Broadcasting
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | [[Image:From Contes by Octave Uzanne.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Loisirs Littéraires au XXe siècle]] (English: "Literary leasures in the 20th century") from the story "[[The End of Books]]" by French writer [[Octave Uzanne]] and illustrated [[Albert Robida]]. The illustration depicts a [[female reader]] of the 20th century, imagined by Robida, who is [[audio book|listening]] to "12 poètes assortis" (twelve assorted poets) on a balcony overlooking a [[future city]].]] | ||
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| + | [[Image:A test pattern of the type produced by the PM5544 generator..png|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the ''[[telecommunication]]'' series.<br> <small>Illustration: [[Television]] [[testcard]]</small>]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | :''[[RSS]], [[gossip]], [[dissemination]]'' | + | '''Broadcasting''' is the [[distribution (business)|distribution]] of [[sound|audio]] or video content to a dispersed [[audience]] via any phones [[medium (communication)|mass communications medium]], but typically one using the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] ([[radio wave]]s), in a [[one-to-many|one-to-many]] model. |
| - | '''Broadcasting''' is the [[distribution (business)|distribution]] of [[Sound|audio]] and/or [[video]] [[Signalling (telecommunication)|signal]]s which transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young adults. | + | |
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| - | == Overview == | + | |
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| - | There is a wide variety of broadcasting systems, all of which have different capabilities. The smallest broadcasting systems are institutional [[public address]] systems, which transmit spoken messages and music within, for example, a school or hospital, and low-powered [[radio station|radio]] or [[television station]]s transmitting programs to a small local area. National radio and television broadcasters have nationwide coverage, using retransmitter towers, satellite systems, and cable distribution. Satellite radio and television broadcasting can cover areas as wide as entire continents, while [[internet]] channels can distribute text or streamed music and speech worldwide. Individuals can also use make use of internet services to [[Streaming media|stream]] or [[podcast]] sound or video. | + | |
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| - | The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a [[scheduling (broadcasting)|schedule]]. As with all technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and slang have developed. A list of these terms can be found at [[list of broadcasting terms]]. [[Television]] and [[radio]] programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or [[cable television|cable]], often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having [[decoding]] equipment in [[home]]s, the latter also enables [[subscription]]-based channels and [[pay-per-view]] services. | + | |
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| - | The term "broadcast" originally referred to the sowing of seeds by scattering them over a wide field. It was adopted by early radio engineers from the midwestern United States to refer to the analogous dissemenation of radio signals. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the [[mass media]]. Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called [[narrowcast]]ing. | + | |
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| - | Economically there are a few ways in which stations are able to continually broadcast. Each differs in the method by which stations are funded: | + | |
| - | * in-kind donations of time and skills by volunteers (common with community broadcasters) | + | |
| - | * direct [[government]] payments or operation of public broadcasters | + | |
| - | * indirect government payments, such as radio and [[television license]]s | + | |
| - | * [[Grant (money)|grants]] from [[foundation (charity)|foundation]]s or [[business]] entities | + | |
| - | * selling [[advertising]] or sponsorships | + | |
| - | * public [[subscription]] or membership | + | |
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| - | Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these [[business model]]s. For example, [[National Public Radio]], a non-commercial network within the [[United States]], receives grants from the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] (which in turn receives funding from the U.S. government), by public membership, and by selling "extended credits" to [[corporation]]s. | + | |
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| - | == Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts == | + | |
| - | The first regular television broadcasts began in 1937. One can record and produce live broadcasts. The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying [[slow-motion]] and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However some live events like sports telecasts can include some of the aspects including slow motion clips of important goals/hits etc in between the live telecast. | + | |
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| - | American radio network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central [[time zone]]s to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone. This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the [[Germany|German]] [[dirigible]] airship ''[[Hindenburg disaster|Hindenburg]]'' at [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]] in 1937. During [[World War II]], prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by [[Armed Forces Radio]] stations around the world. | + | |
