Electroencephalography
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| - | [[Fainting room]]s were also used for more privacy during home treatment. | ||
| - | A solution was the invention of massage devices, which shortened treatment from hours to minutes, removing the need for midwives and increasing a physician’s treatment capacity. Already at the beginning of the 19th century, [[hydrotherapy]] devices were available at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and by the mid-19th century, they were popular at many high-profile bathing resorts across Europe, the United States and other American countries. By 1870, a clockwork-driven [[Vibrator (sensual)|vibrator]] was available for physicians. In 1873, the first electromechanical vibrator was used at an asylum in France for the treatment of hysteria. | + | '''Electroencephalography''' ('''EEG''') is the recording of [[electrical]] activity along the [[scalp]]. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the [[neurons]] of the [[brain]]. |
| + | == History == | ||
| - | While physicians of the period acknowledged that the disorder stemmed from sexual dissatisfaction, they seemed unaware of or unwilling to admit the sexual purposes of the devices used to treat it. In fact, the introduction of the [[speculum (medical)|speculum]] was far more controversial than that of the vibrator. | + | The history of EEG is detailed by Barbara E. Swartz in ''Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology''. In 1875, [[Richard Caton]] (1842–1926), a physician practicing in [[Liverpool]], presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]''. In 1890, Polish physiologist [[Adolf Beck (physiologist)|Adolf Beck]] published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of brain to test for sensory stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity lead to the conclusion of brain waves. |
| - | By the 20th century, the spread of home electricity brought the vibrator to the consumer market. The appeal of cheaper treatment in the privacy of one’s own home understandably made the vibrator a popular early home appliance. In fact, the electric home vibrator was on the market before many other home appliance ’essentials’: nine years before the electric vacuum cleaner and 10 years before the electric iron. A page from a [[Sears, Roebuck and Company|Sears catalog]] of home electrical appliances from 1918 includes a portable vibrator with attachments, billed as ”Very useful and satisfactory for home service.” | + | In 1912, Ukrainian physiologist [[Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky|Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky]] published the first animal EEG and the [[evoked potential]] of the [[mammal]]ian (dog). In 1914, [[Napoleon Cybulski]] and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures. |
| - | Other cures for female hysteria included bed rest, bland food, seclusion, refraining from mentally taxing tasks (for example, reading) and sensory deprivation. | + | German physiologist and psychiatrist [[Hans Berger]] (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG in 1924. Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalogram (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology". His discoveries were first confirmed by British scientists [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]] and B. H. C. Matthews in 1934 and developed by them. |
| - | ==Decline== | + | In 1934, Fisher and Lowenback first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935 Gibbs, Davis and Lennox described inter[[ictal]] spike waves and the three cycles/s pattern of clinical [[absence seizure]]s, which began the field of clinical electroencephalography. Subsequently, in 1936 Gibbs and Jasper reported the interictal spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at Massachusetts General Hospital. |
| - | During early 20th century, the number of women diagnosed with female hysteria declined sharply. Many reasons have been attributed to this decline. Many medical authors claim that the decline was due to laypeople gaining a greater understanding of the psychology behind [[conversion disorder]]s such as hysteria. | + | |
| - | With so many possible symptoms, hysteria was always considered a [[Wastebasket diagnosis|catchall diagnosis]] where any unidentifiable ailment could be assigned. As diagnostic techniques improved, the number of cases were pared down until nothing was left. For instance, before the introduction of [[electroencephalography]], [[epilepsy]] was frequently confused with hysteria. Many cases that had previously been labeled hysteria were reclassified by [[Sigmund Freud]] as anxiety neuroses. | + | Franklin Offner (1911–1999), professor of biophysics at [[Northwestern University]] developed a prototype of the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a Crystograph (the whole device was typically known as the [[Offner Dynograph]]). |
| - | Today, female hysteria is no longer a recognized illness, but different manifestations of hysteria are recognized in other conditions such as [[schizophrenia]], [[conversion disorder]], and [[anxiety attack]]s. | + | In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In 1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman described REM sleep. |
| + | |||
