Fascism
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | "The governments most often considered to have been fascist include the [[Mussolini]] government in [[Italy]], which invented the word; [[Nazi Germany]] under [[Adolf Hitler]], but other similar movements existed across Europe in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]] and have existed in Greece ([[Greek junta]]), Portugal ([[Salazar]]) and Spain ([[Francisco Franco|Franco]]) until the 1970s."--Sholem Stein | ||
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| + | "''[[Le Sec et l'Humide]]'' (2008) is a book-length [[essay]] by [[Jonathan Littell]], a corpus analysis of the prose of [[Léon Degrelle]] in ''[[Campaign in Russia: The Waffen SS on the Eastern Front]]'' (1949) which makes a clear distinction between the [[dry]] (the [[fascism|fascists]]) and the [[Humidity|humid]] (the [[Bolsheviks]])."--Sholem Stein | ||
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| + | [[Image:A Child at Gunpoint of the Stroop Report.jpg |thumb|right|200px|This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[fascism]] portal.<br><Small>Illustration: ''[[A Child at Gunpoint]]'' ([[1943]]) from the ''[[Stroop Report]]''</small>]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | '''Fascism''' is an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[political ideology]] (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the needs of the [[state]], and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on [[Ethnicity|ethnic]], [[Culture|cultural]], or [[Race|racial]] attributes. Various scholars attribute different characteristics to fascism, but the following elements are usually seen as its integral parts: [[nationalism]], [[authoritarianism]], [[militarism]], [[totalitarianism]], [[anti-communism]] and opposition to [[economic liberalism|economic]] and political [[liberalism]]. | + | '''Fascism''' is a form of radical [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[nationalism]], which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements [[Italian Fascism|emerged in Italy]] during [[World War I]] before [[Fascism in Europe|it spread to other European countries]]. Opposed to [[liberalism]], [[Marxism]] and [[anarchism]], fascism is usually placed on the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] within the traditional [[Left–right politics|left–right spectrum]]. |
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| + | Fascists saw [[World War I]] as a [[revolution]] that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state and technology. The advent of [[total war]] and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war. The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens. | ||
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| + | Fascists believe that [[liberal democracy]] is obsolete and they regard the complete mobilization of society under a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[one-party state]] as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties. Such a state is led by a strong leader—such as a [[Dictatorship|dictator]] and a [[Militarism|martial]] government composed of the members of the governing fascist party—to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society. Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature and views political violence, war and [[imperialism]] as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a [[mixed economy]], with the principal goal of achieving [[autarky]] through [[Protectionism|protectionist]] and interventionist economic policies. | ||
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| + | Since the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist and the term is instead now usually used [[Fascist (insult)|pejoratively]] by political opponents. The descriptions [[neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] or [[Post-fascism|post-fascist]] are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far-right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. | ||
| - | The governments most often considered to have been fascist include the [[Mussolini]] government in [[Italy]], which invented the word; [[Nazi Germany]] under [[Adolf Hitler]], but other similar movements existed across Europe in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]]. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| + | *[[First they came...]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamofascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Fascist architecture]] | ||
| *[[Fascism and the avant-garde]] | *[[Fascism and the avant-garde]] | ||
| *[[Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals]] | *[[Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals]] | ||
| + | == See also == | ||
| + | * [[Christian fascism]] | ||
| + | * [[Clerical fascism]] | ||
| + | * [[Crypto-fascism]] | ||
| + | * [[Dictatorship]] | ||
| + | * [[Economics of fascism]] | ||
| + | * [[Fascism and ideology]] | ||
| + | * [[Fascist syndicalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Islamic fascism]] | ||
| + | * [[Nazism]] | ||
| + | * [[Neo-fascism]] | ||
| + | * [[Neo-nazism]] | ||
| + | * [[Pact of Pacification]] | ||
| + | * [[Proto-fascism]] | ||
| + | * [[Right-wing authoritarianism]] | ||
| + | * [[Reactionary modernism]] | ||
| + | * [[Squadrismo]] | ||
| == In fiction == | == In fiction == | ||
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"The governments most often considered to have been fascist include the Mussolini government in Italy, which invented the word; Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, but other similar movements existed across Europe in the 1920s and 1930s and have existed in Greece (Greek junta), Portugal (Salazar) and Spain (Franco) until the 1970s."--Sholem Stein "Le Sec et l'Humide (2008) is a book-length essay by Jonathan Littell, a corpus analysis of the prose of Léon Degrelle in Campaign in Russia: The Waffen SS on the Eastern Front (1949) which makes a clear distinction between the dry (the fascists) and the humid (the Bolsheviks)."--Sholem Stein |
Illustration: A Child at Gunpoint (1943) from the Stroop Report
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Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I before it spread to other European countries. Opposed to liberalism, Marxism and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.
Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state and technology. The advent of total war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war. The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.
Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete and they regard the complete mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties. Such a state is led by a strong leader—such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of the governing fascist party—to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society. Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature and views political violence, war and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the principal goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies.
Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist and the term is instead now usually used pejoratively by political opponents. The descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far-right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements.
Contents |
See also
- First they came...
- Islamofascism
- Fascist architecture
- Fascism and the avant-garde
- Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
See also
- Christian fascism
- Clerical fascism
- Crypto-fascism
- Dictatorship
- Economics of fascism
- Fascism and ideology
- Fascist syndicalism
- Islamic fascism
- Nazism
- Neo-fascism
- Neo-nazism
- Pact of Pacification
- Proto-fascism
- Right-wing authoritarianism
- Reactionary modernism
- Squadrismo
In fiction
Further reading
- The Mass Psychology of Fascism (1933) by Wilhelm Reich
- The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) by Hannah Arendt
- Fascinating Fascism (1975), an essay by Susan Sontag
- Sex Drives: Fantasies of Fascism in Literary Modernism (2002) by Catherine Laura Frost
- The Seduction of Unreason (2004) by Richard Wolin
