Islam

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"Charlemagne, without Mohammet, would be inconceivable." -- Henri Pirenne, 1922 [...]

"l'Islam est un réchauffé du judaïsme" --Voltaire, cited in Un quinquennat pour rien by Eric Zemmour

"The Islamic Arabs developed in the course of a few years a culture which has influenced all the subsequent developments of Europe, and which, even when we allow for the cultural impulse which it inherited from Persia, was marvellous in the rapidity of its growth. Our own modern civilization has risen out of darkest barbarism in the course of three or four centuries." --The Making of Humanity (1919), Robert Briffault

"Consider the Koran... this wretched book was sufficient to start a world-religion, to satisfy the metaphysical need of countless millions for twelve hundred years, to become the basis of their morality and of a remarkable contempt for death, and also to inspire them to bloody wars and the most extensive conquests. In this book we find the saddest and poorest form of theism. Much may be lost in translation, but I have not been able to discover in it one single idea of value." --Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation#On Man's Need for Metaphysics

"Since the legalization of birth control and abortion in Europe in the late 20th century, population growth has become either small or non-existent. As a result, Europe has been allowing large numbers of people to immigrate, mostly from the Middle East and North Africa. These new immigrants have helped to make Islam a fast-growing religion in Europe, and although their numbers are still relatively small, it is speculated much of Western Europe could have an Islamic majority by the end of the 21st century. This presents difficulties for the West, since it seems most Muslim immigrants in Europe prefer their Islamic culture to Western culture, and some are violently hostile to the West. New terrorist threats have arisen from extremist European Muslims, evidenced by attacks on public transportation in Madrid and London, while in 2001 the United States suffered the worst terrorist attack in its history." --Sholem Stein, 2017

"Martin Luther King Jr., when he said 'I have a dream', everyone was listening to him, but if he [would have] said 'I have a complaint', I think no one would [have listened] to [him].", --Mustafa Cerić on European Islam, recorded in Allah in Europa, September 18, 2017[1]

"Kenny Clarke, Art Blakey, Sahib Shihab, Gigi Gryce, Idrees Sulieman, Ahmad Jamal, Yusef Lateef; all these legendary jazz pioneers - and countless more - were early converts to the spiritually charged Ahmadiyya school of Islam. Their faith profoundly influenced the music that they made, and the presence of prominent and innovative Muslim musicians at the heart of jazz culture in America has been recognised ever since."--liner notes of Spiritual Jazz 7

"WHILE the early Christian and Byzantine culture was evolving from a fusion of Greco-Roman, Near Eastern, and Northern elements, another culture, energized by an extremely dynamic religious force, was also rising. This was destined to meet the Christian religion at certain points and to fuse some of its forms, especially in Spain and Hispanic America, with those of Christian medieval art; in the Far East it met and fused with the arts of Far Asia. This was the Muhammadan religion.

When we think of the Muhammadans, we think not of a nation in the modern sense of the word, with sharply defined geographical boundaries, but of groups of people of varying cultures, widespread geographically but bound together by a burning and at times fanatical religious faith. The Muhammadans call this faith Islam, which means obedience to the will of Allah (God); and their creed is embodied in the prayer chanted by the muezzin from the minaret as he calls the faithful to worship: “God is great, God is great, God is great. I bear witness that there is no god but God. I bear witness that there is no god but God. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Apostle of God, I bear witness that Muhammad is the Apostle of God. Come to prayer. Come to prayer. Come to security. Come to security. God is great. God is great. There is no god but God.” This religion, originating in Arabia, spread both east and west with amazing rapidity, chiefly by means of the sword; for the Muslim became an invincible soldier because of his fatalistic belief in the will of Allah, and because he was lured by the promise of immediate entrance into the Garden of Paradise if he died upon the field of battle fighting for the Islamic faith. " --Gardner's Art Through the Ages (1926) by Helen Gardner

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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, unique, and has guided mankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE).

Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous are punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.

Apart from the Muslim viewpoint, Islam is believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, and by the 8th century the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities.

Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world, 23% in the Middle East-North Africa, where it is the dominant religion, and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa.

1 Criticism
- 1.1 List of topics
2 Islamization
3 See also

Criticism

Criticism of Islam

Criticism of Islam has existed since its formative stages. Early written criticism came from Christians, before the ninth century, many of whom viewed Islam as a radical Christian heresy. Later the Muslim world itself suffered criticism. Criticism of Islam in the West was renewed after the September 11 attacks and other terrorist attacks in the early 21st century.

Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad, the last prophet according to Islam, both in his public and personal life. Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran, the Islamic holy book, are also discussed by critics. Figures in Africa and India have described what they perceive as destruction of indigenous cultures by Islam. Other criticism focuses on the question of human rights in the Islamic world historically and in modern Islamic nations, including the treatment of women, LGBT people and religious and ethnic minorities in Islamic law and practice. In the wake of the recent multiculturalism trend, Islam's influence on the ability or willingness of Muslim immigrants to assimilate in the Western world, and other countries such as India and Russia, has been criticized.

List of topics

Apostasy in Islam
Eurabia
Islamic republic
Islamic state
- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Fatwa
Fitna
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech versus blasphemy
Ibrahim Al-Buleihi
Internet Infidels
Islam and modernity
Islam and violence
Islam and domestic violence
Islamic feminism
Innocence of Muslims
Islam: What the West Needs to Know
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
The Satanic Verses controversy
Submission, 2004 film
Submission, 2015, a novel by Michel Houellebecq
Platform, 2001, a novel by Michel Houellebecq
Sudanese teddy bear blasphemy case
Trial of Geert Wilders

Islamization

Islamization (or Islamification (pejorative Muhammadization) is the process of a society's conversion to the religion of Islam. In contemporary usage, it may refer to the perceived imposition of an Islamist social and political system on a society with an indigenously different social and political background.

