Pierre Soulages  

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-'''Pierre Soulages''' (born [[December 24]], [[1919]]) is a [[France|French]] painter, engraver and sculptor. 
-Born in [[Rodez]] ([[Aveyron]]) in 1919, Soulages is also known as "the painter of black" because of his interest in the colour ("Both a colour and a non-colour. When light is reflected on black, it transforms and transmutes it. It opens up a mental field all of its own."). He sees light as a matter to work with; striating the black surface of his paintings enables him to make the light reflect, allowing the black to come out from darkness and into brightness, thereby becoming a luminous colour.+'''Pierre Soulages''' (24 December 1919 – 26 October 2022) was a [[French painter]], printmaker, and sculptor.
-Before [[World War II]], Soulages had already toured museums in Paris seeking his vocation, and after wartime military service, he opened a studio in Paris, holding his first exhibition at the [[Salon des Indépendants]] in 1947. He also worked as a designer of stage sets.+Soulages is known as "the painter of black," owing to his interest in the colour "both as a colour and a non-colour. When light is reflected on black, it transforms and transmutes it. It opens a mental field all its own." He saw light as a work material; striations of the black surface of his paintings enable him to reflect light, allowing the black to come out of darkness and into brightness, thus becoming a luminous colour.
-In 1979 Pierre Soulages was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].+==Biography==
 +Soulages was born in [[Rodez]], [[Aveyron]], in 1919. He was interested in Celtic carvings in the local museum as a child, and also in the [[Romanesque architecture]] of the [[Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy]] in [[Conques]]. Inspired by the art of [[Paul Cézanne]] and [[Pablo Picasso]], he began studied at the [[Beaux-Arts de Paris|École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts]] in Paris, but soon dropped out because he was disappointed by the traditional style.<ref name="Guggenheim">{{cite web |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/pierre-soulages |title=Pierre Soulages |publisher=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]] |date=2022 |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>
-From 1987 to 1994, he produced 104 stained glass windows for the romanesque Abbey church Sainte-Foy in [[Conques]] ([[Aveyron]], [[France]]). +Before [[World War II]], Soulages toured museums in Paris seeking his vocation; after wartime military service, he opened a studio in Courbevoie, Paris, holding his first exhibition at the [[Salon des Indépendants]] in 1947.<ref name="Guggenheim" /><ref name="France24" /> He also worked as a designer of stage sets. He exhibited at the [[Venice Biennale]] in 1954,<ref name="France24" /> and in New York City the same year,<ref name="Paik">{{Cite web |last=Paik |first=Sherry |url=https://ocula.com/artists/pierre-soulages/ |title=Pierre Soulages / Artworks, Exhibitions, Profile & Content |date=4 March 2019 |website=ocula.com |language=en |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042653/https://ocula.com/artists/pierre-soulages/|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> gaining recognition in the United States. His works were included in the two major exhibitions of European artists, ''Younger European Painters'' at the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Solomon R Guggenheim Museum]] (1953) and ''The New Decade: 22 European Painters and Sculptors'' at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (1955) in New York.<ref name="Paik" /> In 1979, Soulages was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].
-He is the first living artist invited to exhibit at the state [[Hermitage Museum]] of [[St. Petersburg]], and then with the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] of [[Moscow]] (2001). +From 1987 to 1994, he produced 104 stained-glass windows for the Abbey of Sainte-Foy in [[Conques]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fresques.ina.fr/soulages/fiche-media/Soulag00025/pierre-soulages-et-les-vitraux-de-l-abbatiale-de-conques.html|title=Soulages - Pierre Soulages et les vitraux de l'abbatiale de Conques - Ina.fr|website=Soulages|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003257/http://fresques.ina.fr/soulages/fiche-media/Soulag00025/pierre-soulages-et-les-vitraux-de-l-abbatiale-de-conques.html|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Soulages was the first living artist to have been invited to exhibit at the state [[Hermitage Museum]] of [[St. Petersburg]] and later with the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] of [[Moscow]] (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pierre-soulages.com/biographie/|title=Biographie / |website=www.pierre-soulages.com|access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901135402/https://www.pierre-soulages.com/biographie/ |archive-date=1 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 2006, a composition of 1959 sold for 1.200.000 euros at [[Sotheby's]]. +A composition he created in 1959 sold for 1,200,000 euros at [[Sotheby's]] in 2006.
