World cinema
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| + | "It may be said that [Radley] Metzger-the-[[Film distributor |distributor]] is as much an [[auteur]] as Metzger-the-director, since he would often spend months [[Re-edited film|re-editing]] (and occasionally re-shooting) a [[World cinema |foreign film]] for the [[Cinema of the United States|American market]]." --"[[Aristocrat of the Erotic]]" (1973) by Richard Corliss. | ||
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| - | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{PAGENAMEE}}] [May 2007] | + | |
| + | '''World cinema''' is a term in [[film theory]] that refers to films made outside of [[Cinema of the United States|U.S. motion picture industry]], particularly those in opposition to the aesthetics and values of commercial American cinema. The [[Third Cinema]] of [[Latin America]] and various [[national cinema]]s are commonly identified as part of world cinema. The term has been criticized for [[Americentrism]] and for ignoring the diversity of different cinematic traditions around the world. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Types== | ||
| + | World cinema has an unofficial implication of films with "[[artistic value]]" as opposed to "Hollywood [[commercialism]]." Foreign language films are often grouped with "[[Art film|art house films]]" and other [[independent film]]s in DVD stores, cinema listings etc. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Unless dubbed into one's native language, foreign language films played in English-speaking regions usually have English [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]]. Few films of this kind receive more than a limited release and many are never played in major cinemas. As such the marketing, popularity and gross takings for these films are usually markedly less than for typical Hollywood [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbusters]]. The combination of subtitles and minimal exposure adds to the notion that "World Cinema" has an inferred artistic prestige or intelligence, which may discourage less sophisticated viewers. Additionally, differences in cultural style and tone between foreign and domestic films affects attendance at cinemas and DVD sales. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Foreign language films can be commercial, [[Low culture|low brow]] or [[B-movie]]s. Furthermore, foreign language films can cross cultural boundaries, particularly when the visual spectacle and style is sufficient to overcome people's misgivings. Films of this type became more common in the early 2000s, as ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[Brotherhood of the Wolf]]'', ''[[Y Tu Mama Tambien]]'' and ''[[Talk to Her]]'' enjoyed great successes in United States cinemas and [[home video]] sales. The first foreign and foreign language film to top the North American [[box office]] was ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' in August 2004. "The rule for foreign-language films is that if you've done $5 million or better (in United States cinemas), you've had a very nice success; if you do $10 (million) or better (in United States cinemas), you're in blockbuster category," [[Warner Independent Pictures]] ex-president Mark Gill said. | ||
| + | |||
| + | On the other hand, English-dubbed foreign films rarely did well in United States box office (with the exception of [[anime]] films). The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Peterson's ''[[Das Boot]]'' was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version. Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like ''[[Un indien dans la ville]]'', ''[[Godzilla 2000]]'', ''[[Anatomy (film)|Anatomy]]'', ''[[Pinocchio (2002 film)|Pinocchio]]'' and ''[[High Tension]]'' flopped at United States box office. When Miramax planned to release the English-dubbed versions of ''[[Shaolin Soccer]]'' and ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language. | ||
| + | ==Academy Award Best Foreign Language Film== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * 1947: ''[[Shoeshine (film)|Shoeshine]]'' – [[Vittorio De Sica]] | ||
| + | * 1948: ''[[Monsieur Vincent]]'' – [[Maurice Cloche]] | ||
| + | * 1949: ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' – [[Vittorio De Sica]] | ||
| + | * 1950: ''[[The Walls of Malapaga]]'' – [[René Clément]] | ||
| + | * 1951: ''[[Rashomon]]'' – [[Akira Kurosawa]] | ||
| + | * 1952: ''[[Forbidden Games]]'' – [[René Clément]] | ||
| + | * 1953: No Award | ||
