Ideology
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | "[[Reason]] is, and ought only to be, the slave of [[Passions (philosophy)|the passions]] and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them." --''[[A Treatise of Human Nature]]'' (1738) by Hume | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | "At the close of the [[twentieth century]] it appeared that the great [[ideology|ideological]] battles between [[fascism]], [[communism]] and [[liberalism]] resulted in the overwhelming victory of liberalism."--''[[21 Lessons for the 21st Century]]'' (2018) by Yuval Harari | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| "The interpretation of the world through the lens of '[[social justice]]', '[[identity group politics]]' and '[[intersectionalism]]' is probably the most audacious and comprehensive effort since the end of the [[Cold war]] at creating a new [[ideology]]." --''[[The Madness of Crowds]]'' (2019) by Douglas Murray, p.2 | "The interpretation of the world through the lens of '[[social justice]]', '[[identity group politics]]' and '[[intersectionalism]]' is probably the most audacious and comprehensive effort since the end of the [[Cold war]] at creating a new [[ideology]]." --''[[The Madness of Crowds]]'' (2019) by Douglas Murray, p.2 | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| + | An '''ideology''' is a set of [[belief]]s or [[philosophies]] attributed to a person or [[group]] of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely [[epistemic]]. | ||
| - | '''Ideology''' is a comprehensive set of [[normative]] [[beliefs]], [[Consciousness|conscious]] and [[unconscious mind|unconscious]] ideas, that an individual, group or society has. | + | Formerly applied primarily to [[Economy|economic]], [[Political philosophy|political]], or [[Religion|religious]] theories and policies, in a tradition going back to [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], more recent use treats the term as mainly [[condemnatory]]. |
| - | An ideology is narrower in scope than the ideas expressed in concepts such as ''[[worldview]]'', ''[[imaginary (sociology)|imaginary]]'' and ''[[ontology]]''. | + | The term was coined by [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]], a [[French people|French]] [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]] and [[philosopher]], who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In [[political science]], the term is used in a [[Linguistic description|descriptive]] sense to refer to [[List of political ideologies|political belief systems]]. |
| - | [[#Political ideologies|Political ideologies]] can be proposed by the [[ruling class|dominant class]] of society such as the elite to all members of society as suggested in some [[Marxist]] and [[critical-theory]] accounts. In societies that distinguish between [[public sphere|public]] and [[private life]], every political or economic tendency [[logical consequence|entails]] ideology, whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought. | ||
| - | |||
| - | In the [[Louis Althusser|''Althusserian'']] sense, ideology is "the imagined existence (or idea) of things as it relates to the real conditions of existence". | ||
| ==Etymology and history== | ==Etymology and history== | ||
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| The term "ideology" has [[Euphemism Treadmill|dropped some of its pejorative sting]], and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions and views of social groups. While [[Karl Marx]] situated the term within [[class struggle]] and domination, others believed it was a necessary part of [[structural functionalism|institutional functioning]] and [[social cohesion|social integration]]. | The term "ideology" has [[Euphemism Treadmill|dropped some of its pejorative sting]], and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions and views of social groups. While [[Karl Marx]] situated the term within [[class struggle]] and domination, others believed it was a necessary part of [[structural functionalism|institutional functioning]] and [[social cohesion|social integration]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==List of political ideologies== | ||
| + | This is a '''list of political ideologies'''. Many [[political party|political parties]] base their political action and [[election program]] on an [[ideology]]. In [[social studies]], a '''political ideology''' is a certain set of [[Ethics|ethical]] [[ideal (ethics)|ideals]], principles, [[doctrine]]s, [[mythology|myth]]s or [[symbol]]s of a [[social movement]], [[institution]], [[social class|class]], and/or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate [[power (sociology)|power]] and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of ''moral entrepreneurs'', who sometimes act in their own interests. | ||
| + | ==Anarchism== | ||
| + | *[[Anarchism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Anarchism without adjectives === | ||
| + | *[[Anarchism without adjectives]] | ||
| + | *[[Synthesis anarchism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Individualist anarchism=== | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-naturism]] | ||
| + | *[[Egoist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Freiwirtschaft]] | ||
| + | *[[Geoanarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Inclusive Democracy|Inclusive democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualist anarchism in France]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualist anarchism in Europe]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualist anarchism in the United States]] | ||
| + | *[[Insurrectionary anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Illegalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Mutualism (economic theory)|Mutualism]] (Also considered social) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Religious anarchism=== | ||
| + | *[[Buddhist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamic anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Jewish anarchism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Social anarchism=== | ||
| + | *[[Anarcha-feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Collectivist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Participatory economics]] | ||
| + | *[[Social anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social ecology]] | ||
| + | *[[Inclusive democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Mutualism (economic theory)|Mutualism]] (also considered individual) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Anarchist communism ==== | ||
| + | *[[Anarchist communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Magonism]] | ||
| + | *[[Platformism]] | ||
| + | *[[Insurrectionary anarchism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Other=== | ||
| + | *[[Autarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Autonomism]] | ||
| + | *[[Crypto-anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Indigenism]] | ||
| + | *[[Infoanarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Insurrectionary anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Makhnovism]] | ||
| + | *[[National-Anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Panarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Platformism]] | ||
| + | *[[Post-anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Post-left anarchy]] | ||
