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-[[Image:Inversions.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Inversions]]'', the first French gay journal is published between [[1924]] and [[1926]], it stopped publication after the French government charged the publishers with "[[Outrage aux bonnes mœurs]]". Its full title was ''Inversions ... in [[art]], [[literature]], [[philosophy]] and [[science]]''. [[Sexual inversion (sexology)|Sexual inversion]] was a term used by [[sexologist]]s in the late [[19th]] and early [[20th century]], to refer to [[homosexuality]].]]+{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +"In order to give an idea of the great interest in [[sexual science]] exhibited by the most diverse circles of cultured men of the present day, I shall merely mention in this note a few names, without pretending to give an exhaustive list: [[R. von Krafft-Ebing]], [[Mantegazza]], [[Hermann Heinrich Ploss|Ploss]]-[[Max Bartels|Bartels]], [[A. Eulenburg]], [[von Schrenck-Notzing]], [[Fr. S. Krauss]], [[Tarnowsky]], [[L. Löwenfeld]], [[Havelock Ellis]], [[Magnus Hirschfeld]], [[S. Freud]], [[Georg Hirth]], [[H. Kurella]], [[H. Swoboda]], [[Émile Laurent|Laurent]], [[A. Hoche]], [[C. Lombroso]], [[P. Fürbringer]], [[E. Carpenter]], [[Rohleder]], [[Alfred Fournier]], [[A. Binet]], [[Marro]], [[J. J. Bachofen]], [[J. Kohler]], [[E. Westermarck]], [[Max Dessoir]], [[Alfred Blaschko]], [[Albert Neisser]], [[Eli Metchnikoff]], [[Fritz Schaudinn]], [[Ducrey]], [[Unna]], [[Oskar Schultze]], [[Wilhelm Waldeyer]], [[V. von Gyurkovechky]], [[Louis Fiaux]], [[Léon Taxil]], [[Wilhelm Fliess]], [[Willy Hellpach]], [[P. J. Möbius]], [[Heinrich Schurtz]], [[B. Friedländer]], [[Eduard von Meyer]], [[Hans Ostwald]], [[R. Kossmann]], [[Otto Adler]], [[W. Hammond]], [[George Miller Beard|Beard]], [[Wilhelm Erb]], [[Paul Näcke]], [[J. Salgó]], [[H. T. Finck]], [[F. Neugebauer]], [[C. Wagner]], [[H. Ferdy]], [[Rosa Mayreder]], [[Ellen Key]], [[Helene Stöcker]], [[Anna Pappritz]], [[Maria Lischnewska]], [[Lily Braun]], and many others."--''[[The Sexual Life of Our Time]]'' (1907) by Iwan Bloch
 +<hr>
 +"The writer who deals with a sexual theme is always in danger of being accused ... of an undue obsession with his subject." --''[[Marriage and Morals]]'', Bertrand Russell
 +<hr>
 +"The efforts of several of [[Bloch]]'s contemporaries ([[Freud]], [[Auguste Forel|Forel]], [[Hermann Rohleder|Rohleder]], [[Eulenburg]], [[Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)|Moll]], [[Eugen Steinach|Steinach]], [[Max Marcuse]] and others) soon helped to consolidate and further advance [[sexological]] research to the point where the first institute for Sexology could be established in Berlin by [[Magnus Hirschfeld]]."--Sholem Stein
 +<hr>
 +"Despite the [[Some common misconceptions about Victorian morality|prevailing belief in sexual repression during the Victorian era]], the movement towards sexual emancipation began towards the end of the nineteenth century in England and Germany. In 1886, [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing]] published ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]].'' That work is considered as having established [[sexology]] as a scientific discipline."--Sholem Stein
 +<hr>
 +"In many ways [[Marquis de Sade|Sade]] anticipated the investigations of the [[Sexology|nineteenth-century sexologists]], and his descriptions of sexual perversions, techniques and beliefs were without doubt based on his own experience and observations."--''[[The English Vice]]'' (1978) by Ian Gibson, p. 27
 +<hr>
 +"Mad for books, I looked at the titles of those within easy reach. There were the writings of [[Tarnowsky]], [[Gyurkovechky]], [[Moreau of Tours]], [[Ball]], [[Moll]], [[Laycock]], [[Binet]], [[Roubaud]], [[Descuret]], [[Tardieu]]. There was a superb copy of “[[Geneanthropeia]],” by Jo. Benedictus Sinibaldus, Rome, 1642, the first edition . There were the four volumes of [[Martin Schuriger]], printed in Dresden in the first half of the eighteenth century. There were rows and rows of surgeons' reports and large atlases."--''[[M'lle New York]]'' (1895 - 1899)
 +<hr>
 +"Variatio delectat ! How innumerable are the variations which [[Eros]] creates in order to make the monotonous simplicity of the natural sex organ interesting to the [[Sexology |sexologist]]."--''[[Sexual Aberrations]]'' (1923) by Wilhelm Stekel
 +|}
 +[[Image:Fashionable contrasts James Gillray.jpg |thumb|right|200px|This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[human sexuality]] series<br><small>Illustration: ''[[Fashionable Contrasts]]'' (1792) by James Gillray.</small>]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-:''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]], [[history of sexology]]''+ 
