Surrealism
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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- What is Surrealism?, a 1934 lecture by André Breton.
Surrealism was a 20th century art and cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s in Europe, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, however many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost with the works being an artefact, and leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. From the Dada activities of World War I Surrealism was formed with the most important center of the movement in Paris and from the 1920s spreading around the globe, impacting many other fields.
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Origin of the term
In May 1917, Guillaume Apollinaire coined the term "Surrealism" in the program notes describing the ballet Parade which was a collaborative work by Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Pablo Picasso and Léonide Massine:
- "From this new alliance, for until now stage sets and costumes on one side and choreography on the other had only a sham bond between them, there has come about, in Parade, a kind of super-realism ('sur-réalisme'), in which I see the starting point of a series of manifestations of this new spirit ('esprit nouveau')."
Bataillean vs Bretonian Surrealism
Breton was obviously the driving force behind surrealism, and he ran the movement in a dicatorial style, even expelling several of its members. Several of these ex-members started adhering to Georges Bataille's subversive "Bataillean" surrealism and the latter's journal Documents.
See also
- Surrealist Manifesto
- Impact of Surrealism
- Criticism of Surrealism
- Timeline of surrealism and dada
- International Surrealist Exhibition
- Surrealist groups
- Proto-Surrealism
By field
- Surrealism and comedy
- Surrealism and theatre
- Sade's influence on Surrealism
- Surrealism and international politics
- Surrealism and film
- Surrealism (music)
- Surrealism in literature
- Surrealist photography
By region
Literature
- The Waking Dream, surrealism avant la lettre in masterprints
- Sade / Surreal
- What is Surrealism?, a 1934 lecture by André Breton.
- Surréalisme et sexualité (1971) by Xavière Gauthier