Art and Photography  

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Art and Photography[1] (1974) is a book by Aaron Scharf.

Blurb:

The invention of photography in the 1830s was to affect painting and other visual arts in a way, and on a scale, never before contemplated. In what the Observer called 'one of the most interesting and enjoyable books of the year'Aoron Scharf traces the interaction of these art-forms up to the present day showing how they have grown to occupy two distinctand equally important- roles in cultural life. Photography as he argues, took over from the landscape and portrait painter: the artist, untrammelled by the dictates of realism and yet able to benefit from the peculiarities intrinsic in photographic form, was left free to pursue his own intuitive artistic vision. With the aid of photographs and paintings the author analyses the influence of photography on the Realists, Impressionists and Cubists; shows how it helped the work of such artists as Ingres, Delacroix and Degas; discusses the work of the early photographers (Muybridge, Julia Margaret Cameron) and concludes with a section on art and photography in the twentieth century Scharf, Aaron, NEW COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA (SF) library ot Ijfernin

Table of contents

Preface 7 Introduction // 1 The invention of photography ig 2 Portraiture ^g 3 Landscape and genre yy 4 Delacroix and photography iig 5 The dilemma of Realism i2y 6 The power of photography 14^ 7 Impressionism 765 8 Degas and the instantaneous image 181 9 The representation of movement in photography and art 211 10 Photography as art: art as photography 233 11 Beyond photography 24g 12 Beyond art 2^5 Conclusion 323 Notes 327

List of illustrations

1 Camera obscura used for observing SLinspots. From Scheiner's Rosa Ursina Sive Sol. 1630. 2 Paul Sandby : Rosslyn Castle. Late eighteenth century (water-colour). Collection of Mr and Mrs Paul Mellon. 3 Camera obscura. Eighteenth century. M.G.J. Gravesande in Jombert, Methode pour appreiidre le dessein. 1755. 4 Fox Talbot: Photogenic drawing. 1839. Collection Andie Jammes. 5 Daguerreotype. Panorama of Paris. 1844. Photo: Science Museum, London. 6 Fox Talbot : Calotype of Trafalgar Square. Nelson's Column under construction. 1845. Photo: Science Museum, London 7 Corot : Figures in a Landscape. Clicheverre, n.d. 8 Daumier : Photographie. Nouveau procede. 1856 (lithograph). 9 Anon : Miniature photo-painting of an Old Darby and Joan. c. 1840s. 10 Cuthbert Bede : Photographic People from Photographic Pleasures. 1855. 1 1 Grandville : Engraving from Scenes jrom the Private and Public Life of Animals. 1842. 1 2 Theodor Hosemann : The Unhappy Painter. 1843. Courtesy George Eastman House Collection, Rochester, New York. 1 3 Daumier : Le portrait au daguerreotype. 1844 (lithograph). 14 Daguerreotype, c. 1845 (2^x2! inches). The Gernsheim Collection, University of Texas. 15 Hill and Adamson : Calotype. c. 1845. Photo: Science Museum, London. 16 Ingres: La Comtesse d'Haussonville. Probably first study for painting. c. 1842. 1 7 Ligrcs : La Comtesse d^Haussonville. (Drawing, c. 3 :< 4^ inches.) Ingics Museum, Montauban. 18 Ingres: La Comtesse d'Haussonville. 1845 (oil on canvas, c. 36^ x 53^ inches). Copyright, The Frick Collection, New York. 19 Blanquart-Evrard : Photograph of Herculaneum wall painting. Hercules Recognizing Telephus (detail). Published in Album photographique de rartiste et de Vamateur. 1851. (See note II.) 20 Hill and Adamson : Calotype portrait of William Etty. 1844. 2 1 William Etty : Self-Portrait. (Oil on canvas, lof x 16^ inches.) Courtesy City of York Art Gallery. 22 Photograph taken on ordinary plate, insensitive to most colours. From A. E. Garrett, The Advance of Photography. 191 1. 23 The same subject taken on panchromatic plate. From A. E. Garrett, The Advance of Photography. 1911. 24 Charles Negre: Lejoueur d'argue de barbaric. Paris c. 1850 (calotype). Collection Andre Jammes. 25 Nadar: The Catacombs of Paris, c. i860. 26 Daumier : Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. c. i860. (Oil on panel, grisaille.) Van Beuren Collection, Newport, R.I. By permission of Mr A. Van Beuren. 27 Ya.niin-'LziXouT: Autour du piano. 1884. 28 Fantin-Latour : Portrait of Edouard Manet. 1867. Courtesy of the .Art Institute of Chicago. 29 Nadar : Portrait of Charles Baudelaire. I Sagso Manet : Portrait of Charles Baudelaire. 1865 (etching). 31 \i.a.net: Portrait of Me'ry Laurent. 1882 (pastel). Collection Musee de Dijon. 32 Manet: The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian. 1867(7). Mannheim Museum. 33 Photograph of the Emperor Maximilian. 34 Manet : The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian. i867(?) (detail). Mannheim Museum. 35 Photograph of General Miramon. 36 \Ianet : The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian. i867(?) (detail). Mannheim Museum. 37 Photograph of General Mejia. 38 Manet : The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian. i867(?) (detail). Mannheim Museum. 39 Photograph of General Diaz. 40 Manet : The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian.. i867(?) (detail). Mannheim Museum. 41 Photograph of the firing squad in the execution of Maximilian. 19 June 1867. 42 Disderi(?) : Composite carte photograph relating to the execution of Alaximilian. Probably 1867. Courtesy Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 43 Carte photograph (composite?) showing the execution of Maximilian, Miramon and Mejia, 19 June 1867, n.d. Sirot Collection, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 44 Photo-painting from Album photographique des imiformes de l^armee frangaise. 1866. 45 Benjamin B. Turner: Landscape photograph, c. 1855. Collection Andre Jammes. 46 Henri Le Secq : Sunset in Dieppe, c. 1853 (calotype). 47 Beyrouth, Lebanon, 1839 (from engraving on daguerreotype plate). From Lerebours, Excursions daguerriennes. Paris 1840-42. George Eastman House Collection. Rochester, New York. 48 Gerome: The Muezzin. Evening. 1882. 49 Gerome : Oedipus. Bonaparte before the .Sphinx. 1886. 50 Roger Fenton : Valley of the Shadow of Death. The Crimea 1855. Photo: Science Museum. London. 5 1 Mathew Brady or assistant