-'''Sexology''' is the systematic study of [[human sexuality]]. It encompasses all aspects of sexuality, including attempting to characterise "[[normal sexuality]]" and its variants, including [[paraphilia]]s.+'''Sexology''' is the [[systematic]] study of [[human sexuality]]. It encompasses all aspects of sexuality, including attempting to characterise "[[normal sexuality]]" and its variants, including [[paraphilia]]s.
Modern sexology is a multidisciplinary field which uses the techniques of fields including [[biology]], [[medicine]], [[psychology]], [[statistics]], [[epidemiology]], [[pedagogics]], [[sociology]], [[anthropology]], and sometimes [[criminology]] to bear on its subject. It studies human [[sexual development]] and the development of [[sexual relationship]]s as well as the mechanics of [[sexual intercourse]] and [[sexual malfunction]]. It also documents the sexuality of special groups, such as handicapped, children, and [[geriatric sexology|elderly]], and studies sexual pathologies such as [[sex addiction]] and [[child sexual abuse]]. Modern sexology is a multidisciplinary field which uses the techniques of fields including [[biology]], [[medicine]], [[psychology]], [[statistics]], [[epidemiology]], [[pedagogics]], [[sociology]], [[anthropology]], and sometimes [[criminology]] to bear on its subject. It studies human [[sexual development]] and the development of [[sexual relationship]]s as well as the mechanics of [[sexual intercourse]] and [[sexual malfunction]]. It also documents the sexuality of special groups, such as handicapped, children, and [[geriatric sexology|elderly]], and studies sexual pathologies such as [[sex addiction]] and [[child sexual abuse]].
Note that sexology is considered descriptive, not prescriptive: it attempts to document reality, not to prescribe what behavior is suitable, ethical, or moral. Sexology has often been the subject of controversy between supporters of sexology, those who believe that sexology pries into matters held [[sacrosanct]], and those who [[Philosophy|philosophically]] object to its claims of [[Objectivity (science)|objectivity]] and [[empiricism]]. Note that sexology is considered descriptive, not prescriptive: it attempts to document reality, not to prescribe what behavior is suitable, ethical, or moral. Sexology has often been the subject of controversy between supporters of sexology, those who believe that sexology pries into matters held [[sacrosanct]], and those who [[Philosophy|philosophically]] object to its claims of [[Objectivity (science)|objectivity]] and [[empiricism]].
 +==History==
 +===Early===
 +[[sex manual|Sexual manuals]] have existed since antiquity, such as [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'', the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' of [[Vatsyayana]], the ''[[Ananga Ranga]]'' and ''[[The Perfumed Garden|The Perfumed Garden for the Soul's Recreation]]''. ''[[De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris]]'' (''Prostitution in the City of Paris''), an early 1830s study on 3,558 registered prostitutes in [[Paris]], published by Alexander Jean Baptiste Parent-Duchatelet (and published in 1837, a year after he died), has been called the first work of modern sex research.
-== History ==+The scientific study of sexual behavior in human beings began in the 19th century. Shifts in [[Europe]]'s national borders at that time brought into conflict laws that were sexually liberal and laws that criminalized behaviors such as homosexual activity.
-=== Ancient ===+
-A number of ancient [[sex manual]]s exist, including [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'', the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' of [[Vatsyayana]], the ''[[Ananga Ranga]]'' and ''[[The Perfumed Garden|The Perfumed Garden for the Soul's Recreation]]''. However, none of these treat sex as the subject of a formal field of scientific or medical research.+===Victorian Era to WWII===
-=== 19th century ===+Despite the prevailing social attitude of [[sexual repression]] in [[Victorian morality|the Victorian era]], the movement towards sexual emancipation began towards the end of the nineteenth century in England and Germany. In 1886, [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing]] published ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]].'' That work is considered as having established sexology as a scientific discipline.
-One of the earliest sex researchers prior to the 20th century sexology movement was [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing]], whose book ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]'', published in 1886, recorded a dizzying array of sexual anomalies.+
-=== 20th century ===+