-In 2007, the [[Musée Fabre]] of [[Montpellier]] devoted a room to him, presenting his donation to the city. This donation includes 20 paintings from 1951 to 2006, among which are major works from the 1960s, two large plus-black works from the 1970s and several large [[polyptych]]s.+In 2007, the [[Musée Fabre]] of [[Montpellier]] devoted an entire room to Soulages, presenting a donation he made to the city. It included twenty paintings dating from 1951 to 2006, among which were major works from the 1960s, two large "plus-black" works from the 1970s, and several large [[polyptych]]s. A retrospective was held at the [[Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou]] from October 2009 to March 2010. In 2010, the [[Museum of Mexico City]] presented a retrospective of paintings that also included an interview-video with the artist (Spanish subtitles).
 + 
 +In 2014, the Musée Soulages opened in Soulages' hometown of [[Rodez]], as a place to permanently display his works and to house temporary contemporary exhibitions.<ref name="Schofield" /> Soulages and his wife donated 900 works.<ref name="Christies" /><ref>Artnet, [http://www.artnet.com/artists/pierre-soulages/ "Pierre Soulages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627070843/http://www.artnet.com/artists/pierre-soulages/ |date=27 June 2016}} Retrieved June 2016</ref> The paintings represent all stages of his work, from post-war oils to a phase of work he calls ''Outrenoir.'' It was the most complete display of work from his first 30 years.<ref>[http://musee-soulages.rodezagglo.fr/museum-soulages/#bloc-num-1 The Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002085307/http://musee-soulages.rodezagglo.fr/museum-soulages/#bloc-num-1|date=2 October 2015}} Musée Soulages, Retrieved June 2016</ref>
 + 
 +In 2014, Soulages presented fourteen recent works in his first American exhibition in 10 years, at [[Dominique Lévy]] and [[Galerie Perrotin]], New York.
 + 
 +In September 2019, the Levy Gorvy Gallery in New York held a major exhibition ahead of the retrospective at the [[Louvre museum|Louvre Museum]] in December celebrating his 100th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190204-ambition-still-burns-art-star-soulages-99|title=Ambition still burns in art star Soulages at 99|date=4 February 2019|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901135359/https://www.france24.com/en/20190204-ambition-still-burns-art-star-soulages-99|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 + 
 +On 17 November 2021, his ‘Peinture 195 x 130 cm, 4 août 1961’, was auctioned for $20.2M – a new world auction record for the artist.<!--<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/sothebys/status/1460773776313008132|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> -- wanted to add a title but doesn't link-->
 + 
 +==Artistic practice==
 +[[File:'17 December 1966' by Pierre Soulages, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|''17 December 1966'' by '''Pierre Soulages''', [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]]]
 + 
 +Soulages said, "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black."<ref>Musée Soulages, Rodez [http://musee-soulages.rodezagglo.fr/oeuvre/peinture-324-x-362-cm-1986-polyptyque-i/ Painting, 324 X 362 cm, 1986 (Polyptyque I)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604001238/http://musee-soulages.rodezagglo.fr/oeuvre/peinture-324-x-362-cm-1986-polyptyque-i/|date=4 June 2016}} Retrieved July 2016</ref> Naming his own practice ''Outrenoir'', (Beyond Black) the paintings he produces are known for their endless black depth, created by playing with the light reflected off of the texture of the paint. Knowing that he needed a new term to define the way that he worked, Soulages invented 'Outrenoir' to define his practice. Not having a translation into English, the closest meaning is 'beyond black'; in a 2014 interview he explained the definition of the term, "Outrenoir doesn't exist in English; the closest is "beyond black." In French, you say "outre-Manche," "beyond the Channel," to mean England or "outre-Rhin," "beyond the Rhine," to mean Germany. In other words, "beyond black" is a different country from black."<ref name="interview14" />