Missionary Ridge, Gettysburg. 1863. 52 Fox Talbot : Calotype of trees. Early 1 840s. Photo: Science Museum, London. 53 William J. Newton: Calotype view of Burnham Beeches, c. 1850-53. Collection Andre Jammes. 54 Hippolyte Bayard : The Roofs of Paris from Montmartre. 1842 (direct positive on paper). 55 Photographic study used by Theodore Robinson for The Layette, c. 1889-90. Photo : Brooklyn Museum. By permission of Mr Ira Spanierman, New York. 63 Photograph of the Ducal Palace, Venice, in Ruskin's collection. Courtesy Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 64 Daguerreotype of the Niagara Falls c. 1854. A later photograph conveying probably what Turner saw in those of Mayall. 65 J. M.W.Turner: The Wreck Buoy. Begun probably 1808-9, extensively reworked 1849. Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. 66 Thomas Seddon : Jerusalem and the Valley of Jehoshaphat from the Hill of Evil Counsel. 1854. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of The Tate Gallery, London. 381 56 Theodore Robinson : The Layette, c. 1 89 1. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. 57 Corot : The Bent Tree. c. 1855-60. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of The National Gallery, London. 58 Adalbert Cuvelier(?) : Photograph taken in the environs of Arras (?). 1852. 59 Daubigny : Les bards de la Seine. Salon of 1852. 60 Nadar : Satire on Daubigny's Les bords de I'Oise exhibited in the Salon of 1859. 61 The Grand Canal, Venice. Engraving on daguerreotype taken 1839-42. Published in Excursions daguerriennes. 1842. 62 Ruskin : The Chapel of St Mary of the Thorn, Pisa. 1872. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Ruskin wrote of this drawing : 'an old study of my own from photograph'. 67 Ruskin : Drawings and a daguerreotype of the Towers of the Swiss Fribourg. 1856. i. Drawing in the 'Diireresque' style which he supported. 3. Drawing in the 'Blottesque' style which he rejected. Collection J. G. Links, London. 68 Millais: Murthly Moss. 1887. 69 Emerson and Goodall : Gunner Working up to Fowl. Photograph from Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads. 1886. 70 H.P.Robinson: Women and Children in the Country, -i860 (composite photograph). George Eastman House Collection, Rochester New York. 71 MiWais: Apple Blossoms. 1856-9. Exhibited as Spring in 1859. Collection Lord Leverhulme. By permission of Lord Leverhulme and the Royal Academy of Arts. 72 Charles Negre : Market Scene on the Qtiais. Paris (oil on canvas). Courtesy Andre Jammes. 73 Charles Ncgre : Market Scene on the Quais. Paris 1852 (calotype). Courtesy Andre Jammes. 74-6 Eugene Duricu : Photographs of male nude from album belonging to Delacroix. Probably 1853. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 77 Delacroix: Sheet of sketches made from photographs taken by Durieu. c. 1854. Musee Bonnat, Bayone. 78 Marcantonio Raimondi : Adam Enticing Eve. After Raphael. Early sixteenth century. 79 Photograph of female nude from the Delacroix album. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 80 Delacroix : Sheet of drawings. Musee Bonnat, Bayonne. 8 1 Photograph of female nude from the Delacroix album. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 82 Delacroix: Odalisque. 1857. (12x14 inches.) Stavros S. Niarchos Collection. 83 Courbet: L"atelier. 1855 (detail). Louvre. 84 Villeneuve : Nude study. Photograph. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Acquisition date, 1854. 85 Courbet: Lafemme au perroquet. 1866. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Bequest of Mrs H.O. Havemeyer 1929. The H.O. Havemeyer Collection. 86 Nude study. Photograph, anon. n.d. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 87 Courhei : Les baigneuses. 1853 (detail). Musee Fabre, Montpellier. 90 Courbet : Le chateau de Chilian. Signed and dated 1874. Musee Courbet, Ornans. By permission of Les Amis de Gustavc Courbet, Paris. 91 Gustave Le Gray : Sky and Sea. i860 (photograph). 92 Courbet : Seascape, n.d. 93 Nadar : Photography Asking for Just a Little Place in the Exhibition of Fine Arts. From Petit Journal poiir Eire. 1855. 94 Nadar: The Ingratitude of Painting, Refusing the Smallest Place in its Exhibition, to Photography to whom it Owes so Much. From Le Journal amusant. 1857. 95 Nadar : Painting Offering Photography a Place in the Exhibition of Fine Arts. Paris 1859. 96 Nadar: Satire on the battle paintings shown in the Salon of 1861 (lithograph). 97 Yvon : Solferino. Salon of 1861 (detail). 98 Mayer and Pierson : Carte photograph of Lord Palmerston. 1861. 99 Mayer and Pierson : Carte photograph of Count Cavour. 1861. 100 Daumier: Nadar elevant la photographie a la hauteur de Fart. 1862 (lithograph). 101 A. Beer: The Fisherman's Daughter. Before i860 (photograph). Collection Royal Photographic Society, London. Villeneuve : Nude study. Photograph. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Acquisition date, 1853. 102 Dr Diamond : 5////-///^. i850s(?) (photograph). Collection Royal Photographic Society, London. Adolphe Braun : Le chateau de Chillon. Photograph. 1867. Collection Socicte fran9aise de Photographie. 103 Theodore Robinson : Two in a Boat. 1891. The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. 104 Photographic study used for Robinson's Two in a Boat. c. 1890. Photo : Brooklyn Museum. B)- permission of Mr Ira Spanierman, New York. 105 Achille Quinet: View of Paris, c. i860 (photograph). 106 Achille Quinet: View of Paris, c. i860 (photograph (detail)). 107 Achille Quinet : The Pantheon, Paris. i86os(?) (photograph (detail)). 108 ^lonti: Boulevard des Capucines. 1873. By permission of Mrs Marshall Field Sen., New York. 1 09 Adolphe Braun : The Pont des Arts. 1867 (detail from panoramic photograph of Paris). Collection Societe fran^aise de Photographic, Paris. 110 Monet: Boulevard des Capucines. 1873 (detail). By permission of Mrs Marshall Field Sen., New York. 1 1 1 Monet : Poplars at Giverny. Sunrise. 1888. Collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of Mr and Mrs William Jaffe. i\2 Le Pont-Neuf. Engraving on daguerreotype plate published in Excursions Daguerriennes, 1842. 113 and 114 ('detail). Hippolytejouvin: Le Pont-jVeuf. 1860-5 (stereoscopic photograph). Collection Andre Jammes. 1 1 7 Gustave Caillebotte : Boulevard, vue d'en haut. 1880. By courtesy of Wildenstein Ltd, London. 118 Nadar: Aerial photograph taken from a balloon. 1858. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 119 and 120 (detail j. Hippolytejouvin: Boulevard de Strasbourg. 1 860-5 (stereoscopic photograph). Collection Andre Jammes. 121 Anon: Detail from instantaneous photograph. i86os(?). 122-4 Disderi : Series oi cartes-de-visite showing Merante, Coralli, Terraris and Louise Fiocre in the costumes of the ballet, Pierre de Medicis. Probably 1876. 125 Degas: Le foyer de la danse. 1872. Louvre. Camondo Bequest. 1 26 Degas : The Woman with the Chrysanthemums (Mme Hertel). 