [[Pope Gregory VII]] defines the powers of the pope. || +
-|-+
-| 1077 || || Holy Roman Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] walks to [[Canossa]] where he stands barefoot in the snow to beg forgiveness of the Pope for his offences, and admitting defeat in the [[Investiture Controversy]]. || This helps establish Papal rule over European heads of state for another 450 years.+
-|-+
-| 1077 || || The Construction of the [[Tower of London]] begins. || The tower of London was the ultimate keep of the British Empire. +
-|-+
-| 1086 || || The compilation of the [[Domesday Book]], a great land and property survey commissioned by [[William the Conqueror]] to assess his new possessions. || This is the first such undertaking since Roman times.+
-|-+
-| 1098 || || The [[Cistercian]] Order is founded. ||+
-|-+
-| 1099 || || [[First Crusade]]. Jerusalem is re-taken from the Muslims on the urging of [[Pope Urban II]]. ||+
-|}+
- +
-===12th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 1102 || ||The [[Pacta Conventa]] is signed by the Croat nobles and King Coloman of Hungary uniting the two countries in a personal union.||This pact ends independence of Croatia until the XX century.+
-|-+
-| 1106 ||9/28 ||[[Henry I of England]] defeats his older brother [[Robert Curthose]], duke of [[Normandy]], at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Devizes castle; [[Edgar Atheling]] and [[William Clito]] are also taken prisoner.||This victory made a later struggle between England and the rising [[Capetian]] power in France inevitable.+
-|-+
-| 1107 || || Through the Compromise of 1107, suggested by [[Adela of Normandy|Adela]], the sister of [[Henry I of England|King Henry]], the Investiture Struggle in England is ended. || This compromise removed one of the points of friction between the English monarchy and the Catholic Church.+
-|-+
-| 1109 || || In the Battle of [[Nakło nad Notecią|Naklo]], [[Boleslaus III Wrymouth]] defeats the [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]]. || Polish access to the sea is re-established.+
-|-+
-| 1109 ||8/24 || In the [[Battle of Hundsfeld]], [[Boleslaus III Wrymouth]] defeats Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]. || German expansion to the east is stopped.+
-|-+
-| 1116 || ||The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion. || The Turks abandon the entire coastal area of Anatolia and all of western Anatolia+
-|-+
-| 1117 || || The [[University of Oxford]] is founded.+
-|-+
-| 1118 || || The [[Knights Templar]] are founded to protect Jerusalem and European pilgrims on their journey to the city. ||+
-|-+
-| 1121 ||12/25 || [[St. Norbert]] and 29 companions make their solemn vows marking the beginning of the [[Premonstratensian]] Order. || This order played a significant role in evangelizing the [[Slavs]], the [[Wends]], to the east of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].+
-|-+
-| 1122 ||9/23 || The [[Concordat of Worms]] was drawn up between Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] and Pope [[Calixtus II]]. || This concordat ended the investiture struggle, but bitter rivalry between emperor and pope remained.+
-|-+
-| 1123 ||3/18-3/27 || The [[First Council of the Lateran|First Lateran Council]] followed and confirmed the [[Concordat of Worms]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1125 || || [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair]] of Supplinburg, duke of [[Saxony]], is elected [[Holy Roman Emperor]] instead of the nearest heir, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]] of Swabia.|| This election marks the beginning of the great struggle between the [[Guelfs]] and the [[Ghibellines]]. +
-|-+
-| 1130 ||12/25 || [[Roger II]] is crowned King of [[Sicily]], a royal title given him by the [[Antipope]] [[Anacletus II]].|| This coronation marks the beginning of the Kingdom of Sicily and its Mediterranean empire under the [[Normans|Norman]] kings, which was able to take on the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Papacy]], and the [[Byzantine Empire]].+
-|-+
-| 1139 ||April|| The [[Second Council of the Lateran|Second Lateran Council]] declared clerical marriages invalid, regulated clerical dress, and punished attacks on clerics by [[excommunication]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1147–1149 || || The [[Second Crusade]] was in retaliation for the fall of [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]], one of the first [[Crusader States]] founded in the First Crusade. It was an overall failure. || This was the first Crusade to have been led by European kings.+
-|-| [[1150|| || [[Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona]] married Queen [[Petronilla of Aragon]]. They had been betrothed in 1137.||This marriage gave the Kingdom of Aragon access to the Mediterranean Sea and thus the kingdom was able to establish its Mediterranean Empire.||+
-|-+
-| 1150 || || [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona]], married Queen [[Petronilla of Aragon]]. They had been betrothed in 1137.+
- || This marriage gave the Kingdom of [[Aragon]] access to the Mediterranean Sea, creating a powerful kingdom which expanded to control many of the Mediterranean lands.+
-|-+
-| 1152 || || The [[Synod of Kells-Mellifont]] established the present diocesan system of Ireland (with later modifications) and recognized the [[primate (religion)|primacy]] of [[Armagh]]. +