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 | style="text-align: left;" |
-'''Islam''' is a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] originating with the teachings of [[Muhammad]], a 7th-century [[Arab]] religious and political figure. The word ''Islam'' means "[[submission]]," or the total surrender of one's self to [[God]].
+"[[Charlemagne]], without [[Muhammad|Mohammet]], would be inconceivable." -- Henri Pirenne, 1922 [[Charlemagne, without Mohammet, would be inconceivable|[...]]]
+<hr>
+"[[l'Islam est un réchauffé du judaïsme]]" --[[Voltaire]], cited in ''[[Un quinquennat pour rien]]'' by [[Eric Zemmour]]
+<hr>
+"The [[Islam]]ic [[Arabs]] developed in the course of a few years a culture which has [[Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|influenced all the subsequent developments of Europe]], and which, even when we allow for the [[Indian influence on Islamic science|cultural impulse which it inherited from Persia]], was marvellous in the rapidity of its growth. Our own modern civilization has risen out of [[Dark Ages (historiography)|darkest]] [[Barbarian|barbarism]] in the course of three or four centuries." --''[[The Making of Humanity]]'' (1919), Robert Briffault
+<hr>
+"Consider the [[Quran|Koran]]... this wretched book was sufficient to start a world-religion, to satisfy the metaphysical need of countless millions for twelve hundred years, to become the basis of their morality and of a remarkable contempt for death, and also to inspire them to bloody wars and the most extensive conquests. In this book we find the saddest and poorest form of [[theism]]. Much may be lost in translation, but I have not been able to discover in it one single idea of value." --[[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[The World as Will and Representation#On Man's Need for Metaphysics|''The World as Will and Representation''#On Man's Need for Metaphysics]]
+<hr>
+"Since the legalization of [[birth control]] and [[abortion]] in Europe in the late 20th century, [[European population growth|population growth]] has become either [[Sub-replacement fertility|small or non-existent]].  As a result, Europe has been allowing large numbers of people to [[Immigration to Europe|immigrate]], mostly from the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]. These new immigrants have helped to make [[Islam]] a [[fast-growing religion]] in Europe, and although their numbers are still relatively small, it is speculated much of [[Western Europe]] could have an [[Islamic majority]] by the end of the [[21st century]]. This presents difficulties for the West, since it seems most Muslim immigrants in Europe prefer their [[Islamic culture]] to [[Western culture]], and some are violently [[anti-Western sentiment|hostile to the West]].  New terrorist threats have arisen from extremist [[European Muslims]], evidenced by attacks on public transportation in [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid]] and [[7 July 2005 London bombings|London]], while in 2001 the United States suffered [[September 11 attacks|the worst terrorist attack]] in its history." --Sholem Stein, 2017
+<hr>
+"[[Martin Luther King Jr.]], when he said '[[I Have a Dream|I have a dream]]', everyone was listening to him, but if he [would have] said 'I have a complaint', I think no one would [have listened] to [him].", --[[Mustafa Cerić]] on [[European Islam]], recorded in ''[[Allah in Europa]]'', September 18, 2017[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnu/a-z/allah-in-europa/2017/allah-in-europa-s2017a2-bosnie-hongarije/]
+<hr>
+"[[Kenny Clarke]], [[Art Blakey]], [[Sahib Shihab]], [[Gigi Gryce]], [[Idrees Sulieman]], [[Ahmad Jamal]], [[Yusef Lateef]]; all these legendary [[jazz]] pioneers - and countless more - were early converts to the spiritually charged [[Ahmadiyya]] school of Islam. Their faith profoundly influenced the music that they made, and the presence of prominent and innovative Muslim musicians at the heart of jazz culture in America has been recognised ever since."--liner notes of ''[[Jazzman#Spiritual_Jazz_Vol._7:_Modal_Esoteric_.26_Progressive_Jazz_Inspired_by_Islam_1957-1989|Spiritual Jazz 7]]''
+<hr>
+"WHILE the early [[Christian]] and [[Byzantine]] culture was evolving from a fusion of [[Greco-Roman]], Near Eastern, and Northern elements, another culture, energized by an extremely dynamic religious force, was also rising. This was destined to meet the Christian religion at certain points and to fuse some of its forms, especially in Spain and Hispanic America, with those of Christian medieval art; in the Far East it met and fused with the arts of Far Asia. This was the [[Muhammadan]] religion.
+When we think of the Muhammadans, we think not of a nation in the modern sense of the word, with sharply defined geographical boundaries, but of groups of people of varying cultures, widespread geographically but bound together by a burning and at times fanatical religious faith. The Muhammadans call this faith [[Islam]], which means obedience to the will of Allah (God); and their creed is embodied in the prayer chanted by the [[muezzin]] from the minaret as he calls the faithful to worship: “God is great, God is great, God is great. I bear witness that there is no god but God. I bear witness that there is no god but God. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Apostle of God, I bear witness that Muhammad is the Apostle of God. Come to prayer. Come to prayer. Come to security. Come to security. God is great. God is great. There is no god but God.” This religion, originating in Arabia, spread both east and west with amazing rapidity, chiefly by means of the sword; for the Muslim became an invincible soldier because of his fatalistic belief in the will of Allah, and because he was lured by the promise of immediate entrance into the Garden of Paradise if he died upon the field of battle fighting for the Islamic faith. " --''[[Gardner's Art Through the Ages]]'' (1926) by Helen Gardner
 |}
 {{Template}}