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| - | A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, which may be a [[spoiler (media)|spoiler]]. In addition, prerecording prevents live [[announcer]]s from deviating from an officially-approved [[screenplay|script]], as occurred with [[propaganda]] broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with [[Voice of Russia|Radio Moscow]] in the 1980s. | + | |
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| - | Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "live-to-tape"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio [[concert]] performance. This intentional blurring of the distinction between live and recorded media is viewed with chagrin among many music lovers. Similar situations have sometimes appeared in television ("''[[The Cosby Show]]'' is recorded in front of a live studio audience"). | + | |
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| - | A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the [[studio]] at a single [[radio station|radio]] or [[television station|tv]] station, it is simply sent through the air chain to the [[transmitter]] and thence from the [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] on the [[Radio masts and towers|tower]] out to the world. Programming may also come through a [[communications satellite]], played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may [[simulcast]] the same programming at the same time, originally via [[microwave]] link, now usually by satellite. | + | |
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| - | Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as analog or digital [[videotape]], [[CD]], [[DVD]], and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when [[electronic news gathering]] returns a story to the station for inclusion on a [[news program]]me. | + | |
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| - | The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a [[radio station]] or [[TV station]] to an [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] and [[receiver (radio)|receiver]], or may come through [[cable TV]] [http://www.diwaxx.ru/] or [[cable radio]] (or "[[wireless cable]]") via the station or directly from a network. The [[Internet]] may also bring either radio or TV to the recipient, especially with [[multicast]]ing allowing the signal and [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] to be shared. | + | |
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| - | The term "broadcast network" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signal that can be received using a television antenna from so-called networks that are broadcast only via cable or satellite television. The term "broadcast television" can refer to the programming of such networks. | + | |
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| - | ==Legal definitions== | + | |
| - | ===UK=== | + | |
| - | The [[Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988]] defines a broadcast as ''a transmission by wireless telegraphy of visual images, sounds, or other information which is capable of lawful reception by the public or which is made for presentation to the public''. It thus covers radio, television, teletext ''et al''. | + | |
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | + | * [[Analog television]] | |
| - | * [[Broadcast safe]] | + | * [[Bandplan]] |
| - | * [[Broadcast license]] | + | * [[Broadcast engineering]] |
| - | * [[Broadcasting network]] | + | * [[Broadcast quality]] |
| + | * [[Broadcast television systems]] – contains the standards of the topic | ||
| + | * [[Broadcasting in the United States]] | ||
| * [[Cablecast]] | * [[Cablecast]] | ||
| + | * [[Frank Conrad]] | ||
| * [[Dead air]] | * [[Dead air]] | ||
| + | * [[Digital television]] | ||
| + | * [[Electronic media]] | ||
| * [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) | * [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) | ||
| - | * [[History of broadcasting]] | ||
| - | * [[Internet radio]] | ||
| - | * [[Internet television]] | ||
| * [[List of broadcast satellites]] | * [[List of broadcast satellites]] | ||
| + | * [[List of broadcasting terms]] | ||
| + | * [[List of radio awards]] | ||
| + | * [[List of television awards]] | ||
| + | * [[Narrowcasting]] | ||
| * [[NaSTA]] | * [[NaSTA]] | ||
| * [[Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network]] (NBMA) | * [[Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network]] (NBMA) | ||
| * [[North American broadcast television frequencies]] | * [[North American broadcast television frequencies]] | ||
| * [[Outside broadcast]] | * [[Outside broadcast]] | ||
| - | * [[Radio Act of 1927]] | + | * [[Radio Act of 1927]], United States |
| - | * [[Streaming media]] | + | * [[Reality television]] |
| - | * [[Television studio]] | + | * [[Society of Broadcast Engineers]] (SBE) |
| - | * [[Broadcast quality]] | + | * [[Television broadcasting in Australia]] |
| + | * [[Television transmitter]] | ||
| + | * [[Transposer]] | ||
| + | * [[Wilkinsburg]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
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Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any phones mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.
[edit]
See also
- Analog television
- Bandplan
- Broadcast engineering
- Broadcast quality
- Broadcast television systems – contains the standards of the topic
- Broadcasting in the United States
- Cablecast
- Frank Conrad
- Dead air
- Digital television
- Electronic media
- European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
- List of broadcast satellites
- List of broadcasting terms
- List of radio awards
- List of television awards
- Narrowcasting
- NaSTA
- Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network (NBMA)
- North American broadcast television frequencies
- Outside broadcast
- Radio Act of 1927, United States
- Reality television
- Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE)
- Television broadcasting in Australia
- Television transmitter
- Transposer
- Wilkinsburg
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Broadcasting" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
