1949  

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1949 (MCMXLIX) was the 949th year of the 2nd millennium, the 49th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1940s decade.

Art and culture

• Calder Publishing founded

Music

• The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable and higher-fidelity replacement for the 78 rpm shellac discs.

Art

• Nude with cat by Balthus

Design

• "La Comma", an espresso machine by Gio Ponti for Pavoni
• 1949 Buick, see Streamline Moderne style

Architecture

• Glass House by Philip Johnson

Film

• Bitter Rice by Giuseppe De Santis
• Blood of the Beasts by Georges Franju

Literature

Fiction

• The Cannibal by John Hawkes
• Nineteen Eighty-Four by Georges Orwell
• The Aleph (short story collection) by Borges

Non-fiction

• The Accursed Share by Georges Bataille
• The Second Sex by Simone De Beauvoir
• Lautréamont and Sade by Maurice Blanchot
• "The Sign is Not Arbitrary" by Dwight Bolinger
• Love and Death: A Study in Censorship by Gershon Legman
• The Concept of Mind by Gilbert Ryle

Births

• Gil Scott-Heron, American musician
• Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian philosopher
• David Toop, English theorist
• Martin Amis, English writer
• Andy Kaufman, American actor
• Ken Wilber, American philosopher
• Linda Lovelace, American actress
• Twiggy, English model
• Leroy Sibbles, Jamaican musician
• Genesis P-Orridge, English musician
• Richard Hell, American musician
• Luigi Serafini (artist), Italian artist

Deaths

• James Ensor (1860 - 1949)
• Richard Strauss (1864 - 1949)
• E.J. Bellocq (1873-1949)
• Leonard Bloomfield (1887 - 1949)

Deaths

• January 6 - Victor Fleming, American director (b. 1889)
• January 14 - Harry Stack Sullivan, American psychiatrist (b. 1892)
• January 23 – Erich Klossowski, German-born Polish historian, painter (b. 1875)
• February 16 – Umberto Brunelleschi, Italian artist (b. 1879)
• February 18 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, Spanish lawyer, politician and 6th President of Spain (b. 1877)
• February 19 – Fidelio Ponce de León, Cuban painter (b. 1895)
• February 21 – Tan Malaka, Indonesian teacher, philosopher, founder of Struggle Union and Murba Party, guerilla and fighter (b. 1897)
• February 25 – Juan Sinforiano Bogarín, Paraguayan clergyman, Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1863)

March

[[File:Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia]]

• March 2 – Sarojini Naidu, Indian independence activist, poet (b. 1879)
• March 3 – Carrie Ashton Johnson, American editor, author (b. 1863)
• March 4 – James Rowland Angell, American psychologist and educator (b. 1869)
• March 7 – Bradbury Robinson, American who threw the first forward pass in American football history in 1906 (b. 1884)
• March 9 – Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1885)
• March 10 – Alphonse Hustache, French entomologist (b. 1872)
• March 11
  • Anastasios Charalambis, Greek general, interim Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1862)
  • Henri Giraud, French general (b. 1879)
  • Joan Lamote de Grignon, Spanish pianist, composer (b. 1872)
• March 15 – Gheorghe Brăescu, Romanian writer (b. 1871)
• March 16 – Leyland Hodgson, British-born American actor (b. 1892)
• March 17 – Felix Bressart, German-born American actor (b. 1892)
• March 19 – James Somerville, British admiral (b. 1882)
• March 25
  • Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia (b. 1887)
  • Jack Kapp, president of the U.S. branch of Decca Records (b. 1901)
• March 27
  • Elisheva Bikhovski, Soviet-born Israeli poet, writer and translator (b. 1888)
• March 28
  • Alecu Constantinescu, Romanian trade unionist, journalist and militant (b. 1872)
  • Grigoraș Dinicu, Romanian composer (b. 1889)
• March 29
  • Inabata Katsutaro, Japanese industrialist, pioneer (b. 1862)
  • Helen Homans, American tennis player (b. 1877)
• March 30
  • Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)
  • Prince Harald of Denmark (b. 1876)