| + | *[[Queer anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Workerism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pluralism (political philosophy)|Pluralism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservatism== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===General=== | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservative liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Cultural conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Liberal conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[National conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Neoconservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Paleoconservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Traditionalist conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Reactionary]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Regional variants=== | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in Australia]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in Canada]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in Colombia]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in Germany]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in North America]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in Pakistan]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in the United Kingdom]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservatism in the United States]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Other=== | ||
| + | *[[Agrarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anticommunism|Anti-Communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Bioconservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Black conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Carlism]] | ||
| + | *[[Civic conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Communitarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Compassionate conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservative Revolutionary movement]] | ||
| + | *[[Fiscal conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Monarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Right-libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Right-wing populism]] | ||
| + | *[[Roman Catholic conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Theoconservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Toryism]] | ||
| + | *[[Red Toryism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Environmentalism== | ||
| + | *[[Anarchist naturism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-primitivism]] | ||
| + | *[[Bioregionalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Bright green environmentalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Deep ecology]] | ||
| + | *[[Eco-capitalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Ecofeminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Eco-socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Environmentalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Free-market environmentalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green politics]] | ||
| + | *[[Green municipalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social ecology]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Gender equality== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Feminism=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====General==== | ||
| + | *[[Anarcha-feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Cultural feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Ecofeminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Lesbian feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Liberal feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marxist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Masculism]] | ||
| + | *[[Postmodern feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Psychoanalytic feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Radical feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Separatist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Socialist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Womanism]] | ||
| + | *[[Feminist economics]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Non-Religious feminism==== | ||
| + | *[[Atheist feminism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Religious feminism==== | ||
| + | *[[Religious feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamic feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Jewish feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Mormon feminism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===LGBT=== | ||
| + | *[[LGBT social movements]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Masculism=== | ||
| + | *[[Masculism]] | ||
| + | *[[Antifeminism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Liberalism== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===General=== | ||
| + | *[[Liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Classical liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Conservative liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Economic liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualism]] | ||
| + | *[[Cultural liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Georgism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Liberal democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Liberal feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Liberal socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Market liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[National liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Neoliberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Ordoliberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Paleoliberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Progressivism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social liberalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Republicanism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Libertarianism=== | ||
| + | *[[Libertarianism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Libertarian socialism ==== | ||
| + | *[[Fourierism]] | ||
| + | *[[Mutualism (economic theory)|Mutualism]] | ||
| + | *[[Collectivist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Guild socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Syndicalism|Revolutionary syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian municipalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Left communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Council communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Platformism]] | ||
| + | *[[Gandhian economics]] | ||
| + | *[[Situationist International]] | ||
| + | *[[Autonomism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social ecology]] | ||
| + | *[[Participism]] | ||
| + | *[[Inclusive Democracy|Inclusive democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Zapatismo]] | ||
| + | *[[Insurrectionary anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Communalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Communization]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Right-libertarianism ==== | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-capitalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Fusionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Objectivism (Ayn Rand)|Objectivism]] | ||
| + | *[[Paleolibertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Right-libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Voluntaryism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Other==== | ||
| + | *[[Agorism]] | ||