-'''Islam''' is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] which professes that there is only [[Tawhid|one and incomparable God]] ([[Allah]])<ref>'''quran.com''': ''[http://quran.com/2/255]''</ref> and that [[Muhammad]] is the [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|last messenger]] of God.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=John L. Esposito|title=Islam. Overview|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0383|subscription=yes|quote=Profession of Faith [...] affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God, the last and final prophet. }}</ref><ref name=OEIW-allah>{{cite encyclopedia|author=F. E. Peters|title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0383|subscription=yes|quote=the Muslims’ understanding of Allāh is based [...] on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of humankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses, Jesus, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the “Peoples of the Book.”}}</ref> It is the [[Major religious groups#Largest religions|world's second-largest religion]]<ref name=landscape>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=18 December 2012|publisher=Pew Forum}}</ref> and the [[Growth of religion|fastest-growing major religion in the world]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burke|first1=Daniel|title=The world's fastest-growing religion is ...|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/|accessdate=18 April 2015|agency=CNN|date=April 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Lippman>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god |title=No God But God |author=Lippman, Thomas W. |quote=''Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.'' |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=2008-04-07|accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithtoday.html PBS - Islam: Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today].</ref> with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/|title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group|date=2017-04-06|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2017-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref> known as [[Muslim]]s.<ref>According to [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/muslim Oxford Dictionaries], "Muslim is the preferred term for 'follower of Islam,' although Moslem is also widely used."</ref> Islam teaches that [[God in Islam|God]] is [[Mercy#Islam|merciful]], [[Omnipotence|all-powerful]], [[Tawhid|unique]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Juan E. Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA34 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|page=34|chapter=Allah|title=Encyclopedia of Islam }}</ref> and has guided mankind through [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]], [[Islamic holy books|revealed scriptures]] and  [[Ayah|natural signs]].<ref name=OEIW-allah/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=İbrahim Özdemir|title= Environment |editor=Ibrahim Kalin|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001/acref-9780199812578-e-237|subscription=yes|quote=When Meccan pagans demanded proofs, signs, or miracles for the existence of God, the Qurʾān’s response was to direct their gaze at nature’s complexity, regularity, and order. The early verses of the Qurʾān, therefore, reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth, and everything that can be seen in the environment [...] The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God (āyah), inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator.}}</ref> The primary scriptures of Islam are the [[Quran]], viewed by Muslims as the [[:wikt:verbatim|verbatim]] word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the ''[[sunnah]]'', composed of accounts called ''[[hadith]]'') of Muhammad ([[Circa|{{circa}}]] 570–8 June 632 CE).
+'''Islam''' is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] which professes that there is only [[Tawhid|one and incomparable God]] ([[Allah]]) and that [[Muhammad]] is the [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|last messenger]] of God. It is the [[Major religious groups#Largest religions|world's second-largest religion]] and the [[Growth of religion|fastest-growing major religion in the world]], with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population, known as [[Muslim]]s. Islam teaches that [[God in Islam|God]] is [[Mercy#Islam|merciful]], [[Omnipotence|all-powerful]], [[Tawhid|unique]], and has guided mankind through [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]], [[Islamic holy books|revealed scriptures]] and  [[Ayah|natural signs]]. The primary scriptures of Islam are the [[Quran]], viewed by Muslims as the [[:wikt:verbatim|verbatim]] word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the ''[[sunnah]]'', composed of accounts called ''[[hadith]]'') of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE).
-Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times before through prophets including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]].<ref name="People-of-the-Book">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html |title=People of the Book |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2010-12-18}}</ref><ref>Reeves, J. C. (2004). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality. Leiden [u.a.: Brill. Page 177</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html, retrieved 10-1-2016</ref> As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bennett |2010|p=101}}</ref> Like other [[Abrahamic religions]], Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded [[Jannah|paradise]] and unrighteous are punished in [[Jahannam|hell]].<ref>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2]</ref> Religious concepts and practices include the [[Five Pillars of Islam|five pillars of Islam]], which are obligatory acts of worship, and following [[Sharia|Islamic law]], which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from [[Islamic banking and finance|banking]] and [[zakat|welfare]] to [[Women in Islam|women]] and the [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|environment]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Esposito|2002b|p=17}}</ref><ref>* {{Harvtxt|Esposito|2002b| pp=111,112,118}}
+Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times before through prophets including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]]. Like other [[Abrahamic religions]], Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded [[Jannah|paradise]] and unrighteous are punished in [[Jahannam|hell]]. Religious concepts and practices include the [[Five Pillars of Islam|five pillars of Islam]], which are obligatory acts of worship, and following [[Sharia|Islamic law]], which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from [[Islamic banking and finance|banking]] and [[zakat|welfare]] to [[Women in Islam|women]] and the [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|environment]]. The cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]] and [[Jerusalem]] are home to [[Holiest sites in Islam|the three holiest sites in Islam]].
-* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | ref=harv }}
-</ref> The cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]] and [[Jerusalem]] are home to [[Holiest sites in Islam|the three holiest sites in Islam]].<ref name="Trofimov">{{Citation|last=Trofimov|first=Yaroslav|title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine|year=2008|pages=|page=79|place=New York|language=|isbn=0-307-47290-6}}</ref>
-Apart from the Muslim viewpoint,<ref name="Esposito1998">{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title= Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |pages=9, 12}}</ref><ref name="Esposito2002b">Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.</ref><ref name="Peters2003">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-11553-2 |page=9}}</ref> Islam is believed to have originated in the early 7th century [[Common Era|CE]] in Mecca,<ref>{{cite book|last=Watt|first=William Montgomery|authorlink=W. Montgomery Watt|title=Islam and the Integration of Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-17587-6|page=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref> and by the 8th century the [[Caliphate|Islamic empire]] extended from [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] in the west to the [[Indus River]] in the east. The [[Islamic Golden Age]] refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] was experiencing a [[science in the medieval Islamic world|scientific]], [[History of Islamic economics#Classical Muslim commerce|economic]] and cultural flourishing.<ref name=Saliba>[[George Saliba]] (1994), ''A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam'', pp. 245, 250, 256–7. [[New York University Press]], {{ISBN|0-8147-8023-7}}.</ref><ref name=King>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/353360 | last1 = King | first1 = David A. | year = 1983 | title = The Astronomy of the Mamluks | url = | journal = Isis | volume = 74 | issue = 4| pages = 531–555 | ref = harv }}</ref><ref name=Hassan-Decline>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y |title=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |encyclopedia=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity: Historical and Contemporary Contexts, Kuala Lumpur, August 1–5, 1994 |editor=Sharifah Shifa Al-Attas |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization ([[ISTAC]])|date=1996 |pages=351–399 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Spread of Islam|expansion]] of the [[Muslim world]] involved various [[caliphate]]s and [[List of Muslim empires and dynasties|empires]], traders and [[conversion to Islam]] by [[Islamic missionary activity|missionary activities]].<ref>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg.125-258</ref>
+Apart from the Muslim viewpoint, Islam is believed to have originated in the early 7th century [[Common Era|CE]] in Mecca, and by the 8th century the [[Caliphate|Islamic empire]] extended from [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] in the west to the [[Indus River]] in the east. The [[Islamic Golden Age]] refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] was experiencing a [[science in the medieval Islamic world|scientific]], [[History of Islamic economics#Classical Muslim commerce|economic]] and cultural flourishing. The [[Spread of Islam|expansion]] of the [[Muslim world]] involved various [[caliphate]]s and [[List of Muslim empires and dynasties|empires]], traders and [[conversion to Islam]] by [[Islamic missionary activity|missionary activities]].
-Most Muslims are of one of two [[Islamic schools and branches|denominations]]:<ref name="NYT-20160103">{{cite news |last=Harney |first=John |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |date=January 3, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=January 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160105-maps">{{cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |date=January 5, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=January 6, 2016 }}</ref> [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] (75–90%)<ref name="Sunni-eb" /> or [[Shia Islam|Shia]] (10–20%).<ref name="Shia" /> About 13% of Muslims live in [[Indonesia]],<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17">{{Harvtxt|Miller|2009|pp=8,17}}</ref> the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in [[Islam in South Asia|South Asia]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=what+percent+of+muslims+live+in+south+asia#v=onepage&q=what%20percent%20of%20muslims%20live%20in%20south%20asia&f=false|title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today|last=Pechilis|first=Karen|last2=Raj|first2=Selva J.|date=2013-01-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415448512|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> the largest population of Muslims in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/|title=How South Asia Will Save Global Islam|last=Diplomat|first=Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The|newspaper=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref> 23% in the [[Religion in the Middle East#Islam|Middle East]]-[[Islam in Africa|North Africa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/|title=Middle East-North Africa Overview|date=7 October 2009|publisher=}}</ref> where it is the dominant religion,<ref name="pewmuslim22">{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx|title=Region: Middle East-North Africa|publisher=Pew Research Center|work=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref> and 15% in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="mgmpPRC" /><ref name="pewmuslim32">{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx|title=Region: Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Pew Research Center|work=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) {{ISBN|978-0-85229-956-2}} p.306
