History of the Peloponnesian War  

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Revision as of 18:15, 16 July 2013
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

← Previous diff		 Revision as of 18:17, 16 July 2013
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

Next diff →
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-'''Might makes right''' is an [[aphorism]] with several potential meanings (in order of increasing complexity):+The '''''History of the Peloponnesian War''''' is a historical account of the [[Peloponnesian War]], which was fought between the [[Peloponnesian League]] (led by [[Sparta]]) and the [[Delian League]] (led by [[Athens]]). It was written by [[Thucydides]], an Athenian historian who also happened to serve as an Athenian general during the war. His account of the conflict is widely considered to be a classic and regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history. The ''Histories'' are divided into eight books by [[Library of Alexandria|editors of later antiquity]].
-* In [[English language|English]], the phrase is most often used in negative assessments of expressions of power.+==Outline of the work==
-* The second related idea associated with the phrase connotes that a society's view of [[Right (ethics)|right]] and [[wrong]] is determined, like its perspective on history, by those currently in power.+
-* The term can be used in the [[descriptive]], rather than [[prescriptive]] way, in the same sense that people say that "History is written by the victors." Since every person labels what he/she thinks is good for himself/herself as "right," only those who are able to defeat their enemies are the ones who can push their idea of what is right into [[wikt:fruition|fruition]].+
-* In terms of [[morality]], those who are the strongest will rule others and have the power to determine right and wrong. By this definition, the phrase manifests itself in a [[Norm (philosophy)|normative]] sense. This meaning is often used to define a proscriptive [[moral code]] for society to follow, as well as while discussing [[social Darwinism]] and [[Weberian]] themes of the authority of the state (e.g. 'Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft').+
-==History==+* Book 1
-The idea of "woe to the conquered" can be found in Homer and the hawk parable in Hesiod's 'Works and Days' and in [[Livy]], in which "[[vae victis]]", Latin for "woe to the conquered", is first recorded.+**The state of Greece from the earliest times to the commencement of the [[Peloponnesian War]], also known as the Archaeology. 1.1-1.19.
 +**Methodological excursus. 1.20-1.23.
 +**Causes of the war (433-432 BC) 1.24-1.66.
 +***The Affair of [[Epidamnus]]. 1.24-1.55.
 +***The Affair of [[Battle of Potidaea|Potidaea]]. 1.56-1.66.
 +**Congress of the [[Peloponnesian League]] at [[Lacedaemon]]. 1.67-1.88
 +***The Speech of the Corinthians. 1.68-1.71.
 +***The Speech of the Athenian envoys. 1.73-1.78.
 +***The Speech of Archidamus. 1.80-1.85.
 +***The Speech of Sthenelaidas. 1.86.
 +**From the end of the [[Greco-Persian Wars|Persian War]] to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, also known as the Pentecontaetia. 1.89-1.117.
 +***The progress from supremacy to empire.
 +**Second congress at [[Lacedaemon]] and the Corinthian Speech. 1.119-1.125.
 +**Diplomatic maneuvering. 1.126-1.139.
 +***Excursus on [[Cylon (ancient Athenian)|Cylon]]. 1.126-1.127.