| + | *[[Bleeding-heart libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Civil libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Free-market environmentalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Geolibertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Green libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Left-libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian paternalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Minarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Non-interventionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Radical centrism]] | ||
| + | *[[Radicalism (historical)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Nationalism== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===General=== | ||
| + | *[[Civic nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Integral nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Romantic nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Diaspora nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Religious nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Expansionist nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Patriotism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Fascism=== | ||
| + | *[[Austrofascism]] | ||
| + | *[[National Socialist Movement of Chile|Chilean Fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Clerical fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Falangism]] | ||
| + | *[[Fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Metaxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Italian fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Iron Guard]] | ||
| + | *[[Japanese fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Nazism]] | ||
| + | *[[Neo-Fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Neo-Nazism]] | ||
| + | *[[Rexism]] | ||
| + | *[[Strasserism]] | ||
| + | *[[Third Position]] | ||
| + | *[[Ustaše]] | ||
| + | *[[Zbor]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Regional variants=== | ||
| + | *[[Kemalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Brazilian Integralism]] | ||
| + | *[[Gaullism]] | ||
| + | *[[Irish Nationalism]] and [[Irish Republicanism]] | ||
| + | *[[Peronism]] | ||
| + | *[[Integralismo Lusitano|Portuguese Integralism]] | ||
| + | *[[Baathism]] | ||
| + | *[[Nasserism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Zionism=== | ||
| + | *[[Zionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Labor Zionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Religious Zionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Revisionist Zionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Neo-Zionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian Zionism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Unification movements=== | ||
| + | *[[Black nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Africanism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Asianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Arab nationalism|Pan-Arabism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Celticism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Iranism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Islamism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-European nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Scandinavianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Slavism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Somalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pan-Turkism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Other=== | ||
| + | *[[African socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Arab socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anti-fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Chinese nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Corporatism]] | ||
| + | *[[Hindu nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Irredentism]] | ||
| + | *[[Left-wing nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[National-Anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[National Bolshevism]] | ||
| + | *[[National Conservatism]] | ||
| + | *[[National syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Nordic race|Nordicism]] | ||
| + | *[[Odalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Producerism]] | ||
| + | *[[Queer nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[White nationalism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Religious ideologies== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===General=== | ||
| + | *[[Religious feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Religious socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Theocracy]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Buddhism=== | ||
| + | *[[Buddhist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Buddhist socialism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Christianity=== | ||
| + | *[[Christian anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian Left]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian Right]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian libertarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian Reconstructionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Clerical fascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Liberation Theology]] | ||
| + | *[[Political Catholicism]] | ||
| + | *[[Popolarismo]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian Zionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christofascism]] | ||
| + | *[[Dominionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Caesaropapism]] | ||
| + | *[[Ultramontanism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Hinduism=== | ||
| + | *[[Hindu nationalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Hindutva]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Islam=== | ||
| + | *[[Islamic anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamic democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamic socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamic Fundamentalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamism]] | ||
| + | *[[Khilafat]] | ||
| + | *[[Panislamism]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamofascism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Judaism=== | ||
| + | *[[Jewish anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Jewish feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Religious Zionism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Mormonism=== | ||
| + | *[[Theodemocracy]] | ||
| + | *[[United Order]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Sikhism=== | ||
| + | *[[Khalistan movement]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Socialism== | ||
| + | ===General=== | ||
| + | *[[Socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Communism=== | ||
| + | *[[Communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Stateless communism]] | ||
| + | *[[National communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Council communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Left communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Revolutionary socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Religious communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian communism]] | ||
| + | *[[World communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Primitive communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Scientific communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarchist communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Insurrectionary anarchism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Marxism=== | ||
