Cult
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | #redirect[[cult following]] | + | [[Image:Véritable portrait de Monsieur Ubu, par Alfred Jarry (1896).png|thumb|right|200px| |
| + | This page ''{{PAGENAME}}'' is part of the [[publication bias list of the Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia]], presented by [[Alfred Jarry]].]] | ||
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| + | [[Image:Index Librorum Prohibitorum.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'' ("[[banned books|List of Prohibited Books]]") listed the [[cult]] books of their time, thereby demonstrating the ambiguous relationship between [[censor]] and [[succès de scandale]].]] | ||
| + | {{Template}} | ||
| + | :''[[cult (religious practice)]]'' | ||
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| + | :''This article gives a general cultural account of "cult". For its usage in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" see [[Cult (religious practice)]]. For religious groups with modern origins see [[New religious movement]]. For religion in general see [[Religion]]. For other uses see [[Cult (disambiguation)]].'' | ||
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| + | The word '''cult''' in current popular usage is a [[pejorative]] term for a [[new religious movement]] or other group whose beliefs or practices are considered abnormal or bizarre by the larger [[society]]. | ||
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| + | Usage of the word has been controversial. One reason is that the word "cult" (as used in the pejorative sense) is considered a subjective term, used as an [[ad hominem]] attack against groups with simply differing doctrines or practices, and without a clear or consistent definition. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The word originally denoted a system of [[Cult (religious practice)|ritual practices]]. The word was first used in the early 17th century denoting homage paid to a divinity and borrowed via the French ''culte'' from [[Latin]] ''cultus'' "worship", from the adjective ''cultus'' "inhabited, cultivated, worshipped", derived from the verb ''[[colere]]'' "care, cultivate." | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[Cults and new religious movements in literature and popular culture]] | ||
| + | *[[Cult of personality]] | ||
| + | *[[Cult following]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Footnotes== | ||
| + | {{reflist|2}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | *<cite id = Cowan2003>{{cite book | author=Cowan, Douglas E. | title= Bearing False Witness? An Introduction to the Christian Countercult | publisher=Praeger | location=Westport, CT | year=2003 |isbn=978-0-275-97459-6}} | ||
| + | *<cite id = Lewis2004>{{Cite book | author= [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|Lewis, James R.]] | year = 2004 | title = The Oxford handbook of New Religious Movements | publisher=Oxford University Press US | isbn=0-19-514986-6}} | ||
| + | *<cite id = Richardson93>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3511972 | author = [[James T. Richardson|Richardson, James T.]] | year = 1993 | title = Definitions of Cult: From Sociological-Technical to Popular-Negative | journal = Review of Religious Research | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 348–356 | jstor = 3511972}} | ||
| + | *<cite id = RichardsonIntrovigne>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/0021-8294.00046 | author = Richardson, James T. and [[Massimo Introvigne|Introvigne, Massimo]] | year = 2001 | title = 'Brainwashing' Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on 'Cults' and 'Sects' | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–168}} | ||
| + | *<cite id = StarkBainbridge>{{cite book | author=[[Rodney Stark|Stark, Rodney]] and [[William Sims Bainbridge|Bainbridge, William Sims]] | title= The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkley, CA | year=1987 |isbn=978-0-520-05731-9}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Bibliography== | ||
| + | ;Books | ||
| + | {{refbegin}} | ||
| + | * [[Eileen Barker|Barker, E.]] (1989) ''New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction'', London, HMSO | ||
| + | * Bromley, David et al.: ''Cults, Religion, and Violence'', 2002, ISBN 0-521-66898-0 | ||
| + | * Enroth, Ronald. (1992) ''[[Churches that Abuse]]'', Zondervan, ISBN 0-310-53290-6 [http://www.apologeticsindex.org/716-churches-that-abuse-online-book Full text online] | ||
| + | * Esquerre, Arnaud: ''La manipulation mentale. Sociologie des sectes en France'', Fayard, Paris, 2009. | ||
