Perception
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| - | [[Image:Nicolas Ledoux.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Théatre de Besançon]], interior view by [[Claude Nicolas Ledoux]] ]] | + | [[Image:The Bitter Potion.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''[[The Bitter Potion]]'' (c. 1635) by [[Adriaen Brouwer]]]] |
| - | [[Image:Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1895.jpg|thumb|right|200px|After ''[[The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station]]'', [[ways of seeing]] changed.]] | + | {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" |
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| + | "THE IDEA OF writing a book about the [[perception]] of [[odor]]s came to me as I was reading the memoirs of [[Jean Noël Hallé|Jean-Noel Halle]], a member of the [[Société royale de médecine|Societe Royale de Medecine]] under the ancien regime and the first incumbent of the chair of [[Public health|public hygiene]] established in Paris in 1794."--incipit ''[[The Foul and the Fragrant]]'' (1982) by Alain Corbin | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | [[Image:Nicolas Ledoux.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the ''[[sense|senses]]'' series. | ||
| + | <br><small> | ||
| + | Illustration: Drawing for the interior view of the [[Théatre de Besançon]] (1784) by [[Claude Nicolas Ledoux]]</small>]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Glass half full or half empty.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Is the glass half empty or half full?]], photo © [[JWG]]]] | ||
| [[Image:Venus at the Opera by Grandville.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Venus at the Opera]]'' (1844) by [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville|Grandville]] (French, 1803 – 1847)]] | [[Image:Venus at the Opera by Grandville.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Venus at the Opera]]'' (1844) by [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville|Grandville]] (French, 1803 – 1847)]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Ears from 'Italian Painters'.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Ear]]s from ''[[Italian Painters]]'']] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | '''Perception''' (from the Latin ''perceptio, percipio'') is the [[organization]], [[identification]], and [[interpretation]] of [[Sensory system|sensory]] [[information]] in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the [[nervous system]], which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves [[light]] striking the [[retina]] of the eye, smell is mediated by odor [[molecules]], and hearing involves [[sound wave|pressure waves]]. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by [[Perceptual learning|learning]], [[memory]], [[expectation (epistemic)|expectation]], and [[attention]]. Perception involves these "top-down" effects as well as the "bottom-up" process of processing sensory input. The "bottom-up" processing transforms low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). The "top-down" processing refers to a person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms ([[attention]]) that influence perception. Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. | + | '''Perception''' (from the Latin ''perceptio, percipio'') is the [[organization]], [[identification]], and [[interpretation]] of [[Sensory system|sensory]] [[information]] in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the [[nervous system]], which in turn result from physical or chemical [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimulation]] of the sense organs. For example, vision involves [[light]] striking the [[retina]] of the eye, [[smell]] is mediated by [[odor]] [[molecules]], and [[hearing]] involves [[sound wave|pressure waves]]. |
| - | Since the rise of [[experimental psychology]] in the 19th Century, [[perceptual psychology|psychology's understanding of perception]] has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. [[Psychophysics]] quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. [[Sensory neuroscience]] studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied [[computation]]ally, in terms of the information they process. [[Philosophy of perception|Perceptual issues in philosophy]] include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver. | + | Since the rise of [[experimental psychology]] in the 19th century, [[perceptual psychology|psychology's understanding of perception]] has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. [[Psychophysics]] quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. [[Sensory neuroscience]] studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. |
| Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of [[illusion]]s and [[ambiguous image]]s has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of [[hypothesis]] testing, analogous to [[science]], or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary. | Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of [[illusion]]s and [[ambiguous image]]s has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of [[hypothesis]] testing, analogous to [[science]], or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary. | ||
| + | ==Etymology== | ||
| + | From Middle English ''perceiven'', from Old French ''percevoir, perceveir'', from Latin ''percipere'', past participle ''perceptus'' (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from ''per'' (“by, through”) + ''capere'' (“to take”); see [[capable]]. Compare [[conceive]], [[deceive]], [[receive]]. | ||
| - | The [[perceptual system]]s of the [[brain]] enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and animal brains are structured in a [[cognitive module|modular way]], with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of [[Sensory Maps|sensory maps]], mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, the taste is strongly influenced by its odor. | ||
| - | |||
| - | == By medium == | ||
| - | [[visual perception|seeing]] - [[tasting]] - [[hearing]] - [[feeling]] - [[smelling]] | ||
| - | |||
| - | == Related == | ||
| - | [[attention]] - [[experience]] - [[sense]] - [[sensation]] - [[synaesthesia]] | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * [[Action-specific perception]] | * [[Action-specific perception]] | ||
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| * [[Change blindness]] | * [[Change blindness]] | ||
| * [[Introspection]] | * [[Introspection]] | ||
| - | * [[Model-dependent realism]] | ||
| - | * [[Near sets]] | ||
| * [[Neural correlates of consciousness]] | * [[Neural correlates of consciousness]] | ||
| * [[Pareidolia]] | * [[Pareidolia]] | ||
| - | * [[Perceptual paradox]] | + | * [[Philosophy of perception]] |
| + | * [[Plant perception (physiology) ]] | ||
| * [[Qualia]] | * [[Qualia]] | ||
| - | * [[Samjñā]], the Buddhist concept of perception | ||
| * [[Simulated reality]] | * [[Simulated reality]] | ||
| * [[Simulation]] | * [[Simulation]] | ||
| - | * [[Visual routine]] | + | ==Namesakes== |
| - | * [[Transsaccadic memory]] | + | *''[[The Doors of Perception]]'' (1954) by Aldous Huxley |
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
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"THE IDEA OF writing a book about the perception of odors came to me as I was reading the memoirs of Jean-Noel Halle, a member of the Societe Royale de Medecine under the ancien regime and the first incumbent of the chair of public hygiene established in Paris in 1794."--incipit The Foul and the Fragrant (1982) by Alain Corbin |
Illustration: Drawing for the interior view of the Théatre de Besançon (1784) by Claude Nicolas Ledoux
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Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves.
Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception.
Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.
[edit]
Etymology
From Middle English perceiven, from Old French percevoir, perceveir, from Latin percipere, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capere (“to take”); see capable. Compare conceive, deceive, receive.
[edit]
See also
- Action-specific perception
- Alice in Wonderland syndrome
- Apophenia
- Change blindness
- Introspection
- Neural correlates of consciousness
- Pareidolia
- Philosophy of perception
- Plant perception (physiology)
- Qualia
- Simulated reality
- Simulation
[edit]
Namesakes
- The Doors of Perception (1954) by Aldous Huxley
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