Trust (social science)
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | [[Image:Doré's caricature of Münchhausen.jpg|200px|thumb|left| | ||
| + | [[Doré's caricature of Münchhausen]], a portrait bust of Baron Münchhausen, a typical unreliable narrator]] | ||
| + | {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" | ||
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| + | "[[In God We Trust]]" | ||
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| + | "When we examine a [[nest]], we place ourselves at the [[origin]] of [[confidence]] in the [[world]]" -—''[[The Poetics of Space]]'' (1958) by Gaston Bachelard | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | "It is not possible for [[Nigerians]] to get [[life insurance]]. This is because, given the opportunism of the relevant professions, a [[death certificate]] can be purchased without the inconvenience of dying."--''[[Exodus: How Migration Is Changing Our World]]'' (2013) by Paul Collier | ||
| + | |} | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | :''[[Love and Love Sickness: The Science of Sex, Gender Difference and Pair-bonding]]'' | + | A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill [[policy|policies]], [[ethics|ethical]] codes, [[law]] and their previous promises. |
| - | '''Human bonding''' refers to the development of a close, [[interpersonal relationship]] between [[family member]]s or [[friend]]s. Bonding is a mutual, [[social interaction|interactive]] process, and is not the same as simple [[liking]]. | + | Trust does not need to involve belief in the good character, vices, or morals of the other party. Persons engaged in a criminal activity usually trust each other to some extent. Also, trust does not need to include an action that you and the other party are mutually engaged in. Trust is a statement about what is otherwise unknown -- for example, because it is far away, cannot be verified, or is in the future. |
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| - | Bonding typically refers to the process of [[attachment theory|attachment]] that develops between romantic partners, close friends, or parents and children. This bond is characterized by [[emotions]] such as [[affection]] and [[trust (social sciences)|trust]]. Any two people that spend time together may form a bond. | + | |
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| - | [[Male bonding]] refers to the establishment of relationships between men through shared activities that often exclude females. The term [[female bonding]] is less frequently used, but refers to the formation of close personal relationships between women. | + | |
| + | In the social sciences, the subtleties of trust are a subject of ongoing research. In [[sociology]] and [[psychology]] the degree to which one party trusts another is a measure of [[belief]] in the [[honesty]], fairness, or [[benevolence]] of another party. The term "confidence" is more appropriate for a belief in the [[competence]] of the other party. Based on the most recent research, a failure in trust may be [[forgive]]n more easily if it is interpreted as a failure of competence rather than a lack of benevolence or honesty. In [[economics]] trust is often conceptualized as reliability in transactions. In all cases trust is a [[heuristic]] decision rule, allowing the human to deal with complexities that would require unrealistic effort in rational reasoning. | ||
| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| - | The term is from the 12th century, [[Middle English]] word ''band'' or ''band'', which refers to something that binds, ties, or restrains. In early usage, a bondman, bondwoman, or bondservant was a feudal serf that was obligated to work for his or her lord without pay (in modern usage, a bondsman is a person who provides [[Bail bond|bonds]] or [[surety]] for someone). | + | From Middle English ''truste'' (“trust, protection”), from Old Norse ''traust'' (“confidence, help, protection”), from Proto-Germanic ''[[*traustą]]'', from Proto-Indo-European ''*drowsdom'', from Proto-Indo-European ''*deru-'' (“be firm, hard, solid”). Akin to Danish ''trøst, tröst'' (“trust”), Saterland Frisian ''Traast'' (“comfort, solace”), West Frisian ''treast'' (“comfort, solace”), Dutch ''troost'' (“comfort, consolation”), German ''Trost'' (“comfort, consolation”), Gothic ''trausti'' (trausti, “alliance, pact”). More at ''[[true]]'', ''[[tree]]''. |
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| - | ==Early views== | + | |
| - | ===Plato=== | + | |
| - | In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher [[Plato]] argued that [[love]] directs the bonds of [[human society]]. In his [[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]], Eryximachus, one of the narrators in the dialog, states that love goes far beyond simple attraction to [[human beauty]]. He states that it occurs throughout the animal and plant [[kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]], as well as throughout the [[universe]]. Love directs everything that occurs, in the realm of the gods as well as that of humans (186a-b). | + | |
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| - | Eyrximachus reasons that when various opposing elements such as wet and dry are "animated by the proper species of Love, they are in harmony with one another... But when the sort of Love that is crude and impulsive controls the seasons, he brings death and destruction" (188a). Because it is love that guides the relations between these sets of opposites throughout existence, in every case it is the higher form of love that brings harmony and cleaves toward the good, whereas the impulsive vulgar love creates disharmony. | + | |