1865. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Bequest of Mrs H.O. Havemeyer 1929. The H.O. Havemeyer Collection. 127 Degas: Bouderie. 1873-5. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Bequest of Mrs H. O. Havemeyer 1929. The H.O. Havemeyer Collection. 128 Photograph of Paul Poujaud, Mme Arthur Fontaine and Degas, posed by the artist in 1894. 383 1 15 Hippolyte Jouvin : Place des Victoires. 1860-65 (stereoscopic photograph;. Collection Andre Jammes. 1 1 6 Gustave Caillebotte : Un refuge, boulevard Haussmann. 1880. By courtesy of Wildenstein Ltd, London. 1 29 Disderi : Carte photograph of the Prince and Princess de Metternich. c. i860. 1 30 Degas : Portrait of the Princess de Metternich. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the National Gallery, London. Copyright S.P.A.D.E.M., Paris. 131 Carle photograph of Degas taken probably 1862. 132 Degas: Self-portrait, Degas saluant. c. 1862. Calouste Gulbenkian P'oundation, Lisbon. 133 Nadar: Satire on Lefrileux, Charles Marschal's painting exhibited in the Salon of 1859. 1 34 Degas : Portraits dans un bureau, Nouvelle Orleans. 1873. Musee des Beaux-Arts, Pau. 1 35 Robert Tait : A Chelsea Interior. Exhibited R.A. 1858. Collection Marquess of Northampton. 1 36 Vermeer : Soldier and Laughing Girl, c. 1657. Copyright, The Frick Collection, New York. 137 Streintz: Photographs demonstrating differences in perspective scale according to lens and viewpoint. 138 Hiroshige : The Haneda Ferry and Benten Shrine. 1858. From One Hundred Views of Yedo. 139 Instantaneous photograph of the Borough High Street, London, taken in 1887 under the direction of Charles Spurgeon Jun. 144 Cham : Detail from page of caricatures and satire on Disderi. Le Charivari. December 1861. 145 Degas: Dancer in sequential poses. n.d. Collection Oscar Schmitz, Dresden. 146 Degas : Dancer Tying her Slipper. 1883(7). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Hanna Fund. 1 47 Muybridge : Female, lifting a towel, wiping herself . . . Consecutive series photographs from Animal Locomotion, published 1887. 148 Disderi: Martha Muravieva in dancing costume. 1864. Uncut sheet o( cartes-de-visite. George Eastman House Collection, Rochester, New York. 149 Degas: Le pas battu. c. 1879 (pastel on monotype). Collection Buhrle, Zurich. 1 50 Muybridge : Consecutive series photographs showing phases of movement in a horse's trot and gallop. 1877-8. Published in La Nature. 14 December 1878. 1 5 1 Gericault : Course de chevaux a Epsom, le Derby en 1821. Louvre. 152 Muybridge: Annie G. in Canter. From Animal Locomotion. 1887. 1 40 Degas : Place de la Concorde ( Vicomte Ludovic Lepic and his Daughters) . c. 1875. Formerly Gerstenberg Collection, Berlin. 141 Hippolyte Jouvin : Boulevard des Capucines. 1860-65 (stereoscopic photograph). Collection Andre Jammes. 142 Detail of above. 143 Degas: Carriage at the Races. 1873. Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Arthur Gordon Tompkins Residuary Fund. 153 Degas: Jockey vu de profil (actually, Annie G. in Canter). 1887 or after (charcoal) . 154 Degas: Annie G. in Canter. 1887 or after. 155 Replica of Muybridge's zoopraxiscope, 1880. Crown copyright. Science Museum, London. 1 56 Muybridge : American Eagle Flying. From Animal Locomotion. 1887. 157 Muybridge: Cockatoo Flying. From Animal Locomotion. 1887. 1 58 Detaille : E71 batterie. Exhibited in Salon of 1890. 1 59 Stanley Berkeley : For God and the King. 1889. 160 Muybridge : Pandora jumping hurdle. From Animal Locomotion. 1887. 161 Marey : Chronophotograph of walking figure, c. 1887. 162 Rodin: St John the Baptist. First conceived 1878 (bronze). Collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Mrs Simon Guggenheim Fund. 163 Marey: Chronophotograph of the flight of a bird. 1887. Archives de Cinematheque Fran^aise, Paris. 164 y^ilhelmBusch: Der Photograph. 1871. Courtesy Otto Stelzer. 165 Seurat: Le Chahut. 1889-90. Kroller-Miiller Museum. 166 Marey: Graph of a figure jumping. 1880s (from chronophotograph). 167 Du Hauron (and others) : ' Transformism ' in photography. c. 1889. 1 68 The Pneumatic Pencil. From The Picture Magazine. 1 894. 169 Drawing made with the pneumatic pencil. From The Picture Magazine. 1894. 1 70 Rudolph Dvihrkoop : Photograph of Alfred Kerr. 1904 (Bromoil print). Collection Royal Photographic Society, London. 171 Y\cY]!;.omeT : Self-portrait, c. 19 10 (lithograph). 172 R.Y.Young: Mrs Jones is out. 1900 (stereoscopic photograph). 1 73 The Oath of the Horatii. Late nineteenth century (photograph). Collection Louis Cheronnet. 1 74 Le triomphe de la Republique. Late nineteenth century (photograph). Collection Louis Cheronnet. 1 75 Richard Polak : The Painter and his Model. 191 5 (photograph). 1 76 Dagnan-Bouveret : Une noce chez le photographe. Salon of 1879 (painting). 177 Gerome: Grand Bath at Broussa. 1885 (painting). 1 78 William Logsdail : St Martin-in-theFields. Exhibited R.A. 1888 (painting). Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the Tate Gallery, London. 1 79 Mortimer Menpes : Umbrellas and Commerce. Japan. 1890s (watercolour) . 1 80 Duchamp : Portrait, or Five Silhouettes of a Woman on Different Planes. 191 1. Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. 1 8 1 Marey : Chronophotograph of English boxer. i88os. Archives de Cinematheque Fran9aise, Paris. 1 82 Duchamp : Nude Descending a Staircase No. i. 191 1. Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. 1 83 Duchamp : Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2. 1912. Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. 184 Paul Richer: Figure descending a staircase. Drawing based on chronophotographs. From Physiologie Artistique de I'homme en mouvement. 1895. 185 Marey: Graph of movements in a horse's walk. 1886 (from chrono- photograph). 1 86 John Tenniel : Danvers the Dancer as Dame Halley in Black-Eyed Susan at the Royalty Theatre. 1875. 187 Gibson: The Gentleman^s Dilemma, c. 1900. 188 The Canter. From The Picture Magazine. 1893. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of The Tate Gallery, London. 201 Marey: Stereoscopic chronophotographs showing geometric forms engendered by the rotation of a threaded metal armature. Probably 1890s. 189 Marey or follower: Chronopholograph of figure during standing jump. 190 Boccioni : Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. 19 1 3. 191 Balla: Girl X Balcony. 191 2. Civica Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Milan. 192 Marey : Chronophotographs of walking and running man and of bird in flight. 1880s. 193 Balla: Swifts: Paths of Movement + Dynamic Sequences. 191 3. Collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 194 Marey: Diagram from chrono- photograph of gull in flight. 1880s. 195 Marey: Chronophotograph of the flight of a bird, 1887. Archives de Cinematheque Fran^aise, Paris. 196 Severini : Dancer at the Bal Tabarin. 191 2 (detail). Collection Riccardo Jucker, Milan. 