Burlington Arcade
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| - | =====Renaissance to Modern===== | + | The '''Burlington Arcade''' is a covered shopping arcade in [[London]] that runs behind [[Bond Street]] from [[Piccadilly]] through to Burlington Gardens. It is one of the precursors of the mid-19th century European shopping gallery and the modern [[shopping centre]]. The Burlington Arcade was built "for the sale of jewellery and fancy articles of fashionable demand, for the gratification of the public". |
| - | Italy of the 15th century, and the city of Florence in particular, was home to the Renaissance. It is in Florence that the new architectural style had its beginning, not slowly evolving in the way that [[Gothic Architecture|Gothic]] grew out of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], but consciously brought to being by particular architects who sought to revive the order of a past "[[Golden Age]]". The scholarly approach to the architecture of the ancient coincided with the general revival of learning. A number of factors were influential in bringing this about. | + | |
| - | Italian architects had always preferred forms that were clearly defined and structural members that expressed their purpose. Many Tuscan Romanesque buildings demonstrate these characteristics, as seen in the Florence Bapistry and Pisa Cathedral. | + | The arcade was built to the order of Lord George Cavendish, younger brother of the [[William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire|5th Duke of Devonshire]], who had inherited the adjacent [[Burlington House]], on what had been the side garden of the house and was reputedly to prevent passers-by throwing oyster shells and other rubbish over the wall of his home. His architect was [[Samuel Ware]]. The Arcade opened in 1819. It consisted of a single straight top-lit walkway lined with seventy-two small two storey units. Some of the units have now been combined, reducing the number of shops to around forty. The ponderous Piccadilly façade in a late version of Victorian [[Mannerism]] was added in the early 20th century. |
| - | The presence, particularly in Rome, of ancient architectural remains showing the ordered [[Classical style]] provided an inspiration to artists at a time when philosophy was also turning towards the Classical. | + | The pedestrian arcade, with smart uniform shop fronts under a glazed roof, has always been an [[upmarket]] retail location. It is patrolled by Burlington Arcade [[Beadle]]s in traditional uniforms including [[top hat]]s and [[frockcoat]]s. The original beadles were all former members of Lord George Cavendish's regiment, the [[10th Royal Hussars|10th Hussars]]. Present tenants include a range of clothing, footwear and accessory shops, art and antique dealers and the jewellers and dealers in antique silver for which the Arcade is best known. |
| - | Italy then became a main European centre for the baroque, with diverse baroque architectural styles emerging, especially in [[Sicily]] (see [[Sicilian baroque]]). In the 18th and 19th centuries neo-classical style buildings began to appear in Rome, [[Milan]], [[Turin]] and all around Italy. The 19th century also saw the construction of several considerable works of Italian architecture, including the [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Milan, one of the world's oldest shopping galleries, which influenced others such as the [[Galleria Umberto I]] in Naples, the [[Burlington Arcade]] in [[London]] and the [[Passazh]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. | + | The Burlington Arcade was the successful prototype for larger glazed shopping arcades, beginning with the [[Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert|Saint-Hubert Gallery]] in Brussels and [[The Passage]] in [[St Petersburg]], the first of Europe's grand arcades, to the [[Galleria Umberto I]] in Naples or the [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Milan. |
| - | In the 20th century, Italy too saw the construction of several significant edifices, starting in the Art Nouveau architectural style, which in Italy was called, ''Liberty'' architecture. Rationalist-Fascist architecture developed in Italy during the Fascist era, lasting until the 1940s. During that period Italy built the world's first motorway between Milan and [[Varese]] in 1921, and considerable architectural works of the era include Fiat's [[Lingotto]], at the time the world's biggest automobile factory. In the 1950s and 60s several skyscrapers were built across the country, the [[Pirelli Tower]] and the [[Torre Velasca]] being the most notable. The 21st century most notable Italian buildings are at the [[FieraMilano]] exposition centre in [[Rho, Italy|Rho]], just outside Milan, (one of