Tourism
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| "''[[The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan|The Europeans]]'' (2019) interweaves [[rail transport]], the [[diffusion]] of [[cultural products]], the histories of [[history of copyright|copyright]], [[Mass production |mechanical reproduction]], [[tourism]], [[19th century literature]], [[19th century art|art]] and [[19th century music|music]] with the personal lives of operatic star [[Pauline Viardot]], her husband [[Louis Viardot]] and her lover [[Ivan Turgenev]] to sketch a remarkably lively portrait of [[19th century Europe]]."--Sholem Stein | "''[[The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan|The Europeans]]'' (2019) interweaves [[rail transport]], the [[diffusion]] of [[cultural products]], the histories of [[history of copyright|copyright]], [[Mass production |mechanical reproduction]], [[tourism]], [[19th century literature]], [[19th century art|art]] and [[19th century music|music]] with the personal lives of operatic star [[Pauline Viardot]], her husband [[Louis Viardot]] and her lover [[Ivan Turgenev]] to sketch a remarkably lively portrait of [[19th century Europe]]."--Sholem Stein | ||
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| + | Related: [[escapism]] - [[exotica]] - [[Orientalism]] - [[Grand Tour]] - [[sublime]] | ||
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| + | Reading: [[The Art of Travel]] (2002) - Alain de Botton | ||
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| + | Destinations: [[Bomarzo park]] - [[Le Palais Idéal]] | ||
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| + | [[Voyages dans l'Inde]] (1865/68) - [[Louis Rousselet]] | ||
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Revision as of 17:47, 16 August 2022
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"The hippie trail came to an end in the late 1970s with political changes in previously hospitable countries. In 1979, both the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan closed the overland route to Western travelers." --Sholem Stein "Starke's Information and Directions also prepared the way for Murray and Baedeker in its effort to cover its field as no previous guide had done, to become the one guide needed for an entire tour. To accomplish this purpose, Starke realized ..."--The Beaten Track (1993) by James Buzard "The Europeans (2019) interweaves rail transport, the diffusion of cultural products, the histories of copyright, mechanical reproduction, tourism, 19th century literature, art and music with the personal lives of operatic star Pauline Viardot, her husband Louis Viardot and her lover Ivan Turgenev to sketch a remarkably lively portrait of 19th century Europe."--Sholem Stein Related: escapism - exotica - Orientalism - Grand Tour - sublime Reading: The Art of Travel (2002) - Alain de Botton Destinations: Bomarzo park - Le Palais Idéal Voyages dans l'Inde (1865/68) - Louis Rousselet |
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Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes.
Contents |
History
Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures, and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811.
The origins of modern tourism can be traced back to what was known as the Grand Tour which was a traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means, mainly from England. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transit in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary. It served as an educational rite of passage. Though primarily associated with the British nobility and wealthy landed gentry, similar trips were made by wealthy young men of Protestant Northern European nations on the Continent, and from the second half of the 18th century some South American, U.S., and other overseas youth joined in. The tradition was extended to include more of the middle class after rail and steamship travel made the journey less of a burden, and Thomas Cook made the "Cook's Tour" a byword.
The New York Times recently described the Grand Tour in this way:
- Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a post-Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots of Western civilization. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months (or years) to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language skills and mingled with the upper crust of the Continent.
The primary value of the Grand Tour, it was believed, laid in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance, and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent.
Emergence of Leisure travel
Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom -- the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton, or Hotel Majestic -- reflecting the dominance of English customers.
A pioneer of the travel agency, Thomas Cook's idea to offer excursions came to him while waiting for the stagecoach on the London Road at Kibworth. With the opening of the extended Midland Counties Railway, he arranged to take a group of 540 temperance campaigners from Leicester Campbell Street station to a rally in Loughborough, eleven miles away. On 5 July 1841, Thomas Cook arranged for the rail company to charge one shilling per person that included rail tickets and food for this train journey. Cook was paid a share of the fares actually charged to the passengers, as the railway tickets, being legal contracts between company and passenger, could not have been issued at his own price. This was the first privately chartered excursion train to be advertised to the general public; Cook himself acknowledging that there had been previous, unadvertised, private excursion trains. During the following three summers he planned and conducted outings for temperance societies and Sunday-school children. In 1844 the Midland Counties Railway Company agreed to make a permanent arrangement with him provided he found the passengers. This success led him to start his own business running rail excursions for pleasure, taking a percentage of the railway tickets.
Four years later, he planned his first excursion abroad, when he took a group from Leicester to Calais to coincide with the Paris Exhibition. The following year he started his 'grand circular tours' of Europe. During the 1860s he took parties to Switzerland, Italy, Egypt and the United States. Cook established 'inclusive independent travel', whereby the traveller went independently but his agency charged for travel, food and accommodation for a fixed period over any chosen route. Such was his success that the Scottish railway companies withdrew their support between 1862 and 1863 to try the excursion business for themselves.
Cruise shipping
In 1891, German businessman Albert Ballin started from Hamburg with the ship Augusta Victoria in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1901, the first cruise ship, Prinzessin Victoria Luise, was built in Hamburg. Cruise shipping is a popular form of water tourism.
Modern Day Tourism
Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of such nature often visited are: Bali in Indonesia, Colombia, Brazil, Cuba, Grenada, the Dominican Republic, Malaysia, Mexico, the various Polynesian tropical islands, Queensland in Australia, Thailand, Saint-Tropez and Cannes in France, Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico, in the United States, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, St.Lucia, Sint Maarten, St. Martin's Island in Bangladesh, Saint Kitts and Nevis, The Bahamas, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Turks and Caicos Islands, Boracay Island in the Philippines and Bermuda.
In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.
Mass tourism
Mass tourism developed with improvements in technology, which allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In Continental Europe, early seaside resorts include: Heiligendamm, founded in 1793 at the Baltic Sea, being the first seaside resort; Ostend, popularised by the people of Brussels; Boulogne-sur-Mer and Deauville for the Parisians; Taormina in Sicily.
In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were at Atlantic City, New Jersey and Long Island, New York.
See also
- Flâneur
- Grand Tour
- Travel
- Sense of place
- Travel literature
- Neo Tourism
- Sex tourism
- Travel writing
- Seven wonders
- Space tourism
- Slumming