| + | * Hassan, Steve: ''Combatting Cult Mind Control'', Park Street Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-89281-311-7 | ||
| + | * Hassan, Steve: ''Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves'', 2000, ISBN 978-0-9670688-0-0, Freedom of Mind Press | ||
| + | * House, Wayne: ''Charts of Cults, Sects, and Religious Movements'', 2000, ISBN 0-310-38551-2 | ||
| + | * Kramer, Joel and Alstad, Diane: ''The Guru Papers: Masks of Authoritarian Power'', 1993. | ||
| + | * Lalich, Janja: ''Bounded Choice: True Believers and Charismatic Cults'', 2004, ISBN 0-520-24018-9 | ||
| + | * Landau Tobias, Madeleine et al. : ''Captive Hearts, Captive Minds'', 1994, ISBN 0-89793-144-0 | ||
| + | * [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|Lewis, James R.]] ''The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2004 | ||
| + | * [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|Lewis, James R.]] ''Odd Gods: New Religions and the Cult Controversy'', [[Prometheus Books]], 2001 | ||
| + | * Martin, Walter et al.: ''[[The Kingdom of the Cults]]'', 2003, ISBN 0-7642-2821-8 | ||
| + | * [[J. Gordon Melton|Melton, Gordon]]: ''Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America'', 1992 [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815311400 (Search inside]), ISBN 0-8153-1140-0 | ||
| + | * Oakes, Len: ''Prophetic Charisma: The Psychology of Revolutionary Religious Personalities'', 1997, ISBN 0-8156-0398-3 | ||
| + | * [[Margaret Singer|Singer, Margaret Thaler]]: ''Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace'', 1992, ISBN 0-7879-6741-6 | ||
| + | * Tourish, Dennis: '''On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left'', 2000, ISBN 0-7656-0639-9 | ||
| + | * Williams, Miriam: (1998) ''Heaven's Harlots: My Fifteen Years As a Sacred Prostitute in the Children of God Cult ''. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0-688-15504-9. | ||
| + | * [[Colin Wilson|Wilson, Colin]] ''Rogue Messiahs: Tales of Self-Proclaimed Saviors'', 2000, [[Hampton Roads Publishing Company]]. ISBN 978-1-57174-175-2 | ||
| + | * Zablocki, Benjamin et al.: ''Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field'', 2001, ISBN 0-8020-8188-6 | ||
| + | {{refend}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;Articles | ||
| + | {{refbegin}} | ||
| + | *Szubin, Jensen, Gregg (FBI) : Interacting with "cults" : a policing model [http://www.icsahome.com/infoserv_articles/szubin_adam_policing_model.htm] | ||
| + | * Hardin, John W.: Defining a Cult – The Borderline Between Christian and Counterfeit: Article defining a cult by its attributes from a Biblical Christian perspective.[http://www.gideonsword.net/WordPress/] | ||
| + | * Langone, Michael: Cults: Questions and Answers [http://www.csj.org/infoserv_articles/langone_michael_cultsqa.htm] | ||
| + | * [[Robert Jay Lifton|Lifton, Robert Jay]]: ''Cult Formation'', ''The Harvard Mental Health Letter'', February 1991 [http://www.csj.org/infoserv_articles/lifton_robert.htm] | ||
| + | * Moyers. Jim: ''Psychological Issues of Former Members of Restrictive Religious Groups'' [http://home.earthlink.net/%7Ejcmmsm/article/index.html] | ||
| + | * Richmond, Lee J. :''When Spirituality Goes Awry: Students in Cults'', Professional School Counseling, June 2004 [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KOC/is_5_7/ai_n6121244] | ||
| + | * Robbins, T. and D. Anthony, 1982. "Deprogramming, brainwashing and the medicalization of deviant religious groups" ''Social Problems'' '''29''' pp 283–97. | ||
| + | * Shaw, Daniel: ''Traumatic abuse in cults'' [http://members.aol.com/shawdan/essay.htm] | ||
| + | * [[James Richardson (sociologist)|James T. Richardson]]: "Definitions of Cult: From Sociological-Technical to Popular-Negative" ''Review of Religious Research'' '''34'''.4 (June 1993), pp. 348–356. | ||
| + | * Rosedale, Herbert et al.: ''On Using the Term "Cult"'' [http://www.csj.org/infoserv_articles/langone_michael_term_cult.htm] | ||
| + | * Van Hoey, Sara: ''Cults in Court'' The Los Angeles Lawyer, February 1991 [http://www.csj.org/infoserv_articles/van_hoey_sara_cults_in_court.htm] | ||
| + | * [[Philip Zimbardo|Zimbardo, Philip]]: ''What messages are behind today's cults?'', American Psychological Association Monitor, May 1997 [http://www.csj.org/infoserv_articles/zimbardo_philip_messeges.htm] | ||
| + | * Aronoff, Jodi; Lynn, Steven Jay; Malinosky, Peter. ''Are cultic environments psychologically harmful?'', ''Clinical Psychology Review'', 2000, Vol. 20 #1 pp. 91–111 | ||
| + | * [[Mikael Rothstein|Rothstein, Mikael]], ''[[Hagiography]] and Text in the [[Aetherius Society]]: Aspects of the Social Construction of a Religious Leader'', an article which appeared in the book ''New Religions in a Postmodern World'' edited by Mikael Rothstein and Reender Kranenborg, RENNER Studies in New religions, [[Aarhus University]] press, ISBN 87-7288-748-6 | ||
