Painterliness
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| - | '''Painterliness''' is a translation of the [[German language|German]] term ''malerisch'', one of the opposed categories popularized by Swiss [[art historian]] [[Heinrich Wölfflin]] (1864 - 1945) in order to help focus, enrich and standardize the terms being used by art historians of his time to characterize [[Work of art|works of art]]. The opposite character is '''[[linear]]''', plastic or formal linear design. (For further clarification of the meaning of ''malerisch'' read ''[[Francis Bacon: Logic of Sensation]]'' by [[Gilles Deleuze]]). The term "painterly" serves to illuminate one aspect of painting when the viewer wants to begin to deepen his understanding of art. Painterliness in itself is insignificant and as such does not contribute to the quality of a work. Note that there is no absolute division between painterly and linear works. Painterliness in art is a matter of degree. Here is a hypothetical example rating painterliness among three well known artists: on a scale of 0 to 100 [[Willem DeKooning]] gets a 100, [[Edgar Degas]] a 60, and [[Edward Hopper]] a 30. | ||
| - | An [[oil painting]] is "painterly" when there are visible "[[brush stroke]]s", the result of applying paint in a less than completely controlled manner, generally without closely following carefully drawn lines. Works characterized as either "painterly" or "linear" can be produced with any painting media, oils, acrylics, watercolors, gouache, etc. "Painterly" characterizes the work of [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]], [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]] or [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir]], [[John Singer Sargent]] and many others. In watercolor it might be represented by the early watercolors of [[Andrew Wyeth]]. "Linear", the term used to characterize the works of minimally painterly, some would say not painterly at all, artists such as [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]], [[Michelangelo]] or [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]] whose works depend on creating the illusion of a degree of three dimensionality by means of "modeling the form" through skillful drawing, shading, and a learned rather than impulsive use of color. Contour and pattern are more in the province of the linear artists while dynamism is the most common trait of painterly works. | + | '''Painterliness''' is a concept based on '''''{{lang-de|malerisch}}''''' ('painterly'), a word popularized by Swiss [[art historian]] [[Heinrich Wölfflin]] (1864–1945) to help focus, enrich and standardize the terms being used by art historians of his time to characterize [[Work of art|works of art]]. |
| - | The [[Impressionism|Impressionists]] and the [[Abstract Expressionism|Abstract Expressionists]] tended strongly to be "painterly" movements. Both [[Pop Art]] and [[Photo-realism]], due to their dependence on photographic imagery, were characterized by an absence of apparent brushstrokes. The [[Pop art]]ist [[Roy Lichtenstein]] made a painting which commented on Abstract Expressionist painterliness when he utilized images of brush strokes, rendered in a style reminiscent of a [[comic book]], complete with [[Benday dot]]s, in other words a flat looking painting spoofing the three dimensionality of Abstract Expressionism. | + | A painting is said to be ''painterly'' when there are visible [[Brush#Paintbrushes|brushstroke]]s in the final work – the result of applying paint in a manner that is not entirely controlled, generally without closely following carefully drawn lines. Any painting media – oils, acrylics, watercolors, gouache, etc. – can produce either linear or painterly work. Some artists whose work could be characterized as painterly are [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]], [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir]], [[John Singer Sargent]], and [[Andrew Wyeth]] (his early watercolors). The [[Impressionism|Impressionists]], [[Fauvism|Fauvists]] and the [[Abstract Expressionism|Abstract Expressionists]] tended strongly to be painterly. |
| - | What [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]] is to light, [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]] is to color. Colorists in rendering form, shadow, light and surface depend far more on subtle color relationships than do the artists who are less concerned with the subtleties of color and are more dependent on correct drawing and the accurate observation of both form and illumination. In neither case does it mean that the artists are slaves to "accuracy". "Painterly" art often makes use of the many visual effects produced by paint on canvas such as chromatic progression, warm and cool tones, complementary and contrasting colors, broken tones, broad brushstrokes, sketchiness, and impasto. | + | Painterly art often makes use of the many visual effects produced by paint on canvas, such as chromatic progression, warm and cool tones, [[Color wheel|complementary and contrasting colors]], broken tones, broad brushstrokes, [[Sketch (drawing)|sketchiness]], and [[impasto]]. |
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| + | ==Linear art== | ||
