Underground Films: A Bit of Male Truth
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- "Although critic Manny Farber had published “Underground Films: A Bit of Male Truth” in the November 1957 issue of Commentary, his “underground films” were the culturally disreputable action flicks of then obscure directors like Howard Hawks and Raoul Walsh. In 1961, [social satirist Stan] Vanderbeek gave the term its better-known meaning when he wrote a manifesto, “The Cinema Delimina: Films from the Underground,” for the summer issue of Film Quarterly. The filmmakers he discussed included Robert Frank, Shirley Clarke, Norman McLaren, Jonas Mekas, Robert Breer, Ed Emshwiller, Bruce Conner and Stan Brakhage, many of whom (as well as filmmakers like Gregory Markopoulos and Harry Smith) were members of the older film avant-garde with roots that extended back to the 1940s. Throughout the 1960s, “underground movies” were synonymous with all avant-garde or “experimental” films." --Midnight Movies footnote in Chapter 3 “The Underground”
Manny Farber's 1957 essay "Underground films: a bit of male truth" coined the term underground film.
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