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| - | Plato concludes that the highest form of love is the greatest. When love "is directed, in temperance and justice, towards the good, whether in heaven or on earth: happiness and good fortune, the bonds of human society, concord with the gods above- all these are among his gifts" (188d). | + | |
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| - | === ''Ethics of Human Bondage or the Strength of the Emotions'' by Spinoza=== | + | |
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| - | In the 1660s, the Dutch philosopher [[Spinoza]] writes, in his ''[[Ethics of Human Bondage or the Strength of the Emotions]]'', that the term “bondage” relates to the human infirmity in moderating and checking the emotions. That is, according to Spinoza ‘when a man is prey to his emotions, he is not his own master, but lies at the mercy of fortune.’ | + | |
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| - | === Goethe's ''Elective Affinities'' === | + | |
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| - | In 1809 [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], in his classic novella ''[[Elective Affinities]]'', speaks of the ''marriage tie'' and by analogy shows how strong marriage unions are similar in character to that by which the particles of [[quicksilver]] find a unity together though the process of [[chemical affinity]]. Goethe’s novella, in its time, was regarded as treatise on chemical origins of love. Humans in passionate relationships, according to Goethe, are analogous to [[chemical reaction]]s. | + | |
| - | == See also == | + | |
| - | *[[Attachment theory]] | + | |
| - | *[[Fission-fusion society]] | + | |
| - | *[[Interpersonal relationship]] | + | |
| - | *[[Interpersonal ties]] | + | |
| - | *[[Monogamy]] | + | |
| - | *[[Propinquity]] | + | |
| - | *[[Relationship breakup]] | + | |
| - | *[[Weak ties]] | + | |
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Betrayal]], [[reliable]] | ||
| + | * [[Attachment theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Confidence]] | ||
| + | * [[Credulity]] | ||
| + | * [[Gullibility]] | ||
| + | * [[Intimacy]] | ||
| + | * [[Misplaced trust]] | ||
| + | * [[Personal boundaries]] | ||
| + | * [[Position of trust]] | ||
| + | * [[Source criticism]] | ||
| + | * [[Suspicion]] | ||
| + | * [[Swift trust theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Trust metric]] | ||
| + | * [[Trusted system]] | ||
| + | * [[High trust and low trust societies]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
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"When we examine a nest, we place ourselves at the origin of confidence in the world" -—The Poetics of Space (1958) by Gaston Bachelard "It is not possible for Nigerians to get life insurance. This is because, given the opportunism of the relevant professions, a death certificate can be purchased without the inconvenience of dying."--Exodus: How Migration Is Changing Our World (2013) by Paul Collier |
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A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill policies, ethical codes, law and their previous promises.
Trust does not need to involve belief in the good character, vices, or morals of the other party. Persons engaged in a criminal activity usually trust each other to some extent. Also, trust does not need to include an action that you and the other party are mutually engaged in. Trust is a statement about what is otherwise unknown -- for example, because it is far away, cannot be verified, or is in the future.
In the social sciences, the subtleties of trust are a subject of ongoing research. In sociology and psychology the degree to which one party trusts another is a measure of belief in the honesty, fairness, or benevolence of another party. The term "confidence" is more appropriate for a belief in the competence of the other party. Based on the most recent research, a failure in trust may be forgiven more easily if it is interpreted as a failure of competence rather than a lack of benevolence or honesty. In economics trust is often conceptualized as reliability in transactions. In all cases trust is a heuristic decision rule, allowing the human to deal with complexities that would require unrealistic effort in rational reasoning.
Etymology
From Middle English truste (“trust, protection”), from Old Norse traust (“confidence, help, protection”), from Proto-Germanic *traustą, from Proto-Indo-European *drowsdom, from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“be firm, hard, solid”). Akin to Danish trøst, tröst (“trust”), Saterland Frisian Traast (“comfort, solace”), West Frisian treast (“comfort, solace”), Dutch troost (“comfort, consolation”), German Trost (“comfort, consolation”), Gothic trausti (trausti, “alliance, pact”). More at true, tree.
See also
- Betrayal, reliable
- Attachment theory
- Confidence
- Credulity
- Gullibility
- Intimacy
- Misplaced trust
- Personal boundaries
- Position of trust
- Source criticism
- Suspicion
- Swift trust theory
- Trust metric
- Trusted system
- High trust and low trust societies