 + 
 +The infatuation Soulages had with black began long before his investigations with 'Outrenoir' at the age of 60.<ref name="happydark">Ben Davis: [https://news.artnet.com/market/pierre-soulages-happy-to-stay-in-the-dark-43580 Pierre Soulages, Happy to Stay in the Dark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807023421/https://news.artnet.com/market/pierre-soulages-happy-to-stay-in-the-dark-43580|date=7 August 2016}} Artnet, 19 June 2014, Retrieved July 2016</ref> Initially inspired by his interest in the prehistoric <ref name="interview14">Zoe Stillpass (photography: Patrick Demarchelier): [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/pierre-soulages/#_ Pierre Soulages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920031546/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/pierre-soulages/#_|date=20 September 2016}} Interview Magazine, 5 August 2014, Retrieved July 2016</ref> and his want of retreating to something more pure, primal and deliberately stripped of any other connotations, he says of his fascination with the colour, "during thousands of years, men went underground, in the absolute black of grottoes, to paint with black."<ref name =happydark /> "I made these because I found that the light reflected by the black surface elicits certain emotions in me. These aren't monochromes. The fact that light can come from the colour which is supposedly the absence of light is already quite moving, and it is interesting to see how this happens."<ref name= interview14 />
 + 
 +Applying the paint in thick layers, Soulages' painting technique includes using objects such as spoons, tiny rakes and bits of rubber to work away at the painting, often making scraping, digging or etching movements depending on whether he wants to evoke a smooth or rough surface. The texture that is then produced either absorbs or rejects light, breaking up the surface of the painting by disrupting the uniformity of the black.<ref>[[Jean-Max Albert]], ''Pierre Soulages, Mouvement sans emplacement,'' Opus International, n°57, 1975.</ref><ref>Claire Rosemberg: [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6325178/Black-is-the-new-black-for-Pierre-Soulages-Frances-best-known-living-artist.html Black is the new black for Pierre Soulages, France's best known living artist,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114162508/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6325178/Black-is-the-new-black-for-Pierre-Soulages-Frances-best-known-living-artist.html|date=14 November 2017}} [[The Telegraph (magazine)|The Telegraph]] (online), 14 October 2009, Retrieved July 2016</ref> He often used bold cuts in vertical and horizontal lines, the crevasses and forms created by using angles and contours. In his recent work from 2013–14, Soulages began to explicitly vary the pigment used in the paint, mixing matte and glossy types of black as well as hardened densities of black pigment.<ref>Robert C. Morgan: [http://hyperallergic.com/126322/pierre-soulages-painter-of-black-and-light/ Pierre Soulages: Painter of Black and Light] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803015206/http://hyperallergic.com/126322/pierre-soulages-painter-of-black-and-light/|date=3 August 2016}} Hyperallergic (online), 14 May 2014, Retrieved July 2016</ref> Preferring to suspend the paintings like walls, he uses wires to hang them in the middle of the room, "I always liked paintings to be walls rather than windows. When we see a painting on a wall, it's a window, so I often put my paintings in the middle of the space to make a wall. A window looks outside, but a painting should do the opposite—it should look inside of us" <ref name= interview14 />
 + 
 +Instead of having titles, Soulages paintings are named by their size and date of production. ''17 December 1966'' from 1966, in the collection of the [[Honolulu Museum of Art]] demonstrates the artist's boldly brushed black on white canvases.<ref name="Honolulu">Honolulu Museum of Art, wall label, ''17 December 1966'', accession 4400.1</ref>
 + 
 +==Personal life and death==