-In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, [[Sigmund Freud]] developed a theory of sexuality based on his studies of his clients. [[Wilhelm Reich]] and [[Otto Gross]], were disciples of Freud, but rejected by him because of their emphasis of the role of sexuality for the revolutionary struggle for the emancipation of mankind.+In England, the founding father of sexology was the doctor and sexologist [[Havelock Ellis]] who challenged the sexual taboos of his era regarding [[masturbation]] and [[homosexuality]] and revolutionized the conception of sex in his time. His seminal work was the 1897 ''Sexual Inversion'', which describes the sexual relations of homosexual males, including men with boys. Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality, (the term was coined by Kertbeny) as he did not characterize it as a disease, immoral, or a crime. The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age [[taboo]]s as well as gender taboos. Seven of his twenty-one case studies are of inter-generational relationships. He also developed other important psychological concepts, such as [[autoerotism]] and [[narcissism]], both of which were later developed further by [[Sigmund Freud]].
-[[Magnus Hirschfeld]] founded the ''[[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]]'' (Institute for Sexology) in [[Berlin]] in 1919. When the Nazis took power, one of their first actions, on May 8, 1933, was to destroy the Institute and burn the library. +Ellis pioneered [[transgender]] phenomena alongside the German [[Magnus Hirschfeld]]. He established it as new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality. Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of [[transvestism]], but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term ''sexo-aesthetic inversion'' to describe the phenomenon.
-In 1947, [[Alfred Kinsey]] founded the [[Institute for Sex Research]] at [[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]] at [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], now called the [[Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction]].+In 1908, the first scholarly journal of the field, ''Journal of Sexology'' ([[Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft]]), began publication and was published monthly for one year. Those issues contained articles by Freud, [[Alfred Adler]], and [[Wilhelm Stekel]]. In 1913, the first academic association was founded: the ''Society for Sexology''.
-[[Masters and Johnson]] released their works ''Human Sexual Response'' in 1966 and ''Human Sexual Inadequacy'' in 1970. Their books sold well, and they were founders of what became to be known as the [[Masters & Johnson Institute]] in 1978.+Freud developed a theory of sexuality. These stages of development include: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital. These stages run from infancy to puberty and onwards. based on his studies of his clients, between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [[Wilhelm Reich]] and [[Otto Gross]], were disciples of Freud, but rejected by his theories because of their emphasis on the role of sexuality in the revolutionary struggle for the emancipation of mankind.
-[[Fritz Klein]] developed the [[Klein Sexual Orientation Grid]] a multi-dimensional system for describing complex sexual orientation, similar to the [[Kinsey scale]], but measuring seven different vectors of [[sexual orientation]] and [[sexual identity|identity]] separately, and allowing for change over time. In 1978 [[Fritz Klein|Klein]] published ''The Bisexual Option'', a groundbreaking psychological study of [[bisexuality]] and in 1998, he founded the [[American Institute of Bisexuality|American Institute of Bisexuality (AIB)]] to encourage, support and assist research and education about [[bisexuality]].+Pre-Nazi Germany, under the sexually liberal [[Napoleonic code]], organized and resisted the anti-sexual, Victorian cultural influences. The momentum from those groups led them to coordinate sex research across traditional [[academic discipline]]s, bringing Germany to the leadership of sexology. Physician [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] was an outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, founding the [[Scientific Humanitarian Committee]], the first advocacy for homosexual and transgender rights.
-The late [[Vern Bullough]] was a historian of sexology, as well as a researcher in the field.+Hirschfeld also set up the first [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]] (Institute for Sexology) in Berlin in 1919. Its library housed over 20,000 volumes, 35,000 photographs, a large collection of art and other objects. People from around [[Europe]] visited the Institute to gain a clearer understanding of their [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and to betreated for their sexual concerns and dysfunctions.