 +***Excursus on [[Pausanias (general)|Pausanias]] and [[Themistocles]]. 1.128-1.138
 +**[[Pericles]]' first speech. 1.140-1.145.
-The first known use of ''might makes right'' in the English language was in 1846 by the American [[pacifist]] and [[abolitionist]] [[Adin Ballou]] (1803–1890), who wrote, "But now, instead of discussion and argument, brute force rises up to the rescue of discomfited error, and crushes truth and right into the dust. 'Might makes right,' and hoary folly totters on in her mad career escorted by armies and navies." (Christian Non-Resistance: In All Its Important Bearings, Illustrated and Defended, 1846.)+*Book 2 (431-428 BC)
 +**War begins with [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]' attempt to subvert [[Plataea]]. 2.1-2.6.
 +**Account of the mobilization of and list of the allies of the two combatants. 2.7-2.9.
 +**First invasion of [[Attica]]. 2.10-2.23.
 +***[[Archidamus]] leads the Peloponnesian army into [[Attica]]. 2.10-2.12.
 +***Athenian preparations and abandonment of the countryside. 2.13-2.14.
 +***Excursus on Athenian [[synoikism]]. 2.15-2.16.
 +***Difficult conditions in [[Athens]] for refugees from countryside. 2.17.
 +***[[Archidamus]] ravages [[Oenoe]] and [[Acharnai]]. 2.18-2.20.
 +***Athenian fury and anger at [[Pericles]]. 2.21-2.22.
 +**Athenian naval counter-attacks along coast of [[Peloponese]] and islands. 2.23-2.32.
 +**[[Pericles' Funeral Oration]]. 2.34-2.46.
 +**The [[plague of Athens]]. 2.47-2.54.
 +**Second invasion of [[Attica]] and Athenian naval counter-attacks. 2.55-2.58.
 +**[[Pericles]]' third speech, defending his position and policy. 2.59-2.64.
 +**[[Thucydides]]' estimate of [[Pericles]]' qualities and the causes for [[Athens]]' eventual defeat. 2.65.
 +**Diplomacy and skirmishes in [[Thrace]], the islands, and the Northeast. 2.66-2.69.
 +**[[Battle of Potidaea|Fall of Potidaea]]. 2.70.
 +**Investment of [[Plataea]]. 2.71-2.78.
 +**Naval victories of [[Phormio]] in the Northeast. 2.80-2.92.
 +**Threat of raid on the [[Piraeus]]. 2.93-2.94.
 +**[[Thrace|Thracian]] campaign in [[Macedon]]ia under [[Sitalces]]. 2.95-2.101.
-The phrase in reverse is echoed in [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s words in his February 26, 1860, [[Cooper Union Address]] ("Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it") in his attempt to defend a policy of neutral engagement with those who practised slavery, perhaps to appear more nationally oriented and religiously convicted in hopes of winning the presidential election later that year (which he did).+*Book 3 (428-425 BC)
 +**Annual invasion of [[Attica]]. 3.1.
 +**Revolt of [[Mytilene]]. 3.2-3.50.
 +***Speech of Mytilenian envoys to [[Sparta]] at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], asking for help. 3.9-3.14.
 +***Sparta accepts [[Lesbos]] as an ally and prepares to counter the Athenians. 3.15.
 +***[[Mytilene]] surrenders to Athens despite Spartan support. 3.28.
 +***[[Mytilenian Debate]]. 3.37-3.50.
 +**Fall of [[Plataea]]. 3.20-3.24, 3.52-68.
 +***Some Plataeans escape. 3.20-3.24.
 +***[[Plataea]] surrenders. 3.52.
 +***Trial and execution of the Plataeans. 3.53-3.68.
 +****Speech of Plataeans, 3.53-3.59.
 +****Speech of the Thebans. 3.61-3.67.
 +**Revolution at [[Corfu|Corcyra]]. 3.70-3.85.
 +***[[Thucydides]]' account of the evils of civil strife. 3.82-3.84.
 +**Athenian campaigns in [[Sicily]]. 3.86, 3.90, 3.99, 3.103, 3.115-3.116.
