Gabriel von Max
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| + | [[Image:The Ecstatic Virgin Anna Katharina Emmerich.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Ecstatic Virgin Anna Katharina Emmerich]]'' by (1885) by Gabriel Cornelius von Max]] | ||
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| - | '''Gabriel Cornelius Ritter von Max''' ([[August 23]], [[1840]], [[Prague]] - [[November 24]], [[1915]], [[München]]) was a Prague-born Austrian painter. His themes were [[parapsychology]] and [[mysticism]]. He surrounded himself and with [[monkey]]s and painted them often, sometimes [[anthropomorphism|portraying them as human]]. His best-known painting is his portrait of German [[mystic]] [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]]. | + | '''Gabriel von Max''' (1840 – 1915) was a [[Prague]]-born [[Austrian painter]]. |
| - | == Career and life == | + | His themes were [[parapsychology]] and [[mysticism]]. He surrounded himself and with [[monkey]]s and painted them often, sometimes [[anthropomorphism|portraying them as human]]. His best-known painting is a portrait of a German mystic, ''[[The Ecstatic Virgin Anna Katharina Emmerich]]'', his satirical ''[[Monkeys as Judges of Art]]'' and the controversial ''[[The Anatomist]]''. |
| + | ==Biography== | ||
| + | He was born '''Gabriel Cornelius Max''', the son of the sculptor [[Joseph Max]] and Anna Schumann. He studied between 1855 and 1858 at the Prague Academy of Arts with [[Eduard von Engerth]]. His studies included [[parapsychology]] ([[somnambulism]], [[hypnotism]], [[spiritism]]), [[Darwinism]], Asiatic philosophy, the ideas of [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], and various mystical traditions. The spiritual-mystical movement was emphasized by the writings of [[Carl du Prel]], and the [[Munich]] painter [[Albert Keller]] was also an influence. | ||
| - | He was born '''Gabriel Cornelius Max''', the son of Czech sculptor [[Joseph Max]] and Anna Schumann. He studied between 1855 and 1858 at the Prague Academy of Arts with [[Eduard von Engerth]]. His studies included [[parapsychology]] ([[somnambulism]], [[hypnotism]], [[spiritism]]), [[Darwinism]], asiatic philosophy, the ideas of [[Schopenhauer]], and various mystical traditions. The spiritual-mystical movement was emphasized by the writings of [[Carl du Prels]], and the [[Munich]] painter [[Albert von Keller]] was also an influence. | + | His first large canvas was painted in 1858 while he was a student at the Prague Academy. He continued his studies at the Viennese Academy of Art with [[Karl von Blaas]], [[Karl Mayer]], [[Christian Ruben]] and [[Carl Wurzinger]]. From 1863 to 1867 he studied at the Munich Academy with [[Karl Theodor von Piloty]], and also [[Hans Makart]] and [[Franz Defregger]]. His first critical success was in 1867 with the painting "Martyr at the Cross": that painting transformed the "Unglücksmalerei" (dark palette) of Piloty into a religious-mystical symbolism using a psychological rendering of its subject. |
| - | The first large canvas was painted in 1858 while he student at the Prague Academy. He continued his studies at the Viennese Academy of Art with [[Karl von Blaas]], [[Karl Mayer]], [[Christian Ruben]] and [[Carl Wurzinger]]. From 1863 to 1867 he studied at the Munich Academy with [[Karl Theodor von Piloty]], and also [[Hans Makart]] and [[Franz Defregger]]. His first critical success was in 1867 with the painting "Martyr at the Cross": that painting transformed the "Unglücksmalerei" (dark palette) of Piloty into a religious-mystical symbolism using a psychological rendering of its subject. | + | He continued to use the dark palette of the [[Karl Theodor von Piloty|Piloty]] school well into the 1870s, later moving toward a more muted palette, using fewer,clearer colors. From 1869, Gabriel von Max had his studio in Munich; in the summer, he was in the Ammerland at Starnberger Lake. From 1879-1883, Gabriel Max was a professor of Historical Painting at the Munich Academy; he also became a Fellow of [[The Theosophical Society]]. In 1900 he was ennobled and became a [[Ritter]]. He died in Munich in 1915. |
| + | ==Anthropological studies== | ||
| + | His interest in [[anthropological]] studies also showed in his work. He owned a large scientific collection of [[prehistoric]] ethnological and anthropological finds: the collection and his correspondence now reside in the [[Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen]] in [[Mannheim]]. At his residence in [[Starnberger Lake]], Gabriel Max surrounded himself with a family of monkeys, which he painted often, sometimes portraying them as human. Max, along with his colleagues, often used photographs to guide painting. The great number of monkey photographs in his archive testify to their use as direct translation into his paintings. | ||