| + | *[[Classical Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Orthodox Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Neo-Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Western Marxism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Libertarian Marxism==== | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Luxemburgism]] | ||
| + | *[[Impossiblism]] | ||
| + | *[[New Left]] | ||
| + | *[[Communization]] | ||
| + | *[[Autonomism]] | ||
| + | *[[Workerism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anti-Leninism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Revisionism==== | ||
| + | *[[Revisionism (Marxism)|Revisionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Possibilism (politics)|Possibilism]] | ||
| + | *[[Austromarxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Platformism]] | ||
| + | *[[Eurocommunism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Leninism==== | ||
| + | *[[Leninism]] | ||
| + | *[[Bolshevism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marxism–Leninism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anti-revisionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Stalinism]] | ||
| + | *[[Maoism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marhaenism]] | ||
| + | *[[Titoism]] | ||
| + | *[[Nehruism]] | ||
| + | *[[Ho Chi Minh Thought]] | ||
| + | *[[Hoxhaism]] | ||
| + | *[[Guevarism]] | ||
| + | *[[Foco]] | ||
| + | *[[Anti-Stalinist Left|Non-Stalinist Marxism–Leninism]] | ||
| + | *[[Trotskyism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Libertarian socialism=== | ||
| + | *[[Fourierism]] | ||
| + | *[[Insurrectionary anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Guild socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Syndicalism|Revolutionary syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Gandhian economics]] | ||
| + | *[[Zapatismo]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Libertarian Marxism==== | ||
| + | *[[Autonomism]] | ||
| + | *[[Situationist International]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Luxemburgism]] | ||
| + | *[[Left communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Council communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Communization]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Social anarchism==== | ||
| + | *[[Mutualism (economic theory)|Mutualism]] | ||
| + | *[[Collectivist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Platformism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social ecology]] | ||
| + | *[[Participism]] | ||
| + | *[[Inclusive Democracy|Inclusive democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Communalism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Reformist socialism=== | ||
| + | *[[Bernsteinism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Democratic socialism==== | ||
| + | *[[Austromarxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Bernsteinism]] | ||
| + | *[[Democratic socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Fabianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Reformism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marxist revisionism|Revisionism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Social democracy==== | ||
| + | *[[Liberal socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Modern European socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Nordic model]] | ||
| + | *[[Progressivism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social democracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Social market economy]] | ||
| + | *[[State capitalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Third Way]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Regional variants==== | ||
| + | *[[African socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Arab socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Bolivarianism]] | ||
| + | *[[Labor Zionism]] | ||
| + | *[[Melanesian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Socialism with Chinese characteristics]] | ||
| + | *[[Revolutionary democracy]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Religious socialism==== | ||
| + | *[[Religious socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Buddhist socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Christian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamic socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Liberation Theology]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Other==== | ||
| + | *[[Socialist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Quotaism]] | ||
| + | *[[Three Principles of the People]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Revolutionary socialism=== | ||
| + | {{See also|List of communist ideologies}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====General==== | ||
| + | *[[Communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Revolutionary socialism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Marxism==== | ||
| + | *[[Autonomist Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Castroism]] | ||
| + | *[[Council communism]] | ||
| + | *[[De Leonism]] | ||
| + | *[[Eurocommunism]] | ||
| + | *[[Guevarism]] | ||
| + | *[[Hoxhaism]] | ||
| + | *[[Kautskyism]] | ||
| + | *[[Left communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Leninism]] | ||
| + | *[[Luxemburgism]] | ||
| + | *[[Maoism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marxism–Leninism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marxist feminism]] | ||
| + | *[[Marxist humanism]] | ||
| + | *[[Neo-marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Orthodox Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Situationist International|Situationism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anti-Revisionism]] (or [[Stalinism]]) | ||
| + | *[[Titoism]] | ||
| + | *[[Trotskyism]] | ||
| + | *[[Western Marxism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Anarchist communism==== | ||
| + | *[[Anarcho-syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Collectivist anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Anarchist communism]] | ||
| + | *[[Eco-socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social anarchism]] | ||
| + | *[[Social ecology]] | ||
| + | *[[Individualist anarchism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Other==== | ||
| + | *[[Guild socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Libertarian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[Sankarism]] | ||
| + | *[[Syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Utopian socialism]] | ||
| + | *[[National Bolshevism]] | ||
| + | *[[Realism (international relations)|Realism]] | ||
| + | *[[Juche]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[List of ideologies named after people]] | ||
| + | *[[Ideology#Political_ideologies]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | {{GFDL}} | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Current revision
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"Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them." --A Treatise of Human Nature (1738) by Hume "At the close of the twentieth century it appeared that the great ideological battles between fascism, communism and liberalism resulted in the overwhelming victory of liberalism."--21 Lessons for the 21st Century (2018) by Yuval Harari "The interpretation of the world through the lens of 'social justice', 'identity group politics' and 'intersectionalism' is probably the most audacious and comprehensive effort since the end of the Cold war at creating a new ideology." --The Madness of Crowds (2019) by Douglas Murray, p.2 |
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An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic.
Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.
The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher, who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In political science, the term is used in a descriptive sense to refer to political belief systems.
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Etymology and history
The term "ideology" was born during the Reign of Terror of French Revolution, and acquired several other meanings thereafter.
The word, and the system of ideas associated with it, was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy in 1796, while he was in prison pending trial during the Terror. The word was created by assembling the words idea, from Greek ἰδέα (near to the Lockean sense) and -logy, from -λογία.
He devised the term for a "science of ideas" he hoped would form a secure foundation for the moral and political sciences. He based the word on two things: 1) sensations people experience as they interact with the material world; and 2) the ideas that form in their minds due to those sensations. He conceived "Ideology" as a liberal philosophy that would defend individual liberty, property, free markets, and constitutional limits on state power. He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction.
The coup that overthrew Maximilien Robespierre allowed Tracy to pursue his work
Tracy reacted to the terroristic phase of the revolution (during the Napoleonic regime) by trying to work out a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational mob impulses that had nearly destroyed him.
Napoleon Bonaparte came to view 'Ideology' a term of abuse, which he often hurled against his liberal foes in Tracy's Institut National. According to Karl Mannheim's historical reconstruction of the shifts in the meaning of ideology, the modern meaning of the word was born when Napoleon used it to describe his opponents as "the ideologues". Karl Marx adopted this negative sense of the term and used it in his writings (he described Tracy as a "fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär", a fishblooded bourgeois doctrinaire).
Tracy's major book, The Elements of Ideology, was soon translated into the major languages of Europe, and in the next generation, when post-Napoleonic governments adopted a reactionary stance, influenced the Italian, Spanish and Russian thinkers who had begun to describe themselves as "liberals" and who attempted to reignite revolutionary activity in the early 1820s (these included the Carlist rebels in Spain, the Carbonari societies in France and Italy, and the Decembrists in Russia).
In the century after Tracy, the term ideology moved back and forth between positive and negative connotations.
(Perhaps the most accessible source for the near-original meaning of ideology is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Régime (the first volume of "Origins of Contemporary France"). He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt De Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. (Destutt de Tracy read the works of Locke and Condillac while he was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror.))
The term "ideology" has dropped some of its pejorative sting, and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions and views of social groups. While Karl Marx situated the term within class struggle and domination, others believed it was a necessary part of institutional functioning and social integration.
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List of political ideologies
This is a list of political ideologies. Many political parties base their political action and election program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, and/or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests.