| + | {{refend}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | {{wikiquote}} | ||
| + | {{wikisource|Category:Cults}} | ||
| + | {{commons|Cults}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.cesnur.org/ CESNUR] See [[CESNUR]] (the works of some scholars in the area of new religious movements [[New religious movement|NRMs]]) | ||
| + | * [http://www.religioustolerance.org/ Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance] – articles and essays about religious groups and related subjects. | ||
| + | * [http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu University of Virginia Religious Movements Homepage] – Website featuring the opinions and collected papers of the late sociologist [[Jeffrey Hadden]], regarding new religious movements, now edited by [[Douglas E. Cowan]] | ||
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| + | {{New Religious Movements, Cults, and Sects}} | ||
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| + | [[Category:Cults| ]] | ||
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| + | [[cy:Cwlt]] | ||
| + | [[de:Sekte]] | ||
| + | [[es:Secta]] | ||
| + | [[et:Kultus]] | ||
| + | [[fr:Secte]] | ||
| + | [[ko:컬트]] | ||
| + | [[la:Cultus (sensu moderno)]] | ||
| + | [[ia:Culto]] | ||
| + | [[he:כת]] | ||
| + | [[it:Setta]] | ||
| + | [[lb:Sekt]] | ||
| + | [[ms:Organisasi ajaran sesat]] | ||
| + | [[ja:カルト]] | ||
| + | [[pl:Sekta destrukcyjna]] | ||
| + | [[pt:Seita]] | ||
| + | [[ru:Тоталитарная секта]] | ||
| + | [[sl:Kult]] | ||
| + | [[sr:Секта]] | ||
| + | [[fi:Kultti]] | ||
| + | [[zh:邪教]] | ||
| + | [[ar:الطائفة]] | ||
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| + | A '''cult following''' is a group of [[fan (person)|fans]] devoted to a specific area of [[pop culture]]. Cult followings most often develop around [[cult television|television shows]], [[cult film|films]], [[cult fiction|books]], and [[cult radio|radio]] programs. Some [[comic book]]s, [[video game]]s, [[musician]]s and [[writer]]s also gain cult followings. Non-media items may also have what could be considered cult followings, for example the [[Apple|Apple computers]]. | ||
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| + | Cult followings are often dedicated enough that many people of similar interest are familiar with one another due to convention gatherings, concerts, message boards, Internet chat rooms, word of mouth, or shops featuring related items. | ||
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| + | These dedicated followings are usually relatively small and pertain to items that don't have broad [[mainstream]] appeal. An exception is ''[[Star Trek]]'', whose followers call themselves "[[Trekkie]]s" or "Trekkers". ''Star Trek'' has an extremely large following but can still be considered 'cult' due to the intense loyalty the franchise inspires. | ||
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| + | "Cult following" is also used to describe the more obsessive fans of established mainstream performers. For example, many persons have been interested in [[Michael Jackson]]'s music or in [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] films, but some fans take their interest to extreme levels, [[hoarding]] vast amounts of collectables. Some such "cult fans" occasionally veer into [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]]s or [[stalking]]; however, cult followings do not necessitate that individuals partake in cultish activities. | ||
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| + | Cult followings establish their own [[canon (fiction)|canon]]s and cherish the notion of [[cult classic]]s, which are individual items with cult followings. Cult followings are usually generated through a film or television show having targeted a particular genre, typically [[fantasy]], sci-fi, comedy or horror, but occasionally other types of films or TV series will produce a cult following. | ||
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| + | While ''cult followings'' are unquestionably more prevalent among the uncritical, examples of this phenomenon exist in serious culture as well, especially among certain sub-segments of the public, such as gay men and other cultural minorities. Thus we find cults of certain writers, such as [[Yukio Mishima]], [[Colette]], or [[Simone de Beauvoir]]; composers like [[Erik Satie]] or [[Edgar Varèse]]; or performers, like [[Maria Callas]]. | ||