Europe's biggest and most important exhibition centres) and the new plans for the [[Expo 2015]] to be held in Milan too, where three new skyscapers called "''lo storto''", "''il curvo''" and "''il diritto''" will be constructed by foreign architects such as Zaha Hadid, Arata Isozaki and Daniel Libeskind. This will also be a project or urban re-development, called "City-Life", where new pedestrian areas, parks, green spaces, lakes and waterways will be constructed, in the North-Western part of Milan. | + | The sedate atmosphere of the Burlington Arcade was interrupted in 1964 when a [[Jaguar Mark X]] charged down the arcade, scattering pedestrians, and six masked men leapt out, smashed the windows of the Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Association shop and stole jewellery valued at £35,000. They were never caught. |
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| - | No authentic portrait of Sade, either painted or engraved, is known ; those lately issued in Brussels—the one, very badly engraved, in an oval frame, said to be " De la collection de M. De la Porte," the second fairly engraved, representing the Marquis surrounded by demons who are blowing into his ears, signed H. Biberstein, sc, and subscribed, " De la collection de Mr. H*** de Paris —are pure inventions. | ||
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| - | * Most of these anecdotes are reproduced at length in the ''[[Bibliographie et Iconographie de tous les ouvrages de Restif de la Bretonne]]''[http://www.archive.org/details/bibliographieet00palgoog] to which excellent work the student should refer concerning Sade. [[Dictionnaire des Athées]], Suppléments, p. 84. | ||
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| - | :It cannot escape notice that both [[Uzanne]] and [[Lacroix]], as also the [[Biberstein]] picture, delineate a markedly homosexual type, and there can be no doubt that at this period the Marquis de Sade was greatly addicted to passive homosexuality. --''[[Essays in Petto]]'' (1977) by | ||
| - | [[Montague Summers]] | ||
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| - | [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade] | ||
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| - | ''[[Portrait Fantaisiste du Marquis de Sade]]'' par [[H. Biberstein]] (D'après le reproduction publieé en [[frontispiece]] de la [[Correspondance de Mme Gourdan]], Edition 1866),' Reproduced in [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], [[L 'Oeuvre du Marquis de Sade]], Paris, | ||
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The Burlington Arcade is a covered shopping arcade in London that runs behind Bond Street from Piccadilly through to Burlington Gardens. It is one of the precursors of the mid-19th century European shopping gallery and the modern shopping centre. The Burlington Arcade was built "for the sale of jewellery and fancy articles of fashionable demand, for the gratification of the public".
The arcade was built to the order of Lord George Cavendish, younger brother of the 5th Duke of Devonshire, who had inherited the adjacent Burlington House, on what had been the side garden of the house and was reputedly to prevent passers-by throwing oyster shells and other rubbish over the wall of his home. His architect was Samuel Ware. The Arcade opened in 1819. It consisted of a single straight top-lit walkway lined with seventy-two small two storey units. Some of the units have now been combined, reducing the number of shops to around forty. The ponderous Piccadilly façade in a late version of Victorian Mannerism was added in the early 20th century.
The pedestrian arcade, with smart uniform shop fronts under a glazed roof, has always been an upmarket retail location. It is patrolled by Burlington Arcade Beadles in traditional uniforms including top hats and frockcoats. The original beadles were all former members of Lord George Cavendish's regiment, the 10th Hussars. Present tenants include a range of clothing, footwear and accessory shops, art and antique dealers and the jewellers and dealers in antique silver for which the Arcade is best known.
The Burlington Arcade was the successful prototype for larger glazed shopping arcades, beginning with the Saint-Hubert Gallery in Brussels and The Passage in St Petersburg, the first of Europe's grand arcades, to the Galleria Umberto I in Naples or the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan.
The sedate atmosphere of the Burlington Arcade was interrupted in 1964 when a Jaguar Mark X charged down the arcade, scattering pedestrians, and six masked men leapt out, smashed the windows of the Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Association shop and stole jewellery valued at £35,000. They were never caught.