April

• April 1 – Evelyn Owen, Australian gun designer (b. 1915)
• April 2
  • George Graves, British actor (b. 1876)
  • Chandra Mohan, Indian actor (b. 1906)
  • Francesco Pasinetti, Italian director, screenwriter (b. 1911)
• April 5 – Hugh Allan, Canadian politician (b. 1865)
• April 6 – Sir Seymour Hicks, British actor (b. 1871)
• April 7 – Mikhail Denisenko, Soviet general (b. 1899)
• April 8
  • Wilhelm Adam, German general (b. 1877)
  • Santiago Alba y Bonifaz, Spanish lawyer, politician (b. 1872)
• April 13 – Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano, Mexican poet, literary critic, editor and teacher (b. 1899)
• April 14 – Reginald Hine, British solicitor, historian (b. 1883)
• April 15 – Wallace Beery, American actor (b. 1885)
• April 16 – Joseph Augustine Cushman, American geologist, paleontologist and foraminiferologist (b. 1881)
• April 18 – Will Hay, British comedian, actor (b. 1888)
• April 19
  • Guillermo Buitrago, Colombian composer (b. 1920)
  • Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
• April 22 – Charles Middleton, American actor (b. 1874)
• April 27 – Patrick Lyons, Irish Roman Catholic prelate, reverend (b. 1875)
• April 28
  • Ponciano Bernardo, Filipino engineer, politician (b. 1905)
  • Aurora Quezon, First Lady of the Philippines (shot) (b. 1888)
  • Hla Thaung, Burmese battalion leader
  • Sir Fabian Ware, British founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission (b. 1869)
• April 29
  • Johann Jakob Hess, Swiss Egyptologist, Assyriologist (b. 1866)
  • Kaarle Knuutila, Finnish farmer, politician (b. 1868)

May

[[File:Prince Louis II of Monaco 05670r.jpg|thumb|110px|Prince Louis II of Monaco]] [[File:Archbishop Damaskinos of Greece.jpg|thumb|110px|Damaskinos of Athens]]

• May 1
  • Josep Maria Jujol, Andorran architect (b. 1879)
  • Gheorghe Petrașcu, Romanian painter (b. 1872)
• May 4 – Valerio Bacigalupo, Italian goalkeeper (b. 1924)
• May 5 – Hideo Nagata, Japanese poet, playwright (b. 1885)
• May 6
  • Stanisław Grabski, Polish economist, politician (b. 1871)
  • Kunihiko Hashimoto, Japanese composer (b. 1904)
  • Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1862)
• May 9 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1870)
• May 10 – Emilio de Gogorza, American baritone (b. 1872)
• May 13 – Sawnie R. Aldredge, American attorney, judge (b. 1890)
• May 19 – Paul Schultze-Naumburg, German architect, painter, publicist and politician (b. 1869)
• May 20 – Damaskinos of Athens, Archbishop of Athens, 57th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1891)
• May 22
  • Sir Douglas Alexander, 1st Baronet, British-born Canadian industrialist (b. 1864)
  • James Forrestal, U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense (b. 1892)
  • Klaus Mann, German writer (b. 1906)
• May 23 – Jan Frans De Boever, Belgian painter (b. 1872)
• May 27 – Robert Ripley, American creator of Ripley's Believe It or Not! (b. 1890)
• May 30 – Igor Belkovich, Soviet astronomer (b. 1904)
• Date unknown – Abd Allah Siraj, Prime Minister of Jordan (b. c. 1876)

June

[[File:Madre Candida.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed Maria Candida of the Eucharist]] [[File:Themistoklis Sofoulis.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Themistoklis Sofoulis]]