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Anarchism
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Anarchism without adjectives
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Individualist anarchism
- Anarcho-naturism
- Egoist anarchism
- Freiwirtschaft
- Geoanarchism
- Inclusive democracy
- Individualist anarchism
- Individualist anarchism in France
- Individualist anarchism in Europe
- Individualist anarchism in the United States
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Illegalism
- Mutualism (Also considered social)
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Religious anarchism
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Social anarchism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Libertarian socialism
- Participatory economics
- Social anarchism
- Social ecology
- Inclusive democracy
- Mutualism (also considered individual)
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Anarchist communism
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Other
- Autarchism
- Autonomism
- Crypto-anarchism
- Indigenism
- Infoanarchism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Makhnovism
- National-Anarchism
- Panarchism
- Platformism
- Post-anarchism
- Post-left anarchy
- Queer anarchism
- Workerism
- Pluralism
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Conservatism
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General
- Conservatism
- Conservative liberalism
- Cultural conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
- National conservatism
- Neoconservatism
- Paleoconservatism
- Social conservatism
- Traditionalist conservatism
- Reactionary
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Regional variants
- Conservatism in Australia
- Conservatism in Canada
- Conservatism in Colombia
- Conservatism in Germany
- Conservatism in North America
- Conservatism in Pakistan
- Conservatism in the United Kingdom
- Conservatism in the United States
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Other
- Agrarianism
- Anti-Communism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Carlism
- Civic conservatism
- Christian democracy
- Communitarianism
- Compassionate conservatism
- Conservative Revolutionary movement
- Fiscal conservatism
- Green conservatism
- Monarchism
- Right-libertarianism
- Right-wing populism
- Roman Catholic conservatism
- Theoconservatism
- Toryism
- Red Toryism
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Environmentalism
- Anarchist naturism
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Bioregionalism
- Bright green environmentalism
- Deep ecology
- Eco-capitalism
- Ecofeminism
- Eco-socialism
- Environmentalism
- Free-market environmentalism
- Green anarchism
- Green conservatism
- Green liberalism
- Green libertarianism
- Green politics
- Green municipalism
- Green syndicalism
- Social ecology
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Gender equality
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Feminism
[edit]
General
- Anarcha-feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Ecofeminism
- Feminism
- Individualist feminism
- Lesbian feminism
- Liberal feminism
- Marxist feminism
- Masculism
- Postmodern feminism
- Psychoanalytic feminism
- Radical feminism
- Separatist feminism
- Socialist feminism
- Womanism
- Feminist economics
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Non-Religious feminism
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Religious feminism
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LGBT
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Masculism
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Liberalism
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General
- Liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Economic liberalism
- Individualism
- Cultural liberalism
- Georgism
- Green liberalism
- Liberal democracy
- Liberal feminism
- Liberal socialism
- Market liberalism
- National liberalism
- Neoliberalism
- Ordoliberalism
- Paleoliberalism
- Progressivism
- Social liberalism
- Republicanism
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Libertarianism
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Libertarian socialism
- Fourierism
- Mutualism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Anarcho-communism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Guild socialism
- Revolutionary syndicalism
- Social anarchism
- Libertarian Marxism
- Libertarian municipalism
- Libertarian socialism
- Left communism
- Council communism
- Platformism
- Gandhian economics
- Situationist International
- Autonomism
- Social ecology
- Participism
- Inclusive democracy
- Zapatismo
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Communalism
- Communization
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Right-libertarianism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Fusionism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Objectivism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Right-libertarianism
- Voluntaryism
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Other
- Agorism
- Bleeding-heart libertarianism
- Christian libertarianism
- Civil libertarianism
- Free-market environmentalism
- Geolibertarianism
- Green libertarianism
- Individualist feminism
- Left-libertarianism
- Libertarian paternalism
- Minarchism
- Non-interventionism
- Radical centrism
- Radicalism (historical)
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Nationalism
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General
- Civic nationalism
- Nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Integral nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Diaspora nationalism
- Religious nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Patriotism
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Fascism
- Austrofascism
- Chilean Fascism
- Clerical fascism
- Falangism
- Fascism
- Metaxism
- Italian fascism
- Iron Guard
- Japanese fascism
- Nazism
- Neo-Fascism
- Neo-Nazism
- Rexism
- Strasserism