197 A. G. Bragaglia: Photograph of Balla in dynamic sequences before his painting, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash. 191 1. 198 A. G. Bragaglia : Photograph of a cellist. 191 1. 199 ^aWz.: Rhythm of a Violinist. 191 2. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of The Tate Gallery, London and Mr Eric Estorick. 202 Marey : Chronophotograph of a fencer. 1880s. Archives de Cinematheque Fran^aise, Paris. 203 Gris: The Table. 19 14 (coloured papers, printed matter, gouache on canvas). Philadelphia Museum of Art. A.E.Gallatin Collection. 204 Avelot : Les groupes sympathiques. {Photographies instantanees.) Caricature of double exposure from Le Rire. 1901. 205 Picasso: Untitled. 1937. In artist's possession. 206 W'.J.Demorest : A Photographic Feat. 1894. From Woodbury, Photographic Amusements. 1896. 207 Picasso: On the Beach. Dinard 1928. By permission of Mr George L. K. Morris, 208 Photomontage and painting by Sir Edward Blount. 1873. The Gernsheim Collection, University of Texas. 209 Photomontage. Giant Roosters and Hens to Provide Large Easter Eggs. From VIllustration Europeenne. Brussels 2 April 191 I. 210 Ferdinand Zecca : A la conquete de rair. c. 1901 (film still). 2 1 1 Carlo Carra : French Official Observing Enemy Movements. 19 15. By courtesy of II Milione, Milan. 200 Xaum Gabo : Linear Construction. 1942-3 (plastic with plastic thread). 212 R. de Moraine: Military 'cartouche' for pasting in photograph. Late nineteenth century (?) (lithograph). George Eastman House Collection, Rochester, New York. 2 1 3 George Grosz : The Montage-Paster {The Engineer) Heartfield. 1920 (water-colour and collage). Collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of A. Conger Goodyear. 214 Hanna Hoch: Dada Dance. 1922 (photomontage). Courtesy Marlborough Gallery, London. 2 1 5 John Heartfield : Millions Stand behind Me. The Meaning of the Hitler Salute. 16 October 1932 (photomontage). Courtesy Professor Heartfield. 216 John Heartfield: /, Vandervelde Recommend Best the Freedom of the West. 3 June 1930 (typophotomontage). Courtesy Professor Heartfield. 2 1 7 John Heartfield : As in the Middle Ages, so in the Third Reich. 31 May 1934 (photomontage). Courtesy Professor Heartfield. 218 Police photograph of a murder victim. Stuttgart c. 1929. 219 John Heartfield: A Pan-German. The Bosom from which it Crept is still Fruitful. 2 November 1933 (photomontage). Courtesy Professor Heartfield. 220 Page of advertisements from Der Fliegenden Blatter. Munich 1899. 221 Max Ernst : Paysage a mon gout. 1920 (photomontage) . 222 Max Ernst : The Landscape Changes Three Times {II). From Lafemme 100 tetes. 1929 (montage from engravings). 223 A Curiosity Constructedfrom an Orange. By H. Thiriat 1889 (engraving from photograph). 224 Max Ernst : The Sunday Spectre Makes Shrill Sounds. From Lafemme 100 tetes. 1929 (montage from engravings). 225 H. Thiriat : Engraving from photograph. 1 89 1. 226 Photograph from which illustration 225 was made. 227 Man Ray: Drawing and photocollage elements illustrating Lautreamont's famous words. Published in Minotaure. 1933. 22S A Startling Trick. Engraving from The Picture Magazine. 1894. Also published in La Nature, 1880: 'Experiment Concerning Inertia'. 229 Andre Breton : The Comte de Foix about to Assassinate his Son. 1929. By permission of Mr Patrick Waldberg. 230 Max Ernst : In the Stable of the Sphinx. Frottage from the Histoire Naturelle. 1927. 231 Oscar Dominguez : Decalcomania without object. 1937. 232 Rene Magritte : Time Transfixed. 1932. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of The Tate Gallery, London and the Edward James Collection. 233 El. Lissitzky: Tatlin working on the monument to the Third International{?) (drawing and photocoUage) 191 7(?) Courtesy Grosvenor Gallery, London. 234 Photographs of aircraft in flight used by Malevich in The Non-Objective World. First published 1927. (Bauhausbuch 11, Munich.) By permission of Herr Hans Wingler, Darmstadt. 235 Malevich: Supremalist composition conveying a feeling of universal space. 1 916. P'irst published in The NonObjective World 1927. (Bauhausbuch 1 1, Munich.) By permission of Herr Hans Wingler, Darmstadt. 387 236 Aerial photograph used by Malevich in The Non-Objective World. First pubHshed 1927. (Bauhausbuch 11, Munich.) By permission of Herr Hans VVingler, Darmstadt, 237 Moholy-Nagy: Photogram. 1923. 238 Alvin Langdon Coburn : A Vortograph c. 191 7. 239 Man Ray : Rayograpli for the Champs Delicieux. 1921. By permission of Man Ray. 240 Kurt Schwerdtfeger : Reflected Light Composition, c. 1923. 241 R.E.Liesegang : Reticulated, solarized photograph. 1920. Courtesy Standish D. Lavvder. 242 Marey : Stereoscopic trajectory photograph of a slow walk. 1885. 243 Klee: The Mocker Mocked. 1930. Collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of J.B. Newmann. 244 Klee: Little Jester in a Trance. 1929. 245 Fox Talbot : Photomicrograph of butterfly wings. 1840s. Photo: Science Museum, London. 246 Fox Talbot : Photomicrograph of botanical sections taken with solar microscope. 1841. Photo: Science Museum, London. 247 Warren de la Rue : Photograph of the moon. 1857. Photo: Science Museum, London. 248 The nebula in Andromeda (beyond the solar system). Photo by the Yerkes Observatory. Published in Marvels of the Universe. 19 10. 249 A. Leal : Photomicrograph of growth on water-weeds. Published in Marvels of the Universe. 19 10. 250 Richard Lippold : Variation Number y: Full Moon. 1949-50 (brass, chromium and stainless steel wire). Collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Mrs Simon Guggenheim Fund. 251 Photographs of snow crystals by W.A. Bentley. From Marvels of the Universe. 19 10. 252 Robert Rauschenberg : Barge. 1962 (detail) (whole 80 x 389 inches). Leo Castelli Gallery. Collection : the artist. Photo : Rudolph Burckhardt. 253 Andy Warhol: Marilyn Monroe. 1962 (silkscreen on canvas). Permission Leo Castelli Gallery. 254 Juan Genoves: Exceeding the Limit. 1966 (oil on canvas). Courtesy Marlborough Gallery, London. 255 a-d. Richard Hamilton : Stages in the painting, People. 1965-6 (oil and cellulose on photo, 31 1 X 47I inches). Courtesy the artist and Robert Fraser Gallery. 256 Degas: The Bellelli Family. 186 1-2. Louvre. 257 Lincke(?) : Photograph of the Russian Ambassador and his family. Berlin 1859- 258 Disderi : The Legs of the Opera. Uncut cartes-de-visite photographs. 1 860s. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 259 Ubac. Fossil. Relief photograph of the Paris Opera. Minotaure. 1937-9. 260 Ubac. Fossil. Relief photograph from Minotaure. 1937-9. 26 1 Moholy-Nagy : Our Big Men. 'Contrasts of proportion and perspective by a few lines.' 1920s. Courtesy Klinkhardt & Biermann, Brunswick. 262 Man Ray: Admiration of the Orchestrelle for the Cinematograph. 19 19 (air-brush painting). Collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of A. Conger Cioodyear.