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| + | A [[cult]] following is a group of [[fan]]s devoted to a [[people|specific persons]] or [[cultural artifact]]s, examples are [[cult film|film]]s, [[television]] or [[radio program]]s, [[cult fiction|novel]]s, [[musician]]s, [[writer]]s and [[film director]]s. These dedicated followings are usually [[minority|relatively small]] and pertain to items that don't have broad mainstream appeal due to their [[underground]] subject matter or [[experimental]] style. In literature, one might refer to "cult books" or "cult fiction", in cinema, one refers to "cult movies", "cult cinema" or "cult films", in music one refers not to cult, but to "underground music", "alternative". | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Etymology== | ||
| + | From ''cult'' and ''following''. Cult is derived from Latin ''[[cultus]]'', see [[cult (religious practice)]], many fans of cult items have a religious, idolatrous and [[fetishistic]] [[devotion]] -- appropriately so because the terms [[cult]], [[fetish]] and [[idol]] have their origins in '[[primitive religion|primitive religion]]. | ||
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| + | The term "cult" first appeared in [[English language|English]] in 1617, derived from the French ''culte'', meaning "[[worship]]" or "a particular form of worship" which in turn originated from the [[Latin]] word '''''cultus''''' meaning "care, cultivation, worship," originally "tended, cultivated," as in the past participle of ''colere'' "to till the soil". In French, for example, sections in newspapers giving the schedule of worship at [[Catholic church]]es are headed ''Culte Catholique''; the section giving the schedule of Protestant churches is headed ''culte réformé''. | ||
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| + | The meaning "devotion to a person or thing" is from 1829. Starting about 1920, ''"cult"'' acquired an additional six or more connotatively positive and negative definitions that are separately discussed in the article [[Cult]]. | ||
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| + | ==Examples== | ||
| + | There is not always a clear difference between cult and [[mainstream]] media. The film ''[[Pink Flamingos]]'' is known for its disgusting scenes, and only a small number of people are drawn to this movie. Therefore it can be classified as a [[cult movie]]. Franchises such as ''[[Seinfeld]]'', ''[[Star Trek (franchise)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Star Wars]]'', ''[[Harry Potter]]'', ''[[The Hunger Games trilogy|The Hunger Games]]'', and ''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'' have core groups of fanatical followers but still attract mass audiences, so some (e.g. actor [[Bruce Campbell]], see below), argue they cannot be considered true cult films. Professors Xavier Mendik and Ernest Mathijs, authors of ''100 Cult Films'', argue that the devoted following among these films make them cult classics. | ||
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| + | Some cults are only popular within a certain [[subculture]]. The film ''[[Woodstock (film)|Woodstock]]'' is especially loved within the [[hippie]] subculture. ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' has a cult following of [[Punk subculture|punk]]s, [[skinhead]]s and other groups. Certain [[mainstream]] icons can become cult icons in a different context for certain people. ''[[Reefer Madness]]'' was originally intended to warn youth against the use of [[marijuana]], but due to its ridiculous plot and cheap look, it is now often watched by audiences consisting of [[cannabis smoking|marijuana-smokers]] and has gained a cult following. | ||
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| + | Actor [[Bruce Campbell]] (he himself called "The King of B-Movies", and maintaining a dedicated cult following for films such as ''[[The Evil Dead]]'') once contrasted "mainstream films" and "cult films" by defining the former as "a film that 1,000 people watch 100 times" and the latter as "a film that 100 people watch 1,000 times". | ||
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| + | [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s films borrow stylistically from classic cult movies, but are appreciated by a large audience, and therefore lie somewhere between cult and mainstream. Certain cult phenomena can grow to such proportions that they become [[mainstream]]. | ||
