Stoicism  

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'''Stoicism''' was school of [[philosophy]] during the [[Roman Empire]] that emphasized [[reason]] as a means of understanding the [[natural state]] of things, or [[logos]], and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional [[distress]]. '''Stoicism''' was school of [[philosophy]] during the [[Roman Empire]] that emphasized [[reason]] as a means of understanding the [[natural state]] of things, or [[logos]], and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional [[distress]].
 +
 +== Modern usage ==
 +The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy. The modern usage as "person who represses feelings or endures patiently" was first cited in 1579 as a [[noun]], and 1596 as an [[adjective]]. In contrast to the term "[[epicurean]]", the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's'' entry on Stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective ‘stoical’ is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins."
 +
 +Stoicism is also enjoying a recent revival, with various online communities such as 'New Stoa' and groups on social networking websites such as Facebook.
 +
 +== Stoic quotations ==
 +Below is a selection of quotations by major Stoic philosophers illustrating major Stoic beliefs:
 +
 +[[Epictetus]]:
 +*"Freedom is secured not by the fulfilling of one's desires, but by the removal of desire." (iv.1.175)
 +*"Where is the good? In the will. Where is the evil? In the will. Where is neither of them? In those things that are independent of the will." (ii.16.1)
 +*"Man is disturbed not by things, but by the views he takes of them." (Ench. 5)
 +*"If, therefore, any be unhappy, let him remember that he is unhappy by reason of himself alone." (iii.24.2)
 +*"I am formed by nature for my own good: I am not formed for my own evil." (iii.24.83)
 +*"Permit nothing to cleave to you that is not your own; nothing to grow to you that may give you agony when it is torn away." (iv.1.112)
 +
 +[[Marcus Aurelius]]:
 +*"Get rid of the judgment, get rid of the 'I am hurt,' you are rid of the hurt itself." (viii.40)
 +*"Everything is right for me, which is right for you, O Universe. Nothing for me is too early or too late, which comes in due time for you. Everything is fruit to me which your seasons bring, O Nature. From you are all things, in you are all things, to you all things return." (iv.23)
 +*"If you work at that which is before you, following right reason seriously, vigorously, calmly, without allowing anything else to distract you, but keeping your divine part pure, as if you were bound to give it back immediately; if you hold to this, expecting nothing, but satisfied to live now according to nature, speaking heroic truth in every word which you utter, you will live happy. And there is no man able to prevent this." (iii.12)
 +*"How ridiculous and how strange to be surprised at anything which happens in life!" (xii.13)
 +*"Outward things cannot touch the soul, not in the least degree; nor have they admission to the soul, nor can they turn or move the soul; but the soul turns and moves itself alone." (iv.3)
 +*"Because your own strength is unequal to the task, do not assume that it is beyond the powers of man; but if anything is within the powers and province of man, believe that it is within your own compass also" (vi.19)
 +*"Or is it your reputation that's bothering you? But look at how soon we're all forgotten. The abyss of endless time that swallows it all. The emptiness of those applauding hands." (iv.3)
 +
 +[[Seneca the Younger]]:
 +*"The point is, not how long you live, but how nobly you live." (Ep. 101.15)
 +*"That which Fortune has not given, she cannot take away." (Ep. 59.18)
 +*"Let Nature deal with matter, which is her own, as she pleases; let us be cheerful and brave in the face of everything, reflecting that it is nothing of our own that perishes." (De Provid.)
 +*"Virtue is nothing else than right reason." (Ep. 66.32)
 +
 +== Stoic philosophers ==
 +{{see also|Category:Stoic philosophers}}
 +For larger list see [[List of Stoic philosophers]].
 +
 +* [[Zeno of Citium]] (332–262 BC), founder of Stoic and the Stoic Academy (Stoa) in Athens
 +* [[Aristo of Chios]], pupil of Zeno;
 +* [[Herillus of Carthage]]
 +* [[Cleanthes|Cleanthes (of Assos)]] (330–232 BC), second head of Stoic Academy
 +* [[Chrysippus]] (280–204 BC), third head of the academy
 +* [[Diogenes of Babylon]] (230–150 BC)
 +* [[Antipater of Tarsus]] (210–129 BC)
 +* [[Panaetius of Rhodes]] (185–109 BC)
 +* [[Posidonius]] of Apameia {{nowrap|(c. 135 BC – 51 BC)}}
 +* [[Diodotus the Stoic|Diodotus]] {{nowrap|(c. 120 BC – 59 BC),}} teacher of Cicero
 +* [[Cato the Younger]] (94–46 BC)
 +* [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] {{nowrap|(4 BC – 65 AD)}}
 +* [[Musonius Rufus]]
 +* [[Rubellius Plautus]]
 +* [[Thrasea Paetus]]
 +* [[Epictetus]] (55–135 AD)
 +* [[Hierocles (Stoic)|Hierocles]] {{nowrap|(2nd century AD)}}
 +* [[Marcus Aurelius]] (121–180 AD)
 +
 +==See also==
 +* [[Glossary of Stoic terms]]
 +* [[Pneuma (Stoic)|Pneuma]]
 +* [[Ekpyrotic]] (cosmological theory)
 +* [[Plank of Carneades]]
 +* [[4 Maccabees]]
 +* [[Categories (Stoic)]]
 +* [[List of ancient Greek philosophers]]
==See also== ==See also==
* [[Glossary of Stoic terms]] * [[Glossary of Stoic terms]]

