Swinging Sixties  

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-The '''Swinging Sixties''' was a [[Youth culture|youth-driven]] cultural revolution that took place in the United Kingdom during the mid-to-late 1960s, emphasising modernity and fun-loving hedonism, with '''Swinging London''' as its centre.<ref name="bfi">{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/10-great-films-set-swinging-60s|title=10 great films set in the swinging 60s|last1=Wakefield|first1=Thirza|date=15 July 2014|website= |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> It saw a flourishing in art, music and fashion, and was symbolised by the city's "pop and fashion exports". Among its key elements were [[the Beatles]], as leaders of the [[British Invasion]] of musical acts; [[Mary Quant]]'s [[miniskirt]]; popular fashion models such as [[Twiggy]] and [[Jean Shrimpton]]; the [[Mod (subculture)|mod subculture]]; the iconic status of popular shopping areas such as London's [[King's Road]], [[Kensington]] and [[Carnaby Street]]; the political activism of the [[anti-nuclear movement]]; and [[sexual liberation]].<ref name="bfi"/> Music was a big part of the scene, with "the London sound" including [[the Who]], [[the Kinks]], [[the Small Faces]] and [[the Rolling Stones]], bands that were the mainstay of [[pirate radio]] stations like [[Radio Caroline]] and [[Swinging Radio England]].<ref name="history"/> Swinging London also reached [[British cinema]], which, according to the [[British Film Institute]], "saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy".<ref name="bfi"/> During this period, "creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to magazine publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers and product designers".<ref name="history"/>+The '''Swinging Sixties''' was a [[Youth culture|youth-driven]] cultural revolution that took place in the United Kingdom during the mid-to-late 1960s, emphasising modernity and fun-loving hedonism, with '''Swinging London''' as its centre.<ref name="bfi">{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/10-great-films-set-swinging-60s|title=10 great films set in the swinging 60s|last1=Wakefield|first1=Thirza|date=15 July 2014|website= |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> It saw a flourishing in art, music and fashion, and was symbolised by the city's "pop and fashion exports". Among its key elements were [[the Beatles]], as leaders of the [[British Invasion]] of musical acts; [[Mary Quant]]'s [[miniskirt]]; popular fashion models such as [[Twiggy]] and [[Jean Shrimpton]]; the [[Mod (subculture)|mod subculture]]; the iconic status of popular shopping areas such as London's [[King's Road]], [[Kensington]] and [[Carnaby Street]]; the political activism of the [[anti-nuclear movement]]; and [[sexual liberation]]. Music was a big part of the scene, with "the London sound" including [[the Who]], [[the Kinks]], [[the Small Faces]] and [[the Rolling Stones]], bands that were the mainstay of [[pirate radio]] stations like [[Radio Caroline]] and [[Swinging Radio England]]. Swinging London also reached [[British cinema]], which, according to the [[British Film Institute]], "saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy". During this period, "creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to magazine publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers and product designers".
-During the 1960s, London underwent a "metamorphosis from a gloomy, grimy [[post-war]] capital into a bright, shining epicentre of style".<ref name="history"/> The phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city (due to the [[Post–World War II baby boom|baby boom of the 1950s]]) and the [[postwar economic boom]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/swinging-60s-capital-of-cool|title=Swinging 60s – Capital of Cool|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]]. AETN UK|access-date=5 November 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106123349/http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/swinging-60s-capital-of-cool|archivedate=6 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Following the abolition of the [[national service]] for men in 1960, these young people enjoyed greater freedom and fewer responsibilities than their parents' generation,<ref name="history"/> and "[fanned] changes to social and sexual politics".<ref name="bfi"/> Despite shaping the [[popular consciousness]] of Britain in the 1960s, however, Swinging London was a [[West End of London|West End]]-centred phenomenon that only happened among young, [[middle class]] people, and was considered "simply a diversion" by some of them. The swinging scene also served as a [[Consumerism|consumerist]] counterpart to the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural]] [[UK underground|British underground]] of the same period. Simon Rycroft writes: "Whilst it is important to acknowledge the exclusivity and the dissenting voices, it does not lessen the importance of Swinging London as a powerful moment of image making with very real material effect."<ref>{{cite book | title=Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974 | publisher=Routledge | author=Rycroft, Simon | year=2016 | pages=87 | isbn=978-1-31704-734-6 | chapterurl=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=I5O1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87&lpg=PT87&#v=onepage&q&f=false | chapter=Mapping Swinging London}}</ref>+During the 1960s, London underwent a "metamorphosis from a gloomy, grimy [[post-war]] capital into a bright, shining epicentre of style". The phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city (due to the [[Post–World War II baby boom|baby boom of the 1950s]]) and the [[postwar economic boom]]. Following the abolition of the [[national service]] for men in 1960, these young people enjoyed greater freedom and fewer responsibilities than their parents' generation, and "[fanned] changes to social and sexual politics". Despite shaping the [[popular consciousness]] of Britain in the 1960s, however, Swinging London was a [[West End of London|West End]]-centred phenomenon that only happened among young, [[middle class]] people, and was considered "simply a diversion" by some of them. The swinging scene also served as a [[Consumerism|consumerist]] counterpart to the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural]] [[UK underground|British underground]] of the same period. Simon Rycroft writes: "Whilst it is important to acknowledge the exclusivity and the dissenting voices, it does not lessen the importance of Swinging London as a powerful moment of image making with very real material effect."
==See also== ==See also==

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The Swinging Sixties was a youth-driven cultural revolution that took place in the United Kingdom during the mid-to-late 1960s, emphasising modernity and fun-loving hedonism, with Swinging London as its centre.<ref name="bfi">{{

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}}</ref> It saw a flourishing in art, music and fashion, and was symbolised by the city's "pop and fashion exports". Among its key elements were the Beatles, as leaders of the British Invasion of musical acts; Mary Quant's miniskirt; popular fashion models such as Twiggy and Jean Shrimpton; the mod subculture; the iconic status of popular shopping areas such as London's King's Road, Kensington and Carnaby Street; the political activism of the anti-nuclear movement; and sexual liberation. Music was a big part of the scene, with "the London sound" including the Who, the Kinks, the Small Faces and the Rolling Stones, bands that were the mainstay of pirate radio stations like Radio Caroline and Swinging Radio England. Swinging London also reached British cinema, which, according to the British Film Institute, "saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy". During this period, "creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to magazine publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers and product designers".

During the 1960s, London underwent a "metamorphosis from a gloomy, grimy post-war capital into a bright, shining epicentre of style". The phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city (due to the baby boom of the 1950s) and the postwar economic boom. Following the abolition of the national service for men in 1960, these young people enjoyed greater freedom and fewer responsibilities than their parents' generation, and "[fanned] changes to social and sexual politics". Despite shaping the popular consciousness of Britain in the 1960s, however, Swinging London was a West End-centred phenomenon that only happened among young, middle class people, and was considered "simply a diversion" by some of them. The swinging scene also served as a consumerist counterpart to the countercultural British underground of the same period. Simon Rycroft writes: "Whilst it is important to acknowledge the exclusivity and the dissenting voices, it does not lessen the importance of Swinging London as a powerful moment of image making with very real material effect."

See also


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