| + | * 1954: ''[[Gate of Hell (film)|Gate of Hell]]'' – [[Teinosuke Kinugasa]] | ||
| + | * 1955: ''[[Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto|Samurai, The Legend of Musashi]]'' – [[Hiroshi Inagaki]] | ||
| + | * 1956: ''[[La Strada]]'' – [[Federico Fellini]] | ||
| + | * 1957: ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' – [[Federico Fellini]] | ||
| + | * 1958: ''[[Mon Oncle|My Uncle]]'' – [[Jacques Tati]] | ||
| + | * 1959: ''[[Black Orpheus]]'' – [[Marcel Camus]] | ||
| + | * 1960: ''[[The Virgin Spring]]'' – [[Ingmar Bergman]] | ||
| + | * 1961: ''[[Through a Glass Darkly (film)|Through a Glass Darkly]]'' – [[Ingmar Bergman]] | ||
| + | * 1962: ''[[Sundays and Cybele]]'' – [[Serge Bourguignon]] | ||
| + | * 1963: ''[[8½]]'' – [[Federico Fellini]] | ||
| + | * 1964: ''[[Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow]]'' – [[Vittorio De Sica]] | ||
| + | * 1965: ''[[The Shop on Main Street]]'' – [[Ján Kadár]] & [[Elmar Klos]] | ||
| + | * 1966: ''[[A Man and a Woman]]'' – [[Claude Lelouch]] | ||
| + | * 1967: ''[[Closely Watched Trains]]'' – [[Jiří Menzel]] | ||
| + | * 1968: ''[[War and Peace (film series)|War and Peace]]'' – [[Sergei Bondarchuk]] | ||
| + | * 1969: ''[[Z (1969 film)|Z]]'' – [[Costa-Gavras]] | ||
| + | * 1970: ''[[Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion]]'' – [[Elio Petri]] | ||
| + | * 1971: ''[[The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (film)|The Garden of the Finzi-Continis]]'' – [[Vittorio De Sica]] | ||
| + | * 1972: ''[[The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie]]'' – [[Luis Buñuel]] | ||
| + | * 1973: ''[[Day for Night (film)|Day for Night]]'' – [[François Truffaut]] | ||
| + | * 1974: ''[[Amarcord]]'' – [[Federico Fellini]] | ||
| + | * 1975: ''[[Dersu Uzala (1975 film)|Dersu Uzala]]'' – [[Akira Kurosawa]] | ||
| + | * 1976: ''[[Black and White in Color]]'' – [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] | ||
| + | * 1977: ''[[Madame Rosa]]'' – [[Moshé Mizrahi]] | ||
| + | * 1978: ''[[Get Out Your Handkerchiefs]]'' – [[Bertrand Blier]] | ||
| + | * 1979: ''[[The Tin Drum (film)|The Tin Drum]]'' – [[Volker Schlöndorff]] | ||
| + | * 1980: ''[[Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears]]'' – [[Vladimir Menshov]] | ||
| + | * 1981: ''[[Mephisto (1981 film)|Mephisto]]'' – [[István Szabó]] | ||
| + | * 1982: ''[[Begin the Beguine (film)|Volver a Empezar ('To Begin Again')]]'' – [[José Luis Garci]] | ||
| + | * 1983: ''[[Fanny and Alexander]]'' – [[Ingmar Bergman]] | ||
| + | * 1984: ''[[Dangerous Moves]]'' – [[Richard Dembo]] | ||
| + | * 1985: ''[[The Official Story]]'' – [[Luis Puenzo]] | ||
| + | * 1986: ''[[The Assault (1986 film)|The Assault]]'' – [[Fons Rademakers]] | ||
| + | * 1987: ''[[Babette's Feast]]'' – [[Gabriel Axel]] | ||
| + | * 1988: ''[[Pelle the Conqueror]]'' – [[Bille August]] | ||
| + | * 1989: ''[[Cinema Paradiso]]'' – [[Giuseppe Tornatore]] | ||
| + | * 1990: ''[[Journey of Hope (film)|Journey of Hope]]'' – [[Xavier Koller]] | ||
| + | * 1991: ''[[Mediterraneo]]'' – [[Gabriele Salvatores]] | ||
| + | * 1992: ''[[Indochine (film)|Indochine]]'' – [[Régis Wargnier]] | ||
| + | * 1993: ''[[Belle Époque (film)|Belle Époque]]'' – [[Fernando Trueba]] | ||
| + | * 1994: ''[[Burnt by the Sun]]'' – [[Nikita Mikhalkov]] | ||
| + | * 1995: ''[[Antonia's Line]]'' – [[Marleen Gorris]] | ||
| + | * 1996: ''[[Kolya]]'' – [[Jan Svěrák]] | ||
| + | * 1997: ''[[Character (film)|Character]]'' – [[Mike van Diem]] | ||
| + | * 1998: ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'' – [[Roberto Benigni]] | ||
| + | * 1999: ''[[All About My Mother]]'' – [[Pedro Almodóvar]] | ||
| + | * 2000: ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'' – [[Ang Lee]] | ||
| + | * 2001: ''[[No Man's Land (2001 film)|No Man's Land]]'' – [[Danis Tanović]] | ||
| + | * 2002: ''[[Nowhere in Africa]]'' – [[Caroline Link]] | ||
| + | * 2003: ''[[The Barbarian Invasions]]'' – [[Denys Arcand]] | ||
| + | * 2004: ''[[The Sea Inside]]'' – [[Alejandro Amenábar]] | ||
| + | * 2005: ''[[Tsotsi]]'' – [[Gavin Hood]] | ||
| + | * 2006: ''[[The Lives of Others]]'' – [[Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck]] | ||
| + | * 2007: ''[[The Counterfeiters (2007 film)|The Counterfeiters]]'' – [[Stefan Ruzowitzky]] | ||
| + | * 2008: ''[[Departures (2008 film)|Departures]]'' – [[Yōjirō Takita]] | ||
| + | * 2009: ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' – [[Juan José Campanella]] | ||
| + | * 2010: ''[[In a Better World]]'' – [[Susanne Bier]] | ||