 +Hirschfeld developed a system which identified numerous actual or hypothetical types of sexual intermediary between heterosexual male and female to represent the potential diversity of human sexuality, and is credited with identifying a group of people that today are referred to as [[transsexual]] or [[transgender]] as separate from the categories of homosexuality, he referred to these people as 'transvestiten' (transvestites). Germany's dominance in sexual behavior research ended with the [[Nazi Party|Nazi regime]]. The Institute and its library were destroyed by the Nazis less than three months after they took power, May 8, 1933. The institute was shut down and Hirschfeld's books were burned.
 +
 +Other sexologists in the early [[gay rights]] movement included [[Ernst Burchard]], [[Hans Blüher]], and [[Benedict Friedlaender]]. [[Ernst Grafenberg]], after whom the [[G-spot]] is named, published the initial research developing the [[intrauterine device]] (IUD).
 +
 +===Post WWII===
 +After World War II, sexology experienced a renaissance, both in the United States and Europe. Large scale studies of sexual behavior, sexual function, and [[sexual dysfunction]] gave rise to the development of [[sex therapy]]. Post-WWII sexology in the U.S. was influenced by the influx of European refugees escaping the Nazi regime and the popularity of the [[Kinsey Reports|Kinsey studies]]. Until that time, American sexology consisted primarily of groups working to end [[prostitution]] and to educate youth about [[sexually transmitted diseases]]. [[Alfred Kinsey]] founded the [[Institute for Sex Research]] at [[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]] at [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] in 1947. This is now called the [[Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction]]. He wrote in his 1948 book that more was scientifically known about the sexual behavior of farm animals than of humans.
 +
 +Psychologist and sexologist [[John Money]] developed theories on sexual identity and [[gender identity]] in the 1950s. His work, notably on the [[David Reimer]] case has since been regarded as controversial, even while the case was key to the development of treatment protocols for [[intersex]] infants and children.
 +
 +[[Kurt Freund]] developed the [[penile plethysmograph]] in [[Czechoslovakia]] in the 1950s. The device was designed to provide an objective measurement of [[sexual arousal]] in males and is currently used in the assessment of [[pedophilia]] and [[hebephilia]]. This tool has since been used with [[sex offenders]].
 +
 +In 1966 and 1970, [[Masters and Johnson]] released their works ''Human Sexual Response'' and ''Human Sexual Inadequacy,'' respectively. Those volumes sold well, and they were founders of what became known as the [[Masters & Johnson Institute]] in 1978.
 +
 +[[Vern Bullough]] was a historian of sexology during this era, as well as being a researcher in the field.
 +
 +The emergence of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the 1980s caused a dramatic shift in sexological research efforts towards understanding and controlling the spread of the disease.
 +
 +==Notable contributors==
 +
 +This is a list of sexologists and notable contributors to the field of sexology, by year of birth:
 +
 +* [[Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal]] (1833–1890)
 +* [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing]] (1840–1902)
 +* [[Albert Eulenburg]] (1840–1917)
 +* [[Auguste Henri Forel]] (1848–1931)
 +* [[Sigmund Freud]] (1856–1939)
 +* [[Wilhelm Fliess]] (1858–1928)
 +* [[Havelock Ellis]] (1858–1939)
 +* [[Eugen Steinach]] (1861–1944)
 +* [[Robert Latou Dickinson]] (1861–1950)
 +* [[Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)|Albert Moll]] (1862–1939)
 +* [[Edvard Westermarck]] (1862–1939)
 +* [[Eugene Wilhelm]] (aka Numa Praetorius) (1866–1951)
 +* [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] (1868–1935)
 +* [[Iwan Bloch]] (1872–1922)
 +* [[Theodor Hendrik van de Velde]] (1873–1937)
 +* [[Max Marcuse]] (1877–1963)
 +* [[Otto Gross]] (1877–1920)
 +* [[Ernst Gräfenberg]] (1881–1957)
 +* [[Bronisław Malinowski]] (1884–1942)
 +* [[Harry Benjamin]] (1885–1986)
 +* [[Hans Blüher]] (1888–1955)
 +* [[Theodor Reik]] (1888–1969)
 +* [[Alfred Kinsey]] (1894–1956)
 +* [[Wilhelm Reich]] (1897–1957)
 +* [[Mary Calderone]] (1904–1998)
 +* [[Alain Daniélou]] (1907–1994)
 +* [[Wardell Pomeroy]] (1913–2001)
 +* [[Albert Ellis (psychologist)|Albert Ellis]] (1913–2007)
 +* [[Kurt Freund]] (1914–1996)
 +* [[Ernest Borneman]] (1915–1995)
 +* [[William Masters]] (1915–2001)
 +* [[Gershon Legman]] (1917–1999)
 +* [[Harold I. Lief]] (1917–2007)
 +* [[Paul H. Gebhard]] (1917–2015)
 +* [[John Money]] (1921–2006)
 +* [[Robert Stoller]] (1924–1991)
 +* [[Ira Reiss]] (1925–present)
 +* [[Virginia E. Johnson|Virginia Johnson]] (1925–2013)