- Third Position
- Ustaše
- Zbor
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Regional variants
- Kemalism
- Brazilian Integralism
- Gaullism
- Irish Nationalism and Irish Republicanism
- Peronism
- Portuguese Integralism
- Baathism
- Nasserism
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Zionism
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Unification movements
- Black nationalism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Celticism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-European nationalism
- Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turkism
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Other
- African socialism
- Arab socialism
- Anti-fascism
- Chinese nationalism
- Corporatism
- Hindu nationalism
- Irredentism
- Left-wing nationalism
- National-Anarchism
- National Bolshevism
- National Conservatism
- National syndicalism
- Nordicism
- Odalism
- Producerism
- Queer nationalism
- White nationalism
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Religious ideologies
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General
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Buddhism
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Christianity
- Christian anarchism
- Christian communism
- Christian democracy
- Christian feminism
- Christian socialism
- Christian Left
- Christian Right
- Christian libertarianism
- Christian Reconstructionism
- Clerical fascism
- Liberation Theology
- Political Catholicism
- Popolarismo
- Christian Zionism
- Christofascism
- Dominionism
- Caesaropapism
- Ultramontanism
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Hinduism
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Islam
- Islamic anarchism
- Islamic democracy
- Islamic socialism
- Islamic Fundamentalism
- Islamism
- Khilafat
- Panislamism
- Islamofascism
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Judaism
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Mormonism
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Sikhism
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Socialism
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General
[edit]
Communism
- Communism
- Stateless communism
- National communism
- Council communism
- Left communism
- Revolutionary socialism
- Religious communism
- Christian communism
- World communism
- Primitive communism
- Scientific communism
- Anarchist communism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
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Marxism
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Libertarian Marxism
- Libertarian Marxism
- Luxemburgism
- Impossiblism
- New Left
- Communization
- Autonomism
- Workerism
- Anti-Leninism
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Revisionism
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Leninism
- Leninism
- Bolshevism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Anti-revisionism
- Stalinism
- Maoism
- Marhaenism
- Titoism
- Nehruism
- Ho Chi Minh Thought
- Hoxhaism
- Guevarism
- Foco
- Non-Stalinist Marxism–Leninism
- Trotskyism
[edit]
Libertarian socialism
- Fourierism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Libertarian socialism
- Guild socialism
- Revolutionary syndicalism
- Gandhian economics
- Zapatismo
[edit]
Libertarian Marxism
- Autonomism
- Situationist International
- Libertarian Marxism
- Luxemburgism
- Left communism
- Council communism
- Communization
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Social anarchism
- Mutualism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Anarcho-communism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Social anarchism
- Platformism
- Social ecology
- Participism
- Inclusive democracy
- Communalism
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Reformist socialism
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Democratic socialism
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Social democracy
- Liberal socialism
- Modern European socialism
- Nordic model
- Progressivism
- Social democracy
- Social market economy
- State capitalism
- Third Way
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Regional variants
- African socialism
- Arab socialism
- Bolivarianism
- Labor Zionism
- Melanesian socialism
- Socialism with Chinese characteristics
- Revolutionary democracy
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Religious socialism
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Other
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Revolutionary socialism
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General
[edit]
Marxism
- Autonomist Marxism
- Castroism
- Council communism
- De Leonism
- Eurocommunism
- Guevarism
- Hoxhaism
- Kautskyism
- Left communism
- Leninism
- Luxemburgism
- Maoism
- Marxism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Marxist feminism
- Marxist humanism
- Neo-marxism
- Orthodox Marxism
- Situationism
- Anti-Revisionism (or Stalinism)
- Titoism
- Trotskyism
- Western Marxism
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Anarchist communism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Anarchist communism
- Eco-socialism
- Social anarchism
- Social ecology
- Individualist anarchism
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Other
- Guild socialism
- Libertarian socialism
- Sankarism
- Syndicalism
- Utopian socialism
- National Bolshevism
- Realism
- Juche
[edit]
See also
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Ideology" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
[edit]
See also
- The Anatomy of Revolution
- List of communist ideologies
- Capitalism
- Feminism
- Hegemony
- -ism
- List of ideologies named after people
- Ideocracy
- Ideology of Tintin
- Noble lie
- Social criticism
- Socially constructed reality
- State collapse
- State ideology of the Soviet Union
- The True Believer
- World Values Survey
- World view
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Ideology" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