| + | * 2011: ''[[A Separation]]'' – [[Asghar Farhadi]] | ||
| + | * 2012: ''[[Amour (2012 film)|Amour]]'' – [[Michael Haneke]] | ||
| + | * 2013: ''[[The Great Beauty]]'' – [[Paolo Sorrentino]] | ||
| + | * 2014: ''[[Ida (film)|Ida]]'' – [[Paweł Pawlikowski]] | ||
| + | * 2015: ''[[Son of Saul]]'' – [[László Nemes]] | ||
| + | * 2016: ''[[The Salesman (2016 film)|The Salesman]]'' – [[Asghar Farhadi]] | ||
| + | * 2017: ''[[A Fantastic Woman]]'' – [[Sebastián Lelio]] | ||
| + | * 2018: ''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]'' – [[Alfonso Cuarón]] | ||
| + | * 2019: ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' – [[Bong Joon-ho]] | ||
| + | * 2020: ''[[Another Round (film)|Another Round]]'' – [[Thomas Vinterberg]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[Eurocinema vod|Eurocinema]] | ||
| + | * [[Jutra Award]] | ||
| + | * [[Dhaka University Film Society]] | ||
| + | * [[List of cinema of the world]] | ||
| + | * [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] | ||
| + | * [[César Award for Best Foreign Film]] | ||
| + | * [[History of film]] | ||
| + | * [[Transnational cinema]] | ||
| + | * [[World Cinema Foundation]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
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"It may be said that [Radley] Metzger-the-distributor is as much an auteur as Metzger-the-director, since he would often spend months re-editing (and occasionally re-shooting) a foreign film for the American market." --"Aristocrat of the Erotic" (1973) by Richard Corliss. |
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Related e |
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Featured: |
World cinema is a term in film theory that refers to films made outside of U.S. motion picture industry, particularly those in opposition to the aesthetics and values of commercial American cinema. The Third Cinema of Latin America and various national cinemas are commonly identified as part of world cinema. The term has been criticized for Americentrism and for ignoring the diversity of different cinematic traditions around the world.
Types
World cinema has an unofficial implication of films with "artistic value" as opposed to "Hollywood commercialism." Foreign language films are often grouped with "art house films" and other independent films in DVD stores, cinema listings etc.
Unless dubbed into one's native language, foreign language films played in English-speaking regions usually have English subtitles. Few films of this kind receive more than a limited release and many are never played in major cinemas. As such the marketing, popularity and gross takings for these films are usually markedly less than for typical Hollywood blockbusters. The combination of subtitles and minimal exposure adds to the notion that "World Cinema" has an inferred artistic prestige or intelligence, which may discourage less sophisticated viewers. Additionally, differences in cultural style and tone between foreign and domestic films affects attendance at cinemas and DVD sales.
Foreign language films can be commercial, low brow or B-movies. Furthermore, foreign language films can cross cultural boundaries, particularly when the visual spectacle and style is sufficient to overcome people's misgivings. Films of this type became more common in the early 2000s, as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Amélie, Brotherhood of the Wolf, Y Tu Mama Tambien and Talk to Her enjoyed great successes in United States cinemas and home video sales. The first foreign and foreign language film to top the North American box office was Hero in August 2004. "The rule for foreign-language films is that if you've done $5 million or better (in United States cinemas), you've had a very nice success; if you do $10 (million) or better (in United States cinemas), you're in blockbuster category," Warner Independent Pictures ex-president Mark Gill said.
On the other hand, English-dubbed foreign films rarely did well in United States box office (with the exception of anime films). The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Peterson's Das Boot was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version. Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like Un indien dans la ville, Godzilla 2000, Anatomy, Pinocchio and High Tension flopped at United States box office. When Miramax planned to release the English-dubbed versions of Shaolin Soccer and Hero in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.