| + | ==Legacy== | ||
| + | Gabriel von Max was a significant artist to emerge from the Piloty School, because he abandoned the themes of the Grunderzeitliche (genre and history), in order to develop an allegorical-mystical pictorial language, which became typical of [[Secessionist Art]]. Characteristic of the ethereal style of Gabriel Max is "The Last Token" (in the [[Metropolitan Museum]]), and "Light" (in the [[Odessa Museum of Western and Eastern Art, Ukraine]]). In 1908, his painting "[[The Lion's Bride]]" became celebrated, and was depicted in motion pictures as an ''hommage'' in the [[Gloria Swanson]] film, [[Male and Female]], (1919), directed by [[Cecil B. DeMille]]. | ||
| + | ==Selected list of paintings== | ||
| + | *''[[Pithecanthropus Alalus (Gabriel von Max)|Pithecanthropus Alalus]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[The Ecstatic Virgin Anna Katharina Emmerich]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[Monkeys as Judges of Art]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[The Anatomist]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[Monkey with Lemon]]'' | ||
| + | ==Pages linking in == | ||
| + | [[Aleksey Kivshenko]], [[Andreas Aubert (art historian)]], [[Art criticism]], [[Art Pavilion, Zagreb]], [[Crucifixion in the arts]], [[Crucifixion]], [[Friederike Hauffe]], [[Georgios Jakobides]], [[German art]], [[Große Berliner Kunstausstellung]], [[Gyula Benczúr]], [[Harada Naojirō]], [[Héloïse]], [[Jack Daulton]], [[Jakub Schikaneder]], [[Jenő Gyárfás]], [[Johann Sperl]], [[Josef Max]], [[Julia of Corsica]], [[Karl von Piloty]], [[Lady Macbeth effect]], [[Lady Macbeth]], [[List of painters from Austria]], [[List of painters in the Pinakothek]], [[Male and Female]], [[Milan Jovanović Stojimirović]], [[Monkey Before Skeleton]], [[Monkey]], [[Munich School]], [[Silesian Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Spinet]], [[The arts]], [[Thérèse Schwartze]], [[Venusberg (mythology)]] | ||
| - | Well into the 1870s, Gabriel von Max was influenced by the dark palette of the [[Karl Theodor von Piloty|Piloty]] school. Later, Max used clear and fewer colors, moving toward a more muted palette. Gabriel Max made serious anthropological or psychological studies and owned a large scientific collection of prehistoric ethnological and anthropological finds: the collection now resides in the [[Stadtischen Reiss Museum]] in [[Mannheim]]. From 1869, Gabriel von Max had his studio in Munich; in the summer, he was in the Ammerland at Starnberger Lake. From 1879-1883, Gabriel Max was a professor of Historical Painting at the Munich Academy; he also became a Fellow of [[The Theosophical Society]]. In 1900 he was ennobled and became a [[Ritter]]. | + | == Sources == |
| + | * [[Agathon Klemt]]: ''Gabriel Max und seine Werke'', Gesellschaft für moderne Kunst, Wien 1886 | ||
| + | * [[Nicolaus Mann]]: ''Gabriel Max, eine kulturhistorische Skizze'', Weber, Leipzig 1890 | ||
| + | * [[Franz H. Meißner]]: ''Gabriel von Max'', [[Edgar Hanfstaengl|Hanfstaengl]], München 1899 | ||
| + | * [[Adolf Rosenberg]], ''The Munich School of Painters and their development since 1871'', Hanover 1887, pp. 15–18. | ||
| - | Gabriel von Max was a significant artist to emerge from the Piloty School, because he abandoned the themes of the Grunderzeitliche (genre and history), in order to develop an allegorical-mystical pictorial language, which became typical of [[Secessionist Art]]. His interest in anthropological studies also showed in his work. At his residence in Starnberger Lake, Gabriel Max surrounded himself with a family of monkeys, which he painted often, sometimes portraying them as human. Max, along with his colleagues, often used photographs to guide painting. The great number of [[monkey]] photographs in his archive testify to their use as direct translation into his paintings. Characteristic of the ethereal style of Gabriel Max is "The Last Token" (in the [[Metropolitan Museum]]). | + | ==See also== |
| + | *[[Munich School]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Canon]] | ||
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Gabriel von Max (1840 – 1915) was a Prague-born Austrian painter.
