The Western Canon
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'''''The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages''''' is a 1994 book about [[western literature]] by the critic [[Harold Bloom]], in which the author defends [[Western canon|the concept of the Western canon]] by discussing 26 writers (22 men and 4 women) whom he sees as central to the canon. | '''''The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages''''' is a 1994 book about [[western literature]] by the critic [[Harold Bloom]], in which the author defends [[Western canon|the concept of the Western canon]] by discussing 26 writers (22 men and 4 women) whom he sees as central to the canon. |
Revision as of 09:10, 16 October 2019
"Here Vico's prophecy is again illuminating; the Theocratic Age exalts the gods, the Aristocratic Age celebrates heroes, the Democratic Age mourns and values human beings. There was for Vico no Chaotic Age, only a Chaos during which the recourse to a Theocratic Age would commence." --The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages |
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The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages is a 1994 book about western literature by the critic Harold Bloom, in which the author defends the concept of the Western canon by discussing 26 writers (22 men and 4 women) whom he sees as central to the canon.
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Summary
Bloom defends the concept of the Western canon by discussing 26 writers whom he sees as central to the canon:
- 1.William Shakespeare
- 2.Dante Alighieri
- 3.Geoffrey Chaucer
- 4.Miguel de Cervantes
- 5.Michel de Montaigne
- 6.Molière
- 7.John Milton
- 8.Samuel Johnson
- 9.Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- 10.William Wordsworth
- 11.Jane Austen
- 12.Walt Whitman
- 13.Emily Dickinson
- 14.Charles Dickens
- 15.George Eliot
- 16.Leo Tolstoy
- 17.Henrik Ibsen
- 18.Sigmund Freud
- 19.Marcel Proust
- 20.James Joyce
- 21.Virginia Woolf
- 22.Franz Kafka
- 23.Jorge Luis Borges
- 24.Pablo Neruda
- 25.Fernando Pessoa
- 26.Samuel Beckett
Bloom argues against what he calls the "School of Resentment", which includes feminist literary criticism, Marxist literary criticism, Lacanians, New Historicism, Deconstructionists, and semioticians. The Western Canon includes four appendices listing works that Bloom at the time considered canonical, stretching from earliest scriptures to Tony Kushner's Angels in America. Bloom later disowned the list, saying that it was written at his editor's insistence and distracted from the book's intention.
Bloom's four ages
The American literary critic Harold Bloom has divided the body of Western Literature into four ages:
The Theocratic Age
(2000 BC – 1321 AD), with five main traditions that influenced the West: [[File:Snakesacrifice.jpg|thumb|The snake sacrifice of Janamejaya. Mahabharata ]]
- The Ancient Near East; e.g. Gilgamesh, The Book of the Dead and the Bible
- Ancient India; e.g. Mahabharata
- Ancient Greece; e.g. the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer and Oedipus Rex of Sophocles
- Ancient Rome; e.g. the Aeneid (Virgil) and the Metamorphoses (Ovid)
- The Middle Ages; e.g. the Confessions of Saint Augustine
The Aristocratic Age
(1321–1832), with five major bodies of literature:
- Italy; e.g. the Divine Comedy (Dante), The Prince (Machiavelli) and The Servant of Two Masters (Carlo Goldoni)
- France; e.g. the Essays (Montaigne), The Misanthrope (Molière) and the Candide (Voltaire)
- Germany; e.g. The Robbers (Friedrich Schiller), Faust and the Italian Journey (Goethe)
- Spain and Portugal; e.g. Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes), The Trickster of Seville (Tirso de Molina) and The Lusiads (Luis de Camoens)
- Great Britain & Ireland; e.g. Romeo and Juliet (William Shakespeare), Paradise Lost (John Milton) and Gulliver's Travels (Jonathan Swift)
The Democratic Age
(1832–1900), when the strength of American and Russian literature begins
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; e.g. Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen), The Adventures of Oliver Twist (Charles Dickens) and The Picture of Dorian Gray (Oscar Wilde)
- Italy; e.g. The Betrothed (Alessandro Manzoni) and The Adventures of Pinocchio (Carlo Collodi)
- France; e.g. The Red and the Black (Stendhal), Madame Bovary (Gustave Flaubert) and Les Misérables (Victor Hugo)
- Germany; e.g. The Ring of the Nibelung (Richard Wagner), Children's and Household Tales (Grimm Brothers) and Effi Briest (Theodor Fontane)
- Spain and Portugal; e.g. Fortunata and Jacinta (Benito Pérez Galdós) and La Regenta (Leopoldo Alas)
- Russia; e.g. Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky), War and Peace (Leo Tolstoy) and The Seagull (Anton Chekhov)
- United States; e.g. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Mark Twain) and Moby-Dick (Herman Melville)
[[File:Famous fantastic mysteries 195306.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Kafka's The Metamorphosis was even reprinted in the June 1953 issue of the pulp magazine Famous Fantastic Mysteries]]
The Chaotic Age
(1900–today), which includes a multitude of countries and authors:
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; e.g. Ulysses (James Joyce), Mrs Dalloway (Virginia Woolf)' and The Waste Land (T.S. Eliot)
- Italy; e.g. Six Characters in Search of an Author (Luigi Pirandello) and Zeno's Conscience (Italo Svevo)
- France; e.g. In Search of Lost Time (Marcel Proust), The Stranger (Albert Camus) and Waiting for Godot (Samuel Beckett)
- Germany and German-speaking Central Europe; e.g. The Magic Mountain (Thomas Mann), The Castle (Franz Kafka) and The Man Without Qualities (Robert Musil)
- Spain and Portugal; e.g. Gypsy Ballads (Federico Garcia Lorca) and The Book of Disquiet (Fernando Pessoa)
- Russia; e.g. The Master and Margarita (Mikhail Boulgakov) and The Gulag Archipelago (Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn)
- United States; e.g. The Great Gatsby (F. Scott Fitzgerald) and The Old Man and the Sea (Ernest Hemingway)
- Latin America; e.g. Ficciones (Jorge Luis Borges), Canto General (Pablo Neruda) and One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gabriel Garcia Marquez)
Reception
Norman Fruman of the New York Times wrote that "The Western Canon is a heroically brave, formidably learned and often unbearably sad response to the present state of the humanities".
The novelist A. S. Byatt wrote:Bloom's canon is in many ways mine. It consists of those writers all other writers have to know and by whom they measure themselves. A culture's canon is an evolving consensus of individual canons. Canonical writers changed the medium, the language they were working in. People who merely describe what is happening now don't last. Mine includes writers I don't necessarily like. D.H. Lawrence, though I hate him in a way, Jane Austen, too.