- || This synod marks the inclusion of the Irish Church into western European Catholicism.+
-|-+
-| 1158 || || The [[Hanseatic League]] is founded. || This marks a new period of trade and economic development for northern and western Europe.+
-|-+
-| 1163 || || The first cornerstone is laid for the construction of [[Notre Dame de Paris]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1171 || || King [[Henry II of England]] lands in Ireland to assert his supremacy and the Synod of Cashel acknowledges his sovereignty. || With his landing, Henry begins the English claim to and occupation of Ireland which would last some seven and a half centuries.+
-|-+
-| 1174 ||7/12|| King [[William I of Scotland]], captured in the [[Battle of Alnwick (1174)|Battle of Alnwick]] by the English, accepts the feudal lordship of the English crown and does ceremonial allegiance at York. || This is the beginning of the gradual acquisition of Scotland by the English.+
-|-+
-| 1175 || ||[[Hōnen|Hōnen Shōnin]] (Genkū) founds the [[Jodo shu|Jōdo shū]] (Pure Land) sect of Buddhism. || This event marks the beginning of the Buddhist sectarian movement in Japan.+
-|-+
-| 1176 ||5/29 || At the [[Battle of Legnano]], the cavalry of [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]] is defeated by the infantry of the [[Lombard League]]. || This is the first major defeat of cavalry by infantry, signaling the new role of the bourgeosie.+
-|-+
-| 1179 ||March|| The [[Third Council of the Lateran|Third Lateran Council]] limits papal electees to the cardinals alone, condemns [[simony]], and forbids the promotion of anyone to the [[episcopate]] before the age of thirty. ||+
-|-+
-| 1183 || ||The final [[Peace of Constance]] between [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]], the pope, and the Lombard towns is signed. || The various articles of the treaty destroyed the unity of the Empire and Germany and Italy underwent separate developments.+
-|-+
-| 1183 || || The [[Taira]] clan are driven out of [[Kyōto]] by [[Minamoto]] Yoshinaka. || The two-year conflict which follows ends at the Battle of Dan no Ura (1185).+
-|-+
-| 1184 ||November || Pope [[Lucius III]] issues the [[papal bull]] ''[[Ad Abolendam]]''. || This bull set up the organization of the medieval [[inquisitions]].+
-|-+
-| 1185 || || [[Windmills]] are first recorded. ||+
-|-+
-| 1185 || || The reestablishment of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]]. || +
-|-+
-| 1185 || || At the Battle of Dan no Ura, [[Minamoto]] Yoshitsune annihilates the [[Taira]] clan. || The elimination of the Taira leaves the Minamoto the virtual rulers of Japan and marks the beginning of the first period of feudal rule known as the [[Kamakura Period]].+
-|-+
-| 1186 ||1/27 || The future emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] marries [[Constance of Sicily]], heiress to the [[Sicily|Sicilian]] throne. || This marriage shifts the focus of the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelphs]]/Ghibelline struggle to Sicily and marks the ruin of the House of [[Hohenstaufen]].+
-|-+
-| 1187 || || [[Saladin]] recaptures Jerusalem. || +
-|-+
-| 1188 || || [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] ascends the throne of England. || His heavy taxation to finance his European ventures created an antipathy of barons and people toward the crown, but his being absent enabled the English to advance in their political development.+
-|-+
-| 1189–1192 || || The [[Third Crusade]] follows upon [[Saladin]]'s uniting the Muslim world and recapturing [[Jerusalem]]. || Despite managing to win several major battles, the Crusaders did not recapture Jerusalem.+
-|-+
-| 1192 || || [[Minamoto]] Yoritomo is appointed ''Sei-i Taishōgun'', or ''shōgun'' for short. || He is the first of a long line of military dictators to bear this title. The institution would last until 1913.+
-|-+
-| 1193 || || Turkic Muslim invaders sack and burn the university at [[Nalanda]]. || This is the beginning of the decline of [[Buddhism]] in India.+
-|-+
-| 1193 || || The first known merchant [[guild]]. ||+
-|}+
- +
-===13th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event ||Significance+
-|-+
-| 1204 || || Sack of [[Constantinople]] during the [[Fourth Crusade]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1205 || || [[Battle of Adrianople (1205)|Battle of Adrianople]]. The Bulgarians under Emperor [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria|Kaloyan]] defeat [[Baldwin I of Constantinople|Baldwin I]]. || Beginning of the decline of the [[Latin Empire]].+
-|-+
-| 1206 || || [[Genghis Khan]] was elected as [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongols]] and the [[Mongol Empire]] was established. ||The Mongols would conquer much of Eurasia, changing former political borders.+
-|-+
-| 1208 || || [[Pope Innocent III]] calls for the [[Albigensian Crusade]] which seeks to destroy a rival form of Christianity practiced by the [[Cathar]]s. ||+
-|-+
-| 1209 || || The [[University of Cambridge]] is founded. ||+
-|-+
-| 1212 || || [[Children's Crusade]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1212 || || Spanish Christians succeed in defeating the [[Moors]] in the long [[Reconquista]] campaigns. By 1248, only the small southern kingdom of [[Granada]] remained under [[Muslim]] control. ||+
-|-+
-| 1215 || || The [[Magna Carta]] is sealed by [[John of England]]. || This marks one of the first times a medieval ruler is forced to accept limits on his power.+