 +**[[426 BC Maliakos Gulf tsunami|Tsunami and inquiry into its causes]] 3.89.2-5
 +**Campaigns of [[Demosthenes (general)|Demosthenes]] in western Greece. 3.94-3.98, 3.100-3.102, 3.105-3.114.
 +**Spartans establish [[Heracleia in Trachis]]. 3.92-3.93.
 +**Athenians purify [[Delos]]. 3.104.
-The idea, though not the wording, has been attributed to the ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' by the ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] historian [[Thucydides]], who stated that "since you know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must." +*Book 4 (425-423 BC)
 +**Annual invasion of [[Attica]]. 4.2.
 +**Athenians en route to [[Sicily]] [[Battle of Pylos|occupy Pylos]] in the [[Peloponnese]]. 4.2-4.6.
 +***King [[Agis II|Agis]] of [[Sparta]] cuts short the invasion of [[Attica]] to return to the [[Peloponnese]]. 4.6.
 +**Concerted Spartan [[Battle of Pylos|attack on the Athenian fort at Pylos]]. 4.8-4.15.
 +***The Athenian general [[Demosthenes (general)|Demosthenes]] coordinates the defense of [[Pylos]] and rouses the troops with a speech. 4.9-4.10.
 +***The Spartan commander [[Brasidas]] distinguishes himself for bravery. 4.11-4.12.
 +**The Athenians [[Battle of Pylos|defeat the Spartan assault on Pylos]] and cut off a garrison of [[Spartiates]] on the adjacent island of [[Sphacteria]]. 4.13-4.14.
 +**The Spartans, concerned for the men on the island, conclude an immediate armistice and send an embassy to [[Athens]] to negotiate peace. 4.13-4.22.
 +***The [[Speech of the Spartan peace embassy (425)|speech of the Spartan ambassadors]] offers to peace and alliance to [[Athens]] in exchange for the return of the men on [[Sphacteria]]. 4.17-4.20.
 +***The Athenian [[Cleon]], speaking in the Assembly, encourages the Athenians to demand the return of the territories surrendered by [[Athens]] at the conclusion of the [[First Peloponnesian War]]. 4.21-4.22.
 +**Events in Sicily. 4.24-4.25.
 +**[[Battle of Sphacteria|Siege of the Spartiates on Sphacteria]] continues without result. 4.26-4.27.
 +**[[Cleon]] takes command at Pylos. 4.27-4.29.
 +***With the siege of [[Sphacteria]] yielding no results, the Athenians grow angry at [[Cleon]] for encouraging them to reject the Spartan offer of peace. 4.27.1-.4.27.3.
 +***[[Cleon]] blames [[Nicias]] and the generals for ineptitude. 4.27.5.
 +***[[Nicias]] yields command to [[Cleon]]. 4.28.
 +**[[Battle of Sphacteria]] results in the capture of all the [[Spartiates]] trapped there. 4.29-4.41.
 +**[[Nicias]] leads an Athenian attack on [[Corinth]]. 4.42-4.45.
 +**End of Corcyraean revolution. 4.46-4.48.
 +**Athenians capture [[Cythera]], an island off the [[Peloponnese]], and [[Thyrea, Greece|Thyrea]], a town in the [[Peloponnese]]. [[Sparta]] is hemmed in on all sides and desperate. 4.53-4.57.
 +**[[Sicily|Sicilian]] cities make peace in conference at [[Gela]], frustrating Athenian designs on the island. 4.58-65.
 +***[[Speech of Hermocrates at Gela]]. 4.59-4.64.
 +**Athenian attack on [[Megara]]. 4.66-4.74.
 +***Capture of [[Nisaea]]. 4.69.
 +***Inconclusive engagements at [[Megara]]. 4.73.
 +***[[Megara]] eludes Athenian capture. 4.74.
 +**Invasion of [[Boeotia]]. 4.76, 4.89-4.101.2.
 +***Athenians occupy temple at [[Battle of Delium|Delium]]. 4.90.
 +***[[Battle of Delium]] results in Athenian retreat. 4.91-4.96.
 +***Boeotians refuse to return Athenian dead until Athenians relinquish the shrine of [[Battle of Delium|Delium]]. 4.97-4.99.