 +Soulages was married to his wife Colette from 1942,<ref name="France24" /> and their marriage was childless. In 2017, the couple permanently moved to their summer retreat in Sète.<ref>Nina Siegal (29 November 2019), [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/arts/design/pierre-soulages-louvre.html Black Is Still the Only Color for Pierre Soulages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201122505/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/arts/design/pierre-soulages-louvre.html |date=1 December 2019 }} ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> Soulages died on 26 October 2022, at the age of 102, and was survived by his wife of 80 years.<ref name="France24" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Le peintre Pierre Soulages est mort |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2022/10/26/le-peintre-pierre-soulages-est-mort_6147426_3382.html#xtor=AL-32280270-%5Bdefault%5D-%5Bios%5D |access-date=26 October 2022 |publisher=Le Monde |date=26 October 2022}}</ref>
 + 
 +==Collections==
 +* [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] (Paris)<ref name="Guggenheim" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/ressource.action?param.id=FR_R-72abaae91a9b0211bafaa2ed8babf6d&param.idSource=FR_O-d348c5eefce95ad2ee35811e42894b1 |title=L'œuvre Peinture 324 x 362 cm, 1985 - Centre Pompidou |access-date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806142020/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/ressource.action?param.id=FR_R-72abaae91a9b0211bafaa2ed8babf6d&param.idSource=FR_O-d348c5eefce95ad2ee35811e42894b1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 +* [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]<ref name="Honolulu" />
 +* [[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]]
 +* [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]]
 +* Musée Soulages (Rodez)<ref name="Schofield" />
 +* [[Museum of Modern Art]] (New York)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/5538|title=Pierre Soulages French, 1919–2022 |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA]] |date=2022 |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>
 +* [[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|Museum of Modern Art]] (Rio de Janeiro)
 +* [[National Gallery of Art]] (Washington, D.C.)
 +* [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] (New York)<ref name="Guggenheim" />
 +* [[Tate Gallery]] (London)<ref name="France24" />
 + 
 +==Selected publications and monographs==
 + 
 +{| class="wikitable"
 +|-
 +! Year !! Title (publisher or gallery) !! editors and conributored.
 +|-
 +| 2014 || Soulages in America. (Dominique Lévy Gallery, New York) || Texts by Philippe Ungar, Harry Cooper, Sean Sweeney, Dominique Lévy
 +|-
 +| 2011 || Soulages l'oeuvre imprimé. (Bibliothèque Nationale de France/ Musée Soulages, Paris) || Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Marie-Cécile Miessner
 +|-
 +| 2011 || Pierre Soulages. (Martin-Gropius Bau, Berlin/Hirmer, Munich) || Essays by Hans Belting, Yve-Alain Bois, Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement, Serge Guilbaut, Bernard de Montferrand, Alain Seban, Joachim Sartorius, Gereon Sievernich, Hans-Ulrich Obrist; edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Paquement
 +|-
 +| 2010 || Verre cartons des vitraux de Conques. (Musée Fabre, Montpellier) || Essays by Pierre Soulages, Jean-Dominique Fleury, Benoît Decron
 +|-
 +| 2010 || Pierre Soulages. (Bernard Jacobson Gallery, London) || Essays by John Yau and Mel Gooding
 +|-
 +| 2009 || Soulages, le temps du papier. (Cercle d'Art, Paris/ Musée d’Art Moderne, Contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS), Strasbourg) || Text by Michel Ragon, Estelle Pietrzyk, Gilbert Dupuis
 +|-
 +| 2009 || SOULAGES. (Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris) || Essays by Alain Seban, Alfred Pacquement, Pierre Encrevé, Serge Guilbaut, Yve-Alain Bois, Guitermie Maldonado, Annie Claustres, Harry Cooper, Hans Belting, Isabelle Ewig, Éric de Chassey, Hans Ulrich Obrist; Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement
 +|-
 +| 2007 || Pierre Soulages au Musée Fabre, Parcours d'un accrochage. (Interprint, Montpellier) || Photos by Vincent Cunillère; Essays by Georges Frêche, Michel Hilaire, Emmanuel Nebout, Laurence Javal, Olivier Brochet, Yves Larbiou, Dan McEnroe, Thierry Dieudonnat, Pierre Susini, Claude Cougnenc, Pierre Encrevé
 +|-
 +| 2006 || Pierre Soulages. Painting the light. (Sammlung Essl, Klosterneuburg-Vienna) || Essays by Karlheinz Essl, Andrea Rygg Karberg
 +|-
 +| 2001 || Soulages - Lumière du noir. (Paris-Musées, Paris) || Essays by Mikhaïl Piotrovsky, Suzanne Pagé, Albert Kosténévitch, Pierre Encrevé, JeanClaude Marcadé; Preface by Vladimir Yakovlev, Bertrand Delanoë, maire de Paris
 +|-
 +| 1999 || Pierre Soulages, Célébration de la lumière. (Skira-Le Seuil, Paris/Musée des Beaux-Arts, Berne) || Essays by Sandor Kuthy, Pierre Soulages
 +|-
 +| 1998 || Soulages, L'oeuvre complet, Peintures III, 1979-1997. (Seuil, Paris) || Text by Pierre Encrevé
 +|-