 +* [[Preben Hertoft]] (1928–present)
 +* [[Oswalt Kolle]] (1928–2010)
 +* [[Vern Bullough]] (1928–2006)
 +* [[John Gagnon]] (1931–2016)
 +* [[Fritz Klein (sex researcher)|Fritz Klein]] (1932–2006)
 +* [[Milton Diamond]] (1934–present)
 +* [[Erwin J. Haeberle]] (1936–present)
 +* [[Gunter Schmidt]] (1938–present)
 +* [[Rolf Gindorf]] (1939–present)
 +* [[Volkmar Sigusch]] (1940–present)
 +* [[Dorree Lynn]] (1941–present)
 +* [[Beverly Whipple]] (1941–present)
 +* [[Martin Dannecker]] (1942–present)
 +* [[Shere Hite]] (1943–present)
 +* [[Ray Blanchard]] (1945–present)
 +* [[Gilbert Herdt]] (1949–present)
 +* [[Kenneth Zucker]] (1950–present)
 +* [[Ava Cadell]] (1955–present)
 +* [[Carol Queen]] (1958–present)
 +* [[James Cantor]] (1966–present)
== Interdisciplinary relations and limits== == Interdisciplinary relations and limits==
Line 45: Line 140:
Sexology also touches on public issues such as the debates over [[abortion]], [[public health]], [[birth control]], [[sexual abuse]] and [[reproductive technology]]. Sexology also touches on public issues such as the debates over [[abortion]], [[public health]], [[birth control]], [[sexual abuse]] and [[reproductive technology]].
-==Notable contributors==+==Bibliography==
-This is a list of sexologists and notable contributors to the field of sexology, sorted by the year of their birth:+*''[[Geneanthropeia]]'' (1642) by Sinibaldi
-* [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing]] (1840-1902)+*''[[Spermatologia]]'' (1720) by Martin Schurig
-* [[Albert Eulenburg]] (1840-1917)+*''[[The Worship of Priapus]]'' (1786) by Richard Payne Knight
-* [[Sigmund Freud]] (1856-1939)+*''[[Prostitution dans la ville de Paris]]'' (1837) by Parent-Duchatelet
-* [[Wilhelm Fliess]] (1858-1928)+*''[[Geschichte der Lustseuche im Alterthume]]'' (1839) by Julius Rosenbaum
-* [[Havelock Ellis]] (1859-1939) +*''[[Über Nothzucht und Päderastie und deren Ermittlung Seitens des Gerichtsarztes]]'' (1852) by Johann Ludwig Casper
-* [[Robert Latou Dickinson]] (1861-1950)+*''[[Des attentats aux moeurs]]'' (1857) by Tardieu
-* [[Albert Moll]] (1862-1939)+*''[[La médecine des passions]]'' (1860) Jean Baptiste Félix Descuret
-* [[Edward Westermarck]] (1862-1939)+*''[[Sittengeschichte Roms]]'' (1862-71) by by Ludwig Friedländer
-* [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] (1868-1935)+*''[[Centuria Librorum Absconditorum]]'' (1879) by Henry Spencer Ashbee
-* [[Iwan Bloch]] (1872-1922)+*''[[Des aberrations du sens génésique]]'' (1880) by Paul Moreau de Tours
-* [[Theodor Hendrik van de Velde]] (1873-1937)+*''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' (1886) by Krafft-Ebing
-* [[Max Marcuse]] (1877-1963)+*"[[Le fétichisme dans l'amour]]" (1887) by Alfred Binet
-* [[Otto Gross]] (1877-1920)+*''[[La Folie érotique]]'' (1888) by Benjamin Ball
-* [[Ernst Gräfenberg]] (1881-1957)+*''[[Scatalogic Rites of All Nations]]'' (1891) by John Gregory Bourke
-* [[Harry Benjamin]] (1885-1986)+*''[[Religion and Lust]]'' (1897) by James Weir
-* [[Theodor Reik]] (1888-1969)+* ''[[Sexual Inversion]]'' (1897) by Havelock Ellis
-* [[Alfred Kinsey]] (1894-1956)+*''[[Der Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit]]'' (1900) by Iwan Bloch
-* [[Wilhelm Reich]] (1897-1957) +*''[[Sadismus und Masochismus (Albert Eulenburg)|Sadismus und Masochismus]]'' (1902) by Albert Eulenburg
-* [[Mary Calderone]] (1904-1998)+*''[[Argonauts of the Western Pacific]]'' (1922) by Bronisław Malinowski
-* [[Wardell Pomeroy]] (1913-2001)+
-* [[Albert Ellis]] (1913-2007)+
-* [[Kurt Freund]] (1914-1996) +
-* [[Ernest Borneman]] (1915-1995)+
-* [[William Masters]] (1915-2001)+
-* [[Paul H. Gebhard]] (born 1917)+
-* [[John Money]] (1921-2006)+
-* [[Ira Reiss]] (born 1925)+
-* [[Virginia Johnson]] (born 1925)+
-* [[Preben Hertoft]] (born 1928)+
-* [[Oswalt Kolle]] (born 1928)+
-* [[Vern Bullough]] +
-* William Simon (1930-2000)+
-* [[John Gagnon]] (born 1931)+
-* [[Edward Eichel]] (born 1932)+
-* [[Fritz Klein]] (1932–2006) +
-* [[Milton Diamond]] (born 1934)+
-* [[Erwin J. Haeberle]] (born 1936)+
-* [[Gunter Schmidt]] (born 1938)+
-* [[Rolf Gindorf]] (born 1939)+
-* [[Volkmar Sigusch]] (born 1940)+
-* [[Martin Dannecker]] (born 1942)+
-* [[Simon LeVay]] (born 1943)+
-* [[Shere Hite]] (born 1943)+
-* [[Anne Fausto-Sterling]] (born 1944)+
-* [[Ray Blanchard]] (born 1945)+
-* [[Gilbert Herdt]] (born 1949)+
-* [[Kenneth Zucker]] (born 1950)+
- +
- +
==See also== ==See also==
 +[[history of sexology]]''
* [[List of sexology topics]] * [[List of sexology topics]]
* [[List of sexology organizations]] * [[List of sexology organizations]]
Line 106: Line 172:
* [[Sexological testing]] * [[Sexological testing]]
* [[Erogenous zone]] * [[Erogenous zone]]
 +*[[Edward M. Brecher]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Current revision