His themes were parapsychology and mysticism. He surrounded himself and with monkeys and painted them often, sometimes portraying them as human. His best-known painting is a portrait of a German mystic, The Ecstatic Virgin Anna Katharina Emmerich, his satirical Monkeys as Judges of Art and the controversial The Anatomist.
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Biography
He was born Gabriel Cornelius Max, the son of the sculptor Joseph Max and Anna Schumann. He studied between 1855 and 1858 at the Prague Academy of Arts with Eduard von Engerth. His studies included parapsychology (somnambulism, hypnotism, spiritism), Darwinism, Asiatic philosophy, the ideas of Schopenhauer, and various mystical traditions. The spiritual-mystical movement was emphasized by the writings of Carl du Prel, and the Munich painter Albert Keller was also an influence.
His first large canvas was painted in 1858 while he was a student at the Prague Academy. He continued his studies at the Viennese Academy of Art with Karl von Blaas, Karl Mayer, Christian Ruben and Carl Wurzinger. From 1863 to 1867 he studied at the Munich Academy with Karl Theodor von Piloty, and also Hans Makart and Franz Defregger. His first critical success was in 1867 with the painting "Martyr at the Cross": that painting transformed the "Unglücksmalerei" (dark palette) of Piloty into a religious-mystical symbolism using a psychological rendering of its subject.
He continued to use the dark palette of the Piloty school well into the 1870s, later moving toward a more muted palette, using fewer,clearer colors. From 1869, Gabriel von Max had his studio in Munich; in the summer, he was in the Ammerland at Starnberger Lake. From 1879-1883, Gabriel Max was a professor of Historical Painting at the Munich Academy; he also became a Fellow of The Theosophical Society. In 1900 he was ennobled and became a Ritter. He died in Munich in 1915.
Anthropological studies
His interest in anthropological studies also showed in his work. He owned a large scientific collection of prehistoric ethnological and anthropological finds: the collection and his correspondence now reside in the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen in Mannheim. At his residence in Starnberger Lake, Gabriel Max surrounded himself with a family of monkeys, which he painted often, sometimes portraying them as human. Max, along with his colleagues, often used photographs to guide painting. The great number of monkey photographs in his archive testify to their use as direct translation into his paintings.
Legacy
Gabriel von Max was a significant artist to emerge from the Piloty School, because he abandoned the themes of the Grunderzeitliche (genre and history), in order to develop an allegorical-mystical pictorial language, which became typical of Secessionist Art. Characteristic of the ethereal style of Gabriel Max is "The Last Token" (in the Metropolitan Museum), and "Light" (in the Odessa Museum of Western and Eastern Art, Ukraine). In 1908, his painting "The Lion's Bride" became celebrated, and was depicted in motion pictures as an hommage in the Gloria Swanson film, Male and Female, (1919), directed by Cecil B. DeMille.
Selected list of paintings
- Pithecanthropus Alalus
- The Ecstatic Virgin Anna Katharina Emmerich
- Monkeys as Judges of Art
- The Anatomist
- Monkey with Lemon
Pages linking in
Aleksey Kivshenko, Andreas Aubert (art historian), Art criticism, Art Pavilion, Zagreb, Crucifixion in the arts, Crucifixion, Friederike Hauffe, Georgios Jakobides, German art, Große Berliner Kunstausstellung, Gyula Benczúr, Harada Naojirō, Héloïse, Jack Daulton, Jakub Schikaneder, Jenő Gyárfás, Johann Sperl, Josef Max, Julia of Corsica, Karl von Piloty, Lady Macbeth effect, Lady Macbeth, List of painters from Austria, List of painters in the Pinakothek, Male and Female, Milan Jovanović Stojimirović, Monkey Before Skeleton, Monkey, Munich School, Silesian Museum of Fine Arts, Spinet, The arts, Thérèse Schwartze, Venusberg (mythology)
Sources
- Agathon Klemt: Gabriel Max und seine Werke, Gesellschaft für moderne Kunst, Wien 1886
- Nicolaus Mann: Gabriel Max, eine kulturhistorische Skizze, Weber, Leipzig 1890
- Franz H. Meißner: Gabriel von Max, Hanfstaengl, München 1899
- Adolf Rosenberg, The Munich School of Painters and their development since 1871, Hanover 1887, pp. 15–18.
See also
