Literary consonance  

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- {{Template}}+ {{Template}}{{Unreferenced|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
-'''"Chanson d'automne"''' ("Autumn Song") is a poem by [[Paul Verlaine]], one of the best known in the [[French language]]. It is included in Verlaine's first collection, ''[[Poèmes saturniens]]'' ([[1866]]). It is characterized by strong, painful feelings of sorrow.+{{Manner of articulation}}
 +'''Consonance''' is a [[stylistic device]], most commonly used in [[poetry]] and [[song]]s, characterized by the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession, as in "'''p'''i'''tt''' '''p'''a'''tt'''er" or in "all '''m'''a'''mm'''als na'''m'''ed Sa'''m''' are cla'''mm'''y".
 +Consonance should not be confused with [[assonance]], which is the repetition of [[vowel]] sounds. [[Alliteration]] is a special case of consonance where the repeated consonant sound is at the beginning of each word, as in "'''f'''ew '''f'''locked to the '''f'''ight". Alliteration is usually distinguished from other types of consonance in poetic analysis, and has different uses and effects.
-:{| border="0"+Another special case of consonance is sibilance, the use of several [[sibilant sound]]s such as /s/ and /sh/. An example is the verse from [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s ''[[The Raven]]'': "And the '''s'''ilken '''s'''ad un'''c'''ertain ru'''s'''tling of each purple curtain." (This example also contains [[assonance]] around the "ur" sound.) Another example of consonance is the word "'''s'''ibilan'''c'''e" itself.
-|-+
-| ''Les sanglots longs''+
-|        +
-| The long sobs+
-|-+
-| ''Des violons''+
-|+
-| Of the violins+
-|-+
-| ''De l’automne''+
-|+
-| Of Autumn+
-|-+
-| ''Blessent mon cœur''+
-|+
-| Wound my heart+
-|-+
-| ''D’une langueur''+
-|+
-| With a monotonous+
-|-+
-| ''Monotone''.+
-|+
-| Languor.+
-|}+
 +Consonance is an element of the [[half rhyme]] poetic format. It is common in [[Hip-hop]] music, as for example in the song ''Zealots'' by the [[Fugees]]: "Rap '''rejects''' my tape deck, '''ejects''' pro'''jectile'''/Whether '''Je'''w or '''gentile''' I rank top per'''centile'''." (This is also an example of internal rhyme.)
-The first half of this verse of the poem, slightly altered, was broadcast by the Allies over [[Radio Londres]] in 1944 as a code message to the [[Resistance during World War II|French Resistance]] network [[SOE_F_Section_networks#Ventriloquist|VENTRILOQUIST]] (and not all of the French Resistance as is often stated) in preparation for [[D-Day]]. When the second half was broadcast over the radio waves, it signaled that the invasion was to come in 24 hours.+It is sometimes called "slant rhyme." Often, both consonants occurs at the ends of the word as in odds and ends, struts and frets.
-This stanza is often erroneously cited with the line "''bercent mon cœur''" (lull my heart). [[Charles Trenet]] notably produced a song from this poem in which he chose to use "bercent mon cœur", presumably to make the text more agreeable. [[Georges Brassens]], in recording his version of Trenet's song, returned it to the original stanza. This was also that choice of [[Leo Ferré]] in his adaptation of the same poem.+==See also==
- +* [[Assonance]]
-The rest of the poem consists of the following two stanzas:+* [[Alliteration]]
- +* [[Rhyming]]
-:{| border="0"+
-|-+
-|''Tout suffocant''+
-|        +
-| All choked up+
-|-+
-|''Et blême, quand''+
-|+
-| And pale, when+
-|-+
-|''Sonne l'heure,''+
-|+
-| The hour chimes,+
-|-+
-|''Je me souviens''+
-|+
-| I remember+
-|-+
-|''Des jours anciens'' +
-|+
-| Days of old+
-|-+
-|''Et je pleure''+
-|+
-| And I cry+
-|-+
-|        +
-|-+
-|''Et je m'en vais''+
-|+
-| And I'm going+
-|-+
-|''Au vent mauvais''+
-|+
-| On an ill wind+
-|-+
-|''Qui m'emporte''+
-|+
-| That carries me+
-|-+
-|''Deçà, delà,''+
-|+
-| Here and there,+
-|-+
-|''Pareil à la''+
-|+
-| Like a+
-|-+
-|''Feuille morte.''+
-|+
-| Dead leaf.+
-|}+
- +
-The poem uses several [[Stylistic_device|stylistic devices]]. The first verse employs [[Literary_consonance|consonance]] with the repetition of "n" and "r" sounds that also creates an [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] effect of sounding both monotonous, and like a violin. In the second verse, the [[stop consonant]] and pause after the word ''suffocant'' reflect the meaning of the word. The sound of the words ''Deçà, delà,'' in the third verse evoke the image of a dead leaf falling. Verlaine uses the [[Symbolist_poetry|symbolism]] of Autumn in the poem to describe a sad view of growing old.+
- +
-==In popular culture==+
-The use of the poem to signal a French Resistance network prior to D-Day is mentioned in the book and film ''[[The_Longest_Day_(film)|The Longest Day]]''. +
- +
-Charles Trenet's musical version of the poem appears on the soundtrack to the movie ''[[French_Kiss_(film)|French Kiss]]'' under the title "Verlaine".+
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Template:Manner of articulation Consonance is a stylistic device, most commonly used in poetry and songs, characterized by the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession, as in "pitt patter" or in "all mammals named Sam are clammy".

Consonance should not be confused with assonance, which is the repetition of vowel sounds. Alliteration is a special case of consonance where the repeated consonant sound is at the beginning of each word, as in "few flocked to the fight". Alliteration is usually distinguished from other types of consonance in poetic analysis, and has different uses and effects.

Another special case of consonance is sibilance, the use of several sibilant sounds such as /s/ and /sh/. An example is the verse from Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven: "And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain." (This example also contains assonance around the "ur" sound.) Another example of consonance is the word "sibilance" itself.

Consonance is an element of the half rhyme poetic format. It is common in Hip-hop music, as for example in the song Zealots by the Fugees: "Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile/Whether Jew or gentile I rank top percentile." (This is also an example of internal rhyme.)

It is sometimes called "slant rhyme." Often, both consonants occurs at the ends of the word as in odds and ends, struts and frets.

See also


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