 +| 1997 || Pierre Soulages, Malerei als farbe und licht, Rétrospective 1946-1997. (Deichtorhallen, Hamburg) || Essays by Zdenek Felix, Robert Fleck, Charles Juliet
 +|-
 +| 1996 || Soulages, Noir lumière. (Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris) || Essays by Suzanne Pagé, Jean-Louis Andral, Pierre Encrevé, Robert Fleck, Donald Kuspit, William Rubin
 +|-
 +| 1996 || Soulages. (Flammarion, Paris: pp.&nbsp;87–149) || Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson
 +|-
 +| 1994 || Pierre Soulages: une retrospective (Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei/National Museum of China, Beijing) || Essays by Huang Kuang-nan, Alfred Pacquement, Jean-Paul Réau, François Marcel Plaisant
 +|-
 +| 1994 || Les vitraux de Soulages (Seuil, Paris) || Georges Duby, Christian Heck
 +|-
 +| 1993 || Pierre Soulages: une retrospective (Musée National d'Art Contemporain, Séoul) || Essays by Young-Bang Lim, Alfred Pacquement, Bernard Prague
 +|-
 +|1992 || Pierre Soulages, polyptyques 1979-1991 (Maison des Arts Georges Pompidou, Cajarc) || Essays by Pierre Daix, Pierre Encrevé, Claire Stoullig
 +|-
 +| 1991 || Soulages, peintures récentes (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna) || Essays by Lorand Hegyi, Alfred Pacquement
 +|-
 +| 1990 || Polyptyques (Le Louvre, Paris) || Text by Isabelle Monod-Fontaine
 +|-
 +| 1989 || Soulages: 40 jahre malerei (German ed. Museum Fridericianum, Kassel/Cantz Verlag, Stuttgart) || Text by Veit Loers, Bernard Ceysson
 +|-
 +| 1989 || Soulages: 40 ans de peinture (French ed. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Nantes) || Essays by Henry-Claude Cousseau, Veit Loers
 +|-
 +| 1989 || Soulages: 40 anos de pintura (Spanish ed. Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, Valencia) || Essays by Bernard Ceysson, Veit Loers
 +|-
 +| 1987 || Nous avons visité le Musée d'Orsay avec Pierre Soulages (L'Evénement du Jeudi, Paris: pp.&nbsp;82–84) || Interview with the artist by Jean-Louis Pradel
 +|-
 +| 1987 || Pierre Soulages (Musée Saint-Pierre Art Contemporain, Lyon/Hans Thoma-Gesellschaft, Reutlingen) || Essays by Georges Duby, Pierre Encrevé, Henri Meschonnic, Werner Meyer, Thierry Raspail, Clément Rosset
 +|-
 +| 1984 || Soulages (Seibu Museum of Art, Tokyo) || Essays by Taka Ashido Okada, d'Alfred Pacquement
 +|-
 +| 1980 || Soulages, peintures récentes (Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris/Musée du Parc de la Boverie, Liège) || Essays by Pontus Hulten, Alfred Pacquement
 +|-
 +| 1976 || Soulages (Musée d'Art et d'Industrie, Saint-Etienne: p.&nbsp;5-32, 42) || Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson
 +|-
 +| 1975 || L'aventure de l'art moderne (1): Pierre Soulages (Galerie Jardin des Arts, Paris: September, p.&nbsp;150) || Interview with the artist by André Parinaud
 +|-
 +| 1974 || Soulages, peintures, gravures (1st ed. Musée Dynamique, Dakar/Fundaçào Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon) || Text by Léopold Sédar Senghor
 +|}
 + 
 +==Honours and awards==
 +* [[Carnegie Prize]] (United States, 1964)
 +* Grand Prix for Painting (Paris, 1975)
 +* [[Rembrandt Award]] (Germany, 1976)
 +* Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] (1979)
 +* Grand prix national de peinture (France, 1986)
 +* [[Praemium Imperiale]] for painting (Japan, 1994)
 +* [[Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question | language = de | page = 1712 | access-date = 23 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022192702/http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | archive-date = 22 October 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 +* Prix Julio González (Valencia, 2006)
 +* [[Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]] (Paris, 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/larzac/aveyron/rodez/96-ans-pierre-soulages-fait-grand-croix-ordre-legion-honneur-1017963.html|title=A 96 ans, Pierre Soulages fait Grand'Croix dans l'ordre de la Légion d'Honneur|website=France 3 Occitanie|language=fr|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901135401/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/larzac/aveyron/rodez/96-ans-pierre-soulages-fait-grand-croix-ordre-legion-honneur-1017963.html|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 +* Grand prix du rayonnement français (France, 2019)
==See also== ==See also==
-*[[Tachisme]]+* [[Abstract expressionism]]
-*[[Abstract expressionism]]+* [[Lyrical abstraction]]
-*[[Lyrical Abstraction]]+* [[Tachisme]]
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Pierre Soulages (24 December 1919 – 26 October 2022) was a French painter, printmaker, and sculptor.

