Environmental determinism
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| + | "On a map of the world in terms of product or income per head, the [[rich]] countries lie in the [[temperate climate|temperate zone]], particularly in the northern hemisphere; the poor countries, in the tropics and semi-tropics" (p. 5). --''[[The Wealth and Poverty of Nations]]'' (1998), David Landes | ||
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| + | "It was [[Henry Thomas Buckle]] who was the first to realise the value of a critical study of the [[influence of nature upon individuals and peoples]]. One glance at the map of Europe shows most clearly how the peculiar position of England must have influenced the character of the English." --''[[Sex Life in England]]'' | ||
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| - | [[environmental determinism]] [[Al-Dinawari]] is considered the founder of Arabic [[botany]] for his ''Book of Plants'', in which he described at least 637 plants and discussed [[plant morphology|plant development]] from germination (sprouting) to death, describing the phases of [[plant growth]] and the production of flowers and fruit. Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati developed an early [[scientific method]] for botany, introducing [[empirical]] and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous [[materia medica]], and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. His student [[Ibn al-Baitar]] wrote a [[Pharmacy|pharmaceutical]] encyclopedia describing 1,400 plants, [[food]]s, and [[drug]]s, 300 of which were his own original discoveries. A Latin translation of his work was useful to European biologists and pharmacists in the 18th and 19th centuries. [[Earth science]]s such as geology were also studied extensively by [[Islamic geography|Arabic geologists]], but by Avicenna's time, around 1000, the Arab Empire was in decline and scientists were not free to publish their ideas. | + | '''Environmental determinism''' (also known as '''climatic determinism''' or '''geographical determinism''') is the study of how the [[physical environment]] predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories. Nineteenth century approaches held that climate and terrain largely determined human activity and psychology, and it was associated with institutionalized racism and [[eugenics]]. [[Jared Diamond]], [[Jeffrey Herbst]], and other social scientists sparked a revival of the theory during the late twentieth century. This "neo-environmental determinism" school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence [[state-building]], [[economic development]], and [[institutions]]. |
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Factor endowment]] | ||
| + | * [[State building]] | ||
| + | * [[Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation]] | ||
| + | * [[Colonialism]] | ||
| + | * ''[[States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[The Wealth and Poverty of Nations]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Guns, Germs, and Steel]]'' | ||
| + | * [[William Easterly]] | ||
| + | * [[Jeffrey Herbst]] | ||
| + | * [[David Landes]] | ||
| + | * [[Ross Levine]] | ||
| + | * [[Montesquieu]] | ||
| + | * [[James A. Robinson (Harvard University)|James A. Robinson]] | ||
| + | * [[Andrew Sluyter]] | ||
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"On a map of the world in terms of product or income per head, the rich countries lie in the temperate zone, particularly in the northern hemisphere; the poor countries, in the tropics and semi-tropics" (p. 5). --The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (1998), David Landes "It was Henry Thomas Buckle who was the first to realise the value of a critical study of the influence of nature upon individuals and peoples. One glance at the map of Europe shows most clearly how the peculiar position of England must have influenced the character of the English." --Sex Life in England |
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Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories. Nineteenth century approaches held that climate and terrain largely determined human activity and psychology, and it was associated with institutionalized racism and eugenics. Jared Diamond, Jeffrey Herbst, and other social scientists sparked a revival of the theory during the late twentieth century. This "neo-environmental determinism" school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence state-building, economic development, and institutions.
See also
- Factor endowment
- State building
- Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation
- Colonialism
- States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control
- The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
- Guns, Germs, and Steel
- William Easterly
- Jeffrey Herbst
- David Landes
- Ross Levine
- Montesquieu
- James A. Robinson
- Andrew Sluyter