Index

Abbott, Berenice 372 Abney, Captain VV. de W. 223 About, Edmond 94 Academic des Beaux-Arts 35, 87, 153-4 17 Academic des Sciences 25, 37, 178, 228, Adamson, Robert 52, §0, 55 Adhemar, Jean 61 Aerial photography 176, 294-5, 352) 374. Air-brush 235-6, 282, 298, 375, 2^6, 275 Algarotti, Count Francesco 22-3 Alinari 158, 348 Aiken, Henry 213, 359 Allan, Sidney 353 Alma-Tadema, Lawrence 246 Amaury-Duval (E. Pineux Duval) 333 Animal Locomotion (Muybridge) 218-20, 203, 20J, 2ig, 220, 222 Annie G. 207, 208, 359, 207 Anthony, H. Mark 339 Apollinaire, Guillaume 252, 258, 370 Arago, Francjois 25-6, 31, 37, 328, 336 Aragon, Louis 288-9, 371 Armory Show 364 Arosa, Gustave 366 Arp, Hans 231, 298, 312 Arras (France) 912 Art books 324 Artificial light, photography by 61-2, 334 Artistic photography 154-7, 233, 235-41, 248 9, 363-4 {see 'High Art' photography) Artists working in photographic studios 42-5 Atget, Eugene 352, 372 Atomic structure 308-9, 31 1-12 Aureole effect in photographs 1 10, 362 Aurier, G. Albert 250, 365 Automatic writing 288, 290 Avelot 2yo Bacon, Francis 220 Balla, Giacomo 253, .261-4, 265-6, 268, 26/, 262, 266 Balloon photography 176, 352, iy6 {see Aerial photography) Barbaro, Daniele 19 Barbizon (France) 92 Barbizon painters 33, 90 Barr, Alfred H. Jun. 369 Barrett, Elizabeth 331 Battle painters, use of Muybridge photographs by 220, 221 Battle painting 147, 208, 148, 221 Baudelaire, Charles 10, 64, 149, 165, 252, 344, 347-8, 359; Salon review of 1859 144-6 Bauhaus 293 4, 298, 309, 376 Baur, John 166, 351 Bavard, Hippolyte 31, 87-9, 140, 329, 342, 88 Bayliss, Wyke 306-7 Bazille, Frederic 350-1, 353 Beard, Richard 41, 43, 331 Bede, Cuthbert (Edward Bradley) 45, 45 Beer, A. 155 Beers, Jan van 242, 364 Bell, Clive 252 Bell, Leland 377 Bellotto, Bernardo 327 Benjamin, Walter 377 Bentley, W. A. 31 1 Berkeley, Stanley 220, 221 Bernard, Emile 351 Bertall (Charles Albert d'Arnoux) 331, 351 Bill, Max 312 Bisson, Auguste and Louis 55, 161 Blake, William 376 Blanc, Charles 82, 149, 154, 162 Blanc, Peter 3 1 1 Blanche, Jacques-Emile 184 Blanquart-Evrard 88, 332, 5/ Blount, Sir Edward 275 Blurred image 27, 92, 167, 170, 172, 336-7, 351-2, 361 Boccioni, Umberto 258-60, 266, 277, 368, 260 Boisbaudran, Horace Lecoq de 1 19, 178 Bolshevism 282 Bonnard, Pierre 354, 367 Bonvin, Franc^ois 149. 345 Boorstin, Daniel J. 378 Bracquemond, Felix 196, 356 Brady, Mathew 83 4, 336, 341, 84 Bragaglia, Anton Giulio and Arturo 264-6, 369, 265, 266 Braque, Georges 268 Braun, Adolphe 135, 161, 171, 353, 135, 171 Breton, Andre 253, 286, 288, 367, 28g Brett. John 55, 108, 222, 246, 340, 356 Bromoil transfer method 363 Brown, Ford Madox 75, 106, 335, 340 Brown, Frederick 247 Briicke, Emil 362 Bruyas, Alfred 133, 344-5, 350 Burne-Jones, Edward 106, 338-9, 353 Burty, Philippe 77, 123, 163, 304, 347, 350, 352, 355; review of 1859 photographic exhibition 143-4 Busch, Wilhclm 228, 362, 22g Cabanne. Pierre 187 Caillebotte. Gustave 176, ly^, ij6 Calder, Alexander 310 Calotype 30, 77, 348, 50, §0, 8§, 8j\ tonal effects of 52 Calotype Club (Edinburgh) 86 Calotype Society (London) 86 Camera Club (London) 108, 333 Camera lucida 23, 328, 341 Camera, multiple lens 204 Camera obscura 19 24, 328, 18, 22; artists' use of 19; description of image 21-2 Camera Work 240, 353, 364 Cameron, Julia Margaret 55, 252, 364 Camp, Maxime du 336 Canaletto327, 338; compared with daguerreotype 95 6 Canella, Giuseppe 172 Capucines, boulevard des (Paris) 171, 200; (No. 35) 140, 352 Caricature {see Comic) Carjat. Etienne 56, 92, 346 Carlyle, Jane (Mrs Thomas], on perspective distortion 192 Carra, Carlo 258, 277, 370, 278 Carriere, Eugene 367 Carrieri, Raffaelle 368 Carroll, Lewis 340 Carte-de-visite 42, 46; uncut 202, 358, 20j, jj8 Castagnary, Jules Antoine 134 Cave, Elisabeth 1 19 Cavour, Count 151, 348 Celestial photographs 306, 361, ^05 {see Tele- photographs) Cezanne, Paul 351 Chalon, Alfred 45 Cham (Count Amedee Charles Henry de Noe) 201-2, 202 Champfleury (Jules Husson or Fleury; 137 8, 140, 342, 345 Chantry, Francis 341 Chariot, Jean 272 Chasseriau, Theodore 49 Chavanncs, Pierre Puvis de 153. 218, 363 Chenavard, Paul 123, 365 Chesneau, Ernest 144, 154, 170 Chevreul, Eugene 37, 154, 331, 358; and Marcy 227^ Chronophotography 226^31, 255-6, 266, 270, 359> 368, 372-3. 224, 228, 231, 256, 257, 239, 260, 262, 263 {see Marey) Cinema 290, 298, 309, 314, 365, 367, 370 i, 373-4. 377 Cinematic imagery 177, 258; criticism of Futurists 256 8 Cinematic progression 202 5, 358 9, 202, 203 Cinematic projection 177; early 360; early, by Muybridge 215 17 Cinematographic form 297 Cinematography, early cameras 206 Claudet, Antoine 39, 41, 44, 46, 342, 358, 363 Cliche-verre 32 4, 330, 343, 369, 33 Cloud chamber photographs 310 1 1 Clouds in painting and photography i 15, 341 Coburn, Alvin Langdon 1 76, 274, 299, 307, 369. 299 Cocteau, Jean 189 Cogniet, Leon 153 Coke, Van Deren 272, 313, 343, 359, 366, 369 Collage 277, 278 9, 284 9, 370-1 Collodion on glass 89-90 Colour 253 ; in early daguerreotypes 41-2; law of the simultaneous contrast of 153-4; natural, in photography 177 i), 334, 348, 353-4, 362, 367; natural, in photography, a threat to painters 177 9; on photographs 157; photographic reproduction in natural 364; screen printing, photo-mechanical 362 Comic 27, 40-1, 47-9, 56, 94, 142-3, 147, 190, 201-2, 228-9, 259, 331, 337, 344, 362-3, 270 Composite photographs i 10-12, 158, 340-2, 72, 73, 109 Constable, John 341 Constructivism 281-2, 293-5, 297-8, 312, 374 Coquiot, Gustave 184-5 Corbusier307 8 Cormack, Malcolm 339, 340 Corot, Camille 33, 60, 90^2, 94, 172, 330, 336-7^ 33' 9' Cotman, John Sell 341 Courbet, Gustave i27ff., 161, 344-6, 350, ij2, 136; The Atelier 131, 133, /j/; The Bather 133, 134, 344, 133; Burial at Ornans 128; Chateau of Chillon 135, 755; Return from the Fair 128, 138, 344; The Wrestlers 345 Couture, Thomas 64 Cozens, Alexander 293 Crane, Walter 59, 246, 254 Crespi, Giuseppe Maria 328 Crimean campaign, photographs and paintings of 84, 83 Cros, Charles 178, 362 Cruikshank, George 330 Cubism 264, 268-75, 288-9, 366-7, 369 Cutting-offin pictorial composition 1 1, 172-6, 181, 184, 201-2, ig8, igg, 201 Cuvelier, Adalbert 91-2, 140, 330, 337, g3 Cuvelier, Eugene 92 Cuyer, Edouard 217 Dada 277-9, 293-4, 298-9, 300, 370-1 ; Berlin 278-90 Dagnan-Bouveret, P. -A. -J. 243, 243 Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mande 24 5, 31-2, 34—9, 304, 328; and instantaneous photographs 181, 354 ; honours and decorations 34 Daguerreotype 28, 2g, 50, loi; absence of in 1859 exhibition 348; colour in 41 ; considered superior to the calotype 28-9; cost of 36, 41-2; early 26; early demonstrations of 39; early descriptions of 27-8, 35, 94-5; early Press reports 26, 39, 328; in literature 345; made public 34, 36; official report on, by Arago 37; quantities produced 42 Dali, Salvador 290, 372 Dancers, photographs of 354, 358, 183, 203 Danielsson, Bengt 366 Darwin, Charles. Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 337 Daubigny, Charles-Franc^ois 94, 337, g4 Daulte, Fran(;ois 350 Daumier, Honore 40, 48, 6 1 , 63, 1 52, 40, 48, 63, Davy, Humphry 304, 329 Decalcomania 290—3, 372 Degas, Edgar 18 1 ff., 354ff., 363, 1S5, 188, i8g, igi, igg, 201, 202, 3jj; Bouderie 187, i86\ Dancers Tying their Slippers 202, 203; Lafemme aux chrysanthemes 187, i86\ Le pas battu 205; as a photographer 187-9, 355^^' '^7'^ ^Y^" sight 356; and Hiroshige 357; and Japanese prints 196; and Muybridge 205-6, 208, 359, 204, 20J ; photographs in his studio 189 Delaborde, Henri 130, 141, 161 Delacroix, Eugene 119-25, 127, 141, 153, 161, 330, 342-4, 365, i2i\ Odalisque 125, 124; essays on the use of photography 119-22, 146; photographic album 122 3, 343, 124 Delamotte, Philip Henry 86 Delaroche, Paul 35 7, 331 De la Rue, W. joj Delaunay, Robert 256, 350 Delecluze, Etienne-Jean 128 Delessert, Benjamin 158, 342 Demachy, Robert 237, 241, 363 Demeny, Georges 214, 368 De Moraine, R. 2jg Demorest, W. J. 275 Denis, Maurice 251, 351, 354, 366 Depersonalization in modem art 298, 375 Derain, Andre 252, 366 De Stijl 297 8 Detaille, Jean-Baptiste-Edouard 216, 220, 221 Diagraph 23, 34 Diamond, Dr H. i§6 Diaz, Porfirio 68, 70 Dickens, Charles 54 Dieppe (France) 120, 123, 188. 189, 343, 365 Diorama 23. 177, 328 Disderi, Andre-Adolphe-Eugene 46, 57, 74, 155, 185, 187, 188, 348, 354-5, 358-9, 183, 188; satire on 201, 202; uncut cartes-de-visite 202, 358, 203, 358 Doesburg, Theo van 235 Dominguez, Oscar 290, 2gj Donne, Alfred 304, 349 Doo, George Thomas 159 60 Drawing devices 24 Drawing and photography 157 Duchamp, Marcel 255-8, 368, 256; Nude Descending a Staircase 256, 258, 25J Duchenne, Guillaume 337 Ducos du Hauron, Louis {see Hauron, Louis Duces du) Duhousset, Lieutenant-Colonel Emile2ii-i2, 216, 359 Diihrkoop, Rudolph 238, 23J Dujardin, Edouard 250 Duranty, Edmond 137, 345, 354 Duret, Theodore 66 Durieu, Eugene 120, 122 3, 139 42, 161, 342 4, 121 Dutilleux, Constant 91-2, 94, 123, 330, 343 Dyce, William 339 Eakins, Thomas 218, 223, 227, 360 Eastlake, Charles 42, 53, 116 391 Eastlakc. Elizabeth (Rigby) 53, 59, 65, 86, go Ecolc des Beaux-Arts 154, 21 i Eggeling. \'iking 297, 374 Eisendieck, Suzanne 188 Emerson, Peter Henn, 57-8, 223, 342, 353, toy Emulsions, photographic 58, 65; non- panchromatic 167 Engravers, prices received by 159 Engraving, and photography 157-60, 349, 8o\ compared with photographs 161; effect of photography on 246-7; from photographs 82, 28y\ montage from 284, 286-9, 371-3, 28y\ original 163; photography a threat to 26-7, 31-2, 34, 162-3; pirated by photographers 159; prices paid for 158-9 Ensor, James 367 Equestrian locomotion 206, 208, 2 1 1 ff., 358 ff., 20^, 206, 2oy, 222 Ernst, Max 253, 284-93, 37 ^"2, 286, 28y, 2gi Escholier, Raymond 123 Ethnological photography, early 336 Etty, William 53, jj Evans, Frederick 240 Excursions daguerriennes 82, 80, //j Exhibitions, 'abstract' photography 274, 299; Armory^ Show (191 3) 364; Berlin Dada (1920) 281-2; Gallery '291' 364; Inter- national, London (1862) 157, 196; Paris (1867) 196; Paris (1900) 233; Royal Academy, London (r86i) 156-7, ( 1894)247; Salon. Paris 364, (1859) 347, (1863) 177, 353 Exhibitions, photographic, (1839) 31, 36-7, (1853) 340, (1855) 141-2, (1856; 340, (1857) 140, (1859) 143, 347, 348, 352, 356, (1863) 154- 352, (1869; 366 Exhibitions, photography in Fine Art 53, 157, 349 Exotic subjects 79 83, 335-6 Experimental photography 233 5, 363 Exposure, high-speed 219 Fantin-Latour, Henri 61-2, 334, 63 Fencon. Felix 249-50 Fenton. Roger 83-4, 331, 336, 343, 83 Feuardent, Felix 92-3 Fevre, Jeanne 355-6 Flandrin, Hippolyte 56, 153, 333 Plottage 293 Flying-gallop 206, 213, 222 Focus, sharp and soft 77, 337 Fontainebleau Forest 352, 366 Fragmentation of images 309, 314 Fragmented effect in painting i 10- i i Freund, Gisele 55 Fries, Gerhard 355 Frith, Francis 46; on photographic perspective 190-2 Frith, William Powell 54, 159, 246, 333; Derby Day 54; Paddmgton Station 54, 252 ; Ruskin on 54 Fromentin. Eugene 348, 359 Frottage 290 Fry, Edward F. 367 Fumage 290 Futurism 189, 255 68, 297, 310, 368, 260, 261, 262, 264, 26^, 266 Gabo. Naum 267-8, 312, 26J Gage. John 338 Gallery '291" 240, 364 Gauguin, Paul 178^, 250-1, 366 Gautier, Theophile 82, 140, 343, 353, 359; on 1 86 1 Salon 147 Genoves, Juan 317, j/7 Genre subjects in photography 336, 349 Geofroy, Louis de 190, 344 Gericault, Theodore 206, 211, 216, 226, 359, 206 Gernsheim. Helmut and Alison 275, 349, 354 Gerome, Jean-Leon 81-3, 129, 211, 216, 218, 244. 349. ^'^ 244 Gilbreth, Frank 368 Gimpel, Rene 356 Gladstone, William Ewart. Millais's portraits of 339-40 Glass plates first used 90 Gleizes, Albert 252 Gogh, van {see Van Gogh) Gombrich, Ernst 195 Goncourt, Edmond de 198; Edmond and Jules 129, 139 Goodall, Thomas F. 353, loy Gorky, Arshile 32 1 Goupil & Co. 161 Goupil-Fesquet, Frederic 80 Graham, James 104, 144, 340 Grandguillaume, Adolphe 91 Grandville. J. J. J. 47. 47 Graphic Society 32 Graphic telescope 23, 328 Grieve, Alastair 338, 339, 340 Gris, Juan 268, 26g Gros, Baron J. B. L. 336 Grosz, George 278-82, 289, 280 Guerin. Marcel 189 Gueroult. Georges 216 Guillaume, Eugene 211 Gum-bichromate method 236 7, 363 Guys, Constantin 348 Haden, Seymour 344 Haffenrichter, Hans 311-12 Halation 88-90, 167 Hamerton, Philip i 16, 341-2, 352 Hamilton, George Heard 351 Hamilton, Richard 318 21, 368, 318-ig Hauron, Louis Ducos du 178, 205, 234, 363, 232 Hausmann, Raoul 278-81, 282, 288 Havell, Frederick James 32 Heartfield, John 278-81, 282-4, 289, 370 283, 284 Helmholtz, Hermann von 362 Henriet, Frederic 129 Henry, Charles 229, 363 Herkomer, Hubert 58, 218, 238, 247, 365, 257 Herschel, John 35 'High Art' photography 157, 349, 368 [see Artistic photography) Hill, David Octavius 50, 52-4, 86, 333, 50, jj Hiroshige 196, 357; One Hundred Views of Yedo 196, 197 Hirschfeld-Mack, Ludwig 301 Hoch, Hannah 278-81, 288, 281 Hogarth, William 20 Hokusai 196; Mangwa 196 Holman Hunt, William 104, 130, 144, 218, 335' 339, 352 Holme, Charles 364 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 182, 336 Homer, William