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| + | It often takes a few years before a cult starts to form around a particular film or band. [[Captain Beefheart]]'s album ''[[Trout Mask Replica]]'', [[Jim Carrey]]'s film ''[[The Cable Guy]]'' and the TV series ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'' were originally not very successful, but as time went by built up a cult following. In some cases this cult status is unexpected, like the [[Disney]] film ''[[Fantasia (film)|Fantasia]]'' (1940), which was a [[Box office bomb|flop]] at its release, but was re-appreciated by fans of [[psychedelic]]a in the 1960s. Some films, especially from within the science fiction and horror genres, were produced with the specific goal of achieving cult status, like the drug oriented movie ''[[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)|Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'', and most films by [[Terry Gilliam]]. Other examples which fall into the category of "intentional cult film" are ''[[Repo Man (film)|Repo Man]]'' (1984), ''[[The Toxic Avenger (film)|The Toxic Avenger]]'' (1984), the sequence of ''[[The Evil Dead (franchise)|The Evil Dead]]'' horror films beginning in 1981, and ''[[Brazil (film)|Brazil]]'' (1985). | ||
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| + | Many cancelled television shows (especially ones that had a short run life) see new life in a fan following. One notable example is ''[[Invader Zim]]'', an animated show that aired for 2 seasons on Nickelodeon before being cancelled. The series enjoys a good life on DVD, and many specialty stores such as [[Hot Topic]] sell clothing and merchandise associated with it. Another examples are ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'' and ''[[Joan Of Arcadia]]'', which had short life, but a large fan base until now. | ||
| + | Long-running TV series such as ''[[The X-Files]]'', ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'' and ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' also have huge cult followings. | ||
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| + | In a [[BBC]] review of ''[[Farscape]]'' episode "Throne for a Loss", Richard Manning, the review writer said "Farscape is now officially a cult series because it's being shown out of sequence." The episode in question was actually shown as the second episode, after the premiere; despite originally being intended as the fifth episode to be shown. | ||
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| + | [[Anime]], [[manga]], [[kung fu]] films and [[kaiju]] are mainstream entertainment in [[Japan]], but elsewhere are generally appreciated by a cult audience. ''[[Doctor Who]]'' is a [[prime time]] family show in [[Great Britain]], but during a 15-year period out of production, gained cult status among fans; it is also a cult series in the US. Also, the animated pre-school show ''[[Pocoyo]]'' has attracted a reasonably large cult following among viewers older than its target audience due to the show's humour and its narrator, [[Stephen Fry]]. | ||
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| + | == Defining cult items == | ||
| + | * Cult items are in the eye of the beholders. | ||
| + | * Cult items are may or may not be mainstream. | ||
| + | * Cult items attract obsessive fans | ||
| + | * Cult items generally don't gain that status until some time after their release. | ||
| + | * An item that attracts too large a number of fans cannot be regarded as a cult item. | ||
| + | * In fiction, items of certain genres (horror, science fiction) are more likely to be regarded as "cult" items. | ||
| + | * The attraction of cult items is sometimes totally different to the original intentions of the author. | ||
| + | * In fiction, cult items often contain "subversive" elements like references to homosexuality. | ||
| + | * Cult items are collectible and are avidly collected. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Cult fiction]] | ||
| + | * [[Cult director]] | ||
| + | * [[Cult figure]] | ||
| + | * [[Cult film]] | ||
| + | * [[Cult movie stars]] | ||
| + | * [[Cult objects]] (product design) | ||
| + | * [[Cult radio]] | ||
| + | * [[Cult television]] | ||
| + | * A [[cult of personality]] is sometimes used to refer to a political leader and his following, voluntary or otherwise. | ||
| + | *[[Otaku]] | ||
| + | *[[Sleeper hit]] | ||
| + | *[[Underground music]] | ||
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| + | |||
| + | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 14:21, 9 April 2013
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Related e |
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Featured: |
- This article gives a general cultural account of "cult". For its usage in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" see Cult (religious practice). For religious groups with modern origins see New religious movement. For religion in general see Religion. For other uses see Cult (disambiguation).