• June 3 – Carlo Angela, Italian doctor (b. 1875)
• June 8
  • Naguib el-Rihani, Egyptian actor (b. 1889)
  • Virgilia, Mother Abbess, German Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1869)
• June 9 – Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano, actress (b. 1910)
• June 10
  • Filippo Silvestri, Italian entomologist (b. 1873)
  • Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
  • Carl Vaugoin, Austrian politician, 8th Chancellor of Austria (b. 1873)
• June 11 – Giovanni Gioviale, Italian composer (b. 1885)
• June 12 – Maria Candida of the Eucharist, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1884)
• June 14 – Russell Doubleday, American author, publisher (b. 1872)
• June 19 – Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-Pakistani Muslim philosopher (b. 1885)
• June 22 – Robert Boudrioz, French screenwriter, director (b. 1887)
• June 24 – Themistoklis Sofoulis, Greek politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1860)
• June 25 – Buck Freeman, American baseball player (b. 1871)

July

[[File:Georgi Dimitrov.jpg|thumb|110px|Georgi Dimitrov]] [[File:Douglas Hyde 2.jpg|thumb|110px|Douglas Hyde]] [[File:Elleryclark.jpg|thumb|110px|Ellery Harding Clark]] [[File:Nils Östensson OB.FS0313.jpg|thumb|110px|Nils Östensson]]

• July 2 – Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian Communist leader, politician and 32nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1882)
• July 9 – Fritz Hart, British composer (b. 1874)
• July 11 – Corneliu Dragalina, Romanian general (b. 1887)
• July 12 – Douglas Hyde, Irish academic, linguist and scholar, 1st President of Ireland (b. 1860)
• July 15
  • Anastasios Dalipis, Greek army officer, politician (b. 1896)
  • Eva Marian Hubback, British feminist (b. 1886)
• July 18
  • Ted Alley, Australian footballer (b. 1881)
  • Francisco Javier Arana, Guatemala army officer (b. 1905)
  • Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (b. 1870)
• July 21 – Cesare Formichi, Italian baritone (b. 1883)
• July 23 – Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese scholar (b. 1873)
• July 24 – Nils Östensson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (b. 1918)
• July 26 – Linda Arvidson, American actress (b. 1884)
• July 27 – Ellery Harding Clark, American Olympic athlete (b. 1874)
• July 29 – József Koszta, Hungarian painter (b. 1861)
• July 30
  • Stoyan Danev, 13th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1858)
  • Albin Andersson, Swedish farmer, manager and politician (b. 1873)
  • Vicenta Chávez Orozco, Mexican Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1867)
• July 31 – Alfred Bashford, English cricketer (b. 1881)

August

[[File:Margaret Mitchell NYWTS.jpg|thumb|110px|Margaret Mitchell]]

• August 3 – Ignotus, Hungarian editor, writer (b. 1869)
• August 4 – Liberato Pinto, 78th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1880)
• August 5 – Ernest Fourneau, French chemist, pharmacologist (b. 1872)
• August 9
  • Gustavus M. Blech, German-born American physician, surgeon (b. 1870)
  • Harry Davenport, American actor (b. 1866)
  • G. E. M. Skues, British inventor of nymph fly fishing (b. 1858)
  • Edward Thorndike, American psychologist (b. 1874)
• August 10 – Homer Burton Adkins, American chemist (b. 1892)
• August 12
  • George Cross, Australian actor, director (b. 1873)
  • Al Shean, German-born actor (b. 1868)
• August 14
  • Muhsin al-Barazi, Syrian academic, lawyer, politician and 24th Prime Minister of Syria (b. 1904)
  • Husni al-Za'im, Syrian military man, politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Syria and 9th President of Syria (b. 1897)
• August 16
  • Ramon Briones Luco, Chilean lawyer, politician (b. 1872)
  • Margaret Mitchell, American writer (Gone With the Wind) (b. 1900)
• August 17 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist, politician (b. 1891)
• August 18 – Paul Mares, American musician (b. 1900)
• August 20 – Ludwig Halberstädter, German-born Israeli radiologist (b. 1876)
• August 22 – Amado Aguirre Santiago, Mexican general, politician (b. 1863)
• August 23 – Domingo Díaz Arosemena, Panamian politician, 12th President of Panama (b. 1875)
• August 27
  • Abdulkerim Abbas, Chinese politician (b. 1921)
  • Uemura Shōen, Japanese artist (b. 1875)
• August 29 – Franciszek Latinik, Polish general (b. 1864)
• August 30
  • Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877)
  • Sevasti Qiriazi, Albanian educator, women's rights activist (b. 1871)