+Most Muslims are of one of two [[Islamic schools and branches|denominations]]: [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] (75–90%) or [[Shia Islam|Shia]] (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in [[Indonesia]], the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in [[Islam in South Asia|South Asia]], the largest population of Muslims in the world, 23% in the [[Religion in the Middle East#Islam|Middle East]]-[[Islam in Africa|North Africa]], where it is the dominant religion, and 15% in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].
-According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. [http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php Ian S. Markham, (A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)] is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total population. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the [http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here], as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: [https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions], Foreign Policy, May 2007.
-</ref> Sizable [[Islam by country|Muslim communities]] are also found in the [[Islam in the Americas|Americas]], [[Caucasus]], [[Islam in China|China]], [[Islam in Europe|Europe]], [[Mainland Southeast Asia#Prevalence|Mainland Southeast Asia]], [[Islam in the Philippines|Philippines]] and [[Islam in Russia|Russia]].<ref name="pewmuslim12">{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/ |title=Muslim Population by Country |publisher=Pew Research Center |work=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |accessdate=22 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archivedate= 9 February 2011 |df= }}</ref> Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.
 ==Criticism==
+:''[[Criticism of Islam]]''
+'''Criticism of Islam''' has existed since its formative stages. Early written criticism came from [[Christian]]s, before the ninth century, many of whom viewed [[Islam]] as a radical Christian [[heresy]]. Later the [[Muslim world]] itself suffered criticism. Criticism of Islam in the West was renewed after the [[September 11 attacks]] and other [[Islamic terrorism|terrorist attacks]] in the early 21st century.
+Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of [[Muhammad]], the last prophet according to [[Islam]], both in his public and personal life. Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the [[Quran]], the Islamic holy book, are also discussed by critics. Figures in Africa and India have described what they perceive as destruction of indigenous cultures by Islam. Other criticism focuses on the question of human rights in the Islamic world historically and in modern Islamic nations, including the [[women in Islam|treatment of women]], [[LGBT]] people and religious and ethnic minorities in Islamic law and practice. In the wake of the recent [[multiculturalism]] trend, Islam's influence on the ability or willingness of Muslim immigrants to assimilate in the [[Western world]], and other countries such as India and Russia, has been criticized.
+===List of topics===
 *[[Apostasy in Islam]]
-*[[Islamic State]]
+*[[Eurabia]]
+*[[Islamic republic]]
+*[[Islamic state]]
 **[[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ]]
+*[[Fatwa]]
 *''[[Fitna (film)|Fitna]]''
 *[[Freedom of speech]]
 *[[The Satanic Verses controversy|''The Satanic Verses'' controversy]]
 *''[[Submission (2004 film)|Submission]]'', 2004 film
-*''[[Submission (novel)|Submission]]'', a novel
+*''[[Submission (novel)|Submission]]'', 2015, a novel by Michel Houellebecq
+*''[[Platform (novel)|Platform]]'', 2001, a novel by Michel Houellebecq
 *[[Sudanese teddy bear blasphemy case]]
 *[[Trial of Geert Wilders]]
+==Islamization==
+'''Islamization''' (or '''Islamification''' (pejorative '''Muhammadization''') is the process of a society's conversion to the religion of [[Islam]].   In contemporary usage, it may refer to the perceived imposition of an [[Islamist]] social and political system on a society with an indigenously different social and political background.
+===By area===
+*[[Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
+*[[Islamization of Egypt]]
+*[[Islamization of Iran|Islamization]] and [[Iranian Cultural Revolution|cultural revolution]] of Iran
+*[[Islamization of Palestine]], [[Islamization of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] and the [[Islamization of the Temple Mount|Temple Mount]]
+*[[Islamization of Syria]]
+*[[Islamization of Sudan]]
+===By method===
+* [[Conversion to Islam in prisons]]
+* [[Islamic Missionary Activity]]
+===List of topics===
+*[[Arabization]]
+*[[Eurabia]]
+*[[Islamic revival]]
+*[[Islamization of knowledge]]
+*[[Spread of Islam]]
+*[[Politics and sports]]
+*[[Talibanization]]
+*[[Islam in Europe]]
+*[[Criticism of Islamism]]
+*[[Christianization]]
+* [[Judaization]]
+*[[Westernization]]
 ==See also==
+*[[Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]]
+*[[Dhimmi]]
 *[[Ismailism]]
 *[[Hassan-i Sabbah]]
 * [[Islamic literature]]
 * [[Islamic terrorism]]
+* [[Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe]]
+**''[[Aristote au mont Saint-Michel]]'' by Sylvain Gouguenheim
 * [[Islamic golden age]]
 * [[Islamic mythology]]
 * [[Islamic studies]]
+* [[Islamic view of the Christian Bible]]
+* [[Islamofascism]]
+* [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam  ]]
 * [[Major religious groups]]
 * [[Muslim world]]
+*[[Muslim population growth]]
 * [[Religious conversion#Islam]]
-*[[Liberal movements within Islam]]
 *[[Islam and violence]]
 *[[Gender segregation and Muslims]]
 *[[Gender apartheid]]
+*[[Sectarian violence among Muslims]]
+*[[Petro-Islam]]
+*[[Shia–Sunni relations]]
+*[[Taqiya]]
 *[[Women in Arab societies]]
+*[[Women in Islam]]
+*[[There is no god but God]]
+*[[Islam and mid-20th century African-American music ]]
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Islam

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Revision as of 19:56, 4 March 2024

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