 +***Boeotians assault the Athenian in the temple and burn it down. 4.100.
 +**[[Brasidas]] marches through [[Thessaly]] to [[Thrace]] and begins to cause Athenian subject cities to revolt. 4.78-4.88.
 +***[[Speech of Brasidas to the Acanthians]]. 4.85-4.87.
 +**[[Battle of Amphipolis|Fall of Amphipolis]] to [[Brasidas]]. 4.102-4.108.
 +**Continued successes of [[Brasidas]] in [[Thrace]]. 4.111-4.135.
 +***[[Brasidas]] secures the revolt of the garrison of [[Torone]]. 4.110-4.116.
 +***One-year armistice between Athenians and Spartans. 4.117-4.118.
 +***[[Scione]] revolts from [[Athens]] to [[Brasidas]]. 4.120-4.123.
 +***Truce breaks down. 4.122-4.123.
 +***Athenians retake [[Mende (Chalcidice)|Mende]] and besiege [[Scione]]. 4.129-4.131.
-In a letter to [[Albert Einstein]] from 1932, [[Sigmund Freud]] clearly explores this idea of "might versus right" as well. He discusses the relationship between the two and how this concept has in fact existed throughout time.+*Book 5 (422-415 BC)
 +**Death of [[Cleon]] and Brasidas
 +**[[Peace of Nicias]]
 +**Feeling against Sparta in the [[Peloponnese]]
 +**League of the [[Mantinea]]ns, [[Elean]]s, [[Argives]], and [[Athenians]]
 +**[[Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)|Battle of Mantinea]] and breaking up of the League
 +**The [[Melian Dialogue]]
 +**Fate of [[Melos]]
-In the first chapter of Plato's [[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]], [[Thrasymachus]] claims that "justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger", which [[Socrates]] then disputes.+*Book 6 (415-414 BC)
 +**The [[Sicilian Expedition]]
 +**Affair of the [[Hermae]]
 +**Departure of the expedition to [[Sicily]]
 +**Parties at [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]]
 +**Story of [[Harmodius and Aristogiton]]
 +**Disgrace of [[Alcibiades]]
 +**Inaction of the Athenian army
 +**Alcibiades at Sparta
 +**Investment of Syracuse
-"Might makes right" has been described as the [[credo]] of [[totalitarian]] regimes. [[Realism (international relations)|Realist]] scholars of [[international politics]] think of it as a game in a kind of "[[state of nature]]" in which might makes right.+*Book 7 (414-413 BC)
 +**Arrival of [[Gylippus]] at Syracuse
 +**Fortification of [[Decelea]]
 +**Successes of the Syracusans
 +**Arrival of [[Demosthenes (general)|Demosthenes]]
 +**Defeat of the Athenians at [[Epipolae]]
 +**Folly and obstinacy of Nicias
 +**Battles in the Great Harbour
 +**Retreat and annihilation of the Athenian army
-==References in literature==+*Book 8 (413-411 BC)
-The author [[T.H. White]] covered this topic extensively in the [[Arthurian]] novel ''[[The Once and Future King]]''. [[Merlin (wizard)|Merlyn]] teaches young Arthur to challenge this concept; Arthur, after assuming the throne, attempts to reduce violence through various means and with varying degrees of success.+**Revolt of [[Ionia]]
 +**Intervention of [[Persia]]
 +**The war in Ionia
 +**Intrigues of Alcibiades
 +**Withdrawal of the Persian subsidies
 +**Oligarchical [[coup d'état]] at Athens
 +**Patriotism of the Athenian army at [[Samos]]
 +**Recall of Alcibiades to Samos
 +**Revolt of [[Euboea]] and downfall of the [[Boule (ancient Greece)|Council of the Four Hundred]]
 +**[[Battle of Cynossema]]
-==See also==+== See also ==
-*[[Melian Dialogue]]+ 
 +* [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 17]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Revision as of 18:17, 16 July 2013

