Association fallacy
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| - | The '''halo effect''' is a [[cognitive bias]] whereby the perception of one [[trait]] (i.e. a characteristic of a person or object) is influenced by the perception of another trait (or several traits) of that person or object. An example would be judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. | ||
| - | Halo effects happen especially if the perceiver does not have enough information about all traits, so that he makes assumptions based on one or two prominent traits—these one or two prominent traits "overshadow" other traits, similar to the radiation of light in [[halo (optical phenomenon)|optical halo effects]] or [[halo (religious iconography)|halos in iconography]] (rings of light around someone's head). | + | An '''association fallacy''' is an [[Inductive reasoning|inductive]] [[informal fallacy]] of the type [[hasty generalization]] or [[Ignoratio elenchi|red herring]] which asserts that qualities of one thing are inherently qualities of another, merely by an irrelevant association. The two types are sometimes referred to as '''guilt by association''' and '''honor by association'''. Association fallacies are a special case of [[Red herring (logical fallacy)|red herring]], and can be based on an [[appeal to emotion]]. |
| + | == See also == | ||
| + | *[[Common purpose]] | ||
| + | *[[Discrimination]] | ||
| + | *[[Genetic fallacy]] | ||
| + | *[[Jumping to conclusions]] | ||
| + | *[[Not all men]] | ||
| + | *[[Prejudice]] | ||
| + | *[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]] | ||
| + | *[[Scapegoating]] | ||
| + | *[[Sippenhaft]] | ||
| + | *[[Social stigma]] | ||
| + | *[[Stereotype]] | ||
| + | *[[Nine familial exterminations]] | ||
| - | [[Edward L. Thorndike]] was the first to support the halo effect with [[empirical research]]. In a [[psychology]] study published in 1920, Thorndike asked commanding officers to rate their soldiers; he found high cross-correlation between all positive and all negative traits. People seem not to think of other individuals in mixed terms; instead we seem to see each person as roughly good or roughly bad across all categories of measurement. | ||
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| - | A study by [[Solomon Asch]] suggests that attractiveness is a central trait, so we presume all the other traits of an attractive person are just as attractive and sought after. | ||
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| - | The halo effect is involved in [[Harold Kelley]]'s [[implicit personality theory]], where the first traits we recognize in other people influence our interpretation and perception of later ones because of our expectations. Attractive people are often judged as having a more desirable personality and more skills than someone of average appearance. | ||
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| - | Karen Dion's 1972 study showed the same result. She set an experiment in which she showed photographs to people, and asked them to make a judgment of the people in the photos. In the result, attractive people are assumed to have a good personality as well as being sexually warm and responsive. | ||
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| - | The term is commonly used in [[human resources]] recruitment. It refers to the risk that an interviewer will notice a positive trait in an interviewee and, as a result, will overlook their negative traits (or vice versa). | ||
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| - | ==Reverse halo effect== | ||
| - | A corollary to the halo effect is the reverse halo effect where individuals, brands or other things judged to have a single undesirable trait are subsequently judged to have many poor traits, allowing a single weak point or negative trait to influence others' perception of the person, brand or other thing in general. | ||
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| - | ==As a business model== | ||
| - | In brand [[marketing]], a halo effect is one where the perceived positive features of a particular item extend to a broader brand. It has been used to describe how the [[iPod]] has had positive effects on perceptions of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s other products. The term is also widely used in the [[automotive industry]], where a manufacturer may produce an exceptional ''halo vehicle'' in order to promote sales of an entire [[marque]]. Modern cars often described as halo vehicles include the [[Dodge Viper]], [[Ford GT]], and [[Acura NSX]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} | ||
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| - | ==Unconscious judgments== | ||
| - | In the 1970s, social psychologist [[Richard Nisbett]] demonstrated that even if we were told that our judgments have been affected by the halo effect, we may have no awareness of when the halo effect influences us. | ||
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| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Affect heuristic]] | ||
| - | * [[Association fallacy]] | ||
| - | * [[Attribute substitution]] | ||
| - | * [[Confirmation bias]] | ||
| - | * [[List of cognitive biases]] | ||
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An association fallacy is an inductive informal fallacy of the type hasty generalization or red herring which asserts that qualities of one thing are inherently qualities of another, merely by an irrelevant association. The two types are sometimes referred to as guilt by association and honor by association. Association fallacies are a special case of red herring, and can be based on an appeal to emotion.
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See also
- Common purpose
- Discrimination
- Genetic fallacy
- Jumping to conclusions
- Not all men
- Prejudice
- Reductio ad Hitlerum
- Scapegoating
- Sippenhaft
- Social stigma
- Stereotype
- Nine familial exterminations
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Association fallacy" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