| + | In the 1950s, [[William Grey Walter]] developed an adjunct to EEG called [[EEG topography]], which allowed for the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by neurologists and remains primarily a research tool. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == See also == | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[10-20 system (EEG)]] | ||
| + | * [[Amplitude integrated electroencephalography]] | ||
| + | * [[Binaural beats]] | ||
| + | * [[Brain-computer interface]] | ||
| + | * [[Brainwave synchronization]] | ||
| + | * [[CAET-Canadian association of EEG Technology]] | ||
| + | * [[Cerebral function monitoring]] | ||
| + | * [[Comparison of consumer brain-computer interface devices]] | ||
| + | * [[Direct brain interfaces]] | ||
| + | * [[EEG measures during anesthesia]] | ||
| + | * [[EEG microstates]] | ||
| + | * [[Electrocorticography]] | ||
| + | * [[Electromagnetic Weapon]] | ||
| + | * [[Electroneurogram]] | ||
| + | * [[Electropalatograph]] | ||
| + | * [[Emotiv Systems]] | ||
| + | * [[European data format]] | ||
| + | * [[Event-related potential]] | ||
| + | * [[Evoked potential]] | ||
| + | * [[FieldTrip]] | ||
| + | * [[God helmet]] | ||
| + | * [[Hemoencephalography]] | ||
| + | * [[Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy]] | ||
| + | * [[Imagined Speech]] | ||
| + | * [[Induced activity]] | ||
| + | * [[Intracranial EEG]] | ||
| + | * [[Local field potentials]] | ||
| + | * [[Magnetoencephalography]] | ||
| + | * [[Mind machine]] | ||
| + | * [[Neural oscillations]] | ||
| + | * [[Neurofeedback]] | ||
| + | * [[Ongoing brain activity]] | ||
| + | * [[Spontaneous potential]] | ||
| - | ==See also == | ||
| - | * [[Female disease]] | ||
| - | * [[Fureurs utérines de Marie-Antoinette]] | ||
| - | * [[Furor]] | ||
| - | * [[Histrionic personality disorder]] | ||
| - | * [[Human female sexuality]] | ||
| - | * [[Hypersexuality]] | ||
| - | * [[Hysteria]] | ||
| - | * [[Hysteria (2011 film)]] | ||
| - | * [[Nymphomania]] | ||
| - | * ''[[Nymphomania, or a Dissertation Concerning the Furor Uterinus]]'', one of the first studies to link furor uterinus and nymphomania | ||
| - | * ''[[Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1]]'' by Havelock Ellis has a large chapter on this subject. | ||
| - | * [[Womb]] | ||
| - | * [[Le cinquantenaire de l'hystérie (1878-1928)]] | ||
| - | ** [[Louise Augustine]] and the ''[[Attitudes passionnelles]]'' | ||
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Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.
History
The history of EEG is detailed by Barbara E. Swartz in Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. In 1875, Richard Caton (1842–1926), a physician practicing in Liverpool, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal. In 1890, Polish physiologist Adolf Beck published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of brain to test for sensory stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity lead to the conclusion of brain waves.
In 1912, Ukrainian physiologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky published the first animal EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian (dog). In 1914, Napoleon Cybulski and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures.
German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG in 1924. Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalogram (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology". His discoveries were first confirmed by British scientists Edgar Douglas Adrian and B. H. C. Matthews in 1934 and developed by them.
In 1934, Fisher and Lowenback first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935 Gibbs, Davis and Lennox described interictal spike waves and the three cycles/s pattern of clinical absence seizures, which began the field of clinical electroencephalography. Subsequently, in 1936 Gibbs and Jasper reported the interictal spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Franklin Offner (1911–1999), professor of biophysics at Northwestern University developed a prototype of the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a Crystograph (the whole device was typically known as the Offner Dynograph).
In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In 1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman described REM sleep.
In the 1950s, William Grey Walter developed an adjunct to EEG called EEG topography, which allowed for the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by neurologists and remains primarily a research tool.
See also
- 10-20 system (EEG)
- Amplitude integrated electroencephalography
- Binaural beats
- Brain-computer interface
- Brainwave synchronization
- CAET-Canadian association of EEG Technology
- Cerebral function monitoring
- Comparison of consumer brain-computer interface devices
- Direct brain interfaces
- EEG measures during anesthesia
- EEG microstates
- Electrocorticography
- Electromagnetic Weapon
- Electroneurogram
- Electropalatograph
- Emotiv Systems
- European data format
- Event-related potential
- Evoked potential
- FieldTrip
- God helmet
- Hemoencephalography
- Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy
- Imagined Speech
- Induced activity
- Intracranial EEG
- Local field potentials
- Magnetoencephalography
- Mind machine
- Neural oscillations
- Neurofeedback
- Ongoing brain activity
- Spontaneous potential