Soulages is known as "the painter of black," owing to his interest in the colour "both as a colour and a non-colour. When light is reflected on black, it transforms and transmutes it. It opens a mental field all its own." He saw light as a work material; striations of the black surface of his paintings enable him to reflect light, allowing the black to come out of darkness and into brightness, thus becoming a luminous colour.

Contents

Biography

Soulages was born in Rodez, Aveyron, in 1919. He was interested in Celtic carvings in the local museum as a child, and also in the Romanesque architecture of the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques. Inspired by the art of Paul Cézanne and Pablo Picasso, he began studied at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris, but soon dropped out because he was disappointed by the traditional style.<ref name="Guggenheim">{{

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Before World War II, Soulages toured museums in Paris seeking his vocation; after wartime military service, he opened a studio in Courbevoie, Paris, holding his first exhibition at the Salon des Indépendants in 1947.<ref name="Guggenheim" /><ref name="France24" /> He also worked as a designer of stage sets. He exhibited at the Venice Biennale in 1954,<ref name="France24" /> and in New York City the same year,<ref name="Paik">{{

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}}</ref> gaining recognition in the United States. His works were included in the two major exhibitions of European artists, Younger European Painters at the Solomon R Guggenheim Museum (1953) and The New Decade: 22 European Painters and Sculptors at the Museum of Modern Art (1955) in New York.<ref name="Paik" /> In 1979, Soulages was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

From 1987 to 1994, he produced 104 stained-glass windows for the Abbey of Sainte-Foy in Conques.<ref>{{

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}}</ref> Soulages was the first living artist to have been invited to exhibit at the state Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg and later with the Tretyakov Gallery of Moscow (2001).<ref>{{

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A composition he created in 1959 sold for 1,200,000 euros at Sotheby's in 2006.

In 2007, the Musée Fabre of Montpellier devoted an entire room to Soulages, presenting a donation he made to the city. It included twenty paintings dating from 1951 to 2006, among which were major works from the 1960s, two large "plus-black" works from the 1970s, and several large polyptychs. A retrospective was held at the Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou from October 2009 to March 2010. In 2010, the Museum of Mexico City presented a retrospective of paintings that also included an interview-video with the artist (Spanish subtitles).

In 2014, the Musée Soulages opened in Soulages' hometown of Rodez, as a place to permanently display his works and to house temporary contemporary exhibitions.<ref name="Schofield" /> Soulages and his wife donated 900 works.<ref name="Christies" /><ref>Artnet, "Pierre Soulages" Template:Webarchive Retrieved June 2016</ref> The paintings represent all stages of his work, from post-war oils to a phase of work he calls Outrenoir. It was the most complete display of work from his first 30 years.<ref>The Museum Template:Webarchive Musée Soulages, Retrieved June 2016</ref>

In 2014, Soulages presented fourteen recent works in his first American exhibition in 10 years, at Dominique Lévy and Galerie Perrotin, New York.

In September 2019, the Levy Gorvy Gallery in New York held a major exhibition ahead of the retrospective at the Louvre Museum in December celebrating his 100th birthday.<ref>{{

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On 17 November 2021, his ‘Peinture 195 x 130 cm, 4 août 1961’, was auctioned for $20.2M – a new world auction record for the artist.

Artistic practice

[[File:'17 December 1966' by Pierre Soulages, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|17 December 1966 by Pierre Soulages, Honolulu Museum of Art]]

Soulages said, "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black."<ref>Musée Soulages, Rodez Painting, 324 X 362 cm, 1986 (Polyptyque I) Template:Webarchive Retrieved July 2016</ref> Naming his own practice Outrenoir, (Beyond Black) the paintings he produces are known for their endless black depth, created by playing with the light reflected off of the texture of the paint. Knowing that he needed a new term to define the way that he worked, Soulages invented 'Outrenoir' to define his practice. Not having a translation into English, the closest meaning is 'beyond black'; in a 2014 interview he explained the definition of the term, "Outrenoir doesn't exist in English; the closest is "beyond black." In French, you say "outre-Manche," "beyond the Channel," to mean England or "outre-Rhin," "beyond the Rhine," to mean Germany. In other words, "beyond black" is a different country from black."<ref name="interview14" />

