French naturalism
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| :''See [[Naturalism (literature)]], [[French literature]], [[French literature of the 19th century]], [[Manifesto of naturalism]]'' | :''See [[Naturalism (literature)]], [[French literature]], [[French literature of the 19th century]], [[Manifesto of naturalism]]'' | ||
| - | From the 1860s on, French critics increasingly speak of literary "[[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]]". The expression is imprecise, and was frequently used disparagingly to characterize authors whose chosen subject matter was taken from the [[working class]]es and who portrayed the [[misery]] and [[harsh]] conditions of [[real life]]. Many of the "naturalist" writers took a radical position against the excesses of [[romanticism]] and strove to use scientific and [[encyclopedic]] precision in their novels (Zola spent months visiting coal mines for his ''[[Germinal]]'' and Flaubert was famous for his years of research for historical details). [[Hippolyte Taine]] supplied much of the philosophy of naturalism: he believed that every human being was determined by the forces of heredity and environment and by the time in which he lived. The influence of certain [[Norwegian literature|Norwegian]], [[Swedish literature|Swedish]] and [[Russian literature|Russian]] writers gave an added impulse to the naturalistic movement. | + | From the 1860s ("[[Preface to the second edition of Thérèse Raquin]]," 1867) on, French critics increasingly speak of literary "[[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]]". The expression is imprecise, and was frequently used disparagingly to characterize authors whose chosen subject matter was taken from the [[working class]]es and who portrayed the [[misery]] and [[harsh]] conditions of [[real life]]. Many of the "naturalist" writers took a radical position against the excesses of [[romanticism]] and strove to use scientific and [[encyclopedic]] precision in their novels (Zola spent months visiting coal mines for his ''[[Germinal]]'' and Flaubert was famous for his years of research for historical details). [[Hippolyte Taine]] supplied much of the philosophy of naturalism: he believed that every human being was determined by the forces of heredity and environment and by the time in which he lived. The influence of certain [[Norwegian literature|Norwegian]], [[Swedish literature|Swedish]] and [[Russian literature|Russian]] writers gave an added impulse to the naturalistic movement. |
| Naturalism is most often associated with the novels of [[Emile Zola]] in particular his ''[[Les Rougon-Macquart]]'' novel cycle, which includes ''[[Germinal]]'', ''[[L'Assommoir]]'', ''[[Nana (novel)|Nana]]'', ''[[Le Ventre de Paris]]'', ''[[La Bête humaine]],'' and ''[[L'Œuvre]]'' ''(The Masterpiece)'', in which the social success or failure of two branches of a family is explained by physical, social and hereditary laws. Other writers who have been labeled naturalists include: [[Alphonse Daudet]], [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]], [[Edmond de Goncourt]] and his brother [[Jules de Goncourt]], and [[Paul Bourget]]. | Naturalism is most often associated with the novels of [[Emile Zola]] in particular his ''[[Les Rougon-Macquart]]'' novel cycle, which includes ''[[Germinal]]'', ''[[L'Assommoir]]'', ''[[Nana (novel)|Nana]]'', ''[[Le Ventre de Paris]]'', ''[[La Bête humaine]],'' and ''[[L'Œuvre]]'' ''(The Masterpiece)'', in which the social success or failure of two branches of a family is explained by physical, social and hereditary laws. Other writers who have been labeled naturalists include: [[Alphonse Daudet]], [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]], [[Edmond de Goncourt]] and his brother [[Jules de Goncourt]], and [[Paul Bourget]]. | ||
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- See Naturalism (literature), French literature, French literature of the 19th century, Manifesto of naturalism
From the 1860s ("Preface to the second edition of Thérèse Raquin," 1867) on, French critics increasingly speak of literary "Naturalism". The expression is imprecise, and was frequently used disparagingly to characterize authors whose chosen subject matter was taken from the working classes and who portrayed the misery and harsh conditions of real life. Many of the "naturalist" writers took a radical position against the excesses of romanticism and strove to use scientific and encyclopedic precision in their novels (Zola spent months visiting coal mines for his Germinal and Flaubert was famous for his years of research for historical details). Hippolyte Taine supplied much of the philosophy of naturalism: he believed that every human being was determined by the forces of heredity and environment and by the time in which he lived. The influence of certain Norwegian, Swedish and Russian writers gave an added impulse to the naturalistic movement.
Naturalism is most often associated with the novels of Emile Zola in particular his Les Rougon-Macquart novel cycle, which includes Germinal, L'Assommoir, Nana, Le Ventre de Paris, La Bête humaine, and L'Œuvre (The Masterpiece), in which the social success or failure of two branches of a family is explained by physical, social and hereditary laws. Other writers who have been labeled naturalists include: Alphonse Daudet, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Edmond de Goncourt and his brother Jules de Goncourt, and Paul Bourget.
Gustave Flaubert's novels Madame Bovary (1857) -- which reveals the tragic consequences of romanticism on the wife of a provincial doctor -- and Sentimental Education, and the short stories of Guy de Maupassant are often tagged with the label "naturalist", although neither author was devoid of comic irony or certain romantic tendencies.