Related e

Wikipedia
Wiktionary
Shop

Featured:

The History of the Peloponnesian War is a historical account of the Peloponnesian War, which was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Delian League (led by Athens). It was written by Thucydides, an Athenian historian who also happened to serve as an Athenian general during the war. His account of the conflict is widely considered to be a classic and regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history. The Histories are divided into eight books by editors of later antiquity.

Outline of the work

  • Book 1
    • The state of Greece from the earliest times to the commencement of the Peloponnesian War, also known as the Archaeology. 1.1-1.19.
    • Methodological excursus. 1.20-1.23.
    • Causes of the war (433-432 BC) 1.24-1.66.
    • Congress of the Peloponnesian League at Lacedaemon. 1.67-1.88
      • The Speech of the Corinthians. 1.68-1.71.
      • The Speech of the Athenian envoys. 1.73-1.78.
      • The Speech of Archidamus. 1.80-1.85.
      • The Speech of Sthenelaidas. 1.86.
    • From the end of the Persian War to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, also known as the Pentecontaetia. 1.89-1.117.
      • The progress from supremacy to empire.
    • Second congress at Lacedaemon and the Corinthian Speech. 1.119-1.125.
    • Diplomatic maneuvering. 1.126-1.139.
    • Pericles' first speech. 1.140-1.145.
  • Book 2 (431-428 BC)
    • War begins with Thebes' attempt to subvert Plataea. 2.1-2.6.
    • Account of the mobilization of and list of the allies of the two combatants. 2.7-2.9.
    • First invasion of Attica. 2.10-2.23.
      • Archidamus leads the Peloponnesian army into Attica. 2.10-2.12.
      • Athenian preparations and abandonment of the countryside. 2.13-2.14.
      • Excursus on Athenian synoikism. 2.15-2.16.
      • Difficult conditions in Athens for refugees from countryside. 2.17.
      • Archidamus ravages Oenoe and Acharnai. 2.18-2.20.
      • Athenian fury and anger at Pericles. 2.21-2.22.
    • Athenian naval counter-attacks along coast of Peloponese and islands. 2.23-2.32.
    • Pericles' Funeral Oration. 2.34-2.46.
    • The plague of Athens. 2.47-2.54.
    • Second invasion of Attica and Athenian naval counter-attacks. 2.55-2.58.
    • Pericles' third speech, defending his position and policy. 2.59-2.64.
    • Thucydides' estimate of Pericles' qualities and the causes for Athens' eventual defeat. 2.65.
    • Diplomacy and skirmishes in Thrace, the islands, and the Northeast. 2.66-2.69.
    • Fall of Potidaea. 2.70.
    • Investment of Plataea. 2.71-2.78.
    • Naval victories of Phormio in the Northeast. 2.80-2.92.
    • Threat of raid on the Piraeus. 2.93-2.94.
    • Thracian campaign in Macedonia under Sitalces. 2.95-2.101.
  • Book 3 (428-425 BC)
    • Annual invasion of Attica. 3.1.
    • Revolt of Mytilene. 3.2-3.50.
      • Speech of Mytilenian envoys to Sparta at Olympia, asking for help. 3.9-3.14.
      • Sparta accepts Lesbos as an ally and prepares to counter the Athenians. 3.15.
      • Mytilene surrenders to Athens despite Spartan support. 3.28.
      • Mytilenian Debate. 3.37-3.50.
    • Fall of Plataea. 3.20-3.24, 3.52-68.
      • Some Plataeans escape. 3.20-3.24.
      • Plataea surrenders. 3.52.
      • Trial and execution of the Plataeans. 3.53-3.68.
        • Speech of Plataeans, 3.53-3.59.
        • Speech of the Thebans. 3.61-3.67.
    • Revolution at Corcyra. 3.70-3.85.
      • Thucydides' account of the evils of civil strife. 3.82-3.84.
    • Athenian campaigns in Sicily. 3.86, 3.90, 3.99, 3.103, 3.115-3.116.
    • Tsunami and inquiry into its causes 3.89.2-5
    • Campaigns of Demosthenes in western Greece. 3.94-3.98, 3.100-3.102, 3.105-3.114.
    • Spartans establish Heracleia in Trachis. 3.92-3.93.
    • Athenians purify Delos. 3.104.
  • Book 7 (414-413 BC)
    • Arrival of Gylippus at Syracuse
    • Fortification of Decelea
    • Successes of the Syracusans
    • Arrival of Demosthenes
    • Defeat of the Athenians at Epipolae
    • Folly and obstinacy of Nicias
    • Battles in the Great Harbour
    • Retreat and annihilation of the Athenian army

See also


Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "History of the Peloponnesian War" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

Retrieved from "http://artandpopularculture.com/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"
Personal tools
Metas