The infatuation Soulages had with black began long before his investigations with 'Outrenoir' at the age of 60.<ref name="happydark">Ben Davis: Pierre Soulages, Happy to Stay in the Dark Template:Webarchive Artnet, 19 June 2014, Retrieved July 2016</ref> Initially inspired by his interest in the prehistoric <ref name="interview14">Zoe Stillpass (photography: Patrick Demarchelier): [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/pierre-soulages/#_ Pierre Soulages] Template:Webarchive Interview Magazine, 5 August 2014, Retrieved July 2016</ref> and his want of retreating to something more pure, primal and deliberately stripped of any other connotations, he says of his fascination with the colour, "during thousands of years, men went underground, in the absolute black of grottoes, to paint with black."<ref name =happydark /> "I made these because I found that the light reflected by the black surface elicits certain emotions in me. These aren't monochromes. The fact that light can come from the colour which is supposedly the absence of light is already quite moving, and it is interesting to see how this happens."<ref name= interview14 />

Applying the paint in thick layers, Soulages' painting technique includes using objects such as spoons, tiny rakes and bits of rubber to work away at the painting, often making scraping, digging or etching movements depending on whether he wants to evoke a smooth or rough surface. The texture that is then produced either absorbs or rejects light, breaking up the surface of the painting by disrupting the uniformity of the black.<ref>Jean-Max Albert, Pierre Soulages, Mouvement sans emplacement, Opus International, n°57, 1975.</ref><ref>Claire Rosemberg: Black is the new black for Pierre Soulages, France's best known living artist, Template:Webarchive The Telegraph (online), 14 October 2009, Retrieved July 2016</ref> He often used bold cuts in vertical and horizontal lines, the crevasses and forms created by using angles and contours. In his recent work from 2013–14, Soulages began to explicitly vary the pigment used in the paint, mixing matte and glossy types of black as well as hardened densities of black pigment.<ref>Robert C. Morgan: Pierre Soulages: Painter of Black and Light Template:Webarchive Hyperallergic (online), 14 May 2014, Retrieved July 2016</ref> Preferring to suspend the paintings like walls, he uses wires to hang them in the middle of the room, "I always liked paintings to be walls rather than windows. When we see a painting on a wall, it's a window, so I often put my paintings in the middle of the space to make a wall. A window looks outside, but a painting should do the opposite—it should look inside of us" <ref name= interview14 />

Instead of having titles, Soulages paintings are named by their size and date of production. 17 December 1966 from 1966, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art demonstrates the artist's boldly brushed black on white canvases.<ref name="Honolulu">Honolulu Museum of Art, wall label, 17 December 1966, accession 4400.1</ref>

Personal life and death

Soulages was married to his wife Colette from 1942,<ref name="France24" /> and their marriage was childless. In 2017, the couple permanently moved to their summer retreat in Sète.<ref>Nina Siegal (29 November 2019), Black Is Still the Only Color for Pierre Soulages Template:Webarchive New York Times.</ref> Soulages died on 26 October 2022, at the age of 102, and was survived by his wife of 80 years.<ref name="France24" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Collections

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Selected publications and monographs