September

[[File:Max Liebermann Bildnis Richard Strauss.jpg|thumb|110px|Richard Strauss]] [[File:Pandeli Evangjeli.jpg|thumb|110px|Pandeli Evangjeli]] [[File:Chrysanthos.jpg|thumb|110px|Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens]]

• September 7 – José Clemente Orozco, Mexican painter (b. 1883)
• September 8 – Richard Strauss, German composer (Also Sprach Zarathustra) (b. 1864)
• September 10 – Wiley Rutledge, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1894)
• September 12 – Harry Burleigh, American composer (b. 1866)
  • Erik Adolf von Willebrand, Finnish physician (b. 1870)
• September 13
  • José Ignacio Cárdenas, Venezuelan diplomat, physician (b. 1874)
  • August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1874)
• September 14
  • Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen, German Resistance figure (b. 1901)
  • Pandeli Evangjeli, Albanian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1859)
• September 15 – Heinie Beckendorf, American baseball catcher (b. 1884)
• September 18 – Frank Morgan, American actor (b. 1890)
• September 19
  • Will Cuppy, American humorist (b. 1884)
  • George Shiels, Irish writer (b. 1886)
  • Nikos Skalkottas, Greek composer (b. 1901)
• September 20 – Richard Dix, American actor (b. 1893)
• September 22 – Sam Wood, American director (b. 1883)
• September 24 – Pierre de Bréville, French composer (b. 1861)
• September 25 – Peter Nielsen, Danish actor (b. 1876)
• September 27 – David Adler, American architect (b. 1882)
• September 28
  • Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens (b. 1881)
  • Émile Eddé, 4th Prime Minister, 3rd President of Lebanon (b. 1886)

October

[[File:Никита Будка (1877 - 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed Nykyta Budka]] [[File:Blessed Roman Lysko (1914 – 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed Roman Lysko]] [[File:Beata Madre Laura.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Saint Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena]] [[File:Cura Lorenzo ca 1910.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed Lorenzo Massa]]

• October 1
  • Nykyta Budka, Soviet Roman Catholic bishop, martyr and blessed (b. 1877)
  • Buddy Clark, American pop singer (b. 1912)
• October 2 – Luis Armiñán Pérez, Spanish politician (b. 1871)
• October 4 – Federico Beltrán Masses, Spanish painter (b. 1885)
• October 5 – Yoshio Kodaira, Japanese rapist, serial killer (executed) (b. 1905)
• October 6 – Timotheos Evangelinidis, Greek Orthodox priest, bishop (b. 1880)
• October 7 – Matiu Ratana, New Zealand politician (b. 1912)
• October 8 – Gheorghe Mironescu, Romanian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1874)
• October 9 – Emanuele Foà, Italian engineer, physicist (b. 1892)
• October 14
  • Fritz Leiber, American actor (b. 1882)
  • Roman Lysko, Soviet Roman Catholic and Orthodox priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1914)
• October 15
  • Elmer Clifton, American actor, director (b. 1890)
  • László Rajk, Hungarian Communist politician, former Foreign Minister (executed) (b. 1909)
  • Jacques Copeau, French actor, producer, director and dramatist (b. 1879)
• October 21 – Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena, Colombian Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1874)
• October 22 – Craig Reynolds, American actor (b. 1907)
• October 23
  • Almanzo Wilder, American writer, husband of Laura Ingalls Wilder (b. 1857)
  • John Robert Clynes, British trade unionist, Labour politician (b. 1869)
• October 27
  • František Halas, Czechoslovakian essayist, poet and translator (b. 1901)
  • Ginette Neveu, French violinist (b. 1919)
• October 28
  • Marcel Cerdan, French professional boxer (killed in plane crash) (b. 1916)
  • Patriarch Guregh Israelian of Jerusalem (b. 1894)
• October 29
  • George Gurdjieff, Soviet spiritual teacher (b. 1866)
  • Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese naval officer, engineer, and politician, founder of the Nakajima Aircraft Company (b. 1884)
• October 31
  • Jindřich Bišický, Czechoslovakian author (b. 1889)
  • Lorenzo Massa, Argentine Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1882)
  • Edward Stettinius, Jr., U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1900)