"In order to give an idea of the great interest in sexual science exhibited by the most diverse circles of cultured men of the present day, I shall merely mention in this note a few names, without pretending to give an exhaustive list: R. von Krafft-Ebing, Mantegazza, Ploss-Bartels, A. Eulenburg, von Schrenck-Notzing, Fr. S. Krauss, Tarnowsky, L. Löwenfeld, Havelock Ellis, Magnus Hirschfeld, S. Freud, Georg Hirth, H. Kurella, H. Swoboda, Laurent, A. Hoche, C. Lombroso, P. Fürbringer, E. Carpenter, Rohleder, Alfred Fournier, A. Binet, Marro, J. J. Bachofen, J. Kohler, E. Westermarck, Max Dessoir, Alfred Blaschko, Albert Neisser, Eli Metchnikoff, Fritz Schaudinn, Ducrey, Unna, Oskar Schultze, Wilhelm Waldeyer, V. von Gyurkovechky, Louis Fiaux, Léon Taxil, Wilhelm Fliess, Willy Hellpach, P. J. Möbius, Heinrich Schurtz, B. Friedländer, Eduard von Meyer, Hans Ostwald, R. Kossmann, Otto Adler, W. Hammond, Beard, Wilhelm Erb, Paul Näcke, J. Salgó, H. T. Finck, F. Neugebauer, C. Wagner, H. Ferdy, Rosa Mayreder, Ellen Key, Helene Stöcker, Anna Pappritz, Maria Lischnewska, Lily Braun, and many others."--The Sexual Life of Our Time (1907) by Iwan Bloch