Academy Award Best Foreign Language Film
- 1947: Shoeshine – Vittorio De Sica
- 1948: Monsieur Vincent – Maurice Cloche
- 1949: Bicycle Thieves – Vittorio De Sica
- 1950: The Walls of Malapaga – René Clément
- 1951: Rashomon – Akira Kurosawa
- 1952: Forbidden Games – René Clément
- 1953: No Award
- 1954: Gate of Hell – Teinosuke Kinugasa
- 1955: Samurai, The Legend of Musashi – Hiroshi Inagaki
- 1956: La Strada – Federico Fellini
- 1957: Nights of Cabiria – Federico Fellini
- 1958: My Uncle – Jacques Tati
- 1959: Black Orpheus – Marcel Camus
- 1960: The Virgin Spring – Ingmar Bergman
- 1961: Through a Glass Darkly – Ingmar Bergman
- 1962: Sundays and Cybele – Serge Bourguignon
- 1963: 8½ – Federico Fellini
- 1964: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow – Vittorio De Sica
- 1965: The Shop on Main Street – Ján Kadár & Elmar Klos
- 1966: A Man and a Woman – Claude Lelouch
- 1967: Closely Watched Trains – Jiří Menzel
- 1968: War and Peace – Sergei Bondarchuk
- 1969: Z – Costa-Gavras
- 1970: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion – Elio Petri
- 1971: The Garden of the Finzi-Continis – Vittorio De Sica
- 1972: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Luis Buñuel
- 1973: Day for Night – François Truffaut
- 1974: Amarcord – Federico Fellini
- 1975: Dersu Uzala – Akira Kurosawa
- 1976: Black and White in Color – Jean-Jacques Annaud
- 1977: Madame Rosa – Moshé Mizrahi
- 1978: Get Out Your Handkerchiefs – Bertrand Blier
- 1979: The Tin Drum – Volker Schlöndorff
- 1980: Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears – Vladimir Menshov
- 1981: Mephisto – István Szabó
- 1982: Volver a Empezar ('To Begin Again') – José Luis Garci
- 1983: Fanny and Alexander – Ingmar Bergman
- 1984: Dangerous Moves – Richard Dembo
- 1985: The Official Story – Luis Puenzo
- 1986: The Assault – Fons Rademakers
- 1987: Babette's Feast – Gabriel Axel
- 1988: Pelle the Conqueror – Bille August
- 1989: Cinema Paradiso – Giuseppe Tornatore
- 1990: Journey of Hope – Xavier Koller
- 1991: Mediterraneo – Gabriele Salvatores
- 1992: Indochine – Régis Wargnier
- 1993: Belle Époque – Fernando Trueba
- 1994: Burnt by the Sun – Nikita Mikhalkov
- 1995: Antonia's Line – Marleen Gorris
- 1996: Kolya – Jan Svěrák
- 1997: Character – Mike van Diem
- 1998: Life Is Beautiful – Roberto Benigni
- 1999: All About My Mother – Pedro Almodóvar
- 2000: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – Ang Lee
- 2001: No Man's Land – Danis Tanović
- 2002: Nowhere in Africa – Caroline Link
- 2003: The Barbarian Invasions – Denys Arcand
- 2004: The Sea Inside – Alejandro Amenábar
- 2005: Tsotsi – Gavin Hood
- 2006: The Lives of Others – Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck
- 2007: The Counterfeiters – Stefan Ruzowitzky
- 2008: Departures – Yōjirō Takita
- 2009: The Secret in Their Eyes – Juan José Campanella
- 2010: In a Better World – Susanne Bier
- 2011: A Separation – Asghar Farhadi
- 2012: Amour – Michael Haneke
- 2013: The Great Beauty – Paolo Sorrentino
- 2014: Ida – Paweł Pawlikowski
- 2015: Son of Saul – László Nemes
- 2016: The Salesman – Asghar Farhadi
- 2017: A Fantastic Woman – Sebastián Lelio
- 2018: Roma – Alfonso Cuarón
- 2019: Parasite – Bong Joon-ho
- 2020: Another Round – Thomas Vinterberg
See also
- Eurocinema
- Jutra Award
- Dhaka University Film Society
- List of cinema of the world
- Academy Award for Best International Feature Film
- César Award for Best Foreign Film
- History of film
- Transnational cinema
- World Cinema Foundation