November

[[File:Hazhir.jpg|thumbnail|100px|Abdolhossein Hazhir]]

• November – María Josepha Sophia de Iturbide, head of the Imperial House of Mexico (b. 1872)
• November 2
  • William Desmond, Irish actor (b. 1878)
  • Jerome F. Donovan, American politician (b. 1872)
• November 3 – Solomon R. Guggenheim, American philanthropist (b. 1861)
• November 4 – Walther von Bonstetten, Swiss Boy Scout Association member (b. 1867)
• November 5 – Abdolhossein Hazhir, 54th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1899)
• November 8 – August Hagenbach, Swiss physicist (b. 1871)
• November 11
  • Mun Bhuridatta, Thai Buddhist monk (b. 1871)
  • Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1870)
  • Ignatius Stelletskii, Soviet archaeologist, historian and researcher (b. 1878)
• November 15 – Nathuram Godse, assassin of Mohandas Gandhi (b. 1910), and his accomplice, Narayan Apte (b. 1911)
• November 19 – James Ensor, Belgian painter (b. 1860)
• November 23 – Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria (b. 1859)
• November 25
  • Mizuno Rentarō, Japanese statesman, politician and cabinet minister (b. 1868)
  • Bill Robinson, African-American dancer (b. 1878)
• November 27
  • Vincenzo Irolli, Italian painter (b. 1860)
  • Martin Benno Schmidt, German pathologist (b. 1863)
• November 30 – Dame Irene Vanbrugh, British actress (b. 1872)

December

[[File:Leadbelly with Accordeon.jpg|thumb|110px|Lead Belly]] [[File:Antoni Ponikowski.jpg|thumb|110px|Antoni Ponikowski]] [[File:Jack Lovelock 1936b.jpg|thumb|110px|Jack Lovelock]]

• December 3
  • Philip Barry, American playwright (b. 1896)
  • Maria Ouspenskaya, Soviet actress, acting teacher (b. 1876)
• December 5 – Arthur Bedford, British navy officer (b. 1881)
• December 6
  • Lead Belly, African-American blues musician (b. 1888)
  • José María Zeledón Brenes, Costa Rican politician, poet, writer and journalist (b. 1877)
• December 7
  • Rex Beach, American novelist, playwright and Olympic water polo player (b. 1877)
  • Stanislas Blanchard, Canadian politician (b. 1871)
• December 8 – George Barnes, Australian businessman, politician (b. 1856)
• December 11
  • Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (b. 1875)
  • Marian Grzybowski, Polish dermatologist (b. 1895)
• December 16
  • Sidney Olcott, Canadian film director (b. 1873)
  • Lee White, American actor (b. 1888)
• December 22 – Manuel Camus, Filipino lawyer, politician (b. 1875)
• December 23 – Felix Kaufmann, Austrian-born American philosopher (b. 1895)
• December 24 – Gertrude Bacon, British aeronautical pioneer (b. 1874)
• December 25 – Leon Schlesinger, American producer, filmmaker (b. 1884)
• December 26 – Julius Brandt, Austrian actor (b. 1873)
• December 27 – Antoni Ponikowski, Polish academician, politician and 7th Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1878)
• December 28
  • Hervey Allen, American author (b. 1889)
  • Jack Lovelock, New Zealand Olympic athlete (b. 1910)
• December 30 – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (b. 1871)
• December 31
  • Josef Maria Auchentaller, Austrian architect, painter, draftsman and printmaker (b. 1865)
  • Raimond Valgre, Estonian composer, musician (b. 1913)

Date unknown

• Zhang Haipeng, Chinese general (executed) (b. 1867)