"The writer who deals with a sexual theme is always in danger of being accused ... of an undue obsession with his subject." --Marriage and Morals, Bertrand Russell

"The efforts of several of Bloch's contemporaries (Freud, Forel, Rohleder, Eulenburg, Moll, Steinach, Max Marcuse and others) soon helped to consolidate and further advance sexological research to the point where the first institute for Sexology could be established in Berlin by Magnus Hirschfeld."--Sholem Stein

"Despite the prevailing belief in sexual repression during the Victorian era, the movement towards sexual emancipation began towards the end of the nineteenth century in England and Germany. In 1886, Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing published Psychopathia Sexualis. That work is considered as having established sexology as a scientific discipline."--Sholem Stein

"In many ways Sade anticipated the investigations of the nineteenth-century sexologists, and his descriptions of sexual perversions, techniques and beliefs were without doubt based on his own experience and observations."--The English Vice (1978) by Ian Gibson, p. 27

"Mad for books, I looked at the titles of those within easy reach. There were the writings of Tarnowsky, Gyurkovechky, Moreau of Tours, Ball, Moll, Laycock, Binet, Roubaud, Descuret, Tardieu. There was a superb copy of “Geneanthropeia,” by Jo. Benedictus Sinibaldus, Rome, 1642, the first edition . There were the four volumes of Martin Schuriger, printed in Dresden in the first half of the eighteenth century. There were rows and rows of surgeons' reports and large atlases."--M'lle New York (1895 - 1899)

"Variatio delectat ! How innumerable are the variations which Eros creates in order to make the monotonous simplicity of the natural sex organ interesting to the sexologist."--Sexual Aberrations (1923) by Wilhelm Stekel

This page Sexology is part of the human sexuality seriesIllustration: Fashionable Contrasts (1792) by James Gillray.
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This page Sexology is part of the human sexuality series
Illustration: Fashionable Contrasts (1792) by James Gillray.

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Sexology is the systematic study of human sexuality. It encompasses all aspects of sexuality, including attempting to characterise "normal sexuality" and its variants, including paraphilias.

Modern sexology is a multidisciplinary field which uses the techniques of fields including biology, medicine, psychology, statistics, epidemiology, pedagogics, sociology, anthropology, and sometimes criminology to bear on its subject. It studies human sexual development and the development of sexual relationships as well as the mechanics of sexual intercourse and sexual malfunction. It also documents the sexuality of special groups, such as handicapped, children, and elderly, and studies sexual pathologies such as sex addiction and child sexual abuse.

Note that sexology is considered descriptive, not prescriptive: it attempts to document reality, not to prescribe what behavior is suitable, ethical, or moral. Sexology has often been the subject of controversy between supporters of sexology, those who believe that sexology pries into matters held sacrosanct, and those who philosophically object to its claims of objectivity and empiricism.

Contents

[edit]

History

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Early

Sexual manuals have existed since antiquity, such as Ovid's Ars Amatoria, the Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana, the Ananga Ranga and The Perfumed Garden for the Soul's Recreation. De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris (Prostitution in the City of Paris), an early 1830s study on 3,558 registered prostitutes in Paris, published by Alexander Jean Baptiste Parent-Duchatelet (and published in 1837, a year after he died), has been called the first work of modern sex research.

The scientific study of sexual behavior in human beings began in the 19th century. Shifts in Europe's national borders at that time brought into conflict laws that were sexually liberal and laws that criminalized behaviors such as homosexual activity.

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Victorian Era to WWII

Despite the prevailing social attitude of sexual repression in the Victorian era, the movement towards sexual emancipation began towards the end of the nineteenth century in England and Germany. In 1886, Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing published Psychopathia Sexualis. That work is considered as having established sexology as a scientific discipline.