-|-+
-| 1215 || || [[Fourth Council of the Lateran|Fourth Lateran Council]]. Dealt with transubstantiation, papal primacy and conduct of clergy. Proclaimed that [[Jews]] and [[Muslims]] should wear identification marks to distinguish them from [[Christians]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1216 || || Papal recognition of the [[Dominican Order]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1223 || || Founding of the [[Franciscan Order]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1257 || || Founding of the [[University of Paris]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1257 || || [[Provisions of Oxford]] forced upon [[Henry III of England]]. || This establishes a new form of government-limited regal authority. +
-|-+
-| 1273 || || [[Rudolph I of Germany]] is elected Holy Roman Emperor. || This begins the [[Habsburg]] ''de facto'' domination of the crown that lasted until is dissolution in 1806.+
-|-+
-| 1274 || || [[Thomas Aquinas]]' work, ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' is published. ||+
-|-+
-| 1295 || || [[Marco Polo]] publishes his tales of China. || A key step to the bridging of East and West+
-|-+
-| 1296 || || [[Edward I of England]] invades [[Scotland]], starting the [[First War of Scottish Independence]]. ||+
- +
-|-+
-| 1297 || || [[William Wallace]] emerges as the leader of the Scottish resistance to England. ||+
-|}+
- +
-==Late Middle Ages==+
-{{see|Late Middle Ages}}+
-===14th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 1307 ||[[Friday 13th|Friday, October 13th]] || The Knights Templar are rounded up and murdered by [[Philip the Fair]] of France, with the backing of the Pope. ||+
-|-+
-| 1307 || || Beginning of the [[Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy]] during which the Popes moved to [[Avignon]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1310 || || [[Dante]] publishes his ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. ||+
-|-+
-| 1314 || || [[Robert the Bruce]] restores [[Scotland]]'s ''de facto'' independence at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1328 || || The [[First War of Scottish Independence]] ends in Scottish victory with the [[Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton]] and ''de jure'' independence. ||+
-|-+
-| 1337 || || The [[Hundred Years' War]] begins. England and France struggle for dominance of Western Europe. ||+
- +
-|-+
-| 1347 || || The [[Black Death]] ravages Europe for the first of many times. An estimated 20% - 40% of the population is thought to have perished within the first year. ||+
-|-+
-| 1347 || || The [[Charles University of Prague|University of Prague]] is founded. ||+
-|-+
-| 1361 || || The fall of the [[Yuan Dynasty]]. Its successor state-[[Northern Yuan]] was founded in [[Mongolia]]. ||The break up of the Mongol Empire, which marked the end of [[Pax Mongolica]].+
-|-+
-| 1378 || || The [[Western Schism]] during which three claimant popes were elected simultaneously. The [[Avignon Papacy]] ends. ||+
-|-+
-| 1380 || || Prince [[Dmitry Donskoy]] of Moscow led a united Russian army to a victory over the [[Mongols]] in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1380 || || [[Chaucer]] begins to write [[The Canterbury Tales]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1381 || || [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England. ||+
-|-+
-| 1381 || || The [[Bible]] is translated into English by [[John Wycliffe]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1386 || || The [[University of Heidelberg]] is founded. ||+
-||+
-|-+
-| 1396 || || The [[Battle of Nicopolis]] the last great crusade fails. ||+
-|}+
- +
-===15th century===+
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%"+
-! style="width:5%" |Year || style="width:10%" |Date || Event || Significance+
-|-+
-| 1415 || || [[Battle of Agincourt]]. [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] and his army defeat a numerically superior French army, partially because of the newly-introduced [[English longbow]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1417 || || The [[Council of Constance]] ends the western Schism at last, and elects [[Pope Martin V]] as the sole pope. ||+
-|-+
-| 1429 || || [[Joan of Arc]] lifts the siege of [[Orléans]] for the [[Dauphin of France]], enabling him to eventually be crowned at [[Reims]]. || The battle at Orléans is the first of many which ultimately drive the English from continental Europe.+
-|-+
-| 1430 || || Capture, trial, and execution of Joan of Arc. ||+
-|-+
-| 1434 || || The [[Medici]] family rises to prominence in [[Florence]]. ||+
-|-+
-| 1439 || || [[Johannes Gutenberg]] invents the [[printing press]]+
-|-+
-| 1453 || || [[Constantinople]] falls to the [[Ottoman Turks]]+
-|-+
-| 1461 || || The [[Empire of Trebizond]] falls to the [[Ottoman Turks]]. || Last Roman outpost to be conquered by the Ottomans+
-|-+
-| 1485 || || [[Thomas Malory]] composes ''[[Le Morte d'Arthur]]''+
-|-+
-| 1492 || || [[Reconquista]] ||+
-|-+
-| 1492 || || [[Christopher Columbus]] reaches the [[New World]]. Regarded by many historians as the end of the Middle Ages. ||+
-|}+
- +
-==See also==+
-*[[Timeline of early modern history]]+
-*[[Timeline of Classical Antiquity]]+
-*[[Timeline of Christianity]]{{GFDL}}+

Revision as of 08:51, 29 July 2010

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