The word cult in current popular usage is a pejorative term for a new religious movement or other group whose beliefs or practices are considered abnormal or bizarre by the larger society.
Usage of the word has been controversial. One reason is that the word "cult" (as used in the pejorative sense) is considered a subjective term, used as an ad hominem attack against groups with simply differing doctrines or practices, and without a clear or consistent definition.
The word originally denoted a system of ritual practices. The word was first used in the early 17th century denoting homage paid to a divinity and borrowed via the French culte from Latin cultus "worship", from the adjective cultus "inhabited, cultivated, worshipped", derived from the verb colere "care, cultivate."
Contents |
See also
- Cults and new religious movements in literature and popular culture
- Cult of personality
- Cult following
Footnotes
References
- Template:Cite book
- <cite id = Lewis2004>Template:Cite book
- <cite id = Richardson93>Template:Cite journal
- <cite id = RichardsonIntrovigne>Template:Cite journal
- <cite id = StarkBainbridge>Template:Cite book
Bibliography
- Books
- Barker, E. (1989) New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction, London, HMSO
- Bromley, David et al.: Cults, Religion, and Violence, 2002, ISBN 0-521-66898-0
- Enroth, Ronald. (1992) Churches that Abuse, Zondervan, ISBN 0-310-53290-6 Full text online
- Esquerre, Arnaud: La manipulation mentale. Sociologie des sectes en France, Fayard, Paris, 2009.
- Hassan, Steve: Combatting Cult Mind Control, Park Street Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-89281-311-7
- Hassan, Steve: Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves, 2000, ISBN 978-0-9670688-0-0, Freedom of Mind Press
- House, Wayne: Charts of Cults, Sects, and Religious Movements, 2000, ISBN 0-310-38551-2
- Kramer, Joel and Alstad, Diane: The Guru Papers: Masks of Authoritarian Power, 1993.
- Lalich, Janja: Bounded Choice: True Believers and Charismatic Cults, 2004, ISBN 0-520-24018-9
- Landau Tobias, Madeleine et al. : Captive Hearts, Captive Minds, 1994, ISBN 0-89793-144-0
- Lewis, James R. The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements Oxford University Press, 2004
- Lewis, James R. Odd Gods: New Religions and the Cult Controversy, Prometheus Books, 2001
- Martin, Walter et al.: The Kingdom of the Cults, 2003, ISBN 0-7642-2821-8
- Melton, Gordon: Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America, 1992 (Search inside), ISBN 0-8153-1140-0
- Oakes, Len: Prophetic Charisma: The Psychology of Revolutionary Religious Personalities, 1997, ISBN 0-8156-0398-3
- Singer, Margaret Thaler: Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace, 1992, ISBN 0-7879-6741-6
- Tourish, Dennis: 'On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left, 2000, ISBN 0-7656-0639-9
- Williams, Miriam: (1998) Heaven's Harlots: My Fifteen Years As a Sacred Prostitute in the Children of God Cult . William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0-688-15504-9.
- Wilson, Colin Rogue Messiahs: Tales of Self-Proclaimed Saviors, 2000, Hampton Roads Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-57174-175-2
- Zablocki, Benjamin et al.: Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field, 2001, ISBN 0-8020-8188-6
- Articles
- Szubin, Jensen, Gregg (FBI) : Interacting with "cults" : a policing model [1]
- Hardin, John W.: Defining a Cult – The Borderline Between Christian and Counterfeit: Article defining a cult by its attributes from a Biblical Christian perspective.[2]
- Langone, Michael: Cults: Questions and Answers [3]
- Lifton, Robert Jay: Cult Formation, The Harvard Mental Health Letter, February 1991 [4]
- Moyers. Jim: Psychological Issues of Former Members of Restrictive Religious Groups [5]
- Richmond, Lee J. :When Spirituality Goes Awry: Students in Cults, Professional School Counseling, June 2004 [6]
- Robbins, T. and D. Anthony, 1982. "Deprogramming, brainwashing and the medicalization of deviant religious groups" Social Problems 29 pp 283–97.
- Shaw, Daniel: Traumatic abuse in cults [7]
- James T. Richardson: "Definitions of Cult: From Sociological-Technical to Popular-Negative" Review of Religious Research 34.4 (June 1993), pp. 348–356.