In England, the founding father of sexology was the doctor and sexologist Havelock Ellis who challenged the sexual taboos of his era regarding masturbation and homosexuality and revolutionized the conception of sex in his time. His seminal work was the 1897 Sexual Inversion, which describes the sexual relations of homosexual males, including men with boys. Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality, (the term was coined by Kertbeny) as he did not characterize it as a disease, immoral, or a crime. The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age taboos as well as gender taboos. Seven of his twenty-one case studies are of inter-generational relationships. He also developed other important psychological concepts, such as autoerotism and narcissism, both of which were later developed further by Sigmund Freud.

Ellis pioneered transgender phenomena alongside the German Magnus Hirschfeld. He established it as new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality. Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of transvestism, but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term sexo-aesthetic inversion to describe the phenomenon.

In 1908, the first scholarly journal of the field, Journal of Sexology (Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft), began publication and was published monthly for one year. Those issues contained articles by Freud, Alfred Adler, and Wilhelm Stekel. In 1913, the first academic association was founded: the Society for Sexology.

Freud developed a theory of sexuality. These stages of development include: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital. These stages run from infancy to puberty and onwards. based on his studies of his clients, between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Wilhelm Reich and Otto Gross, were disciples of Freud, but rejected by his theories because of their emphasis on the role of sexuality in the revolutionary struggle for the emancipation of mankind.

Pre-Nazi Germany, under the sexually liberal Napoleonic code, organized and resisted the anti-sexual, Victorian cultural influences. The momentum from those groups led them to coordinate sex research across traditional academic disciplines, bringing Germany to the leadership of sexology. Physician Magnus Hirschfeld was an outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, founding the Scientific Humanitarian Committee, the first advocacy for homosexual and transgender rights.

Hirschfeld also set up the first Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexology) in Berlin in 1919. Its library housed over 20,000 volumes, 35,000 photographs, a large collection of art and other objects. People from around Europe visited the Institute to gain a clearer understanding of their sexuality and to betreated for their sexual concerns and dysfunctions.

Hirschfeld developed a system which identified numerous actual or hypothetical types of sexual intermediary between heterosexual male and female to represent the potential diversity of human sexuality, and is credited with identifying a group of people that today are referred to as transsexual or transgender as separate from the categories of homosexuality, he referred to these people as 'transvestiten' (transvestites). Germany's dominance in sexual behavior research ended with the Nazi regime. The Institute and its library were destroyed by the Nazis less than three months after they took power, May 8, 1933. The institute was shut down and Hirschfeld's books were burned.

Other sexologists in the early gay rights movement included Ernst Burchard, Hans Blüher, and Benedict Friedlaender. Ernst Grafenberg, after whom the G-spot is named, published the initial research developing the intrauterine device (IUD).

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Post WWII

After World War II, sexology experienced a renaissance, both in the United States and Europe. Large scale studies of sexual behavior, sexual function, and sexual dysfunction gave rise to the development of sex therapy. Post-WWII sexology in the U.S. was influenced by the influx of European refugees escaping the Nazi regime and the popularity of the Kinsey studies. Until that time, American sexology consisted primarily of groups working to end prostitution and to educate youth about sexually transmitted diseases. Alfred Kinsey founded the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University at Bloomington in 1947. This is now called the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction. He wrote in his 1948 book that more was scientifically known about the sexual behavior of farm animals than of humans.

Psychologist and sexologist John Money developed theories on sexual identity and gender identity in the 1950s. His work, notably on the David Reimer case has since been regarded as controversial, even while the case was key to the development of treatment protocols for intersex infants and children.

Kurt Freund developed the penile plethysmograph in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s. The device was designed to provide an objective measurement of sexual arousal in males and is currently used in the assessment of pedophilia and hebephilia. This tool has since been used with sex offenders.

In 1966 and 1970, Masters and Johnson released their works Human Sexual Response and Human Sexual Inadequacy, respectively. Those volumes sold well, and they were founders of what became known as the Masters & Johnson Institute in 1978.

Vern Bullough was a historian of sexology during this era, as well as being a researcher in the field.

The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s caused a dramatic shift in sexological research efforts towards understanding and controlling the spread of the disease.

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Notable contributors

This is a list of sexologists and notable contributors to the field of sexology, by year of birth:

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Interdisciplinary relations and limits

Sexology, as currently defined, is largely a 20th and 21st century phenomenon.

Sexology relates to a number of other fields of study:

Sexology also touches on public issues such as the debates over abortion, public health, birth control, sexual abuse and reproductive technology.

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Bibliography

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See also

history of sexology


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