I. 360 Hooke, Robert 376 Hosemann, Theodor 47-8, 48 Huet, Paul 27-8, 147-9 Hughes, Arthur 335, 340 Hunt, William Holman {see Holman Hunt, William) Huysmans, Joris Karl 196, 306 Idealism in photography defended 138, 346-7 Illustrators, photographic style of 59-60 Images trouvees 277 Impressionism i65fr., 35ofr. ; term associated with photography 350 Infra-red emulsion 304 Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique 49-52, 127, 153, 162, 332 3,5/; dislike of portrait painting 49; petition against photography 153 Innocent eye 127 Instantaneous image 181, 182, 184, 198, 354, 182, ig8; criticized 223-7; in art before photography 361 ; rejected 216-17 Isabey, Eugene 153 Italian art, early photographs of 158, 161 Ivins, Wilham M. Jun. 378 Jammes, Andre 198 Janin, Jules 26 Janssen, Pierre 306, 361 Japanese prints 64, 185, 190, 196 8, 247, 250, 279, 365; influence of photography on 279 Jean, Marcel 293 Jerusalem, photographs taken in 103 4 Jourdain, Francois 243 Jouvin, Hippolyte 176, 198, 174-5, 180, 200 Kandinsky, Wassily 253 Kepes, Gyorgy 312; Language of Vision 310; The New Landscape 3 1 o Kinetoscope 368 Kingsley, Charles 105 Klee, Paul 300-4, 375, 502, 303 Kodak camera 233 Kooning, Willem de 31 i Kozloff", Max 314 Laborde, Count Leon de 142 Lacan, Ernest 113, 153, 341 Ladeveze, Rouille 237 Landscape photography, early 85-9, 336 Landseer, Edwin 159 Larionov, Mikhail 298, 306 Lasinio, Carlo and Giovanni 1 58 Lawder, Standish 301 Leal, A. 307 Le Corbusier, C.-E. J. 307-8 Leech, John 331 Leger, Fernand 309, 314, 367, 371, 377 Le Gray, Gustave 89, 114, 136, 140, 331, 342, 353, '36 Legros, Alphonse 344 Leibl, Wilhelm 346 Leighton, Frederick i 16, 217, 246, 342 Lemoisne, P.-A. 184, 354 Lenbach, Franz 57 Leonardo da Vinci 293, 328 Lerebours, N.-P. 41, 82, 80 Leroy, Louis 170-2 Le Secq, Henri 75, 78, 88 9, 331, 342, 78 Leslie, C. R. 76, 1 14 Lewis, Wyndham 274 Lichtwark, Alfred 7 Liebermann, Max 68, 184 5 Liesegang, R. E. 301, 305, 301 Lincke 355 Linnell, John 1 15, 341 Lippold, Richard 310, 31 1 Lissitzky, El 294-5, 373, 294 Literature, daguerreotype in 345 Lloyd, James 377 Logsdail, William 244-5, ^45 393 London Stereoscopic Company 182, 354 Louis Napoleon 66, 134, 153-4 "Low life" subjects 344-5, 347 Lumiere, La 342-4 Lunar Society 329 Maar, Dora 369, 373 Machine aesthetic 236, 279-82 Maeterlinck, Maurice 240-1 Magritte, Rene 290, 372, 2g2 Malevich, Casimir 295-8, 312, 2gj, 2g6, 2gj Malraux, Andre 162, 324; Le muse'e imaginaire 162, 323, 377 Manet, Edouard 10, 61, 62ff., 334, 343. 356, 362, 64, 65; The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian 66 75, 343, 6y-J4 Man Ray 236, 288, 300-2, 366, 369, 372-5, 288, 300, 323 Marbling 293 Marcantonio, Raimondi 158, 161; works compared by Delacroix with photographs 120-3, 122 Marey, Etienne-Jules 212 14, 216 18, 227-9, 255-6, 258-68, 302-3, 359-62, 368-9, 372, 224, 228, 231, 2j6, 23g, 260, 262, 263, 26y, 268. 302 Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso 258, 264, 370 Martinet, Louis 162 Maskell, Alfred 237, 363 Mass communication media 313-14, 324 5, 378 Mass culture 324-78 Matisse, Henri 141-2, 253 Maxwell. James Clerk 178 Maxwell, William Stirling 160 Mayakovsky. Vladimir 294 Mayall, John Edwin 42, 102, 238, 338, 349 Mayer and Pierson 151-4, 150 Mayor, A. Hyatt 360 Meier-Graefe, Julius 184-5 Meissonier, Ernest 162, 211- 12, 212-15, 218, 245, 356, 360; and Muybridge 214-15; and photographic perspective 190 Melics, Georges 275 Memory method in drawing 1 19 Menpes, Mortimer 248, 365, 248 Menut-Alophe (Adolphe Menut; 150 Merante 183, 354, 358, 183 Meryon, Charles 56, 109-10, 340 Metternich, the Princess de 188 Microscope 274, 304fr., 376-7, 305, 307, 31 1 Millais, John Everett 106-8, i lo-i i, 218, 246, 339) "^7' ' ' ^ ^"d Rupert Potter 339 Millet, Jean-Franc^ois 92-3, 344; on portrait photography 337 Miniature painters become daguerreolypists 43 Miniature painting 42-7, 235, 331-2 Mir6,Joan 373 Mixed media 377 Moholy-Nagy. Laszlo 176, 236, 298 301, 374-5, 2gg, 374; The New Vision 270-2, 310; Vision in Motion 3 1 o Mondrian, Pict 374 Monet, Claude 166, 170, 170 2, 177, 344, 352, I J3; Boulevard des Capucines 170, 77/; series paintings prefigured in photography 35 Montage, from engravings 284, 286-9, 37 '^3' 28j\ in cinema 370 Moon, daguerreotype of 26 Moore, George 7, 58, 247 8 Morris, Jane (Mrs William) 108, 340 Morris, William 106, 340 Morse, Samuel F. B. 34, 304, 330, 336, 340-1 Movement, representation of 2 1 i AT. Mucha, Alphonse 376 Multiple exposure 268 Multiple images 258-60, 352 [see Marey) Munch, Edvard 251 Murray, Fairfax, 108 Musee imaginaire 162, 323, 377 Muybridge, Eadweard 202 8, 21 iff., 340, 359-63, 205, 2og., Animal Locomotion 205-8, 203, 2oy, 2ig, 220, 222; at the University of Pennsylvania 219; criticized 223-7; early publications on 359-60; in England (1882) 217-18, (1889) 222; in France 213 17; and Marey 213-14; on symbol and fact 214 Nadar (Felix Tournachon) 49, 56, 60, 61, 64, 92,94, 140, 142, 143, 152, 176,332,334.337. 343-8, 352-3. 358, 60, 64, g4, 142 3, 132, iy6; caricature on photographic perspective by 190, igo; description of his studios 353; satire on battle paintings 147, 148 Nadar, Paul 363 Nash, Paul 373 Natural colour in painting 251-2 Nature printing 290 Nature, La 212-13, 368, 371, 203 Nazis 282-4, ^^3^ ^^4 Near East 79, 83; photography of 336 Negre, Charles 60, 89, 1 12-13, 148, 331, 341, 343, 60, 112 Newhall, Beaumont 343, 360 Newhall, Nancy 369 Newton, William 43 6, 86-7, iii 12, 341, 343, 8y\, on photographic perspective 190 Niagara 82; daguerreotypes of 338, loi Niepce, Joseph-Nicephore 24-5, 328 Nieuwerkerke, Count 153 Nudes, photographs of 120 i, 130-3, 345-6, 366 Objective eye 166 Obscene photographs 130 i, 345 6 Orchardson, WiUiam Q. 116, 342 Ozenfant, Amedee 308 9 Paalen, Wolfgang 290 Page, William 340-1 Palgrave, Francis 364 Palmerston, Lord 150 i, 348 Papier colle 289 Papini, Giovanni 277 Parsey, Arthur 193, 356-7 Patents 32-3 Pavia, Phillip 377 Pennell, Joseph 165, 223, 241, 246, 361; on photographic perspective 193 5 Pennsylvania Academy Schools 218 Pennsylvania, University of 218, 219 Penrose, Roland 373 Perruchot, Henri 351 Persistence of vision 226-7, 359, 361 Perspective 189-95, 356-7; distortions 82, 364; photographic 195, 272, 351, ig4; photographic, Delacroix on 146; and psychology 195 Phenakistiscope 177, 206, 359 Photo-engravings 371 Photogenic drawing 28, 31, 299, 2g Photogram 293, 299-301, 369, 374-5, sgg Photographic, 'faults' 254; form, anticipation of in works of art 1 1

