Conciliarism  

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- +'''Conciliarism''' was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century [[Catholic Church]] which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an [[Ecumenical council]], apart from, or even against, the [[pope]]. The movement emerged in response to the [[Western Schism]] between rival popes in [[Rome]] and [[Avignon]]. The schism inspired the summoning of the [[Council of Pisa]] (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the [[Council of Constance]] (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. Conciliarism reached its apex with the [[Council of Basel]] (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the [[Papacy]], confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran|Fifth Lateran Council]], 1512–17.
-'''''A History of Political Theory''''' is a book by [[George Holland Sabine]] on the history of political thought from [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Ancient Greece]] to fascism and Nazism in the 1930s. First published in 1937, it propounds a hypothesis that theories of politics are themselves a part of politics. That is, they do not refer to an external reality but are produced as a normal part of the social milieu in which politics itself has its being.+
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-The book has been translated into Arabic, Greek, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish.+
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-In 1973, [[Dryden Press]] issued a fourth edition, [[#Thorson edition|revised by Thomas Landon Thorson]].+
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-==Contents==+
-'''Part I : The Theory of the City-State'''<br />+
-1. The [[Greek city-state|City-State]]<br />+
-2. Political Thought Before [[Plato]]<br />+
-3. Plato, [[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]<br />+
-4. Plato, The Statesman and The Laws<br />+
-5. [[Aristotle]], Political Ideals<br />+
-6. Aristotle, Political Actualities<br />+
-7. The Twilight of the City-State<br />+
-<br />+
-'''Part II : The Theory of the Universal Community'''<br />+
-8. The Law of the Nature<br />+
-9. [[Cicero]] and the Roman Lawyers<br />+
-10. [[Seneca the Elder|Seneca]] and the [[Fathers of the Church]]<br />+
-11. The Folk and its Laws<br />+
-12. The [[Investiture Controversy]]<br />+
-13. Universitas Hominum<br />+
-14. [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]] and [[Boniface VIII]]<br />+
-15. [[Marsilio of Padua]] and [[William of Occam]]<br />+
-16. The [[Conciliarism#Conciliar theory|Conciliar Theory of Church Government]]<br />+
-<br />+
-'''Part III : The Theory of the Nation State''' <br />+
-17. [[Machiavelli]]<br />+
-18. The Early [[Protestant Reformers]]<br />+
-19. Royalist and Anti-Royalist Theories<br />+
-20. [[Jean Bodin]]<br />+
-21. The Modernized Theory of [[Natural Law]]<br />+
-22. England : Preparation for Civil War<br />+
-23. [[Thomas Hobbes]]<br />+
-24. [[Radicalism (historical)|Radicals]] and [[Communists]]<br />+
-25. The [[Republicanism|Republicans]] : [[James Harrington (author)|Harrington]], [[John Milton|Milton]], and [[Algernon Sidney|Sidney]]<br />+
-26. [[Lord Halifax|Halifax]] and [[John Locke|Locke]]<br />+
-27. France : The Decadence of Natural Law<br />+
-28. The Rediscovery of the Community : [[Rousseau]]<br />+
-29. Convention and Tradition : [[David Hume|Hume]] and [[Burke]]<br />+
-30. [[Hegel]] : [[Dialectic]] and [[Nationalism]]<br />+
-31. [[Liberalism]] : Philosophical Radicalism<br />+
-32. Liberalism Modernized<br />+
-33. [[Marx]] and [[Dialectical Materialism]]<br />+
-34. [[Communism]]<br />+
-35. [[Fascism]] and [[National Socialism]]+
- +
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Conciliarism was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the Council of Constance (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. Conciliarism reached its apex with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the Papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512–17.

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