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Stoicism was school of philosophy during the Roman Empire that emphasized reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress.

Contents

Modern usage

The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy. The modern usage as "person who represses feelings or endures patiently" was first cited in 1579 as a noun, and 1596 as an adjective. In contrast to the term "epicurean", the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on Stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective ‘stoical’ is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins."

Stoicism is also enjoying a recent revival, with various online communities such as 'New Stoa' and groups on social networking websites such as Facebook.

Stoic quotations

Below is a selection of quotations by major Stoic philosophers illustrating major Stoic beliefs:

Epictetus:

  • "Freedom is secured not by the fulfilling of one's desires, but by the removal of desire." (iv.1.175)
  • "Where is the good? In the will. Where is the evil? In the will. Where is neither of them? In those things that are independent of the will." (ii.16.1)
  • "Man is disturbed not by things, but by the views he takes of them." (Ench. 5)
  • "If, therefore, any be unhappy, let him remember that he is unhappy by reason of himself alone." (iii.24.2)
  • "I am formed by nature for my own good: I am not formed for my own evil." (iii.24.83)
  • "Permit nothing to cleave to you that is not your own; nothing to grow to you that may give you agony when it is torn away." (iv.1.112)

Marcus Aurelius:

  • "Get rid of the judgment, get rid of the 'I am hurt,' you are rid of the hurt itself." (viii.40)
  • "Everything is right for me, which is right for you, O Universe. Nothing for me is too early or too late, which comes in due time for you. Everything is fruit to me which your seasons bring, O Nature. From you are all things, in you are all things, to you all things return." (iv.23)
  • "If you work at that which is before you, following right reason seriously, vigorously, calmly, without allowing anything else to distract you, but keeping your divine part pure, as if you were bound to give it back immediately; if you hold to this, expecting nothing, but satisfied to live now according to nature, speaking heroic truth in every word which you utter, you will live happy. And there is no man able to prevent this." (iii.12)
  • "How ridiculous and how strange to be surprised at anything which happens in life!" (xii.13)
  • "Outward things cannot touch the soul, not in the least degree; nor have they admission to the soul, nor can they turn or move the soul; but the soul turns and moves itself alone." (iv.3)
  • "Because your own strength is unequal to the task, do not assume that it is beyond the powers of man; but if anything is within the powers and province of man, believe that it is within your own compass also" (vi.19)
  • "Or is it your reputation that's bothering you? But look at how soon we're all forgotten. The abyss of endless time that swallows it all. The emptiness of those applauding hands." (iv.3)

Seneca the Younger:

  • "The point is, not how long you live, but how nobly you live." (Ep. 101.15)
  • "That which Fortune has not given, she cannot take away." (Ep. 59.18)
  • "Let Nature deal with matter, which is her own, as she pleases; let us be cheerful and brave in the face of everything, reflecting that it is nothing of our own that perishes." (De Provid.)
  • "Virtue is nothing else than right reason." (Ep. 66.32)

Stoic philosophers

Template:See also For larger list see List of Stoic philosophers.

See also

See also


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