Society (London), first meeting of 340; studios, artists working in 75-6, 335 ; techniques used by contemporary

artists 320-1 ; tone 58ff., 64, 233, 55 Photographs, colouring of 1 57 ; compared with paintings 53, 75-6, 77, 142-4, 157, 368; early, cost of 41-2; early, number produced 41-2; painting and drawing over 338, 355-6, 44, •J4\ usefulness of small 341 Photography, and the law 32, 15 1-4, 158-9, 348-50, 371 ; as an industry 42-3, (statistics) 331 ; as Art [see Artistic photography); dis- tortions in colour-tone 160; early experi- ments with 25; in natural colours i"]"]-^, 353-4 [see Colour, natural, in photography)

on canvas 56-8, 333-4; other discoverers of 329; popularization of 219, 28§; precursors of 329 ; social effects of 33 1

use of kept secret

165, 350 Photo-mechanical reproduction 161 2, 309, 323, 349, 377; colour screen printing 362; early 24 Photomicrography 304ff., 329, 376, ^o^, ^oy Photomontage 278ff., 369-73, 275, 2y6, 283, 286; by Surrealist writers 372 Photo-Secessionists 240 Physiognomic expression, photography in 1 he- study of 337 Physiological optics 226-7 Picabia, Francis 364 Picasso, Pablo 268-72, 273, 275, 277, 369, 27/, 273 Pickersgill, F. R. 86 Plateau, Joseph-Antoine 226, 359 Poe, Edgar Allan 65 Pointelin, Auguste 253 Polak, Richard 240, 368, 240 Pollock, Jackson 368 Polygraphic method 329 Popular amusement, photography as a 234 {see Trick photography) Popular art 277 Popularization of photography 274 Portrait painting, problems of 332; posing 49, 56-7, 354 5; resistance to 49; special poses in 50 Portrait photography 331, 337; poses 354-5 Portraiture 238, 346 7; and the Ideal 139 Posing, problems of 49, 56-7, 354-5 Postcards 370, 372 Post-Impressionists on photography 249 ff., 365-6 Potter, Beatrix 339-40 Potter, Rupert 106, 339 Poulain, Gaston 351 Pound, Ezra 274, 369 Poynter, Edward i 16, 342 Prangey, Girault de 88 Pre-Raphaelites 106-8, 338-40; criticisms of 102 ff.; paintings compared with photographs 102-5 Pretsch process ( photo-galvanography) 162 Price, William Lake 349, 354 Primitive art 250 Primitive, modern 377 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 134 5, 138, 346 Prout, Samuel 328 Purism 308; in photography 233 Puyo, Camille 241 Pye, John 3 i Quinet, Achillc 170-yi Raimondi {see Marcantonio, Raimondi) Ramsaye, Terry 360 Rauschenberg, Robert 314 16, j/j Ray [see Man Ray) 395 Rayograph 300, 369, 300 Rayonnism 306 Realism liyff., 344 7; in painting defended 137 Redgrave, Richard and Samuel 43, 103 Redon, Odilon 162, 250, 306, 308, 366 Reff, Theodore 355 Reflected light compositions 301, 375 6 Regent Street (London) 42, 102 Rejlander, Oscar Gustave 108-9, 337' 349 Remington, Frederick 360-1 Renoir, Jean 231 Reportage, photographs of 83-4 Reproduction of works of art 31-2; photographic 26, 49, 157-63, 313, 349-50 Reutlinger 346 Re\vald,John 188, 351 Reynolds, Sir Joshua 21, 237 Richer, Paul 368, 23J Richmond, W. B. 58, 246 Richtcr, Hans 279, 282, 297, 314, 370, 374 Riesener, Leon 122 Robinson, Henry Peach 109, 157, 181 2, 238, 348, log Robinson, Theodore 89, 166^, 341, 351, 8g, 168 Robison, John 35 Rodchenko, Alexander 294, 373 Rodin, Auguste 218, 224-6, 241, 225; on instantaneous photographs 224-6 Rontgen, Wilhelm 266 Rood, Ogden 226-7, 363 Root, M. A. 57 Rosenberg, Harold 323 4 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel 104, 108, 335, 338 340; and Japanese prints 196 Rouart, Ernest 184 Rousseau, Theodore 92, 94 Royal Academy (London) 159, 217, 220; engravers in 159; exhibitions 238 Royal Commission report on the Academy, 1863 42, 159 60 Royal Institution 31, 217 Royal Society 31, 220 Rue, Warren de la 305, 306 Ruskin, John 12-13, 90, 95ff., 158, 218, 334, 337~8' 34O' 35^' 57; defends Pre-Raphaelites 102-5; demonstration with photograph of the Swiss Fribourg 104-5,339, /o^; describes camera obscura image 328; on Frith 54 Rutherford, Ernest 306 Salon, Paris (1850 51) 88, 128, (1853) 129, (1855) 94' "3' ('861) 147, (1863) 153, (1899) 242, (1900) 242; of photography. first State-sponsored (1859) 144; photographs in (1850-51) 140; review, Baudelaire (1859) 144-6 Sandblad, Nils G. 335 Sandby, Paul 19 20, 20 Sandby, Thomas 328 Sargent, John Singer 54, 60, 334 Satire {see Comic) Schad, Christian 299 Schadographs 299 Schopenhauer, Arthur 346 Schwarz, Heinrich 54 Schwerdtfeger, Kurt 301, 300 Schwitters, Kurt 299 Science 308 9. 312 Scientific photographs 310, 311 Sculpture 310; by photography 353; from Marey chronophotographs 259-61 ; Futurist 263, 266-8 Seascapes 346 Secret, use of photography kept 165, 350 Seddon, Thomas 103, 338, /05 Sequential images in photography and art 202-6, 358 [see Muybridge, MareyJ Series paintings 1 76 Seurat, Georges 229-31, 363, 230 Severini, Gino 256, 264, 370, 264 Shaw, George Bernard 240, 367 Shields, Frederick 335 Sickert, Walter Richard 56, 166, 189, 246, 338, 34I' 365 Signac, Paul 251, 284 Simultaneity 255, 265, 268-70 Sisley, Alfred i 76 Sizerannc, Robert de la 238 Smetham. James 75 Smith, Adolphe 365 Snapshot photography 170 7, 181 2, 184 5, 198, 244 Societe fran(;aise de Photographic 92, 109, 139; early membership 139; membership list 343; rejection of photographs by jury of 139 Societe Heliographique 104, 120, 139, 332; membership list 242 3 Society of Arts (London) 32, 217 Society, Photographic (London) 157 Solarization 301, 372, 301 Sous-bois subjects 352 South Kensington Art School (London) 222 Spectator 1 69 Spirit photographs 265-6 Stanfield, Clarkson 53, 86 Stanford, Leland 213-14 Steer, Wilson 54 Steichen, Edward 241, 364 Stein, Gertrude 240, 369 Stenger, Erich 370 Stereoscopic photographs 172-7, 180 2, 198, 354, 174-5, ^^o, 200, 2jg, 26y, J02; dio- ramic effects in 353 ; viewed in 'bioscope' 204 Stevens, Alfred 353 Stieglitz, Alfred 240, 364 Stijl, de 296 Stillman,J. D. B. 216 Strange, Edward 206 Streintz ig^ Studies, photographic nude 123-5 Studios, early photographic 42 Studio 58, 364; on photography 243-7 Sturt-Penrose, Barrie 377 Subjects in photography and painting, similarity of 79-80 Suprematism 295, 296 Surrealism 278, 286, 290-3, 297-8, 271-3 Surrealist photographers 371-3 Sutcliffe, Frank 334-8 Symbolists 249-50 Taine, Hippolyte 346-7 Tait, Robert 192, ig2 Talbot, William Henry Fox 24, 28 33, 85 6, 328, 336, 349^50, 2g, JO, 85; and high-speed photographs 181, 354; and photomicrography 304, 376, 305 Tatlin, Vladimir 281 Tchelitchcw, Pavel 369 Telephotographs 304ff., 361 Telescopic lens 318, 327 Tenniel, John 255 Terry, Ellen 55 Thaulow, Fritz 189 Thiriat, H. 287 Thomson, John 365 Thornbury, Walter 115 Time exposures i6g Tissandier, Gaston 212 13, 306 Tomlin, Bradley 31 i Tonal fluency in Surrealist painting 293 Tonal style in art, prevalence of 1 3 Tone, distortion in photographic 27-8, 58 if., 64-5, 90, 160, 364; photographic 344, 352 Tonks, Henry 54 Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 367 Trajectory photographs 302, 368 Trapp, Frank Anderson 343 Tretjakov, Sergei 279 Trevor-Roper, P. D. 356 Trick photography 235, 363, 370 Turner, Benjamin B. 77-8, 86, y8 Turner, J. M. W. 338, 341 ; and Mayall 338; work compared with photography 100-2, I or, his interest in photography 102 Tworkov, Jack 3 1 1 Typophotos 373 Tzara, Tristan 288, 299-300 Ubac (Raoul Michelet) 373, 572, 575 Ugly, photographs considered to be i 30 i Ukiyo-e prints 196-8, 357; and photography 198 Valery, Paul 184, 206, 209 Van Gogh, Theo 231 Van Gogh, Vincent 251 Varley, Cornelius 115, 341 Velasquez, Diego 216 Venice, calotypes of 98 9 ; daguerreotypes of 95 Vermeer, Jan 193, 328, ig^., {240) Vernet, Horace 80, 83, 149, 211, 335 Veron, Eugene 226 Victoria, Queen 43, 45 Viewpoints, high 174, 175, 176, 184, 201, 202 Villeneuve, Julien Vallou de 13 1-3, 342-3, 346, 133 Villon, Jacques 32 1 Vorticism 272-5, 369 Vortography 272-5, 307, 369, 2gg Wall, Alfred H. 156, 236, 356 Warhol, Andy 316, j/ 5 War photographs 83-4, 336 Watt, Boulton legend 329-30 Watts, George Frederick 55, 332, 356; on photographic perspective 192 Weber, Max 369 Wedgwood, Tom 304, 329 Wells, H. G. 240 Weston, Edward 272 Wey, Francis 344 Wheelwright, Edward 92 Whistler, James Abbot McNeill 54, 249 Wide-angled lens 195 Wilde, Oscar 10 Wilenski, R. H. 60 Willmore, James Tibbitts 32 Wind, Edgar 379 X-rays 266 Young, R. Y. 239 Yvon, Adolphe 55, 147, 148 Zecca, Ferdinand 275, 276 Ziegler, Jules Claude 120, 141, 342 Zoetrope 177, 206, 260 Zola, Emile 94, 149, 349 Zoopraxiscope 216-17, 227, 2og 397

See also

• Painting and photography