Year Title (publisher or gallery) editors and conributored.
2014 Soulages in America. (Dominique Lévy Gallery, New York) Texts by Philippe Ungar, Harry Cooper, Sean Sweeney, Dominique Lévy
2011 Soulages l'oeuvre imprimé. (Bibliothèque Nationale de France/ Musée Soulages, Paris) Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Marie-Cécile Miessner
2011 Pierre Soulages. (Martin-Gropius Bau, Berlin/Hirmer, Munich) Essays by Hans Belting, Yve-Alain Bois, Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement, Serge Guilbaut, Bernard de Montferrand, Alain Seban, Joachim Sartorius, Gereon Sievernich, Hans-Ulrich Obrist; edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Paquement
2010 Verre cartons des vitraux de Conques. (Musée Fabre, Montpellier) Essays by Pierre Soulages, Jean-Dominique Fleury, Benoît Decron
2010 Pierre Soulages. (Bernard Jacobson Gallery, London) Essays by John Yau and Mel Gooding
2009 Soulages, le temps du papier. (Cercle d'Art, Paris/ Musée d’Art Moderne, Contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS), Strasbourg) Text by Michel Ragon, Estelle Pietrzyk, Gilbert Dupuis
2009 SOULAGES. (Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris) Essays by Alain Seban, Alfred Pacquement, Pierre Encrevé, Serge Guilbaut, Yve-Alain Bois, Guitermie Maldonado, Annie Claustres, Harry Cooper, Hans Belting, Isabelle Ewig, Éric de Chassey, Hans Ulrich Obrist; Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement
2007 Pierre Soulages au Musée Fabre, Parcours d'un accrochage. (Interprint, Montpellier) Photos by Vincent Cunillère; Essays by Georges Frêche, Michel Hilaire, Emmanuel Nebout, Laurence Javal, Olivier Brochet, Yves Larbiou, Dan McEnroe, Thierry Dieudonnat, Pierre Susini, Claude Cougnenc, Pierre Encrevé
2006 Pierre Soulages. Painting the light. (Sammlung Essl, Klosterneuburg-Vienna) Essays by Karlheinz Essl, Andrea Rygg Karberg
2001 Soulages - Lumière du noir. (Paris-Musées, Paris) Essays by Mikhaïl Piotrovsky, Suzanne Pagé, Albert Kosténévitch, Pierre Encrevé, JeanClaude Marcadé; Preface by Vladimir Yakovlev, Bertrand Delanoë, maire de Paris
1999 Pierre Soulages, Célébration de la lumière. (Skira-Le Seuil, Paris/Musée des Beaux-Arts, Berne) Essays by Sandor Kuthy, Pierre Soulages
1998 Soulages, L'oeuvre complet, Peintures III, 1979-1997. (Seuil, Paris) Text by Pierre Encrevé
1997 Pierre Soulages, Malerei als farbe und licht, Rétrospective 1946-1997. (Deichtorhallen, Hamburg) Essays by Zdenek Felix, Robert Fleck, Charles Juliet
1996 Soulages, Noir lumière. (Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris) Essays by Suzanne Pagé, Jean-Louis Andral, Pierre Encrevé, Robert Fleck, Donald Kuspit, William Rubin
1996 Soulages. (Flammarion, Paris: pp. 87–149) Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson
1994 Pierre Soulages: une retrospective (Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei/National Museum of China, Beijing) Essays by Huang Kuang-nan, Alfred Pacquement, Jean-Paul Réau, François Marcel Plaisant
1994 Les vitraux de Soulages (Seuil, Paris) Georges Duby, Christian Heck
1993 Pierre Soulages: une retrospective (Musée National d'Art Contemporain, Séoul) Essays by Young-Bang Lim, Alfred Pacquement, Bernard Prague
1992 Pierre Soulages, polyptyques 1979-1991 (Maison des Arts Georges Pompidou, Cajarc) Essays by Pierre Daix, Pierre Encrevé, Claire Stoullig
1991 Soulages, peintures récentes (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna) Essays by Lorand Hegyi, Alfred Pacquement
1990 Polyptyques (Le Louvre, Paris) Text by Isabelle Monod-Fontaine
1989 Soulages: 40 jahre malerei (German ed. Museum Fridericianum, Kassel/Cantz Verlag, Stuttgart) Text by Veit Loers, Bernard Ceysson
1989 Soulages: 40 ans de peinture (French ed. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Nantes) Essays by Henry-Claude Cousseau, Veit Loers
1989 Soulages: 40 anos de pintura (Spanish ed. Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, Valencia) Essays by Bernard Ceysson, Veit Loers
1987 Nous avons visité le Musée d'Orsay avec Pierre Soulages (L'Evénement du Jeudi, Paris: pp. 82–84) Interview with the artist by Jean-Louis Pradel
1987 Pierre Soulages (Musée Saint-Pierre Art Contemporain, Lyon/Hans Thoma-Gesellschaft, Reutlingen) Essays by Georges Duby, Pierre Encrevé, Henri Meschonnic, Werner Meyer, Thierry Raspail, Clément Rosset
1984 Soulages (Seibu Museum of Art, Tokyo) Essays by Taka Ashido Okada, d'Alfred Pacquement
1980 Soulages, peintures récentes (Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris/Musée du Parc de la Boverie, Liège) Essays by Pontus Hulten, Alfred Pacquement
1976 Soulages (Musée d'Art et d'Industrie, Saint-Etienne: p. 5-32, 42) Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson
1975 L'aventure de l'art moderne (1): Pierre Soulages (Galerie Jardin des Arts, Paris: September, p. 150) Interview with the artist by André Parinaud
1974 Soulages, peintures, gravures (1st ed. Musée Dynamique, Dakar/Fundaçào Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon) Text by Léopold Sédar Senghor

Honours and awards

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  • Grand prix du rayonnement français (France, 2019)

See also


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