| + | The opposite of painterly is ''linear'', ''plastic'' or ''formal linear'' design. For further clarification of the meaning of ''malerisch'' read ''[[Francis Bacon: Logic of Sensation]]'' by [[Gilles Deleuze]]. ''Linear'' could describe the painting of artists such as [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]], [[Michelangelo]], and [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]], whose works depend on creating the illusion of a degree of [[three-dimensional]]ity by means of "modeling the form" through skillful drawing, shading, and an academic (rather than impulsive) use of color. Contour and pattern are more the province of linear artists, while dynamism is the most common painterly trait. | ||
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| + | ==Other usage== | ||
| + | Although ''painterly'' generally refers to a certain use of paint in art, it happens that some forms of [[sculpture]] make use of apparently random surface effects which, if not exactly resembling brushstrokes, contain the traits of painterliness. The application of the term outside the realm of painting may help the viewer, or listener, experience more deeply the significance of [[Auguste Rodin]]'s surfaces or [[Richard Strauss]]'s flow of chromatic harmonies. | ||
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| + | More recently, "painterly" is used to describe computer software, especially mobile apps, designed to create special effects on photographs, mimicking recognizable artistic media such as oils, watercolors, Japanese woodcuts, etc., or based on individual styles like [[van Gogh]], [[Monet]], and so on. The resulting photographs, once transformed, are also called "painterly". | ||
| - | Finally, "painterly" refers to a certain use of paint in art. Additionally it happens that some forms of [[sculpture]] make use of apparently random surface effects which if not exactly resembling brushstrokes contain the traits of painterliness, (see [[Wood as a medium]]). The application of the term "painterly" outside of painting is justified and may help the viewer experience more deeply the significance of [[Auguste Rodin]]'s surfaces or [[Richard Strauss]]'s flow of chromatic harmonies. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *[[Expressionism]] | *[[Expressionism]] | ||
| *[[Abstract expressionism]] | *[[Abstract expressionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Flatness (art)]] | ||
| *[[Tachisme]] | *[[Tachisme]] | ||
| *[[Action painting]] | *[[Action painting]] | ||
| - | *[[Lyrical Abstraction]] | + | *[[Lyrical abstraction]] |
| *[[Neo-expressionism]] | *[[Neo-expressionism]] | ||
| *[[Western painting]] | *[[Western painting]] | ||
Revision as of 13:14, 20 February 2023
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Painterliness is a concept based on Template:Lang-de ('painterly'), a word popularized by Swiss art historian Heinrich Wölfflin (1864–1945) to help focus, enrich and standardize the terms being used by art historians of his time to characterize works of art.
A painting is said to be painterly when there are visible brushstrokes in the final work – the result of applying paint in a manner that is not entirely controlled, generally without closely following carefully drawn lines. Any painting media – oils, acrylics, watercolors, gouache, etc. – can produce either linear or painterly work. Some artists whose work could be characterized as painterly are Pierre Bonnard, Francis Bacon, Vincent van Gogh, Rembrandt, Renoir, John Singer Sargent, and Andrew Wyeth (his early watercolors). The Impressionists, Fauvists and the Abstract Expressionists tended strongly to be painterly.
Painterly art often makes use of the many visual effects produced by paint on canvas, such as chromatic progression, warm and cool tones, complementary and contrasting colors, broken tones, broad brushstrokes, sketchiness, and impasto.
Linear art
The opposite of painterly is linear, plastic or formal linear design. For further clarification of the meaning of malerisch read Francis Bacon: Logic of Sensation by Gilles Deleuze. Linear could describe the painting of artists such as Botticelli, Michelangelo, and Ingres, whose works depend on creating the illusion of a degree of three-dimensionality by means of "modeling the form" through skillful drawing, shading, and an academic (rather than impulsive) use of color. Contour and pattern are more the province of linear artists, while dynamism is the most common painterly trait.
Other usage
Although painterly generally refers to a certain use of paint in art, it happens that some forms of sculpture make use of apparently random surface effects which, if not exactly resembling brushstrokes, contain the traits of painterliness. The application of the term outside the realm of painting may help the viewer, or listener, experience more deeply the significance of Auguste Rodin's surfaces or Richard Strauss's flow of chromatic harmonies.
More recently, "painterly" is used to describe computer software, especially mobile apps, designed to create special effects on photographs, mimicking recognizable artistic media such as oils, watercolors, Japanese woodcuts, etc., or based on individual styles like van Gogh, Monet, and so on. The resulting photographs, once transformed, are also called "painterly".
See also
- Expressionism
- Abstract expressionism
- Flatness (art)
- Tachisme
- Action painting
- Lyrical abstraction
- Neo-expressionism
- Western painting
- History of painting
- Painting
- Medium specificity