- Rosedale, Herbert et al.: On Using the Term "Cult" [8]
- Van Hoey, Sara: Cults in Court The Los Angeles Lawyer, February 1991 [9]
- Zimbardo, Philip: What messages are behind today's cults?, American Psychological Association Monitor, May 1997 [10]
- Aronoff, Jodi; Lynn, Steven Jay; Malinosky, Peter. Are cultic environments psychologically harmful?, Clinical Psychology Review, 2000, Vol. 20 #1 pp. 91–111
- Rothstein, Mikael, Hagiography and Text in the Aetherius Society: Aspects of the Social Construction of a Religious Leader, an article which appeared in the book New Religions in a Postmodern World edited by Mikael Rothstein and Reender Kranenborg, RENNER Studies in New religions, Aarhus University press, ISBN 87-7288-748-6
External links
- CESNUR See CESNUR (the works of some scholars in the area of new religious movements NRMs)
- Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance – articles and essays about religious groups and related subjects.
- University of Virginia Religious Movements Homepage – Website featuring the opinions and collected papers of the late sociologist Jeffrey Hadden, regarding new religious movements, now edited by Douglas E. Cowan
Template:New Religious Movements, Cults, and Sects
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A cult following is a group of fans devoted to a specific area of pop culture. Cult followings most often develop around television shows, films, books, and radio programs. Some comic books, video games, musicians and writers also gain cult followings. Non-media items may also have what could be considered cult followings, for example the Apple computers.
Cult followings are often dedicated enough that many people of similar interest are familiar with one another due to convention gatherings, concerts, message boards, Internet chat rooms, word of mouth, or shops featuring related items.
These dedicated followings are usually relatively small and pertain to items that don't have broad mainstream appeal. An exception is Star Trek, whose followers call themselves "Trekkies" or "Trekkers". Star Trek has an extremely large following but can still be considered 'cult' due to the intense loyalty the franchise inspires.
"Cult following" is also used to describe the more obsessive fans of established mainstream performers. For example, many persons have been interested in Michael Jackson's music or in Disney films, but some fans take their interest to extreme levels, hoarding vast amounts of collectables. Some such "cult fans" occasionally veer into obsessive-compulsive disorders or stalking; however, cult followings do not necessitate that individuals partake in cultish activities.
Cult followings establish their own canons and cherish the notion of cult classics, which are individual items with cult followings. Cult followings are usually generated through a film or television show having targeted a particular genre, typically fantasy, sci-fi, comedy or horror, but occasionally other types of films or TV series will produce a cult following.
While cult followings are unquestionably more prevalent among the uncritical, examples of this phenomenon exist in serious culture as well, especially among certain sub-segments of the public, such as gay men and other cultural minorities. Thus we find cults of certain writers, such as Yukio Mishima, Colette, or Simone de Beauvoir; composers like Erik Satie or Edgar Varèse; or performers, like Maria Callas.
A cult following is a group of fans devoted to a specific persons or cultural artifacts, examples are films, television or radio programs, novels, musicians, writers and film directors. These dedicated followings are usually relatively small and pertain to items that don't have broad mainstream appeal due to their underground subject matter or experimental style. In literature, one might refer to "cult books" or "cult fiction", in cinema, one refers to "cult movies", "cult cinema" or "cult films", in music one refers not to cult, but to "underground music", "alternative".
Etymology
From cult and following. Cult is derived from Latin cultus, see cult (religious practice), many fans of cult items have a religious, idolatrous and fetishistic devotion -- appropriately so because the terms cult, fetish and idol have their origins in 'primitive religion.
The term "cult" first appeared in English in 1617, derived from the French culte, meaning "worship" or "a particular form of worship" which in turn originated from the Latin word cultus meaning "care, cultivation, worship," originally "tended, cultivated," as in the past participle of colere "to till the soil". In French, for example, sections in newspapers giving the schedule of worship at Catholic churches are headed Culte Catholique; the section giving the schedule of Protestant churches is headed culte réformé.
The meaning "devotion to a person or thing" is from 1829. Starting about 1920, "cult" acquired an additional six or more connotatively positive and negative definitions that are separately discussed in the article Cult.
Examples
There is not always a clear difference between cult and mainstream media. The film Pink Flamingos is known for its disgusting scenes, and only a small number of people are drawn to this movie. Therefore it can be classified as a cult movie. Franchises such as Seinfeld, Star Trek, Star Wars, Harry Potter, The Hunger Games, and The Rocky Horror Picture Show have core groups of fanatical followers but still attract mass audiences, so some (e.g. actor Bruce Campbell, see below), argue they cannot be considered true cult films. Professors Xavier Mendik and Ernest Mathijs, authors of 100 Cult Films, argue that the devoted following among these films make them cult classics.
Some cults are only popular within a certain subculture. The film Woodstock is especially loved within the hippie subculture. A Clockwork Orange has a cult following of punks, skinheads and other groups. Certain mainstream icons can become cult icons in a different context for certain people. Reefer Madness was originally intended to warn youth against the use of marijuana, but due to its ridiculous plot and cheap look, it is now often watched by audiences consisting of marijuana-smokers and has gained a cult following.
Actor Bruce Campbell (he himself called "The King of B-Movies", and maintaining a dedicated cult following for films such as The Evil Dead) once contrasted "mainstream films" and "cult films" by defining the former as "a film that 1,000 people watch 100 times" and the latter as "a film that 100 people watch 1,000 times".
Quentin Tarantino's films borrow stylistically from classic cult movies, but are appreciated by a large audience, and therefore lie somewhere between cult and mainstream. Certain cult phenomena can grow to such proportions that they become mainstream.
It often takes a few years before a cult starts to form around a particular film or band. Captain Beefheart's album Trout Mask Replica, Jim Carrey's film The Cable Guy and the TV series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show were originally not very successful, but as time went by built up a cult following. In some cases this cult status is unexpected, like the Disney film Fantasia (1940), which was a flop at its release, but was re-appreciated by fans of psychedelica in the 1960s. Some films, especially from within the science fiction and horror genres, were produced with the specific goal of achieving cult status, like the drug oriented movie Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and most films by Terry Gilliam. Other examples which fall into the category of "intentional cult film" are Repo Man (1984), The Toxic Avenger (1984), the sequence of The Evil Dead horror films beginning in 1981, and Brazil (1985).
Many cancelled television shows (especially ones that had a short run life) see new life in a fan following. One notable example is Invader Zim, an animated show that aired for 2 seasons on Nickelodeon before being cancelled. The series enjoys a good life on DVD, and many specialty stores such as Hot Topic sell clothing and merchandise associated with it. Another examples are Roswell and Joan Of Arcadia, which had short life, but a large fan base until now. Long-running TV series such as The X-Files, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Chuck and Lost also have huge cult followings.
In a BBC review of Farscape episode "Throne for a Loss", Richard Manning, the review writer said "Farscape is now officially a cult series because it's being shown out of sequence." The episode in question was actually shown as the second episode, after the premiere; despite originally being intended as the fifth episode to be shown.
Anime, manga, kung fu films and kaiju are mainstream entertainment in Japan, but elsewhere are generally appreciated by a cult audience. Doctor Who is a prime time family show in Great Britain, but during a 15-year period out of production, gained cult status among fans; it is also a cult series in the US. Also, the animated pre-school show Pocoyo has attracted a reasonably large cult following among viewers older than its target audience due to the show's humour and its narrator, Stephen Fry.
Defining cult items
- Cult items are in the eye of the beholders.
- Cult items are may or may not be mainstream.
- Cult items attract obsessive fans
- Cult items generally don't gain that status until some time after their release.
- An item that attracts too large a number of fans cannot be regarded as a cult item.
- In fiction, items of certain genres (horror, science fiction) are more likely to be regarded as "cult" items.
- The attraction of cult items is sometimes totally different to the original intentions of the author.
- In fiction, cult items often contain "subversive" elements like references to homosexuality.
- Cult items are collectible and are avidly collected.
See also
- Cult fiction
- Cult director
- Cult figure
- Cult film
- Cult movie stars
- Cult objects (product design)
- Cult radio
- Cult television
- A cult of personality is sometimes used to refer to a political leader and his following, voluntary or otherwise.
- Otaku
- Sleeper hit
- Underground music
